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Unit 1

GCSE ICT 2010 Theory Notes

GCSE ICT 2010 Unit 1

Chapter 1: Let’s Communicate

What can your mobile phone do?

Mobile phones

- originally mobiles phones just made/receive calls

- now “smart phones” are available which: o are multi-functional

o are used for purposes that were unimaginable when first launched

eg taking pictures, using the internet, organizer, etc

o have advanced features, eg hi-res cameras, Wi-Fi capability

Mobile phone features

Starter Activity

Mobile phones affect every aspect of our daily lives, yet they have only

been around for a very short time (since 1990s when technology became cheap)

what was life like without mobiles?

Do you regard mobiles as “must-have devices”? Why?

Task 1.2

What do you use your mobile phone for?

Rank in order of which you use most often (where 1 = most often)

- sending texts - making calls

- taking pictures - setting reminders

- accessing email

Task

What common features are available on mobile phones?

- Touch screen - Music

- Camera - Personal organiser

- Camcorder - Roaming service

- Simple messaging System (SMS) - Games

- Multimedia messaging System (MMS) - GPS

- Internet access - WiFi, Bluetooth


Worksheet 1.1 Mobile phone features & limitations

Feature Information Limitation

Standby

time

amount of time you can leave

your phone on before recharging

slim phones have smaller batteries,

which hold less charge

Talk time amount of time you can talk on your phone

the more you use the phone, the quicker the charge runs out

SMS allows you to send/receive text

messages using the keypad

can only send 160 chars/message (more is charged as multiple messages)

MMS allows you to send pictures, video, & sound with text

message restricted to 100KB (pictures compressed, so they lose quality)

Predictive

text

allows some common words to be

entered by a single key-press for each letter

easy to select/insert the wrong word

Built-in

camera

camera built into phone to take

digital stills or video clips

quality of pictures depends on the

camera resolution (quantity & quality of

pics restricted by memory capacity)

3G gives high-speed internet access

so can stream video & audio (video calling, live web streaming)

limited/no 3G coverage in some

areas

Video

calling

allows you to stream live calls so

you can speak to & see the person using the handset

this will only work on some 3G

phones

HSDPA

super-fast 3G which could overtake 3G (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)

need a HSDPA-compatible phone so phone upgrade will be required

Bluetooth uses radio signals (short-range

wireless signals) to send/receive data from devices close by (<50m)

will not work if device is out of

range

Hands-free

device

allows you to talk without having to hold phone in your hand (uses

earpiece & microphone)

this is being replaced by Bluetooth technology, which works without the

use of cables

Music playback

can store music on the built-in memory of the phone & listen to it

on the move

music files are large, so storage space is quickly used up


Feature Information Limitation

Wi-Fi similar to Bluetooth, but range & total data transferable is greater

need to be in a Wi-Fi area for this to work

Mobile Internet

similar to computer internet but pages appear smaller & with

reduced graphics

usually only available on 3G phones & only works within signal range;

also limited by screen-size

Memory card slot

stores 1-8MB multimedia on a memory card & easily transfers

them to other devices (eg tracks,

pictures, video)

not all phones have the same slot size, so may be difficult to transfer

files.

Dual/tri/q

uad-band phones

phones able to pick up different

frequencies so you can use your phone in different countries

need the correct frequency to use

your phone in a specific country

Roaming

allows you to use a network

abroad to carry on making phone calls/sending texts

many networks offer national &

international coverage so roaming charges avoidable (roaming expensive)

Phone

lock

so only a particular provider‟s SIM

card will work in the phone

possible to get phone unlocked so it

is usable over a different network

GPS calculates your position using satellites & guides you to your

destination

can use a lot of power, eating into the charge

Considerations when choosing a phone

- screen resolution o quality & detail that can be shown on the screen

o the higher the resolution, the better the quality of image displayed

o measured in pixels (P)

- camera resolution

o the detail the camera picks up in one picture

o the higher the resolution, more detail the camera picks up

o measured in megapixels (MP)

- storage capacity

o internal memory available to store apps & data (eg pictures)

o measured in gigabytes (GB)

- memory card

o secondary storage device to store/backup, copy, transport &

remove files

o eg SD (upto 2GB) or SDHC (upto 32GB for video) flash memory cards


- music/video player

o different file formats exist depending on compatibility with

computer

MP3 or WAV for music

MP4, 3GP or AVI for video

- connectivity

o this is the range of peripherals a device can be used with

o phones must send/receive signals to

share information with other phones

connect to the internet

o connection must be wirelessly via

Bluetooth protocol

allows exchange of data over small distances from

fixed/mobile devices

or Wi-Fi

allows exchange of data over larger distances

o to access online email accounts, phone must support

POP3 protocol

user must log onto email account

emails downloaded to phone & removed from ISP server or IMAP4 protocol

copy of email arrives to phone without logging into inbox original stays on ISP server from which it is accessed

- battery

o battery life (ie energy consumption) dependent on phone activity

o increasing need for larger mobile phone power

- network band

o mobiles in different countries operate on different frequencies

o so must receive more than one frequency to communicate with

phones from other countries

o dual, tri or quad band phones available

- security

o protecting data stored on phones (via setting a PIN, password protection,

locked SIM card or encrypting data)


Task 1.3

It is common to send images between phones via MMS.

However, if this service is not available, discuss the different ways of sending a picture from your phone A to all your friends‟ phones using only the features

specified in the table below (Think about the features each phone has in common)

Feature Mobile

A Mobile

B Mobile

C Mobile

D Mobile

E Mobile

F

Bluetooth

Memory Card

Internet access

Infrared

USB Port

Mobile phone

Feature used to transfer picture

A to B Bluetooth

- with both phones in close proximity

B to C Infrared

- no longer found on modern mobile phones

C to D Internet access

- C can upload pic to a website & D can download it

- it could be sent as an email attachment

D to E USB connection

- both phones need to be connected to the computer for the file transfer to occur

- D can download pic to the computer & E can connect later to download to phone

E to F Memory card

- switch the cards (if compatible)

- download pic & transfer the file


Task 1.5

Rank these activities in order of energy consumption from those that use

the most energy to those that use the least.

- surfing the internet (3) - watching internet TV (1)

- talking to friends (5) - sending text messages (6)

- taking photos (4)

- using the calculator to keep tabs on finances (7) - using the GPS when meeting friends (2)

Feature Energy Consumption

Watching internet TV - uses screen display to show

frequently changing images

- likely to have sound on to hear

programme

GPS (with sat nav) - receives signals all the time

- image displayed on screen needs to

be updated constantly

- sound allows user to hear directions

Surfing the internet - uses display screen which needs to

refresh to display the web page

- pages with multimedia use more

power

Taking pictures - uses the screen, but not constantly

- powerful flash will affect energy consumption

Talking to friends - uses microwave signals which consumes a lot of energy (That is why a mobile phone warms up

when it is being used)

Sending text messages - uses screen, but consumes less energy

Using calculator - uses screen, but consumes less energy


Mobile phone design

- mobile phones have a range of uses

- the exact design & user interface o depends on the requirements of users

o tailored to the mass market

Fashion phones

- typical design o different shapes

o bright colours

o changing fascias (ie covers)

o appealing to the fashion-conscious

- common features o high-spec camera

o large data storage capacity (for pics, music)

o speakers

o larger battery (due to larger energy consumption)

Starter Activity

Think about the features that mobile phones of the future might include.

Possible mobile phone features in the future:

- Will phones get smaller?

- Will more technologies be integrated into phones forcing them to be larger?

- Are mobile devices becoming so saturated with integrated technology that

different products have to be created as a result?

(eg ebook reader, iPad)

Find out about new features being developed & the impact these may have on

different types of mobile phone users.

New features being developed & the impact of these:

- GPS = gives people the confidence to get out & about more

- MP3 = allows people to listen to & share music

- Cameras = allow people to capture the moment & share it with others

- Applications = allow people to use their mobile phones in different ways


Business phones

- typical design o slim & sleek

o usually black or metallic

o large screen to work on

o full, integrated QWERTY keyboard

- common features o speaker phone

o voice-activated dialling

o GPS

o personal organizer

o 3G compatibility for internet access

Multi-functional phones

- these combine BOTH style & business features

- appeals to mass market rather than a niche

- combines best (or most used) of both worlds o high-spec features (eg high-res camera)

o large amounts of storage

o high speed processing

o slim design

o touch screen

o access to internet

Phone for elderly/disabled

- due to unwillingness or physical/mental inability to be tech-savvy o simple/easy operation, even for beginners

o clear/large screen (high res)

o big/easy-to-use buttons on keypad

o basic apps already installed

o MP3 for access to online books/news

o panic button with GPS (to locate in case of fall/accident)

o good/easy navigation

o good speaker capacity

o lightweight/ergonomic


Dangers of using mobile phones

- health concerns

o RSI from too much texting

o overall long-term ill effects for under-16s unclear

- social & environmental concerns

o overuse of text speak can affect grammar, spelling & punctuation

o using phones in quiet places (eg restaurants, buses, etc)

o need consent to upload pictures of others in the public domain

o unsuitable content on the internet

- eco concerns

o hazardous substances in & from phones

o energy consumption

o disposal of old phones

- crime-related concerns

o target of bullies & thieves

so use keypad PIN lock

report stolen phones to the network provider to block it

o sending malicious messages/prank calling (which is harassment)

report it to school/parents/police

o talking/texting without a hands-free kit while driving a car

- costs

o phones can be expensive

o easy to make too many calls if phone always with you

o accidental emergency calls on touch phones

o data very expensive

Which kind of computer?

Types of Computers

- desktop

o bulky

o wired connection o designed for regular use in one location

o more capacity (disk space, memory, etc) o more reliable

- portable

o transportable

o more flexible

- the type of computer chosen depends on its use


Types of Portable Computers

Laptop

- same functions as a desktop but designed to fit on the lap

- light enough to be carried around

- smaller size means limited space

Notebook

- similar functions to a laptop but smaller in size

Netbook

- similar size to notebook

- designed mainly for wireless communication via internet

- usually cheaper

Worksheet 1.4 Desktop or Portable?

Which of these statements refers to desktop or portable computers?

Add a + or – depending on whether each is a positive or negative attribute.

1. Good for disabled people to carry around as a communications tool. (P+)

2. Bigger monitors can double up as TV screens. (D+)

3. Can have powerful components that use a lot of power. (D+)

4. There are lots more cables & wires to deal with. (D+)

5. They are more likely to get stolen. (P+)

6. They are prone to damage, eg thin screens. (P+)

7. Can be made into a desktop by attaching external mouse & keyboard. (P+)

8. Suited to people on the move. (P+)

9. More powerful. (D+)

10. The keyboard is more comfortable to use, with keys better spaced out. (D+)

11. They are less likely to get stolen. (D+)

12. They are more likely to have ergonomic devices attached or around it. (D+)

13. To transfer files, first save them to CD-R & move disk rather than computer. (D+)

14. They often run on batteries which need recharging. (P+)

15. They can run off a battery in situations where electricity is unavailable. (P+)

16. You can store files to the HDD & take the whole device with you. (P+)

17. Parents can easily see what their children are doing on the computer. (D+)

18. They are big & bulky. (D+)

19. Not easy to upgrade as components are compacted into device. (P+)

20. They are more expensive for the same specification. (P+)


- lower specification compared to laptops/notebooks o no HDD

o very low memory

o mostly used with flash drive

- increasingly comes with solid state memory (ie no moving parts)

o less risk of damage

o more reliability

o help conserves battery power

Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

- small enough to hold in palm

- allows data to be exchanged with computers via internet

- contains

o address book

o note-making features

o telephone

o internet facilities

Task 1.11 and 1.14

Would a desktop or portable computer be most suitable for these users? Why?

User Computer

Teachers Laptop - they may need to go from class to class &

- they work from home

News reporters Notebook/Netbook - need a small, powerful, compact computer

- allows them to report on the move

- laptop too bulky/heavy for many situations

- netbook easier if they use online apps/files

GPs in a surgery

Desktop

- mostly sat at desk in same room o access patient‟s record on the database

o to diagnose illness using specialist software

Traffic wardens PDA

- require a small device for working on the move - connected to central server via internet

Website

designers

Desktop

- need powerful computer with high processing speed - Apple Mac preferred (it was developed with design in mind)


Parts of a computer

- CPU

o performs all the calculating

o contains arithmetic & logic unit

immediate access store

control unit

- Memory o random access memory (RAM)

temporary

volatile

data lost if not saved to HDD

o read-only memory (ROM)

permanent

non-volatile

holds boot-up instructions

- HDD o primary storage

o stores data permanently

- Wireless enabled

o allows the device to pick up a wireless signal

o enables connection to

a network

other devices

the internet

- USB flash drive

o secondary storage

o external device

o most common method of connecting devices to a computer

- Sound/graphics card

o connects to main motherboard

o used to play/record sound/graphics

- Optical drive

o secondary storage

o reads data on CD/DVD using lasers


Peripherals

- input devices o to enter new information into computer to process

o eg keyboard, mouse, scanner

- output devices

o to view/hear information after it has been processed

o eg monitor, printer, speaker

- storage devices

o to store data to be accessed by computer

o eg HDD, CD-R, flash memory drives/cards

Task 1.12

Select the computer features that would be most important for the users listed:

User Computer features

Person A Hard drive size - music/video files require lots of storage space

Sound and graphics cards - for high quality listening/watching

Person B Graphics card - quality of graphics adds to “realness” of game

CPU speed

- the faster the processor, the better the game play will be Screen size

- a large screen provides a better gaming experience

Person C WiFi enabled - allows the user to connect to the Internet

Bluetooth - allows the user to add devices without wires

Person D CPU speed

- a fast CPU can run powerful programs more quickly Memory (RAM)

- the more RAM, the more programs can be open

Person E Optical drive

- to burn CDs/DVDs Memory (RAM)

- more RAM to work on & edit videos (video requires a lot of memory)


Conserving computer power

- cut back on playing games, music, DVDs, etc

- run CD/DVD files from the HDD not optical drive

- turn off Wi-Fi/Bluetooth when not being used

- use earphones rather than speakers

- reduce screen brightness

- set power options to switch off any inactive devices

Socialising on the internet

eTask 1.13

Sort the peripherals according to input, output or storage devices.

