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USA:TheRoaringTwen9es

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TheUSA’sReac9ontoWW1.Theleagueofna9onswastheideaof

Americanpresident,Woodrow,Wilson.ButAmericaneverjoinedtheleagueof

na9ons.WilsonwantedUSAtojointheleague,butheneededtheapprovaloftheUSCongress.TheproblemwasthatmostAmericansdidn’twanttojoin.

ManyAmericanshadbeenagainsttheUSAgeInginvolvedinWW1&wereafraidbythelossofUSlives.TheyworriedifAmericajoinedtheleague,they’dbeobligedtointerfereinforeignconflicts.

Isola9onismwaswhereAmericawantedtoremaincut-offfromothercountriestoavoidanyfurtherconflict.

EffectsofIsola-onism.•  Isola9onismkeptUSAoutof

Europeanaffairs.ItweakenedtheleagueofNa9ons.

•  Isola9onismhadlinkswithRacism&TheRedScare.

•  Isola9onismalsohelpedbringabouttariffs.

•  ItisacauseofTheWallSt.Crash.(i.e.itledtothetariffwarwhichledtoamericaunabletoexportgoodsabroad.)

Isola9onism

Immigra9onControl!  Beforethefirstworldwar,America

hadan‘opendoorspolicy’thatallowedalmostanybodytomovetotheUSA.ButsomeAmericansstarteddemandingthis‘door’beclosed.

!  Americawasseenasa‘mel-ngpot’.

!  Itwasseenasa‘landofopportunity’becauseitwasrich,hadlotsofjobs&wasself-sufficient.Theresultwasthatmanypeopleemigratedthereanditwasamixedsociety.

"  Theimmigra-onlaw(1917)requiredallimmigrantstopassaliteracytest.

"  Theemergencyquotaact(1921)limitedthenumberofimmigrantsto357,000peryear.ThenumberofpeoplecomingtotheUSAfromanyonecountrycouldnotexceed3%ofthenumberfromthatcountryalreadylivingintheUSAin1910.

"  Thena-onaloriginsact(1924)reducedthequotato2%&setthedatebackto1890.

"  In1929,thenumberofimmigrantseachyearwasreducedto157,000aandimmigra9onfromAsiawasblockedaltogether.

QUOTA-alimitonthenumberofimmigrantsallowedinacountry.

TariffsTariffs-taxesordu-esputongoodsimported

fromothercountries.AmericanbusinesseswereafraidthatUSA

wouldbefloodedwithcheapEuropeanimports.UnemploymentwashighinEuropesoEuropeanworkerswerewillingtoworkforlowerwages.BusinessmenworriedAmericanconsumerswouldstartbuyingcheapimportsratherthanexpensiveUSproducts.

Thiswouldmean:!  ThelossofUSjobs!  LowerprofitsforUSbusinesses!  Lessmoneyintaxesforthe

government.

ArgumentsfortheTariffPolicy;

!  Americanbusinesshadboomedduringthewar-possiblyascountriesinvolvedinthewarhadnotbeenabletosellgoodtotheUSA.Americanbusinessleaderswantedthistocon9nue.

!  Americanwageswerehigh.TheyfearedthatEuropeanfirmsthatcouldpaylowwageswouldundercutthemastheywouldbeabletoproducegoodsatalowercostandthereforesellthemmorecheaply.ThisputAmericanjobsatrisk.

!  Primarily,tariffsstopimportsandAmericansthoughtthatpuInghightariffsinplacewouldhelpbusinesses.

TheFordneyMccumberTariff;Passedin1921ithadtwomainelements.

Thescien-fictariffwhichplacedhightariffsongoodsfromcountrieswithlowwagesTheAmericanSellingPricewhichkeptthesellingpriceofAmericangoodsconstantlylowerthanimportedgoods.

The1920’sBoom TheUSAenteredlateand

gainedfromWW1.theUSAexportedweaponsamdfoodtoEuropeduringthewar.Moreover,nofigh9nghadhappenedonAmericansoil.Aberthewar,Europeancountrieswhoseinductrieshadbeendamaged,broughtAmericangoodswiththehelpofAmericanloans.TheeconomyBOOMEDasaresult.

Therewaslowinfla9on,lowunemployment&lowinterestrates.

Ci9eswerebuiltwithtallsky-scrapers&majorroadbuildingprogrammeswereunder-taken.

Morepeoplecouldnowaffordtobuyconsumergoods.

Adver9singencouragedspendingandsoonbecameabigbusinessitself.

Hirepurchase(buyingininstallment)wasintroducedtomakegoodsmoreaffordabletoaverageearnerswhocouldonlybuythemoncredit.

Republicangovernmentpoliciesalsocontributedtoprosperity(wealth.)

CausesoftheBoom!Cause Details HowithelpedtheBoom.

ImpactofWW1 USAsoldgoodstoEurope.TheywereundamagedbyWW1.

USAbecametherichestcountry&aWorldLeader.

NaturalResources USAwasself-sufficient-didn’tneedimportsfromothercountries.

Theydon’thavetowastetheirmoneytoothercountries.

