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PlanningMaterialPrinciplesanddesignofwatersupplysystems

1. firstmodernwatersupplyandsanitaryschemeswerestartedin1800.(UK,US)2. Firstwatersupplysystem,inIndiawasforCalcuttain1870.3. Watersupplylayoutcollectionfromsources.

Treatmentplants Sedimentationsuspendedsolidsareremoved. Filtrationcolloidalmater,bacteriaareremoved. Disinfectionremovingbacteria,addingchlorine Distributions.

4. Thequalityofwaterrequireddependsonrateofdemand Designperiod. Populationtobeserved.

5. Percapitademand= Q/P*365,lit[Q=qualityP=population]6. Watersupplyschemesarefor30yrsperiod.7. Factorseffectingrateofdemand.

Climate Costofwater Habitsofpeople Efficiencyofwatersystem Meteringofservices Presenceorabsenceofindustries Qualityofwater Presenceofabsenceofsewagesystem System

8. Waterrequirements (200li)Domesticneedsdrinking,washing,cooking,bathing,flushingoftoilets,gardening,air

conditioning. Commercial,institutionShops,hotel,cinemahouses,schools,offices,hostels. Industrialsmall,largescale. Publicusewashingstreets,flushingofsewers,parks(25li) Firedemand10li/day Loss2030%

9. QualityofwaterforatownDomestic 135LPCDIndustrial 40Publicuse 25Firedemand 15Losses55

TOTAL 27010. Sourcesofwatersurface,groundwater.11. choiceofthesourcedependson,locationofsource,qualityofwateravailable,qualityofwater,costof

entirescheme.(surfacewater)12. Determinationofyielddependson

13. Intensityofrainfall14. Runofffromthegivencatchments.15. Actualgivingofflowinstreams.

13. Q=CMpow(3/4)dickenssformulaQ=CMpow(2/3)ryvesformula

Q=124M/(Msq(2)+10.4)pow(1/2)Q=max,flooddischargeM=catchmentareaC=coefficientofnatureofcatchment

14. Yieldfromwelldependson

i. Qualityofwateravailableinthequalifier.

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ii. Depthofthewell.iii. Porosityofaqualifier.iv. Locationofnearbywells.v.Rateofpumpingwater.vi. Slopeofwatertable.

15. FormulaflowintoagravitywellQ= Pi[k](Hsqhsq)/LogbaseN(R/r) flowintopressurewellQ=2Pi[k](Hsqhsq)/LogbaseN(R/r) Q=rateofflowintowellinmcube/day K=permeabilityconstantinm/day m=depthoftheconfinedaqualifierinm H=depthofwaterinwellbeforepumping H=depthofwaterinwellafterpumping R=radiusofinfluenceinm R=radiusofwellinm

16. Methodsofdistributionfromreservoir Gravitysystemeconomical Pumpingsystem Dualsystem

17. Systemofsupply Continuoussystemadvantageous Intermittentsystemdisadvantageous

18. Waternetworksystemi. Deadendortreesystem

a) Advantagesdischargecanbeeasilycalculated Diameterofthepipesissmaller Fewervaluearerequires.

a) Disadvantagesrepairsmakeinconvenienttopeople Adequatewaterforfirefightingmaynotbeavailable Contaminationmayoccur

ii. GridIronsystema) Advantagesduringrepairs,watercanbesuppliedfromotherpipelines

Incaseoffire,waterisavailableAstherearenodeadends,watercirculatesfreelyLossisminimum

b) DisadvantagesExactcalculationisdifficult longerpeoplesarerequired Morevaluesarerequired

iii. Circularorringsystema) Advantageeverypointreceivesfrom2directions

duringbreakdownwatercanbesuppliedfromotherpipes forfirefightingwaterisavailable Designofpipesisregarded. Largernumberofpipesregardisdisadvantage

iv. Radialsystema) Calculationofpipesizeseasyb) Quickserviceareadvantages

19. Pressurerequireddependsonheightofthehighestbuilding Distanceofthepointfromreservoir Thepressurerequiredforfirehydrants

20. Theresidualpressureatferrulepointsa) Singlestorey7mofwaterb) Double12mc) Three17md) Six22m

21. Themaintaingoodpressureindistribution Servicereservoirshouldbelocatedinacentralplace Shouldbebalanced Boosterpumpswhichmaybeprovidedfordistantlocalities.