Input mouse, keyboard, scanner, microphone

Output laser printer, monitor, speakers, projector, inkjet printer

Storage CD-R, memory card, DVD-R, USB memory pen, hard drive

Starter Activity

List all the different ways to keep in touch with family & friends. Which ways are best for which types of communication?

Method Reasons

Instant Messaging - cheaper way of keeping in touch with friends - useful for transmitting info quickly & getting

reply from work colleagues in real time

VoIP - cheap long-distance calls, esp when abroad

Social Networking - creates closer connection with distant

family/friends - share your thoughts/ideas with them - customize with pictures, video, audio - status updates express what you are up to

Uploading pics/video to the internet

- set up online photo album (eg holiday pics)

- excellent way to distribute promotional

material for businesses

Contributing to blogs - share experiences (eg travel blog) - comment on issues

- share hobbies


Instant Messaging

- virtual conversation (ie not face-to-face) with people

- typing & receiving messages

- advantages o in real-time

o user‟s decision to engage or not

o possible with portable devices (eg mobile phones)

- disadvantages

o requires internet access

o slow internet connection delays real-time conversation (latency)

o less actual face-to-face conversation

o lacks emotion (hence emoticons created)

o text speak can affect language skills

Voice over internet protocol (VoIP)

- similar to IM but uses sound (like phone call)

- requires headset/speakers & microphone

- requires webcam for optional video streaming

- advantages

o no additional call charges

o can be used from anywhere in the world

- disadvantages

o requires internet access via

mobiles with 3G connection

landline phones using internet router

o slow internet connection delays real-time transmission (latency)

o less actual face-to-face conversation

o some providers may charge membership fee

Social Networking

- communicating with large numbers of people

- allows people to

o share interests

o connect with friends, family, & colleagues

- includes chat, email, video, voice, file sharing & discussion groups

- allows customisation via photos, links, formatting & blogs

- possible to control who can view uploaded photos by

o setting access rights

o using privacy settings

o creating guest accounts


Staying safe on social networking sites

Task 1.16

Are these statements about social networking an advantage or a disadvantage

Advantages of social

networking Disadvantages of social networking

stay in contact with friends (2) may accidently leave profile exposed for

strangers to access (1)

search for new & old friends (5) too much profile info available to people you hardly know (3)

join groups of people with similar likes & dislikes (6)

addictive (7)

personalised space to upload pictures, videos & blogs (9)

used by predators to access children (8)

learn about people from around the

world (11)

vulnerable to identify theft (10)

targeted with personalised

advertising (using personal details) (4)

used in cyber-bullying to spread nasty

rumours (12)

Task 1.18

Staying safe on social networking sites

What to do Why?

Use profile picture that doesn‟t show you clearly

- profile picture is available for everyone to see

Change account settings so your

profile & personal details are not available to everyone

- Prevents strangers from learning too

much about but friends allowed

Ask friends‟ permission before adding their photos

- any photos you upload can be seen or copied by anyone

Watermark photos - will deter people from copying them

Never put up a rude/offensive picture - could be seen as cyber-bullying & could

even be illegal

Don‟t put personal information online

but if you do keep it brief

- your profile could be hacked into & info

could fall into the wrong hands


Task 1.17

Look at the following scenarios and think about what method of Internet

communication would be best for each. Justify your choices.

Scenario Method of communication

Parents on holiday in

Australia want to keep in contact with their

son at home in the UK

VoIP

- son is unlikely to have added parents to his IM account/social networking site

- due to time difference they may prefer to use email to avoid phone calls in the middle of the night

A group of friends are arranging a party for

another friend

IM/VoIP & social networking

- use IM without the friend knowing appearing offline to that friend while they

plan party

- with social networking, messages might be visible to the friend unless they use the email service provided within the site

A young man with a speech impairment

wants to keep in

contact with friends

Social networking or IM

- VoIP inappropriate because of user‟s

speech impairment, which might become worsen by interference and latency on the

line

Members of an art

group want to share pictures/info with each

other

Social networking

- they can set up a group and share pictures within it

A young woman

travelling the world wants to tell people

about her experiences

Blog or Social networking

- followers can read her travels (like an online diary) & then comment on it

- Social networking could be an option

A group of computer novices want to set up

an online computer class

Social networking

- because it is easy to set up groups, add help videos, share resources, links and

experiences


The internet as a work tool

Email

- popular interactive communication method

- instant reply not necessary

- sending messages over the internet via o computers or o devices using mobile 3G network

- uses one of 2 protocols: o POP3 o IMAP4

- advantages

o can send/receive emails quickly anywhere in the world o can address lots of recipients at the same time o free (although hidden costs like ISP rental, etc) o saves paper

- disadvantages

o email attachments can contain viruses & malware o can receive spam & phishing emails o accounts can be hacked into & personal info stolen o less social contact/interaction with people

Task 1.21

Write a brief description of the differences between IMAP4 & POP3 email protocols. POP3

- user access email by logging onto email account - email downloaded to computer/phone & removed from the ISP server

IMAP4 - email comes straight to chosen device (eg phone) without loging into account

- email stays on ISP server (from which it is accessed)

Starter Activity

How can technology help & hinder learning?

Help Hinder

- for research purposes - electronic resources enhance learning

- able to present work better - multimedia makes the experience

more enjoyable - interactive whiteboards have

revolutionised classroom teaching

- becoming too reliant on computer

- high electricity consumption - not everyone has equal

access to technology


Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs)

- an online learning platform

- advantages o all-in-one interactive learning environment

o students have their own (personalised) space

o individual or group work possible

o homework can be accessed/submitted online

o quizzes/feedback instant & recorded for future

o parents can access students progress (eg work, behaviour, results, etc)

Wikis

- user-generated websites

- collaborative effort as not managed by single person or body

- people add their own content & edit it

- advantages o updated all the time, so remains current

o accessed all over the world

o changes can be tracked

o copyright laws don‟t generally apply

- disadvantages

o content can be inaccurate, untrue or biased

o internet required

User forums

- can be general or specialised

- users have open online discussions in the form of posted messages

- uses o get answers for specific questions o get a range of responses/advice

o get people‟s opinions o share your views/ideas with other people

o get to know other people with similar interests o work collaboratively with others

Task

Why must you be careful when using information found on a wiki?

- A wiki is developed over time - by people adding their own contributions - anyone can add info without it being checked - the info may be biased or one-sided (ie not correct) - incorrect/outdated info may not have been removed


News websites

- set up a RSS feed which o regularly searches for latest/live news

o once found, live info streams in as it happens (ie live updates)

- also search archives for old but relevant news

Podcasts

- can be created & uploaded onto

o websites o blogs

o social network sites

- others then download them & watch/listen at their convenience

Rules for using the Internet

- researching the internet for too long can cause problems such as

o stress from information overload

o physical problems like back strain & eye strain

Task 1.22

Decide if each situation below is an example of legal or illegal behaviour. (Does it infringe the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1998?)

You copy a music CD

bought from a shop & give it to a friend

Illegal

- you can copy a CD purchased for your own use - you must not distribute it to anyone else

You copy a music CD

bought from a shop & sell it

Illegal

- you can copy a CD purchased for your own use - you must not sell it to anyone else

- music companies cannot financially support artist

You buy software

intended for one computer & put it on

to other computers

Illegal

- software normally licensed to one computer - additional licenses must be purchased

- diverts money from companies making software

You download music but do not pay for it

Illegal - not paying money from artists/ record companies

- using P2P networks to share copyright music is illegal (legal to share music you have produced yourself)

You make your own picture to add to your

work

Legal - you are the owner of the picture

- you can add it to your work - if others use it, they must ask permission

You copy images from the internet to

add to your work

Legal - you need to check that image or website is not ©

You put © images into your work

including details of the source

Illegal - image protected by ©

- it cannot be used without owner‟s permission - this breaks © law (© holder could take legal action)


- info on the internet can be biased, exaggerated or simply untrue (always try to cross-check info using another source)

- copyright work © must not be reproduced without permission of holder

- someone‟s work cannot be copied & passed off as another‟s (ie plagiarism)

- always name your internet source o it shows you have done your research

o it can help demonstrate certain points or support an argument

o it allows others to see where the piece of work has come from

o you get credit for the work produced (rather than accused of plagiarism)

Internet safety

Viruses

- programs sent without the permission or knowledge of user

- cause other programs to stop working correctly

- damage computer memory or settings

- transferred through

o accessing certain websites

o opening infected emails

o using infected devices

o downloading corrupted attachments

- precautions o installing anti-virus software

o updating anti-virus software

o beware of email attachments

o only download what you are sure about

o scan CDs, DVDs & USBs

o make regular backups

o don‟t use pirated software

Task 1.23

Write a list of guidelines for Ruby to help protect her computer from viruses.

- Install anti-virus software, run it on a regular basis & update regularly

- Do not open attachments that look suspicious or if sender is unfamiliar

- Do not download material that is suspicious or from an unreputable source

- When inserting CDs/DVDs/USBs, scan them first

- Pirated software may be infected with viruses & violates the © Act

- Back-up your work in case viruses infect your files

Starter Activity

What problems have you had when using the Internet? Viruses, Spam, Pop-ups ...


Spyware

- program installed without permission through: o a virus

o another installed program

- “spies” on your computer data/usage

- reports back to another source

- info collected could be o websites visited

o keystrokes (for accounts or passwords)

o downloads

- info gathered for o marketing purposes (eg shopping habits)

o illegal purposes (eg fraud)

- precautions o anti-spyware software (often included with anti-virus software)

o avoid free software on the internet which may contain spyware

Cookies

- small text files placed on your HDD which store info related to your o online shopping &

o browsing history

- report findings to the website server

- eg a cookie o saves your customised webpage for future access

o stores your encrypted login so it “recognizes” you next time

o “remembers” your orders/browsing history

- precautions

o regularly delete temporary internet files o set internet settings not to accept cookies from all sites

Spam

- all unwanted email (eg chain mail)

- precautions o set filters to block unwanted mail from inbox o alert your email provider to spam email o don‟t disclose your email where people can add it to a mailing list o don‟t agree to your details being passed on to third parties

Phishing

- sending a link via email, which looks authentic but is fake (often resembling an email from your bank)

- to trick you into entering sensitive personal details like account#/PIN


Hackers

- gain unauthorised access to a computer to steal info for malicious reason

- precautions

o install a firewall to block unauthorised users

o constantly update firewall software

o do not leave an unattended computer logged on

o set up access rights to vulnerable areas of your computer (ie logins with passwords)

Identity theft

- a person pretending to be someone else to steal money (or other benefits)

- this is especially easy through profiles on social networking sites

- precautions o install a firewall to block unauthorised access o protect personal information with encryption o shred unwanted printed documents showing personal details o use software that writes over deleted files many times

(so old files cannot be recovered)

Task 1.25 (and eTask 1.24)

Ruby wants to install all the protection she needs for the contents of her new laptop. What would you recommend? Give reasons for your choices.

Protection Reason

Anti-virus software To stop viruses

Anti-spyware software

To stop (data-mining) software from collecting & sending details about you to fraudsters or

marketing companies

File cleaner To get rid of temporary internet files & cookies that may hold personal information & could be

used by hackers

Firewall software To stop unauthorised people from accessing

your computer

Security updates Software loopholes can make the computer unsecure – installing updates can prevent

security being breached

Internet protection

software/filters

Protects children from accessing unsuitable

content

Pop-up blocker Prevents pop-ups which can be inappropriate (or annoying)


The Digital Divide

What is the digital divide?

- gap between those who do & don‟t have access to latest digital technology

- reasons for lack of access o low income

money an issue

essentials like food, clothing take priority

o rural areas

low population

less infrastructure

not cost-effective for technology providing companies

o weak literacy skills

cannot read about/understand current technology available

o disability

physically/mentally unable to operate technological devices

may need specially-adapted equipment (eg TV w/subtitles)

o ethnic minority

may not want or understand new products/services available

o elderly

may believe new technology is too advanced/difficult to learn

Starter Activity

Think about the technology you have at home - digital TV, internet, etc. What factors influence people‟s decisions to buy products/services?

Is everyone is able to get these services/products?

- financial constraints o when products are newly released they have a high price

o the general economic climate also affects what people buy - personal preferences

- peer pressure


Economic implications

- beneficial o technological knowledge & skills means better paid jobs

o online shopping means

wider range of products & services accessible

cheaper deals, discounts

home delivery

o online banking

from comfort of home

more accessible to disabled/elderly

o rise in globalisation & e-commerce

- detrimental

o less well off cannot always afford computer start-up costs

o keeping up with current technology can lead to debt

o countries with poor technological capability fall behind more technological ones

Educational implications

- beneficial

o learners become independent & excel in education

o more personalised learning in schools via VLEs

o online educational resources supplement learning

o access to online qualifications to improve skills

- detrimental

o low ICT skills exclude people from particular jobs

Social implications

- detrimental

o can feel left out without up-to-date technology

o lack of access to online communication (eg email) can affect social

interaction

Task 1.28 - Homework

Suggest ways in which people can be helped (& can help themselves) to have greater access to technology.