RepublicanPolicies ‘LassiezFaire’-governmentdidn’tinterfereinbusiness.ImportTariffsintroduced.

Encouragedbusinesstore-investinindustry.EncouragedpeopletobuyAmericangoods.

MassProduc9on Newtechniquesmeantthatgoodscouldbeproducedmuchmorecheaply.

Productswerecheaper&lessaffordable.

MassMarke9ng Hugeamountsspentonadver9sing.TravellingSalesmen.

Encouragedpeopletobuygoods.Becameabuisnessitself.

Credit Allowedpeopletoborrowmoney.Kepttheeconomygoing.

Encouragedpeopletobuygoods,theyotherwisewouldn’thavebeenabletoafford.

Confidence America’seconomicconfidencewassky-high.Peopleinvestedmore&more

Thiskeptthecycleofprosperitygoing.

Entertainment.The1920swasalsoknownasthe‘JazzAge’duetothemassiveboominjazzmusic.

Bluesbecameverypopular&bothwereavailabletobuyonrecord&playathomeonthephonograph.

Radioownerswentfrom60,000in1920to10millionin1929.

By1929,morethan110million

peopleweregoingtothemovieseachweek.

Thefirst‘talkie’cameoutin1927.

Fashion&TrendsThejazzagehadamassiveeffecton

fashion&trends.Youngpeoplecopiedfamousactors/

actresses&mirroredthenewmusictheylistenedtointheirflamboyantclothesandhair-styles.

‘Flappers’hitthetownintheirdaringoumitstodancetheCharleston&thebunnyhop.

Sport&stuntsbecameevermorepopular.

HenryFord&theMotorIndusrty.•  Massproduc9on-producing

productsinlargequan99es.•  AssemblyLines-Eachperson

addsabitduringeachstage.Thecarcomestotheperson-thisspeededupproduc9on.

•  Standardised-Each&everypartwasiden9cal9’onlyonecolour&oneenginesizeavailable’)

•  Thejobsof1in12workerswerelinkedtomotorcarproduc9on.

•  Carproduc9onboostedotherindustries-steel,petrol,glass&rubber.

•  Carsbecamemoreaffordable;the‘FordModelT’cost$300.

•  Fordneededfewerskilledworkers,whichcutthecostofpayingwages.

•  AlthoughheFordTwasslow&ugly,by193027Americansownedacar(1forevery5people)comparedto7.5millionin1920.

Carindustry-massproduc9on&standardisa9onleadstoincreasedcarsales.

Morestandardisedpartsareneeded.

Morejobsarecreatedinotherindustries.

Steel(20%)

Glass(75%)

Rubber(80%)

Leather(65%)

Morepeoplewithmorejobsmeanthattheycanaffordtobuyacar/spendmoneyonconsumergoods.

JobsinDiners,Motels&GasSta9ons.

Moreoilisused.

Moreroadsarebuilt.

Intolerance.Althoughlifeduringtheroaringtwen1eswasfilledwithexcitement&

pleasureformany,therewasalsoadarksideofintolerance&racism.WASPs-WhiteAnglo-SaxonPotestants;whoonlywantedAmericaforthemselves.

Americawantedinpar-culartokeeppeopleoutformEasternEurope&Asia.

AmericanSociety.

BlackAmericans

Southern&EasternEuropeans.

IrishImmigrants.

Hispanics

TheNa9veAmericanIndian.

Jews&Catholics.

Asians.

BlackAmericans

Jews&Catholics.

BlackAmericans

Asians.

Jews&Catholics.

BlackAmericans

TheNa9veAmericanIndian.

Asians.

Jews&Catholics.

BlackAmericans

IrishImmigrants.

Hispanics

TheNa9veAmericanIndian.

Asians.

Jews&Catholics.

BlackAmericans

Southern&EasternEuropeans.

IrishImmigrants.

Hispanics

TheNa9veAmericanIndian.

Asians.

Jews&Catholics.

BlackAmericans

Southern&EasternEuropeans.

IrishImmigrants.Southern&Eastern

Europeans.Southern&EasternEuropeans.

Theirstruggleforequalitywasfarfrom

over. Southern&EasternEuropeans.

TheRedScare.EspeciallyabertheRussianrevolu9onof1917,

Americansgreatlyfearedcommunism.Intheearly1920s,thisfearbecamewide-spread.Theideathatimmigrantswerecommunistswascalled‘TheRedScare.’

On16September1920,abombonahorse-drawnwagonwasdetonatedoutsidethestock-exchange,WallSt.38peoledied&some400wereinjured.Italiananarchistswerebalmed.

Inresponsetothisevent&otherbombs,USaqorney-general,AlexanderPalmer,orderedthearrestof10,000peoplesuspectedofholdingleb-wingpoli9calviews.(‘ThePalmerRaids’)

TheSacco&VanzeICase !  May1920!  NicolaSacco&BartolommeoVanzeI!  Arrested&chargedwithawagesrobberyinwhichtwoguard

wereshotdead.!  TheywereimmigrantsfromItaly,livinginMassachuseqs.!  SpokepoorEnglish!  BothwereAnarchists-Peoplewhodonotbelieveinsociety,

thelaworthegovernment.!  JudgeWebsterThayer-wasaverydodgyJudgeindeed!!  TheywerebothcarryingLoadedgunswhenarrested.!  Manypeopleorganiseddemosra9ons!  Executedbyelectricchair.