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22. Thevalueinflowpipewhichpreventswaterfromreturningintopipeisairvalue.

23. Thevaluethatregulateswaterinanoutflowpipeofanoverheadreservoirisgatevalue.24. thevaluethatrelieveshighpressureinpipelinesandplumbingfixturesinabuildingsafetyvalue25. Thevaluethatprovidedateverydepressionanddeadendsofwaterdistributionsofsystemiscalled

scorevalve.26. Valvewhichallowsapipetoflowinonedirectionisrefluxvalve.27. Dividedusedinthiscaseoffireishydrant.28. Dividedusedformeasuringamountofwaterthroughpipeiswatermater.

Seweragesystems

1. Sewage combination ofdomestic sewage, industrialwaste,stormwater

2. Sullagewaterfromkitchens,baths,sinksfrombuildings,excepthumanoranimalexcreta3. Refusedryrubbishfromstreetandhousesweeping.4. GarbageAlltypesofsemisolidandsolidwastefoodandproductssuchasvegetables,wastemeats.5. SewerPipecarryingsewage6. SewerageSystemofpipeslaidforcarryingsewage.7. Methodsofdisposalofsewageconservancysystem

Carriedoutbybuckets. Sullagesledintonearbystream Organicwasteisburnorburied Watercarriagebyconveyedundergrounddesignedsewers

8. SystemofsewerageSeparatesystemSewage,stormwaterisseparate. Sewagetotreatmentplant Stornwatertonearbywatercourse Combinedsystembothfortreatment Partiallyseparatebothfrombuildingsarecombined Stormwaterfromroadsisseparate.

9. Qualityof stormwaterdependson

Catchmentarea Impermeabilityfactor(runofcoefficient) Intensityofrainfall

10. run off Q in m[cube]/s isQ=CAR/360,Rationalmethod

C=runoffcoefficientA=catchmentareainhacR=intensityofrainfallinmm/hr

11. Emprical formulaQ=CiA/14.158[(S/A)pow(1/4)]

cnstantdependsongroundsurface(0.50.9)=Cmax.rainfallinmm/hr=iareainhac=AS=slopeinm/1000m,lengthofsewer

12. memaths formula Q=CiA/14.835[(S/A)pow(1/5)]

13. fanningsQ=3125Mpow(5/8),M=areainkmsq

14. TalbotsQ=87000Mpow(1/4)15. dicketsQ=14=14cmpow(3/4)16. ryvesQ=15cmpow(2/3)17. Selfcleaningvelocities

Diameterofsewer Selfcleaningvelocity150250mm 1.00m/sc

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300600 0.75Above600 0.6

18. design of sewers Q=A*V,Q=discharge,Vvelocity, A=areaofcrosssection

19. qualityoesewagedependsonareatobeserved

arrangementofsewage typeofsystem

20. population peakfactor

Upto20000 3.520,00050,000 2.5500007,50,000 2.25Above7,50,000 2.0

21. velocityofflowchezysformula,V=Cmi[pow(1/2)],m=hydraulicmeandepthinm22. Bazins formula

C=157.6/[1.81+k/m pow(1/2)],k=constant

23. crimps and burges formulaV=83.45mpow(2/3)Ipow(1/2)

24. mannings formula V=1/n mpow(2/3)ipow(1/2),m=A/P

25. hazan and Williams formulaV=0.85 cm pow(0.63) i pow(10.54)

26. thequalityofliquidwastethatflowsthroughacombinedsewerindryweatherincludingstormwaterinthesewerisdryweatherflow.