Chapter 2: On the Move

Planning a Trip

Using Search Engines (to plan a trip)

Starter Activity

What do you need to consider?

- Plan route

o use GPS, Google maps to plan route

o find total travel time

- Plan travel methods

o decide best mode of transport

ferry, rail, coach, combinations

o find individual travel times & lengths for each leg of the journey

there should be minimal waiting time between travel legs

o calculate cost of each travel leg

- Accommodation

o must be cheap (on student‟s budget)

eg , NOT hotel, maybe B&B

o should be frequented by others of same age/interests

eg hostels for backpackers

o must be clean & safe

o should be within walking distance to most sights & (cheap) food

also easy to nip back for rest & provisions

o close to travel links for farther excursions

- Bookings

o tickets

trains from home to interail, interail passes, etc

o accommodation

- Sightseeing

o places to visit

o location & proximity of places (to plan days accordingly)

- Communication

o with friends/family back home

pictures

email, SN site/blog, online album, MMS

calls

mobiles, VoIP

messages

SMS, travel blog, SN site


What a search engine does

- searches the World Wide Web

- using keywords

- to search & retrieve links (webpages) that are the best match to criteria entered

- a browser is different to a search engine o it views & navigates pages on the web

How search engines are organised

- results are displayed in order of descending keyword “hits”

- enter strong keywords to get the most relevant hits on the first page

Avoiding information overload

- a poorly-structured search may result in a very large number of hits

- good search techniques will o find the most relevant information o limit the number of hits from a search

- ways of effectively refining searches (ie advanced search)

o eliminating non-essential words

o advanced search using

AND

OR

NOT

the – sign (to remove a word you don‟t want included)

o using speech marks to identify exact whole phrases required

eTask 2.2

Consider whether Satya & Simon can do all their holiday preparations online or whether they will need to do some of them in person.

Online In person

- Buy InterRail passes

- Research hostels

- Book tickets to Paris

- Plan route through Europe

- Buy clothes for trip

- Get Euros for trip

- Sign passport application form

- Try out and buy rucksacks


Criteria for evaluating info – Fact or Opinion?

- how can you identify statements as fact or opinion?

- facts ar eoften communicated as simple statements o eg “the Atlantic Ocean lies between the UK & USA”

- an opinion can often be presented as a fact o advertising/commercials, eg “Sure doedarant will keep you dry”

- a debatable fact often includes safety clauses such as “possibly/probably”

o eg “Italy is possibly the most attractive country in Europe”

- use of conditionals (could, might, would) always indicate an opinion

o eg “solar power could be the answer to national power shortages”

Criteria for considering reliability of info

- most reliable websites can often be identified by their web address - however many websites on the internet are

o inaccurate

o out of date

o biased

information has been prejudiced by someone‟s opinion

this is NOT fact & can be unreliable

- most reliable websites

o have the following extensions

.edu, .gov, .org, .com

o have a simple/clean design

o have content that isn‟t confusing, contradictory or biased

it‟s good to cross-reference website content

o have links that aren‟t outdated/obsolete

Skills Builder 2.3

What keywords/search should be entered to find an appropriate hostel in Paris?

Keywords = hostel + Paris + ?? Search =

Which one would you recommend? Why?

- Within walking distance of Eiffel Tower, positive & reliable visitor reviews,

NB: Use Google Maps/Google Earth to “see” hostel


Criteria for considering validity of info

- you must to take into account the context in which the info is provided - is the info there to advertise, publicise, entertain, or to inform? - info must be both accurate (fact) & reliable if it is going to be considered

valid for any investigation

Good sources of information

- primary sources o a first-hand account of events/experiences

- user reviews/comments regarding a product/service

- traveller blogs to the same/similar destinations

Biometrics

- an automated method of recognizing a person via

o fingerprint scanner

o voice recognition

o iris recognition

o face symmetry recognition

Task 2.3

What search should be entered to find info about applying for a passport? - Keywords = passport + information

Which site is NOT the official passport website? Why?

- reasons: address extension, premium call rates,

Task

Give examples of biometrics being used in society today.

- fingerprint scanners are used in schools to allow pupils to buy meals

- RFID chips in passports store/use facial symmetry to identify travellers

What are the advantages & disadvantages of using biometrics?

- Advantages

o near impossible to duplicate another person‟s voice/fingerprint

o cannot be lost or stolen (like a password)

- Disadvantages

o an authorized person can be denied access (due to cut/sweat)

o can be time-consuming (eg fingerprint scanner) o manually repositioning fingers to get the right reading


Keeping in touch

Digital cameras/camcorders

- records images electronically on a memory card - typically 4-12MP - often capable of taking short video clips with sound - advantages

o no film needed/no developing costs

o images immediately viewable

o unwanted images can be deleted

o images can be edited, enlarged or enhanced

o images can be included in documents or uploaded to websites

o memory cards can store extra images

o digital images can be geo tagged

exact geographical co-ordinates can be attached to them

giving the location of where photo was taken

eg using Google Earth

o called metadata

date/time/speed/camera type can be embedded into each

digital image

with GPS even location can be embedded

- disadvantages

o more expensive than ordinary cameras

o images often compressed to avoid using too much memory

o when memory full, images must be uploaded/deleted

Starter Activity Task 2.5

What ways can we keep in touch when travelling?

Calling

Sending Messages Sending Photos

Mobile calls VoIP calls

SMS Emails

Social networking sites

Blogs

MMS Attaching to an email

Upload to online photo album Upload to social network sites

Upload to blogs

What digital devices can we take on holiday to stay in touch?

- Mobile phone/smart phone, digital camera/camcorder, laptop/netbook


Features of Netbooks

Task 2.6

Compare taking photos with digital cameras & mobile phone cameras.

Which would you recommend taking on holiday? Why?

Feature Digital Cameras Mobile phones

Quality of images Dedicated camera Too many features compacted into one device

Storage capacity All storage dedicated to

storing photos

Storage is used by all

features, not just camera

Close-up & wide-

angle images

More suited to these

features

Usually fixed lens

Geotagging Not available If GPS available

eTask 2.7

Features of a netbook which make it suitable for travellers

Useful for everyone Especially useful for travellers

Microphone Lightweight & compact

Speakers Robust

Clear bright screen Fast boot-up times

Keyboard Long battery life

USB ports WiFi enabled

Solid state hard drive without disks

(so less damage likely)

Task 2.8

What ways can a netbook be used for communicating?

- sending emails

- creating/updating a blog

- using social networking sites

- attaching photos to an email

- uploading photos to a blog, online album or social networking site

- VoIP calls


Main methods of transferring photos (see comparative table below)

- bluetooth

o devices must be geographically close

o comparatively slow

o max transfer rate of 1Mb (NOT Megabytes)

- USB cable

o takes up space

o can be lost

o transfer rate of 480 Mb (NOT Megabytes)

- memory card

o simplest

o fastest

o quickest for transferring photos

o transfer rate of 15-45 MB

How can we connect?

Task 2.9

What are the three main methods of transferring photos?

Feature

Mobile phone Digital camera

Bluetooth Almost all use bluetooth protocol Cannot use bluetooth

USB cables Some have USB port Most come with USB lead

Memory cards All use flash memory cards All use flash memory cards

Starter Activity

How can you stay in touch from abroad with a mobile phone?

- using mobile phone “roaming” facilities

o enables using a mobile outside of its original registering zone

o enables calling & texting

o very costly

What about with a netbook?

- connecting via the internet

o enables many different types of communication

o usually free (or very cheap)


Connecting to the internet

- by cable o extremely fast

o always connected

o requires socket to plug in

- wirelessly (Wi-Fi)

What is a Cybercafé?

- a cafe which has computers dedicated to the internet (via cable)

- users share these computers at a charge

- security precautions are necessary (because of so many users)

What is a wireless hotspot?

- a place where you can use a Wi-Fi connection to the internet

- often unsecure

- available mostly in hotels, restaurants & cafe chains

Online photo albums

Task 2.11

What extra security precautions should be taken when using a cybercafé?

- delete all temporary files after use (ie in “Temporary Internet Files/cache”)

- delete any stored passwords after use

- delete all cookies

- delete anything copied to the computer from a memory card/stick

- log out from your email account

- set email software to “do not remember password”

- do not access sensitive info (eg bank accounts) in case of spyware

Task 2.14

An online album is a digital collection of photos stored online.

What are the advantages of these?

- available free

- user can create different albums for different people

- user can add description to photos & friends can add comments

- user can choose who can copy & download them - easy to organize photos into groups, tag them & then upload them - quick & easy to transfer photos to/from other devices

- safer than leaving photos on a memory card (eg damage/theft)

- can order physical prints online (to arrive in the post)


Using cloud computing

- this is when computer programs & data are all stored on a central server

- to access these programs/data , you only require o access to the internet

o an input device

Finding the Way

What is GPS?

- a satellite navigation system

- based on 24 satellites in orbit of Earth

- they transmit signal info to Earth

- the GPS receiver

o compares the time a signal is transmitted & received by a satellite

o this is repeated using at least 3 different satellites

o upto 3 satellites gives the 2D position of user (longitude/latitude)

o 4 or more gives a 3D position (longitude/latitude/altitude)

o other info (eg speed/distance to destination) can be calculated from this

- this position is then displayed on a sat nav map in real-time

- can be converged with other devices (eg digital cameras, mobile phones)

eTask 2.15

What are the advantages & disadvantages of cloud computing?

Advantages Disadvantages

- No need to buy/upgrade software

- No need for large storage devices

- Can access documents anywhere

- Can work collaboratively

- No need for USB memory stick

- Internet may be inaccessible

- Slower to load documents

- Someone else has your data

- The firm may close down

- Easy for data to be damaged/stolen

Starter Activity

Think of all the uses of GPS for people who find themselves in unfamiliar places:

- can pinpoint exact location - find directions to desired location - find distance to desired location - find landmarks (eg train stations) or services (eg police stations)


- exact uses

o can pinpoint an exact location o can find directions from current location to desired location o can calculate distance from current location to desired location o can calculate ETA to desired location o can find landmarks or services (eg train stations) o allows you to attach images to a map

o can be driver-oriented or pedestrian-oriented

- used in

o sat navs

o geo caching

o GPS/geo tagging

o GPS tracking

Satellite Navigation

- a device that displays the user‟s position

Convergence

- when one device is developed to carry out functions originally performed

by other devices

- eg mobile phone

o primary function is to make voice calls

o but also takes photos, plays music, streams video & surfs the net

o with GPS technology, a digital image can be geo tagged with

metadata

Geo caching

- a global, high-tech treasure hunting game

- uses GPS to find hidden containers

Task 2.17

What features would a sat nav have for travelling on foot around European cities?

- gives directions to desired location - light & sturdy

- has street maps of all relevant cities - shows POI & tourist sights

- has a high capacity battery - has a sunlight readable screen

(for all day use)


GPS tracking system

- used to constantly track location of individual/vehicle

- advantages o can be a safety measure to track missing children/goods

o can track someone who is abducted or in an accident

o protection against the dangers of backpacking

o peace of mind for family/friends

- disadvantages o can violate an individual‟s privacy (eg tagging individuals)

GPS delivery tracking system

- often used to increase efficiency of firms with many delivery vans

- difficult to keep track of each van‟s location all the time

- each vehicle fitted with GPS & modem

- each van‟s location is constantly sent to firm‟s computer system

(via mobile phone network)

Geo tagging

- associating a geographic location with an item such as a photo

- phones with both camera & GPS can

o record the precise location a photo was taken at

o automatically embed this info into the photo file

- online photo services can read this data & display a map showing where a particular photo was taken

Task 2.20

State the advantages & disadvantages of a delivery firm using GPS tracking?

Advantages Disadvantages

o more efficient can make extra

pickups/drop-offs along

existing route no time wasting during

lunch/breaks can communicate with

office if necessary will save firm time &

money (securing jobs)

o can be construed as spying on drivers

o vans already have sat nav (ie

directions & avoiding traffic already

managed) o could affect driver safety

more pressure to make deliveries on time

driver may drive too quickly

skip breaks & become tired


Digital devices for travelling

Functionality of smart phones versus netbooks

Function Smart phone Netbook

Voice messages If VoIP installed

SMS for text messages (software available) to send text messages

to mobiles

MMS for Multimedia texts

Video calls Can use free video

conferencing software, e.g. MSN or Skype

Digital camera May have a webcam at top of screen

Record video

Mobile TV

Mobile radio

GPS with sat nav Most have this facility

Bluetooth

Wi-Fi

Access the Internet

Send & receive emails

Social networking

Music player

Video player

Touch screen

Qwerty keyboard Small Large & functional

Applications (eg calculator

or spreadsheet)

Usually small mobile versions

Calendar

Contact list

Games software

Data storage


Good features of smart phones & netbooks

Digital camera & netbook

Smart phone

Each device specialised for its task Light/compact/easy to carry

Larger keyboard Multifunctional - only need one item

Larger screen (easier to read) Can send SMS messages

More data storage Can send MMS messages

Can watch films together Has GPS built in

Better quality photos


Chapter 3: Entertain Me – What to Buy?

Setting up a multimedia system

Digital devices for relaxing/socialising

- watching films o DVDs

o Blu-ray

disk that enables recording, rewriting & playback of HD video

o HDTVs

- listening to music

o MP3 players

different audio file formats exist, eg MP3, WAV, WMA

may need conversion depending on download format &

required format

conversion may take long

o media players (eg iPod) o laptops

- playing online games

o games consoles

o laptops

High Definition TV (HDTV)

- the TV picture is made of lines of pixels

- a conventional TV has 625 lines refreshed 25 times/sec

- HDTV has either 720 or 1080 lines producing a clearer, sharper picture

(with 120-240 refresh rate)

HD Multimedia Interface (HDMI) port

- Required for connecting devices to show HD video

Starter Activity

Make a list of all the devices that Jamie could use to watch films, listen

to music & play games.