DidEveryoneBenefitfromtheBoom?ThelandofOpportunity.Alotofpeoplebenefi8edfromtheeconomicboom.Howeversomedidnot;!  TheBrookingssurveyof1929foundthat18millionpeoplelovedinpoverty.!  Someindustrieswereactuallyindeclineduringthe1920s.Inthetex9leindustrynew

techniques&synthe9cproductsmeantadeclineintheolderindustriessuchascoqon.!  Thenewindustriesdidnotcreatemaynewjobs.Industriesgrewthankstomachinery&

technology. Farmers

Farmersstruggledduringthe1920sandalmosthalfofallAmericanpeoplewereinvolvedinfarming.Tractors,combineharvesters&othernewmachineryhelpedfarmersproducemorefood.However,farmersendedupproducingasurplusoffood.Asaresult,foodpricesdropped.

Manysmallfarmersfoundthemselveswithalowerincome&haddifficultykeepingupwithmortgagerepayments.Somewereevicted,othersforcedtosellofftheirland.Farmlabourersfoundthemselvesoutofwork.

Blacks&ImmigrantsThepoorestfamiliesofallwereAfricanAmericanswholivedinthesouth.Theywerepaidverylowwagesforlonghoursonplanta9onssuchascoqon&tobacco.Theyalsosufferedseverediscrimina9onindailylife&livedinveryrundownareasoftowns&ci9es.Itwasasimilairstoryforimmigrantswhoobenarrivedinthecountrypoorlyeducated&livedinthepoorestpartsofthecity.

TheKuKluxKlan1.  TheKKKlaunchedwhatitsawamoralcrusadetosavethe

USA.Indoingso,its9rredupracialandreligioushatred.TheKlanwouldacceptastrueAmericansonlythosewhowereWASPs.TheywantedtosavetheUSAastheyfelttheirjobswerethreatenedbypeoplewhowerewillingtoworkforlowerwages.

2.  Klanmembersmostobenaqackedblackpeople;theywerebeaten,rapedorlynched(hungwithouttrial),&theirhomesweresetonfire/theirpropertydestroyed.

3.  KlansmenwhocommiqedviolencewereobenprotectedbypoliceorjudgeswhowerethemselvesmembersoftheKlan.Inaddi9on,whilejurieswerereluctanttofindpeopleguiltyofKlanac9vi9es.

Prohibi9onKeyWords:

o  Prohibi-on-whenthesaleofalcoholwasbannedinAmerica.o  Bootleg-illegallysmuggledbeero  Moonshine-home-madealcohol,obenverydangerous.o  S-ll-anillegaldis9llerytomakemoonshine.o  Temperance-thetermgiventothemovementcampaigningforthe

introduc9onofprohibi9on.o  Speakeasies-illegalbarsinbackrooms&hotels.o  Corrupt-whenofficialsacceptbribes.o  Bribery-payingofficialsto‘looktheotherway’o  Smuggling-theothernameforbootlegging.o  Racketeering-illegallydemandingmoneyfrombusinessmenfor

‘protec9on’&apromisenottotrashtheirproperty.o  Dries-peoplewhodidn’tdrink.

Prohibi9on(con?nued.)CausesofProhibi9on•  InruralAmerica,therewasaverystrong

‘temperance’movements.Theypersuadedpeopletogiveupalcoholbyusingamassleafle9ngcampaign.

•  Leadingbusinessmenbelievedworkerswouldbemorereliableiftheydidn’tdrink.

•  Menusedtheirwagestobuyalcohol.•  Theharmfuleffectsofalcoholonsociallife.

EffectsofProhibi9on•  Alcoholconsump9onfellby30%inthe1920s.•  IsadoreEnstein&MoeSmith(prohibi9on

agents)madenearly4,392arrests.•  Itwasimpossibletopreventeveryonefrom

drinking-prohibi9onagentswerepoorlypaid.•  Gangsranillegalbarswithbootleg•  Moonshinecausedseriousillness•  Madepeopledisrespectthegovernment.•  Increasedthenumberofbars.

Organisedcrime•  MadeAmericansdisrespectthelaw.•  Prohibi9onledtoorganisedcrime.•  Gangsmadesomuchmoneytheycouldafford

tobecomeoverthelaw.•  Al-Capone•  Racketeering•  Corrup9on•  Gangstookfulladvantage

Failure•  By1933,manyrealisedthatprohibi9onhad

failed.•  InsteadofitmakingAmericaamorehonest&

moralcountry,ithadresultedinorganisedcrime.

•  Despitethestrengthofthetemperancemovements,mostpeopledidnotsupportit.

•  Prohibi9onendedinDecember1933,whenpresidentRooseveltrepealedthe18thAmendment(thelawbanningalcohol)

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