27. theminimumvelocityisrequiredtobemaintainedtoavoidsillingiscalledselfcleaningvelocity.28. theweatherthatenterssewerthroughpoorjoints,crackesiscalledinfilteration29. inseparatesystem,stormwaterandsullageareconveyedinsurfacedrain.30. thetimerequiredfordevelopingmaximumratioofrunoffiscalledtimeofconcertration31. aandbareconstantsdependingonfrequency,tthedurationofstorminminitstheintensityofrainfallin

mmhouris25.4a/t+b32. shapesofsewers

rectangular circularmosteconomical,onlyforseparatesystem semielliptical horseshoeforlargedischarge eggshapedforcombinedsystem,moreselfcleaningvelocity

33. Meterialsforsewers

StonewearY.Tjunctionforms forcommonuse,housedrainandlaterals cementconcreteforstormwater R.C.Cforstormwater Precastforwatertightjoints Castinsituformakingsemielliptical,horseshoesewers ACpipesdomesticsanitarydrainage Castironpipelonglife Stulpipe

34. Sewersuitableforcarryingoverpipesacrossbridgearecastiron35. Suitablematerialforasewertocarrysewageunderpressuresteel36. Jointusedforjoiningstonewarepipeisspigotandsocket.37. Sewerappurtenances

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Manholesspacingpipediameter(mm) spacing(m)Upto300 45301500 75501900 90Beyond900 asapprovedbyauthority

38. Whena sewer connectswith another sewerwhich is at amaterially different level, dropmanhole isadopted

39. Anopeningthroughwhichstormwaterfromastreetisallowedtoenterastromseweroracombinedseweriscalledastreetinlet.

40. small chambers constructed to prevent the entry of grit, sand, debris into the sewer lines are catchbasinorpits

41. Whereitisnotpracticabletoobtainagradientinthesewertogiveaselfcleaningvelocityof0.75m/s,flushingtankswillbeprovided

42. Portionofsewerconstructedlowerthantheadjacentstretch,topassbeneathavalley,watercourseorotherobstructionisinvertedsiphon

43. Highstormwaterfromheavyrainfallisdisposedoffromthesewersbymeansofregulators.44. Properlocationofflushingtankisleadofsewerline.45. Anopeningthroughwhichstormwaterisadmittedandconveyedtothestormsewercalledintercepting

chamber.46. Changeindirectionofsewersisgenerallymadeatmanholes.47. Automaticflushingtanksworksontheprinciplesosiphon.48. Theslopingconcreteonthesidesofthechannelinamanholeiscalledbunching.49. Thespaceinthelowerpositionofmanholeprovidedforinspectionisworkingchamber.50. Flushingtankisdividedtoflushwaterintoaseweronceinaday.51. Deviceusedinapumpingstationtomeasurethequalityofflowofseweriscalledflowrecorder.52. Sewagewhichisundergoingtreatmentiscalledsepticsewage.53. Thefunctionsofgritchamberistoremoveinorganicsubstances.54. Finegritinthesewageisremovedindetritustank.55. Thefunctionofskinningtankistoremoveoilandfattysubstances56. Settledpracticalsofsewageinthesedimentationtankaresludge.57. chemicalsusedfordecomposingorganicwasteinthepresenceofairisflocculation58. Processofdecomposingorganicwasteinthepresenceofairisoxidation.59. Biologicaltreatmentofsewagetakesplaceintrickingfitter.60. Functionofsedimentationtankinsewageworkistoremovesuspendedsolids.61. %ofsludgemixedwithsewageinprimarysettingsis2040%62. Largesizedfloatingobjectscanberemovedfromsewagebyscreening.63. Liquidsewagecomingoutofsedimentationtankiseffluent.64. Theconversationofwastewaterfromanindustrycanbedonebyrecycling.65. Whensewageisdisposedofintowaterbodiesiscalleddilution.66. Broadirrigationisanexampleoftreatingsewagebylandtreatment.67. Theburningofsludgeisincineration.

Solidwastemanagement

1) RefuseAlltheputrescribleandputresciblesoildwasteexceptbodywaste.2) Rubbishnonputresciblewasteincludespaper,pins,glass,wood.3)Garbagerejectingfoodconstituents.4) Inlandfillingwasteisdepositedin0.94.5mthicklayers.5) Biologicalcompositionofaganicsubstancesiscomposing.6) Burningofrefuseundercontrolledmannerisincineration.7) Incinerationisgenerallyforrefuse.8) Theprocessofstackingrefuseinpiles,frequentlyturningandderating.9) Suitablygivesaproductknownascomposting.