Possibilities - media players, laptops, HDTVs, games consoles, Blu-ray,

DVDs, MP3 players, etc.


Laptop considerations for multimedia use

- features o should match user‟s requirements (eg Wi-Fi enabled)

- functions o what the features actually do

(eg Wi-Fi allows download of music/video over wireless connection)

- HDD size o multimedia (video, graphics, MP3) needs lots of storage capacity

- performance o must have adequate processor speed & RAM size to run multimedia

- connectivity o eg with USB, HDMI, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth

- future proofing o not buying something that will be out of date/unusable very quickly

- upgradability o the ability to upgrade easily (cheaper than buying a new laptop)

- support o for initial set-up

o repair warranty/break-down cover

eTask 3.1

Find the best laptop to fit Jamie‟s needs by answering the following questions

based on the 3 laptops specified in the table on page 65.

Question Answer

1 Which laptop will be able to store the most film & music files?

Laptop 3

2 Which laptops can download music/films over a wireless

connection? Laptops 2 & 3

3 Which manufacturer offers the best support? Laptop 3

4 Which laptops would allow watching HD films on a HDTV? Laptops 2 & 3

5 Which laptops would Jamie be able to use to watch HD films

from a disk? Laptops 2 & 3

6 Which laptop would allow Jamie to make copies of HD films? Laptop 3

7 Which laptop will need the most upgrading in future? Laptop 1

8 Which laptop would you recommend for Jamie? Laptop 3


Separate media player (versus laptop)

Games Consoles versus Laptops

Games console features

- high resolution screen

- built-in (or interface to) wireless internet connection

- online interactive gaming with others possible

- HDD for data storage

- can download, store & play MP3 music files

- can download, store & play HD films

- built-in Blu-ray disk player

Task

Rather than using media-player software on his laptop (to listen to MP3 files),

Jamie could buy a portable media player.

What are the advantages of buying a media player (eg iPod, Microsoft Zune)?

- digital devices that stores picture, video & music files (convergence)

- excellent media quality

(NB: a laptop + HDMI + good graphics chip gives equally good quality sound)

- affordable

- slim and relatively small, therefore easily portable

- allows you to transfer files from the laptop to the player

- keeps large files in compressed form & stores this info in flash memory

(which is read/write, non-volatile memory)

What other devices could he use to listen to his music?

- laptop

- car stereo (which can take an USB Flash drive containing MP3 files)

- home entertainment systems which have USB ports

Starter Activity

Conduct a quick survey of the class to find out

- if people own a games console.

- if so, which brand is the most popular?


Games consoles for gaming

- advantages

o cheaper than a high-quality laptop required for gaming (ie video)

o all in one/dedicated device

o simple - play straight out of the box

o can play multi-player games through the internet

o can play on the couch - don‟t have to sit at a desk

o has many different types of input devices (ie controllers)

o no keyboard so cannot message other people while playing

- disadvantages

o if one component breaks, the whole unit has to be repaired

o can only be used for one purpose

o can‟t play against people with a different type of console

Task 3.4 (Worksheet 3.2)

Complete the table by entering “yes”, “no” or the price when requested.

Item Xbox 360 PlayStation 3

Resolution: 720p or 1080p? 1080p 1080p

Built-in WiFi connection to internet? No Yes

If not, how much to buy an interface? ~ £45 N/A

Play online interactive games with

friends?

Yes Yes

HDD for data storage? Yes Yes

Size of HDD Upto 250GB 120GB

Download, store & play MP3 files? Yes Yes

Download, store & play HD films? Yes Yes

Inbuilt Blu-ray disk player? No Yes

Price ~ £180 ~ £240

Task

Environmental benefits of downloading games rather than buying them on disk

- Lower carbon footprint as less power/resources used for disk/packaging

- lower emissions from transport/distribution

- less waste produced requiring less landfill/recycling costs


Laptops for gaming

- advantages o can access more multi-player games through the internet

o can edit games & modify maps

o screens often have better resolution than HDTVs

o easy to upgrade

o can play online against different brands of computers

o can message others using keyboard while playing

- disadvantages

o more expensive

o need technical knowledge to set up

o input devices mainly keyboard & mouse

o difficult to play on the couch - esp if using mouse & keyboard

Hands-free games consoles

- balance boards (eg Wii Fit)

o multiple pressure sensors on flat board measure centre of balance

- voice activation (eg Nintendo DS)

o use of microphones to issue commands to the game

- detecting facial expressions/moods (eg Microsoft‟s Kinect)

- pressure pads (eg dance pads)

o a grid of flat pressure-sensitive gamepad buttons on a mat

o meant to be stepped on

- breaking a light beam

Task

What are the environmental & social advantages of recycling electronics?

- old devices can be refurbished (NB: format old HDD before disposing)

- materials can be recovered for future use (eg metals)

- prevents hazardous materials dumped in landfill (eg toxic metals, radiation)

- avoids air & water pollution caused by hazardous disposal

- reduces greenhouse gas emissions caused by manufacturing new products

Task

Why companies should allow users to download games straight to their console:

- harder for users to copy an electronically downloaded game (to a disk)

- easier to track where an illegal copy of a game might have come from

- wider audience for the product (as this is another way to buy)

- cheaper production & distribution costs

- eco-friendly

- collection of marketing data

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_balance_(disambiguation)


Connecting to the Internet

Internet connection

- provided by an ISP

o a company that offers access to the internet

o there are many different ISPs

o their costs & speeds vary widely

o computer/modem is assigned an IP address (like your personal

home address)

so the server “knows” where to send requested info

- the faster the connection, the faster activities are carried out

Starter Activity

What are the advantages to a household of having a fast Internet connection?

- search for information - video conference

- buy goods online - book holidays

- communicate with family & friends - play online games

- upload images to online albums - download music & films

eTask 3.8

Test your knowledge of the terms used when discussing internet connections.

ISP A company that offers customers access to the internet

Broadband A high speed connection to the internet that is always on

Bandwidth Amount of data that can fit through an internet connection

Kb Thousands of bits per second

Download Transfer of a file from a central computer to your computer

Upload Transfer of a file from your computer to a central computer

Firewall A system designed to prevent unauthorised access to your

computer when connected to a network

Spam Unwanted or junk mail

ADSL A system used to run broadband over copper telephone lines

Spyware Software which collects info about your logins & passwords


Broadband connection

- high speed connection to the internet that is always on

- bandwidth varies from area to area

o amount of data that can fit through an Internet connection

o measured in bps or Kbps

- available via

o fibre-optic cables through cable companies

fastest broadband connection

o ADSL technology

system used to run broadband over copper telephone lines

fast transmission speeds via frequencies unused for voice call

volume of data flow is greater in one direction than the other

download speeds usually much faster than upload speeds

requires an ADSL modem

to translate high-frequency broadband signals (carried on

your phone line) into digital data signals (ie computer)

a cable connects your computer to the modem

- not all areas of the country have access to broadband (ie digital divide)

- not all telephone exchanges are equipped for broadband

Choosing an ISP

- cost o can vary widely for the same level of service

o most have a monthly charge

o a setup cost may apply

o a free wireless router may be provided (saving router cost)

- speed

o actual speeds usually less that stated (as multi-usage on same cables)

o speeds given are for downloading data

(NB: speed for uploading will be much less)

- download limits

o some impose a limit on amount of data downloadable per month

o charges apply beyond this limit

- email & web space

o should provide you with

several email addresses

an area on their server to create web pages

- storage o many allow server space to store files/photos to share with others


- security

o should provide you with

a firewall

anti-spyware software

anti-spam software

- parental control

o some provide software to filter out undesirable websites

- reliability & customer service

o common complaints

too much downtime (when you cannot access the internet)

expensive helplines

slow response in answering queries

too slow in fixing problems

o ask friends about their experiences

o check on forums & user sites

Task/ePlennary 3.3

Compare the services offered by 3 fictional ISPs & decide which ISP would be

best for a family, an online gamer & a casual internet user.

1. What is the maximum download speed offered?

2. Is there a download limit? 3. What extras are provided?

4. How much is the charge per month for this service?

IPS Suitability

casual internet users families online gamers

- low cost connection

- reasonable download

speed

- low free download

limit, but reasonable

charges for extra

downloads

- High download speed

- Reasonable free

download limit/month

- Can upload, store &

share photos on their

server

- blisteringly fast

speed

- unlimited

downloads


Creating a LAN (eg a home network)

Advantages of a LAN

- multiple people can share internet connection NB: Multiple users slow down internet but broadband can deal with this easily

- can remotely access other computers in the home

- file sharing o can access files on another computer

- can share a printer o can send documents to a printer connected to another‟s computer

- can play games across the network, chat & send messages to each other

- digital video recorders & video game consoles can be shared

- internet telephone service

o making VoIP phone calls through the internet saves money

Ethernet

- a set of software & hardware protocols linking computers to form a LAN

- defines the ways in which computers “talk” to each other

- computers can be connected together in two ways o by cables

o wirelessly (Wi-Fi)

Types of LANs

- cabled ethernet o cables connect to a PC‟s network interface card (NIC) by plugs

o ethernet cards provide the following transmission speeds

basic – upto 10Mb

fast – upto 100Mb

gigabit – 1000Mb

o most computers/laptops have NICs already installed

o speed depends on the type of network card installed

Starter Activity

There is one broadband connection in Jamie‟s house. What problems

do you think this might cause for him and his family?

- The family can only access the internet through one computer,

one person at a time & only in one place.

How can everyone in Jamie‟s family use the internet at the same time?

- The family can set up a home network


- wireless Ethernet (ie Wi-Fi)

o allows computers to “talk” via radio or microwave signals

o max transmission speed is 11Mb-54Mb, depending on card used

o can be affected by household appliances such as microwave/phone

o is distance-sensitive

so performance/speed drops the further the router

o is greatly affected by the number of devices using the wireless

- powerline

o uses existing mains power circuits in the house to transmit data

o as most rooms have plug sockets, no new wiring is needed

eTask 3.12

Discuss the differences between ethernet cable & wireless networks.

Cable Network WiFi Network

Setting up

Cables must connect the router to all the computers –

drilling holes & adding new

sockets in the process

Wireless router connects to the modem

Cost

Requires expensive cables, sockets & a cable-fitter

Only pay for the WiFi router

Transmission speed

Speeds at least 10Mb & 100Mb & network cards are cheap

Maximum speeds between 11-54Mb

Security

Only accessible to someone by

physically plugging a cable into a network access point

Accessible to anyone

within range if it does not have a password

Interference

None Can be affected by:

- (household) appliances - distance from transmitter

- number of users - external signals (outside)

Mobility

Cannot connect in a room without an ethernet socket

Accessible from anywhere within the range


Router

- connects to the ADSL or cable modem

- connects all the computers to the modem (which connects to internet)

- assigns each computer with an internal IP (internet protocol) address

o so they can communicate with each other & the router

o so router can send info requested to correct computer in network

- possible to have a mixed network (both wireless & cable connections)

Performance of a network connection

- affected by

o bandwidth

the capacity of a connection in bps

the more bps transferred, the greater the capacity

o latency

the speed of the connection in ms

the less time it takes, the greater the speed of connection

Which Type of Network?

Implications of a cable network

- has greater bandwidth o better for activities requiring large data transmissions

o eg gaming/streaming video

- often has speeds of 100Mbs (while wireless has only 54Mb max)

- it experiences less latency o low latency means small delays & high latency means long delays

- needs access points in every room o often unsightly wires/holes/sockets

- expensive to install

- more secure

Task 3.13

How do bandwidth & latency affect online gaming or streaming?

- transmission of large volumes of data means bandwidth is important

- requiring a high speed of flow means latency is important

- so, a good gaming experience requires wide bandwidth & low latency

- best achieved by a cable network

But why might Jamie‟s parents prefer not to have a cable network?

- unsightly wires/holes/sockets in rooms


Implications of a wireless network

- can be accessed from anywhere in house (ie signal area)

- no messy wires o easy to initially set up

o easy to add new clients

- speeds of 54Mb maximum (usually less than max achieved)

- has lower bandwidth & higher latency than cable networks due to

o signal strength (ie the connection quality) which mainly depends on

distance from router

number & nature of obstructions

o signal stability which is affected by

presence of other signals in the air (eg neighbouring signals)

temporal changes in the environment

- can access internet from anywhere within range (house & garden)

- network can be accessed by other devices (eg smartphones)

- less secure

o wireless signals travel through air & can easily be intercepted

o can access unsecure network which comes with default password

Home network security

- process of detecting & preventing unauthorized access to your network - wireless networks are less secure than cable networks because

o access rights & logins are not deemed necessary with family

o however all of the network connections inside & outside are visible

- if network unsecure your internet could be used (without consent/knowledge)

- offenders always look for “hotspots”

o unsecure home/office network where free internet can be accessed

- precautions

o change the password on router from the default one to your own

then someone cannot connect to it & change the settings

set-up some form of encryption (eg WEP, WAP-PSK or WAP2)

Task

What security features there are for users on the school network?

- logins & passwords

Is this necessary for a home network (ie where only family members use it)?

- security is more important for a WiFi network - because people outside the house can access it


Encryption

- data is translated into a secret code according to a set of rules/key

- then transmitted over the internet

- to convert data back into plain text, the receiver must also have the key

- this secures Wi-Fi networks

Downloads & On-Demand Services

When downloading

- remember illegal downloads o break the law

o cost the music & film industries millions in lost revenues

- avoid peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing sites o they infringe the copyright of the producers of the music/films

- avoid “free” sites

o all reputable legal sites will have a charge

- check the small print of the download conditions

o mostly you can only watch a film on the computer it was

downloaded on

o you cannot copy it on to a DVD

- use reputable websites

o record companies

o the musicians themselves

o studios such as Warner Bros

o companies like iTunes

- check the reliability of the different sites through forums & blogs

- using only legal sites ensures

o good quality files

o no risk from viruses & spyware

o avoiding breaking the copyright law

Starter Activity

Have you ever downloaded a music track illegally? Did you

know what you were doing?

Are you aware of the potential consequences of illegal

downloads?


Copyright

- gives the creator of an original work exclusive rights regarding

o eg its publication (or download)

o its distribution

o its adaptation

- for a certain period of time

Digital Rights Management (DRM)

- allows the copyright holder control over

o the number of viewings/plays

o copies

o even which devices it can be played/viewed on

- DRM is encoded in the media

o eg a film downloaded from iTunes cannot be burned onto a DVD

Task 3.16

What are the implications of copying & sharing files?

- legal implications

o illegal to copy & distribute copyright files

- moral implications

o illegal file copy is like stealing

- employment implications

o 50% of jobs in the music/film industry are endangered by

illegal downloads

- personal implications

o is it ok to make copies of a legal download for your own

personal use in different devices (like phone, tv)?

- creativity

o is hampered as artists cannot make money from their work

- fairness

o if your work is distributed, you should be paid for it

- enjoyment

o illegal downloads are often poor quality

- security

o often contain malware under guise of “free”

o data protection infringement/misuse possible

- would they be otherwise acquired?

o are they only downloaded because they are free, or because

they are really wanted?


Video streaming

- transferring compressed video content over the internet in a steady &

continuous stream

- can either be

o sent from pre-recorded video files or

o distributed as part of a live broadcast "feed” sending same file to

multiple users at the same time

- the receiver can start displaying the video before the entire file has been

transmitted

o no waiting for file to download

- it requires a special player which is software that uncompresses the data

- allows watching/ hearing live multimedia (eg tv, radio stations)

o from around the world

o on your computer

- “on-demand” streaming allows you to view/listen to

o what you want

o when you want (not live)

o how you want

you can pause or rewind

o very popular

- many sites are free, but some have a small charge

Podcast (Play On-Demand Broadcast)

Starter Activity

In what different way can we watch video & listen to music?

- streaming live media online (for immediate viewing/listening)

- downloading a podcast & viewing at a later, more convenient time

- watching TV on mobile phones (via MB connection)

Task

Why are “on-demand” services such as BBC iPlayer & ITV Player becoming

so popular?

- audio/video files made available on the internet for download

- can be played back (on demand) using a computer/media player (eg iPod)


Viral marketing

Online Precautions

Cyber-criminals

- continually looking for IP addresses where there is no protection

NB: just like houses that are left empty with the windows open

- can then easily get into the computer to steal files or install viruses/spyware

- often through shareware or freeware software

Task 3.17

Advertising has changed in the music industry as now more people download

music files than buy CDs. What new form of advertising has this given rise to?

Viral marketing

- a marketing technique that

o uses electronic socializing (like social networks)

o to increase brand awareness or product sales

o eg twitter, email

- spreads your message like a virus from person to person

- an interesting content encourages people to pass it along

- depends on a high pass-along rate

- overall growth snowballs very quickly

Give an example of a successful viral marketing campaign.

- hotmail o offered free e-mail to the masses

o promoted their free service at bottom of each email message

o every email sent by a Hotmail user contained this signature

(thus spreading it like a virus)

o recipients would see the ad & also signed up for Hotmail

Starter Activity

List all the programs that can be harmful to the security of

computers when online.

Malware which is malicious software such as viruses,

spyware, adware, Trojans, keyloggers, worms

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand


Shareware software

- is distributed at low (or sometimes no) cost

- usually requires payment & registration for full legal use

Freeware software

- are (often incomplete) programs that authors release to benefit others

- at no cost but without support

Malware

- malicious software designed to secretly access a computer system

- without owner's knowledge/consent (ie covert data collection)

- viruses

- adware o software that displays adverts on your computer

- trojan horse

o program that appears genuine but performs some harmful activity

when run like

locating password information

making system more vulnerable to future entry

destroying programs/data on HDD

o does not replicate itself by infecting other files

o instead

it stays in computer doing its damage

allows someone to remotely control computer

o often sneaks in attached to a free game

- key logger o a program or device that tracks/logs the keys struck on a keyboard

- worm

o can travel without human action

o replicates itself & sends to entire email address book

o consumes system memory

o slows down computer/network

- spyware

o software that collects info about your passwords, banking details &

credit cards

o then sends it to over the internet to fraudsters

o hides behind shareware/freeware

o precautions

only download from reputable sites (check software reviews)

install (constantly updated) anti-spyware software


Cookies

- small text file sent to your computer from a website you are visiting

o stores your online behaviour & transactions (browsing history)

- often from marketing companies to track your interests/purchases

- a form of overt data collection

- advantages

o saves having to retype password every time you visit same website

o can personalise your view of a website (dynamic interaction)

o can receive customised offers based on shopping preferences

- disadvantages

o requires storage space on computer

o privacy concerns

receiving unsolicited personal ads

organizations acquiring your personal info/browsing habits

someone can discover your personal info if sharing computer

- preventing cookies

o you can set your browser to either

accept all cookies or

alert you every time a cookie is offered (then decide to accept)

- deleting cookies through your internet browser tools (clears internet cache)

Task 3.18

Jamie has noticed that: What is wrong? Spyware symptoms:

His computer is running more slowly - sluggish computer performance

- programs constantly crashing

The home page (when browser opens)

has changed to a different site - computer settings change

He keeps getting pop-up adverts

opening in new windows - increasing number of pop-up ads

He has unwanted toolbars in his

browser - unfamiliar toolbar appears on browser

(which reappears at next boot-up if deleted)


What are the Dangers?

Computer games

- health & well-being concerns o incorrect posture

causing skeletal problems (neck/back)

o prolonged use leads to

RSI

esp Nintendo thumb

o eye problems like

eye strain

perhaps glaucoma (increased fluid pressure can cause blindness)

o muscle & joint problems

o obesity from

lack of exercise

eating without thinking o isolation

more virtual friends than real ones

- benefits

o gives children something to do (rather than go out or be bored)

o gives rise to new forms of interactive learning

aids hand-eye coordination

helps problem solving skills

o as players try to solve the same problem many times

this develops resilience

they strive for improvement

o new gaming technologies encourage activity

eg Wii

o rehabilitation tool for health centres

eg helping stroke victims recover motor skills

o approves mental ability of learning-disabled & memory-impaired

eg schizophrenia

o improves blood flow to brain which may improve intelligence

o may cut the risk of developing dementia

Starter Activity

Conduct a survey to find the avg time each person in class spends playing

computer games each day. What are the concerns with playing for too long?

- back pain - eye strain - joint pain

- addiction - isolation - lack of exercise


Computer addiction

- excessive/compulsive use of computers that interferes with daily life

- symptoms/effects on your well-being

o spending nearly all free time playing games or watching films

o escaping into a computer game when sad/upset/stressed

o not keeping up with homework & his grades are falling

o lying to family about how much time spent on computer

o rather play games than spend time with family/friends

o giving up other hobbies/interests

o agitated when not playing games

Meeting people online

- via social networking, chat rooms, email & instant messaging

- can put children at potential risk of encountering online predators

o paedophiles who make friends with young people online

o then try to meet them in the real world

http://www.microsoft.com/protect/parents/social/socialnet.aspx

http://www.microsoft.com/protect/parents/social/kidssocial.aspx

http://www.microsoft.com/protect/learnabout/im.aspx


Chapter 4: Smart Working

Creating a Safe Workplace

Computer-related health & safety problems (Employee or Self-employed)

- back pain can be caused by incorrect sitting posture over a long time o prevention

frequent breaks

sit up straight so that lower back/shoulders supported

adjust chair/screen so that

eyes level with top of screen

fingers can reach keyboard easily

- eye strain can be caused by staring at the screen for too long

o often lead to headaches/migraines

o prevention

take frequent breaks

good lighting

look away from the screen

if (in order to use the computer) employees may need

new/corrected glasses then employers must

pay for regular eye-sight tests

make a contribution to new glasses

- RSI is a result of doing the same thing again & again

o eg typing or moving a mouse

o it causes stiffness, pain & numbness

o usually in the joints of the arm, wrist or hand

prevention

using ergonomic equipment like keyboards, chairs

reduces the user‟s tiredness, discomfort & injury

caters for all body types

Starter Activity

What kinds of physical & mental health & safety issues are related to using computers? We‟ve discussed these in the last chapter.

- RSI, back strain, eye strain, headaches, stress, obesity,


- stress from a feeling of not being able to cope

o not being able to cope with work load

o poor time management

o friction with colleagues

o lack of support from employers

prevention

organize work in small manageable amounts

change screen layout/colours for comfortable viewing

delegate work or ask colleagues for help

take regular breaks to help relieve stress

- minimum or no staff training on how to use work stations correctly

o a legal requirement for employers to convey health & safety

guidelines

prevention

regular training sessions

health & safety posters displayed everywhere

Ergonomics

- the design of equipment to reduce fatigue, discomfort & potential injury

Other safety considerations

- electrical sockets must not be overloaded with equipment

o this could be a fire hazard

- don‟t leave things lying around

o have dedicated storage space to keep things out of the way

o prevents tripping/accidents

- clean workspaces regularly

o bacteria & viruses can live on surfaces

- food & drink should be consumed away from the computer

o spills over electrical equipment can cause

electric shocks

short circuits

even fires

- electrical equipment emits heat so a room can get too hot

o ventilated room well to keep air flowing

- have the right safety equipment & know how to use them

o smoke detectors & fire extinguishers


(video about H&S) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbV5dGvJWyo&feature=player_embedded

Task 4.1

Explain what might be wrong in each case below & what you would recommend.

Person Problem Recommendations

Neck

ache

Incorrect sitting posture

Sitting in same position

for long

Adjust chair to suit body type

change height of the chair

Adjust lumber support

Adjust distance to desk space

Adjust height of the screen

Take frequent micro-breaks

Stressed (by work

emails)

Incorrect management

of email inbox

Problems with time

management

Organise email inbox by setting up folders

Delete emails that are no longer required

Set up filters to siphon off junk emails

Ask colleagues to help

Take regular breaks to help relieve stress

Knees

hurting

Incorrect sitting posture

Sitting in the same

position for long

Adjust chair so feet are flat on the floor

Use a foot rest if necessary

Use a desk with sufficient leg space

Take regular breaks to stretch legs

Squinting at

computer screen

Sunlight/light shining on

screen

Could also be eyesight

problem

Move screen away from direct light

Use antiglare screen

Need glasses when using the computer?

Look away from screen frequently (onto distant objects)

Unable to use

equipment

Insufficient training Get appropriate training

Back pain Incorrect sitting posture

Sitting in same position

for long

Visit their GP

Take regular breaks to alleviate pain

Use lumbar support

Hot & sweaty

Poor ventilation

Not enough breaks

Open windows for fresh air

Circulate air around the room with fans

Wear layers which can be removed

Take regular breaks in the fresh air

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbV5dGvJWyo&feature=player_embedded


Anytime, Anywhere

Mobile broadband (MB)

- allows smart phones & portables to connect to high speed internet

- over a wide geographical area

- without the need for wires/plugs

- relies on the 3G network (used by 3G mobile phones)

- delivers same level of broadband experience available in the home/office

- many modern mobile phones now have built-in 3G technology

- other portable devices (eg laptops) require a dongle to pick up 3G signals

(USB 3G) Dongle

- small device that connects to a computer

- portable

- advantages o data storage

o picks up Bluetooth & 3G signals

o doesn‟t require power source

o best dongle contracts have connection speeds of upto 7.2MB

enough to download music, upload video, superfast surfing

- disadvantages

o limited by 3G signal coverage & availability

o easily lost/stolen (so immediately notify MB provider to block service)

o not as fast as fixed-line broadband o anyone can use it to download onto their computer while you foot

the bill

Starter Activity

List the advantages of being able to use the internet while on the move.

- gives you much more flexibility

- make the most of your time when travelling

(eg finalise arrangements to meet friends ON your way to meet them)

- mobile broadband more secure than using WiFi hotpots

- mobile broadband useful if home broadband goes down

Task

Go to Website 4.1 (mobilebroadbandinside.com) to see a short

video on MB; then recap on the reasons for using MB.


Reasons for using mobile broadband

- freedom

o can access internet virtually anywhere there is a 3G mobile signal

o no longer tethered to a Wi-Fi hotspot

o you choose where & when you connect to the internet

o reliable

- simplicity

o no complicated set-up/installation

o technology already embedded in product (no need for wires)

o Just switch on & go

o products displaying the MB logo show it is built-in & ready to use

- speed

o MB can be just as quick as fixed-line broadband on most networks

o speeds commonly 3.6-7.2Mbps peak

o actual download speeds vary depending on usage & time of day

- work

o can stay connected & be productive even when away from office

o enables you (at any time) to

keep in touch

access your emails

send/receive large files

browse the web

o being connected on the go means the office can work around you

(eg travelling reps, field operatives, etc)

- play

o entertainment at your fingertips

o whenever it suits you

o in real time

can stay connected to friends on social networking sites

update blogs & profiles

watch movies on video sites

download music tracks

browse/shop online

stay in touch with family

share messages

- anywhere

o more flexibility


o makes the most of your time when travelling

o can stay connected wherever there is a 3G mobile signal

o can be useful if home broadband goes down

- security

o more secure than using Wi-Fi hotpots as everything already

encrypted through mobile service provider‟s network

o eliminates need for configuring security settings on the laptop

o probably only security issue is loss/theft of data card/USB dongle

Advantages of using MB

- can pick up 3G signal in most areas, though stronger in populated areas

o not restricted to home/office

- no longer restricted to working in areas with Wi-Fi connection when out

- able to make most of time spent travelling (on way to meetings)

- money saving

o no need for landline/cable to access internet

o able to work anywhere so can minimise office space

- more secure than Wi-Fi as all data is encrypted

- as a backup if the home broadband goes down

- can use VoIP technology to make calls instead of paying expensive

international calls

Disadvantages of using MB

- inconsistent or no 3G signal in some places depending on

o distance the signal has to travel (from provider‟s mast to your device)

o type of area you are in can affect signal (eg tall buildings)

o MB provider coverage area

- digital divide due to coverage & availability limitations

- if you exceed MB provider‟s upload/download limit, extra charges apply

- roaming charges abroad are expensive

- blurs line between work & rest, causing stress

- privacy implications

Task

What are the privacy implications of using mobile broadband?

- unauthorised users can scan your signal & connect to your internet at your cost (by hacking your password)


Collaborative Working

Collaborative Working

Collaborative working

- working together to achieve common goals

Task 4.4

Consider the following scenarios & decide whether Mobile Broadband is a good option.

Scenario MB Suitable? Justify

A woman selling handmade

cards from home

No

- at home so should use desktop/laptop

Students living in temporary accommodation

Yes - always on the move

- may not be WiFi available

A business woman travelling

abroad regularly

Yes

- she‟ll need roaming & internet - no need for hotspots

A family holidaying on a

remote island

No

- not likely to have a mobile infrastructure!

A family living in a very

built-up city

Yes/No

- depends on needs of each family member - eg students, businessman, housewife, etc

A teenager playing online games

No - requires high speeds for quicker responses

- very data intensive (so costly per MB)

Starter Activity

List the different ways of working collaboratively, thanks to technology.

- Email - video conferencing - VoIP

- conference calls - file sharing - wikis

- online workspaces - screen sharing - online forums

- instant messaging


o from home, office or when travelling

- achievable because of high-speed internet connection

Advantages of working collaboratively

o can work simultaneously on the same projects

o can get work done in less time

o can share ideas & be more creative

o can help each other when problems encountered

o allows co-workers to maintain a good working relationship

Some different ways of working collaboratively

- video conferencing

o people in different locations can talk to & see each other (as a group)

each person “logs on” to the call

enters user ID# to announce their “entry”

o advantages

easy to set up

only require

webcam to capture video

microphone to capture sound

video conferencing software

good quality picture & sound

without any noticeable latency

can show each other designs & prototypes

o disadvantages

cannot sign documents

- VoIP o advantages

make calls much cheaper than landline (so can talk more often)

use computers to make VoIP calls when working from home

easy to use VoIP with 3G mobile phones when out & about

can multi-task using a hands free kit during phone calls

- Wikis

o a type of website that encourages collaboration

o allows users to add, edit & remove content

- online workspaces

o allows you to save work & access it remotely from anywhere

o advantages

can share files & work on many projects at the same time

o disadvantages

must protect info from access by unauthorised users via


password protection

linking user logins to accessible files

- online forums

o an online message board where people share ideas & views

o can keep up-to-date on recent developments

Teleworking

- working from home but staying in touch with others through technology

- advantages o cost saving

don‟t have to rent office space or travel to office

o increased productivity

don‟t waste time commuting

o flexible hours

can work when most productive & set own schedules

- disadvantages o less social contact

don‟t see work colleagues

o more distractions at home than at work

eg family members, TV

o blurs distinction between work & rest

difficult to switch off & stop working

could lead to stress

Password protection

- all users sharing a workspace must create a strong password

- a strong password should o be at least eight characters long

o include mix of upper & lower case letters, numbers, punctuation

o not use names as these are easier to guess

- never write down or share passwords

- change passwords frequently

Levels of access rights

- read

- read & write

- read, write & edit

- read, write, edit & delete (full access)


Software Choices

Using online applications

Web-hosted software

- an alternative to traditional locally-installed software (“holding” it for you)

- advantages o not dependent on a particular computer

- disadvantages

o dependent on the quality of internet access

o currently has less functionality than locally-installed apps

o little or no control over updates to web-hosted apps

which could have training implications

o suitable web-hosted apps may not be available

- wider implications

o pose a threat to established software producers (like Microsoft/ Adobe)

Starter Activity

What are the advantages of using an online application such as Google docs?

- Advantages

o free service

o can upload from desktop

o can access files from anywhere if internet connection available

o easy to give others access to certain files

o can share changes in real time

o documents stored securely

Can you think of any drawbacks?

- Disadvantages

o your account could be hacked in to

o could end up with version control issues

o if internet goes down, no way of accessing files

Task 4.6

How could Microsoft combat this threat posed by web-hosted software?

- they can respond by:

o innovation o making products more appealing to customers

o bundling software with hardware o by having their own cloud offerings with better prices & services


Common types of application software

- general-purpose (generic) software

o “off-the-shelf” software

o includes standard applications

o eg word-processing, spreadsheet, DTP & presentation software

- specialist software

o software that can be customised by the user

o eg database system for a school, games development software

o more expensive than general-purpose software

Different ways of buying & upgrading software

- locally installed software

o purchasing single-user or multiuser software licences

(one-off license fee to OWN the software) o shop-bought or downloaded o save it on your own computer

o can use it for as long as you want

o advantages

one-off fee may be cheaper in the long-run

you own the license

all data is stored locally

can access data even when internet down

data more secure from unauthorised access

takes less time to access large amounts of data

o disadvantages

have to buy new versions of software

takes up large amount of space on your computer

can only be accessed on the computer installed

(or if installed on server, then accessible by all workstations)

support can be bought

help is available online

patches to fix bugs may be downloaded/installed

installing software on more computers means buying more

licences

software versions purchased must be compatible with

requirements


- leasing the software

o lease software from a company

o save it on to your computer

o pay for it each month instead of all in one go

o advantages

payments stop when software is no longer required

can change the software or version more easily

newest versions provided at no extra charge


o disadvantages

licence held by leasing company

cost depends on how many computers software installed on

takes up a large amount of space on your computer


only accessible on computer installed (unless server)

support provided at a fee by the leasing company to install

patches provided free

if internet connection lost, software not be accessible

if hosting company goes bust, cannot access software

- software as a service (SaaS)

o pay for software as you use it (like “pay as you go” on mobiles)

o the software is hosted by the company selling it

o sometimes software can be saved on your computer

o software stops working when the period it has been paid for ends

o advantages

only pay when software is used

can choose the software or version each time you use it

newest versions always available

doesn‟t take up any disk space as it is hosted

can be accessed anywhere in the world with internet access

support (& patches) are offered by the hosting company

o disadvantages

work lost if internet connection lost & work not saved

files can be accessed by host company

left without important software if hosting company goes bust

eTask 4.7

Use the interactive quiz to check understanding of the differences

between the three different ways of buying/upgrading software.


Software licensing

- makes it illegal for users to

o copy software to sell or distribute

o adapt software or changing the way it works

- licence which gives details of the copyright of the software

- users must buy appropriate licence for how they intend to use software

o multi-user

the software can be installed on a fixed number of machines

o license by use

similar to multi-user licence

software only usable by a fixed number of people at one time

(even if installed on many machines)

useful for businesses that use hot-desking

o site licence

software can be used on all computers on one site

eg a school or business

often a limit on number of machines on which software can

be installed on one site

Open Source software

- available to download free of charge (eg OpenOffice)

- “source code” created by the public domain (not any single company)

- advantages o no licensing fees

o can copy & distribute as much as you wish

o available in many common formats, including Microsoft Office

o upgrades & fixes created collaboratively as & when required

Task

What is hot-desking? Sharing workstations between workers to save space/resources

Task 4.9

List the possible disadvantages of using open source software.

- Might not be compatible with other common software

- May have bugs because it is open source

- May not be the preferred software of businesses

- May not be feature-rich

- Professional training & support may not be available

- Updates may take longer to come through


Storing & Backing Up Data

Importance of backing up data

Data Storage

- a primary storage is usually the computer‟s HDD

o built-in storage

o designed to be directly accessed by the CPU

- secondary storage is anywhere data is stored as a (backup) copy

Types of storage media

Starter Activity

Why is it important to backup data on a computer?

- computer may not work so you need to access the data from another source

- Data is valuable & can: o be accidentally deleted ° become corrupted

o be stolen ° be maliciously destroyed (eg virus) o be destroyed via natural disasters

- a back-up:

o is a safekeeping measure in case original data is lost or damaged

o can be used to restore original data

Task 4.10

For each data storage device shown, state what purpose each would be best for.

Storage Device Best Uses

HDD - primary storage for applications, data, boot-up, etc - low-cost & fast access times

Solid Disk Drive - primary storage for servers, laptops, etc - more expensive but quieter & more reliable

(ie solid state flash memory)

CD-R - archiving/backing up data, audio & photos

- distributing data & audio (eg music files)

DVD-R - archiving/backing up data & video - distributing data with graphics/video (eg encyclopaedia)

USB Flash Drive - transport or transfer of data, graphics & audio

Flash Memory Card - transfer or extra storage of images & audio

Data Cartridge - durable & very large capacity, but serial access - holding large amounts of back-up data


Data storage devices

- HDD o the primary data storage in most computers

o holds all the software, including the OS & user-created data files

o non-volatile (info retained even when computer shut down)

o uses simple magnetism to store vast amounts of information

o consists of

a large circular magnetic platter

divided into billions of tiny areas

each area can be

magnetized (to store a 1)

demagnetized (to store a 0)

magnetized information (ie data) stored in your HDD stays

there even when you switch the power off

o can store max 320GB

- solid disk drive (SDD)

o uses solid-state memory to store data

o no moving parts, meaning it is

less susceptible to physical shock

quieter

has lower access time

has lower latency

o retains data in non-volatile memory chips

o use the same interface as HDDs so can easily replace them

o can store max 500GB

- CD-R

o is a recordable optical medium

o can be recorded only once, but reads many times (not all at once)

o can typically store 700MB

o advantages

large data storage

fairly fast access

low cost

portability

claimed to last for decades without degrading data

- DVD-R

o also a recordable optical medium

o can be recorded only once, but reads many times

(NB: whole disk does not have to be entirely written in one go)

o typically capable of storing 4.71GB (7x more data than a CD-R)

o same advantages as a CD-R except larger storage capacity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_(electronics)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_storage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_parts

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_time

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_recordable

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabyte


- USB flash drive

o small, removable flash memory device that plugs into a computer's USB port

o storage capacity upto 64GB

o advantages

fast

Portable (can carry in pocket)

easy-to-use re-recordable thousand times more capacity than CD-R

more durable & reliable (no moving parts)

has a 10-year data retention cycle

- flash memory card o an electronic flash memory secondary storage device o used in many other devices including

digital cameras mobile phones laptop computers MP3 players & video game consoles

o storage capacity upto 32GB o advantages

small & portable (so transport device, temp storage device) re-recordable can retain data without power compatible with many devices (ie transfer files between devices)

fairly reliable as solid-state memory

high data transfer speeds

Obsolete data storages

- eg floppy disk drives, zip disks o no longer in use due to poor performance & low storage capacity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_parts

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio_player

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console


Online data storage

- data is stored online by a host company (by setting up an account)

- you can access data whenever you want via internet connection

- this is a form of outsourcing

o obtaining goods or services from an outside supplier (contracting out)

- stored data can serve as a back-up

- data should be encrypted when uploaded/downloaded to make it secure

- advantages

o data can be accessed anywhere in the world via internet

o backed up data is safe even if the original data is lost

o back-ups can be done remotely, outside business hours

thus not affecting the running of the business

o no need to employ someone to handle data back-up o no need to purchase back-up device/media

- disadvantages

o download/upload speeds affected by internet connection

o you have less control on data held by a third party

o hosting companies are

a target for hackers as they store data for many companies

data experts & offer better data protection

o not advisable for sensitive data (Data Protection Act)

Task 4.11

Can you think of any other ways to back-up data?

- online data storage

Look at Figure 4.4 (page 102) & state what online data storage could be used for:

- you can access your files anywhere in the world with internet - to upload holiday photos either because

o for friends & family to view before you get back o to free space on camera‟s memory card to take more photos

- to exchange files that can‟t be sent as email attachments because o they are too big o they need to be kept secure o the file type is refused by a person‟s email account

- to back up important info in another location


eTask 4.12

Decide whether each of the following statements is an advantage or disadvantage.

Statement Adv/Dis?

Download/upload speeds can be affected by internet connection Dis

Data can be accessed anywhere in the world via internet Adv

Backed up data is safe even if original data is lost Adv

Hosting companies may store data for many companies making them a potential target for hackers

Dis

You have less control of data if it is held by a third party Dis

Access to the data relies on an internet connection Dis

Data can be backed up outside working hours, so not affecting business

Adv

Companies offering this service are data experts, so offer

better protection than home systems

Adv


Most suitable media for storing data in a given situation

Task

Choose the most suitable media for storing data in the situations given below,

explaining the reasons for the choices.

Situation Recommendation

Friends sharing songs

between themselves

NB – sharing copyright

songs is illegal

1. Online storage

- friends can access songs remotely

2. CD, USB pen or memory card - all portable

Downloading a TV series onto a recorder

(eg SkyPlus) without a

CD/DVD drive

1. HDD or SSD

– high capacity storage so whole series can be

recorded

NB: these drives are usually built into digital boxes like SkyPlus

Distributing photos 1. CD

– can hold a large number of photos – most people will have a CD drive

2. DVD

– if a larger file size is required

Storing work produced

by a large company in a day

1. Data cartridge

– can hold a large amount of data – can be removed and taken offsite

2. online storage – but backups must be made outside business hours

Transferring photos

from digital camera to computer

1. memory card

– small, compact, fits into camera easily – can be removed & data transferred to a computer

A small company of 4

backing up data

1. CD, DVD, HDD or online storage

- Small companies generate small amount of data

A designer accessing work on holiday

1. Online data storage - can access & back-up data from anywhere in world

- via internet access

A school‟s daily

backup of students‟

work

1. CD, DVD, HDD or online storage

2. magnetic tape

- magnetic tape can hold a large amount of data - can be removed and taken off-site


Disaster recovery plans (to prevent data being lost)

- backing up data

- using RAID technology (redundant array of inexpensive disks)

o where data is written to lots of disks on one HDD at the same time

o If one disk gets damaged, data can be accessed from another

- fitting surge protectors/UPS to protect devices against power surges/cuts

- taking fire precautions such as installing alarms & fire extinguishers

- running anti-virus & firewall software to stop unauthorised access

- training staff to deal with problems promptly

Data Protection Act 1998

- created to protect individuals from the misuse of their personal data

- dictates that personal data must:

1. Be kept secure

2. Be relevant

3. Be kept no longer than necessary

4. Be kept accurate & up-to-date

5. Be obtained & processed lawfully

6. Be processed within the subject‟s legal rights

7. Be obtained & specified for lawful purposes

8. Not be transferred to countries without adequate protection laws

Task 4.14

Recommend the best method of data storage & back-up for Kyle. Remember:

1. Kyle‟s apps & games do not require large amounts of storage space.

2. He often accesses his data on the move.

3. Kyle works collaboratively with Zara (who lives overseas).

- with data stored off-site:

o if a disaster occurs at the business site, his work will not be lost

o he can access data from any location via internet

o data will be secure (if he chooses a reputable company)

- online back-ups will save him money:

o no need to buy specialist back-up equipment

o no need to waste staff time to do the job

o only pay a small amount for back-up as not storing a lot of data

How often should Kyle back up his data? Give reasons. - back-up the data at least once a day

- more often would slow his computer & use up bandwidth (check data limit)


Communicating with Customers

Why communicate with customers?

- customers can act as a sounding board for ideas

- find out what customers like & dislike o so provide a customised product/service

- notify customers of upcoming offers/events

Problems communicating with online companies

- quite difficult to speak to a real person

- often speak to people overseas

- many use automated processes o to reduce staffing costs

Common ways of communicating with customers

o email

o live chat (eg IM)

o online help

o blogs

o video conferencing

o VoIP

Email

Task 4.16

List the advantages & disadvantages of email contact for customers & companies.

Customer Company

Advantages - free to send/receive

- can contact business 24:7 via internet

- relatively quick

- easy to store & archive

- used by millions

- can be contacted 24:7

- can use standard replies (improves staff

efficiency & time

management)

- can set up auto-reply

during busy hours

Disadvantages - less personal

- can be misinterpreted

- leads to info overload

- dissatisfied customers

- excludes customers without internet/email


IM

Blogs

Task 4.17

List the advantages & disadvantages of IM for customers & companies.

Customer Company

Advantages - customers can speak to someone 24:7

- instant responses

- to the point

- very popular

- to the point, taking up less staff time

- can react quickly to customer requests

- can store chat sessions for legal reasons

Disadvantages - time-consuming (compared to phone)

- security risks via hackers

- Not always cost-effective to IM 24:7

Task

List the advantages & disadvantages of blogs for customers & companies.

Customer Company

Advantages - can receive updates

on company‟s work

- potential customers

can view product

reviews before

buying.

- a way to receive

useful customer

feedback on

products/services

Disadvantages

- customers could post

malicious entries

- must regularly

update blog, else

company is seen as

slow to react


VoIP & Video conferencing

Benefits of user documentation being available online

- also communicating with customers about products/services

- low-cost reproduction

- reduces paper usage & costs

- can access info 24:7

- online accessible via download or clicking a link

- low-cost distribution via o a website

o email to customers

- customers can use search features & links to get to section required

eTask 4.18

Consider the advantages & disadvantages of VoIP & video conferencing for

businesses.

Advantages of VoIP Advantages of both Advantages of video conferencing

- Cheaper calls

- Only need a headset,

microphone, internet & VoIP

software

- Can make calls from/to anywhere

in the world

- no travelling so saves time &

money

- speak to customers all

over the world

- more secure from hackers if

data is encrypted

- Decisions made more quickly (like

a meeting)

- meeting people virtually is good

for customer service

Disadvantages of

VoIP

Disadvantages of

both

Disadvantages of

video conferencing

- need internet

- may be latency

- quality of the call affected by

internet speed

- initial set-up costs very high

- compatibility

problems with customer‟s

hardware


Running a Business Online

Advantages of selling online

Successful online retailers

- offer varied & developed product range

o to generate wide-ranging customer interest

- set up an easy to use company website

o so people can find what they need using search/filter options

- target advertising/offers to a user based on his browsing/buying history

o using “pharming” techniques to gather recent history via cookies

- can afford to offer competitive prices

o operate from basic warehouse/location

o have lower overheads

- reasonable delivery costs

o using the postal system

- can offer free postage if customers spend over a certain amount

- allow other companies to advertise/sell products on their website

Task 4.20

Discuss the advantages to a business & to the industry of selling online.

Advantages to a Business Advantages to Industry

- Minimal start-up & investment time/costs

- Lower overheads o No shop rent o Fewer sales staff (ie salaries)

o Lower utility bills (eg fuel)

- business can be located anywhere

- Search engines direct customers to a business‟s website

- can offer more competitive prices

- Automated order & payment processes

- can receive orders 24:7

- wider customer base

- multiple businesses can be set up from the same base

- Companies can market products on their website

- businesses have a large consumer base

- inexpensive way to reach new markets & interact with

customers

- Businesses can operate 24:7

- Marketing can be global as

there are no restrictions (ie globalisation)

- eco-friendly

o reduces number of

cars/mileage

o saves paper


Website design considerations

- layout

o positioning/spacing of text & images

o consistency & clarity of font types used

o larger font sizes better

- use of media, pictures, sounds & videos

o in appropriate places

o to stand out but not distract user from content

o not too many or website will be slow to load

- colour schemes

o uniform scheme throughout

o appropriate to content

o colours not too many or too contrasting (to be unpleasant to eye)

- options are clearly displayed

o highlighted links

o drop-down

o menu selection

- links

o to easily navigate around website (eg homepage, back, etc)

o to link to related content in different websites

- general usability

o website should do what people expect it to do!

having really common tasks on the homepage

eg “start shopping” link or “contact us” page

ensuring a search box is easily accessible

Task

What would put a user off re-visiting a website?

- poor design

- pages with slow load times (too many graphics)

- too many images or too much info

- confusing navigation

- pop-up windows (advertising should encourage customers, not put them off!)

- outdated information & dead links

- low-speed internet connections


Advantages of internet advertising

- can be targeted because

o search engines monitor what customers enter in the search bar

o advertising can be tailored around most frequently used keywords

- reaches a wider customer base

- much cheaper than traditional methods

- much faster than traditional methods

- important that a business‟s website stands out from others

Popular ways of advertising online

- banner ads o image ads displayed on web pages

- with a search engine

- content network

- viral marketing

Advertising with a search engine

- URL should take user straight to the product/service requested

rather than the home page

- advertising company must set up keywords so that the website will

appear in the search engine‟s results (top or side bar best place)

- keywords must be specific & relate directly to the page

o sequences of relevant words work best

o when choosing keywords

include variations (eg singular & plural of each keyword)

include synonyms

add product codes & serial numbers

avoid using too many keywords

- headline should contain one or more keywords

(as it is a direct link to the website)

- body text should contain key details of product/service

- remember

o advertising space costs money

o customers don‟t have much patience!

Task 4.22/website 4.16 (GoogleAds) page 111

Write a search engine ad for one of Kyle‟s games (invent the details). What keywords would you use?

Write the actual ad & design the layout of it. Remember – your ad should be simple yet enticing!


Content network

- a group of websites that

o agree to show ads on their site

o in exchange for a share of the revenue generated by those ads

- group is managed by an ad network

- an ad is displayed on many websites rather than just in a search engine

- websites that are relevant (to the ad/business) & which are likely to attract

customers (to the product/services) are targeted

- has a major impact on the success of a business‟s marketing campaign

- eg the Google Content Network o large group of websites (including email programs & blogs) who have

partnered with Google to display ads o advertisers can run their ads on Google as well as the Google

Network for no extra cost

Viral marketing

- marketing strategy that uses multimedia to make a message memorable

o can include short video clips, text messages, online vouchers

o spread through emails, social networking sites, etc

- users are encouraged to pass the message onto other sites/users

- generates brand awareness

- saves the company having to invest large amounts of money on marketing

How the internet has affected consumers & businesses

- the types of goods/services on offer

- how businesses advertise these goods/services

- how consumers access these goods/services

- how consumers pay for these goods/services


Chapter 5: Online Shopping

Online vs High St Shopping

Similarities & differences between online & High St shopping

- they are fundamentally different ways of shopping

- many people use a “hybrid” shopping method o carry out online research & then buy in the high st

o view goods in stores then search for better deals online (electricals)

o order online & then collect from store for convenience

Task 5.1

Investigate the differences/ similarities between online & High St shopping.

Online shopping Combination of online & High St shopping

High St shopping

Browse websites

- to find best price

Reliability

- scrutinize customer comments

Availability

- check products are actually in stock

Delivery

- check delivery cost & ETA

Online research

- check sites, forums & blogs for comments &

ratings

Ask friends

- ask friends about their purchases & experiences

Try before you buy

- “feel” or try product before buying

Instant access

- start using product as soon as bought

Cash payment

- pay with cash (not

credit/debit card)

Bartering

- bargain with seller for discount/extras

Starter Activity

What are some of the implications of buying goods & services online?

- more & more people are shopping for goods & using services online o eg weekly supermarket shop, booking holidays, finding local plumbers

- if you buy online, the seller has to know where to deliver the goods

- you have to provide personal info to set up an account

- you have to prove your identity when ordering

- personal info & card details can be used to commit fraud & steal your money

- personal details can be used for other purposes like advertising


Online auctions

- users can search to refine results

- they can see if they are currently the highest bidder

- users receive messages if they are being outbid or have won the auction

- users can rate each other/transaction to support the bidding community

- buyers can pay for items using secure electronic transfers

- users can bypass the auction & buy instantly

- auctions are timed & can prioritise bids

- users can “watch” items & receive messages when the auction will end

Advantages of shopping online

- availability

o shop all day every day (24:7)

o online stores always open

- selection available

o not restricted to what you can find in your local area

o far greater choice online

o can browse in every suitable online shop across the world

- compare prices

o can easily find best price for item you want by using price

comparison websites

search lots of online vendors & display their prices

- convenience

o physically travelling to the shops can be difficult for

elderly

disabled

young mums

people living too far away or without easy transport

o can shop from comfort of home & have an item delivered

o once a shop account is setup, it is easy to order more than once

Disadvantages of shopping online

- delivery o items bought have to be delivered regardless of size

o must pay for delivery (sometimes delivery costs more than product)

o must wait for items to arrive

- cannot try before buying

o cannot feel/try the products before buying

o if item doesn‟t fit, you must return it (delivery charge not refunded)

o some sites have virtual models that “try” the clothes on


- WYSIWYG? o actual items delivered may be different than expected

o online representations of products can be misguiding

- payment method

o need credit/debit card to make a purchase

otherwise online shopping is out of reach

o concerns about card details being intercepted (Is it safe to hand over personal information?)

o some sites allow payment through third-party processors

eg Paypal, gift vouchers

- digital divide o not everybody has

access to the internet

computer skills to be able to shop online

- shopping experience o cannot replace enjoyment of

meeting friends

interacting face-to-face with “real” people in real shops

Task 5.2

Should Krista shop online or on the high street for each of the items listed below?

Item Online or High St or Hybrid?

iPod Online - browse for best price

speakers Hybrid

- see it in-store, then browse for best price

rug High St

- see & “feel” it first - either take home straight away or have it delivered home

flatscreen TV Online

- browse for best price

Desk lamp High St

- see & “feel” it & take home straight away

Task

Why do online shops store customer details?

- for targeted marketing

- sales analysis

- to provide a personalised experience to customers


Advantages of online shopping for the disabled

Online customer rights

- online shoppers have same consumer rights when buying from a UK-

based online supplier as they would shopping on the High St

- online shoppers additionally have statutory 7-day “cooling-off” period

(can cancel an online transaction & get refund within 7 working days for any reason)

- whereas an item purchased in a shop can only be refunded if faulty

(simply changing your mind does not give the right to a refund)

A reliable online store

- is known for o prompt delivery

o good after-sales service

o has good customer ratings & comments on it‟s website

Recognizing secure sites

- does it have a secure website address?

o one that begins with https (secure http) rather than just http?

o one where there is a padlock icon in the address bar?

o one where the colour of the address bar changes to green?

- is it owned by a company or an organisation that you know well?

- does it have a postal address & a landline phone number?

- be suspicious if

o offers on the website seem too good to be true

o you are asked for unnecessary personal info

o you are asked to provide credit card details without proof that

transaction is secure

Task 5.3

Which disadvantages might be advantages for a person with disabilities?

- can purchase goods without leaving house

- can browse lots of items without having to travel

- all goods will be delivered

- can arrange returns without leaving house


High St shops with an online presence

- advantages for the shop

o less staff employed

staff employed are better utilised

o reduced costs

less staff salaries to pay

less space required so less overheads (less rent, heat, light)

o wider customer base

wider exposure

increased sales

o can have a small shop but larger warehouse to hold larger stock

people can see items in-store but deliveries go straight from

the warehouse

- advantages for customers

o can browse & order online, but collect in-store

can try/see items

save delivery charges

o can return items to store if free returns not available

o can see bulky/heavy items in-store but then order online to make

use of special deals/discounts

o can see heavy/bulky items in-store, then order online for delivery

Task 5.5

What determines a business‟s decision to open a High St

store, set up an online presence or have both?

- Companies must consider the following: o staff o costs

o customer service/expectations o type of product being sold

o size of business


The effect of online shopping on lifestyles

Setting up an Online Account

Internet forms

- online forms you are required to fill in if you want to order online

- this info is entered into a database

- items of info to be entered are called fields

- required fields o are often shown with an asterisk

o if a required field is not entered, the form will not be accepted

- drop-down menus

o only one item from the options given can be selected (no other value can be entered)

Task 5.6

How has the availability of goods online affected our lifestyle & behaviour?

- For small businesses

o wider customer base

o from a wider geographical area

o do not require a showroom with lots of goods on display

o do not have to pay rates & rent

o do not have to employ/pay sales staff

- For customers o can shop from any location with internet

o people working anti-social hours can shop online 24:7

o people with young children can shop with less tension

o people in remote areas can shop any time with better pricing

o goods can be delivered to the home

o may lead to social exclusion as no real face-to-face contact

Starter Activity

List the info you would reasonably expect to give if you were opening an online account.

- first name, surname, address, email address, gender, security password, telephone number, etc


- combo boxes

o can either select from options given or enter your own value

o like a text box & a drop-down combined

- drop-downs/combos

o are forms of validation

o make it quicker to enter data

o ensures data is not mis-spelt

o ensure only valid data is entered

Validation

- process of checking that data entered is sensible or an expected option

(eg percentage marks can only be 0-100%)

- data could be valid but still inaccurate (eg transposed values)

Verification

- process of checking that data entered is accurate

- through o visual checks

eg proof reading

o double keying

entering the same info twice

eg an email address, password

the first time to set the info

the second time to verify the info

if you forget your password

you must supply a “secret answer” to a question

(eg mother‟s maiden name, pet‟s name)

answer is used to verify you (ie it is additional security)

you are then sent the original password via email

o a captcha test (often used as added verification)

prevents automated software from filling in online forms

protects systems vulnerable to email spam

Task 5.7

How can you create

required fields in Microsoft Access (database software

used at school)?

- by entering „Yes‟ for the “Required” property

Task 5.8

Suggest fields where info could be selected from a

list or combo box.

- eg title, gender, month born, year born, etc

Recap the benefits of using combo boxes:

- quicker to enter data

- ensures data is not misspelt - ensures only valid data is entered


Choosing a password

- create a strong password that will be very difficult to guess

- a weak password is often

o a simple name

o something to do with your birth date, tel# or address

- a strong password should be

o at least eight characters in length

o a combination of letters, numbers & punctuation marks

- it‟s not a good idea to use the same password for all accounts o if someone hacks into one account, they can hack into the rest

Activating an account

- once the online form has been submitted & accepted

- you are sent a unique confirmation code via an email

o to activate the account

o to ensure email address entered is valid

o to ensure it is not being used by anyone else

- you enter the confirmation code into the “confirm now” page

- your account is then activated

Auto-complete – “remember my password”

- many online accounts offer to remember your password (by YOUR OS)

o computer keeps track of all logins/passwords (so you don‟t have to)

- advantages

o convenient

don‟t have to remember lots of different passwords

o quick

enter login & computer automatically fills in password

Task 5.9

What will happen if Krista forgets her password?

- she will be asked to answer a personal question using her “secret answer”

How will the online company remind her what it is?

- they will send it to her via email


Are Online Payment Methods Safe?

Credit card

- lends you money upto a set limit

- allows you to buy goods/services without using “real” money

- how it works

o when purchasing online you must enter card details

cardholder‟s name, card#, expiry, CCV# (extra security)

you do NOT have to enter the PIN (only necessary in-store)

o the cost of that purchase is added to your credit card account

o the card company pay the vendor for your purchase

o you are sent a statement at the end of every month

(detailing your credit card spending for that month)

Credit card validation (CCV) code

- 3-digit security number on back of the card

Task 5.11

Why might it be dangerous to allow the computer to remember passwords?

- if computer unlocked & unattended, someone could access your email account & use the auto-complete feature

- these passwords can be discovered by installing spyware on your computer (remember - the auto-complete is saved on the computer‟s HDD)

- if sharing (with family/friends), it is possible for them to use the auto-complete

eStarter Activity

List the main types of online payment methods:

- Credit cards, debit cards, online banking, third party payment methods (eg PayPal), online vouchers

How much do you know about online payment methods?

Task

Explain why the CCV code gives extra security.

- It cannot be copied by a card reader because o it is NOT embossed on the card

o it is NOT included in magnetic strip at the back of the card

- adds a level of security to card transactions


Debit card

- does not lend you money

- it deducts the value of your purchase from your bank account

- you can buy goods/services without using “real” money

- how it works

o when buying online, same data entry process as credit cards

o system transfers money from your bank account to vendor‟s

o value of purchase deducted from your bank account

o so you are spending money already in your account

o you are sent a statement at the end of every month (detailing your debit card spending for that month)

Online banking

- service offered by banks to allow account holders to o view their account information online

o carry out various financial transactions (eg pay heating bill online)

- requires completing an internet banking form

- advantages

o access account 24:7 o account management

can see how much money is in account each day

can make payments directly without cheques/debit card

can transfer money between accounts to maximize interest o eco-friendly

can check statements online so no paper statements

Task 5.13

What is the “Verified by Visa” scheme & how does it work?

- a program operated by Visa which o is free o is used in conjunction with your Visa debit card

confirms your identity during an online transaction with a PIN or by signing a receipt

o supplies a digital receipt

- only possible with participating online retailers

Why should Krista sign up for it?

- offers extra protection against unauthorised use when shopping online


Third-party payment processor

- a fast & safe method to pay for online goods/services (eg PayPal)

- how it works

o set up an online account

o transfer money into it via direct debit or credit/debit card

o you can then pay businesses online using this account

- goods can be purchased from sites that support this payment type

Task 5.15

What are the security advantages of paying all bills using online banking?

- Security advantages o do not have to give details to a third party when paying o can transfer money directly between accounts

Task 5.16

What are the disadvantages of online banking?

- disadvantages (of online banking) o cannot withdraw cash o access

need internet & suitable digital device to set-up account banking sites can be difficult to navigate at first

if online bank is down, cannot access account o security

more vulnerable to fraud

Task 5.18

List the advantages of opening a third-party payment account & using it to

pay for things online

- advantages

o only need to give card details once

o can have money transferred directly into your account

o can pay small online businesses that do not accept card payments

o more secure

don‟t have to give card details to lots of different companies

o anyone can accept this kind of payment

http://hubpages.com/hub/credit-and-loans


Gift cards & vouchers

- most gift cards/vouchers can be used in online stores

- secure method of payment (no cards/online banking involved)

Secure sites

- internet communication can be monitored & intercepted

- any sensitive data sent via internet should be encrypted

(so all hackers would see is a jumble of letters) o eg Secure Socket Layer (SSL)

most widely-used security protocol on the Internet often used for online shopping sites creates a secure channel over which data can be exchanged Transport Layer Security (TLS) is an updated version of SSL

Online shopping & the environment

- increasingly concerns about production of greenhouse gases

- the CO2 produced by each person is called their “carbon footprint”

- some beneficial effects of online shopping

saving gas & emissions from less travelling (eg car)

saving on energy consumed by reducing shop overheads

- some adverse effects of online shopping

more packaging required to ship goods directly to customer

delivery produces gas & emissions

Avoiding Online Fraud

Task

How can you tell a site is secure when making a payment?

- a site is secure if when making a payment

o the URL changes from “http” to “https” (“s” stands for secure)

o a padlock symbol is displayed

o the colour of the address bar changes to green

eTask 5.19

Test your knowledge of payment methods.

Starter Activity

Is it safer to use a debit/credit card in a shop than it is online?


Card present fraud

Card Not Present (CNP) fraud

- most common type of fraud in the UK

- where the user cannot enter the PIN, eg online/telephone purchases

- easier for criminals, as they only need card# (not actual card)

expiry date

CCV security code

Getting hold of personal details

- Spyware

Task

1. Why was it easier to commit credit card fraud before chip & PIN?

- before chip & PIN, criminals used lost/stolen cards by copying the signature on the back of the card

2. What is meant by “skimming”? Where can it occur?

- skimming

o is when criminals covertly put your card through a card reader

to electronically copy the data on the card‟s magnetic stripe

to make a copy of your card to use

o occurs during payment (eg in a restaurant)

at cash machines (where a card reader & small camera are hidden)

to read the card# &

to record the PIN entered

3. What are “bin raiders”? - bin raiders are

o criminals that collect old receipts from bins to discover people‟s card details

- remember to always shred receipts/documents before binning/recycling

Task 5.22

Create a list of measures that internet users should take to prevent spyware.

- use a firewall - adjust browser security settings

- install anti-spyware protection - install operating system updates

- do not download from sites you do not trust


- trojan viruses

o a program that appears legitimate but carries out harmful activity

o planted on your computer to

monitor key strokes to locate password info

make system more vulnerable to future entry

destroy programs/data

o then sends this information to another computer

- phishing emails

o criminals send genuine looking spam email claiming to be from

a reputable financial institution (eg bank/building society)

o it directs unsuspecting user to

click on a link to update personal details

open an attachment

carry out a transaction

o any personal/financial info entered is sent directly to the scammer

o some details may already be given & only the CCV# is requested

o recognizing a phishing email

you are not addressed personally

the use of poor language & spelling (not professional)

it has sense of urgency about it

you are asked to open attachments (which activates spyware)

false links to click rather than logging on as usual

suspicious email address

URL does not match sender‟s email address

email address is very odd (eg lots of symbols)

eTask 5.23

Identify the typical features of a phishing email

Text Feature

Dear valued SecureBank member

Impersonal greeting - legitimate bank emails address you by name

the billing infromation Poor spelling - legitimate emails don‟t contain spelling

mistakes

online services Failure Incorrect punctuation - legitimate emails are well-written

in maximum 24 hours Urgency - usually asked to respond quickly

Please click here False links – to click on rather than logging into account in usual way


Is My Data Safe?

Phishing Presentation (Phishing.ppt)

Highlight the typical features in each slide (phishing emails) that make it suspicious.

Slide 2:

• There is an obvious spelling mistake (crdit instead of credit) & a link is provided for

you to log in to your account.

• PayPal or any reputable firm will never give you a link to do this.

Slide 3:

• This email is not addressed to a particular person - it should have a name.

• Phishing emails often contain grammatical errors (... if you’ve already call us ...).

Slide 4:

• Again, not addressed to a unique individual.

• Phishing emails often contain technical language to scare & confuse & to make them seem more official (... multi socket layer secure authentication ...).

• The email requests that you send personal information – a legitimate firm would never do this.

Slide 5:

• Again, not personal.

• There is a sense of urgency to make the recipient panic and respond before thinking about it (... within 48 hours ...).

Starter Activity

Make a list of all of companies & organisations that store your

personal details in this way.

- school, sports club, bank, online stores (like Sports Direct, Next),

mobile phone provider

eTask 5.24

Check your knowledge of online security & fraud.


Personal data

Data Misuse

- storing personal data electronically raises concerns about issues of

security & privacy

Task 5.25

Mobile phone companies can sell information about your online activity.

What kind of info would they sell?

- the sites we visit

- what we buy online

Who buys this information & why do they want it?

- marketing companies would buy this info

o to discover people‟s

browsing interests

favourite online stores

music, gaming & other interests

o then target people who appear interested in the goods/services

they supply

Do you think that it is an invasion of your privacy?

- this IS an invasion of privacy o someone is tracking your movements without your knowledge

- do you want other people to know your interests?

- does it matter if other people know your interests?

- don‟t you want to know about goods/services that interest you?

- the Data Protection Act exists to legally contain these risks

Task 5.7

List 5 ways that electronic data is easier to misuse compared to paper.

- Electronic data is far easier to misuse than paper-based data

o easier to access than paper files

o can be accessed at a distance by hackers

o easier to change without leaving evidence

easier to send to other people (eg by email)

takes up less space (eg on a memory stick)

o easier to lose or steal


Data Protection Act 1998

- Created to protect individuals from the misuse of their personal data

- Dictates that personal data must:

1. Be kept secure

2. Be relevant

3. Be kept no longer than necessary

4. Be kept accurate & up-to-date

5. Be obtained & processed lawfully

6. Be processed within the subject‟s legal rights

7. Be obtained & specified for lawful purposes

8. Not be transferred to countries without adequate data protection laws

A privacy policy

- applies when you are giving personal info in an online form

(check small print about your info being used for marketing)

- tells users what personal info can be o gathered, o used & o stored/secured

- complies with the Data Protection Act

- trustworthy organisations display their privacy policy on their website

Safeguarding a portable device (eg USB Flash Drive)

- password protect the files on the device to prevent unauthorised access

- encrypt the files on the device to prevent hackers intercepting them

- install anti-virus software to prevent infection & data corruption

- backup data files regularly

- keep device away from direct heat (as this makes it volatile)

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