Sanitaryfittingsandfixtures

1. DrainAnypipewhichconveysdischargesfromsanitaryappliances

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2. buildingdrainpartofthelowesthorizontalpipingofdrainingsystemwhichreceivesthedischargefromsoil,wasteandotherpipesinsidethebuildingandconveysittothebuildingsewerwhichbeginsImoutsidethebuildingwall.

3. Buildingsewerpartofhorizontalpipeofadrainagesystemwhichextendsfromtheendofthebuildingdrainreceivesdischargefromitandconveysittopublicsewer.

4. Soilwastedischarewaterclosets,urinals,slopsinks,andsimilarappliances.5. Soilpipepipethatconveysthedischargeofwaterclosetsoffiatureshavingsimilarfunctions.6. Wastewaterdischargefromwashbasinssinks.7. Wastepipereceivesthedischargeofanyfixturesexceptwaterclosets8. stackmainverticaldischargeorventilatingpipe9. Trapfittingdeviceprovidealiquidsealtopreventthebackpassageofairwithoutaffectingtheflowof

sewageorwastewaterthroughit.10. Gullytraptocollectwastewaterfromkitchen,sink,washbasins,baths,andrainwaterpipes.11. Floortrapwastewaterfromfloorsofbathsandkitchensintodraing.12. Interceptingtrapplacedwherethehousedrainjoinsthemainsewer13. Inspectionchamberreceivesthewastesfromgullytrapsanddisposesitofftomanhide.14. Pipesystems

Twopipesystemoneconveyssoildirectlytothedrainotherconveywastewatertothedrainfromdiff.floor.

Onepipesystemwasteconnectionsfromsinks,baths,washbasinsandsoilpipebranchesarecollectedintomainpipe.

Singlestacksystemonepipesystemwithoutventilationpipework.

15. sanitaryfittingusedtoreceivethehumanexcretadirectlyfromuseriscalledwatercloset16. Appliancesusedtoflushwaterclosets,urinalsareflushingcisterns.17. Thepipethatconveysthedischargeofwaterclosetsorfisturesiscalledsoilpipe.18. Thewatersealsinthetraparepreventedfrombrakingbymeansoftheventilatingpipe.19. AlldrainagepipeshouldbecoveredwithaG.Iwiredome.20. Minimumselfcleaningvelocityforhousedrains0.75m/sec.

Principlesofcityplanning1. Urbanareaisprimarilytheseatofpolitical,religious,commercialandculturalleadersofthesociety.2. Village Humansettlementnotexceeding5000population.

Principleoccupationisagriculture3. Towns principlesoccupationisotherthanagriculture

500020000Mediumtown2000050000Largetown50000100000

4. Centralvillage Morethan2000populationSupplies,trade,institution.

5. Newtown newlyestablishedforthepurposeofspecificeconomic activities,fordeconcentrating the population of large urban settlement and reconcentrating in aseparatelocation.

6. City population>100000Newtowns

1. Townplanningisascienceconsistsincollecting,correlatingandanalyzingthefactsaboutatown.2. Theartliesinarrangingthecomponentsofatowninsuchawaythatthefinalresultisintheformofa

beautiful,convenient,economicalandefficientunit.3. Thetownplanningexpressthelifeofanareaandthearchitecturerevealsitsspirit.4. Mohanjodarowasdiscoveredbybritisharchaeologistsirjohnmarshallin1922.5. populationofmohanjodaro(2600BC)wasestimatedas40000600006. Objectsoftownplanning

Beauty Convenience Environment Health

7. Principlesoftownplanning Greenbelt Housing

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Publicbuildings Recreationcenters Roadsystem Transportfacilities Zoning

8. topologicalfeaturescontributingtotheoriginoftownsare Conditionsfavorableforindustrialunits. Hillyareastoachievetheobjectofsecurity. Plainareasusefulforbusinessactivities. Riverbanks Seaoroceanfronts.

9. functionalaspectsresponsiblefortheoriginandtownsare education healthresorts political religious

10. growthoftowns1. naturalwithoutanyfutureplanning

concentricspread Ribbondevelopmentalongmainroads Satellitegrowthindividual scatteredgrowthirregular

2. Plannedgrowthcontrolled rulesandregulation distribution

Siteplanning

x Principles1. Keepinginviewthepurposeofbuilding2. Fastdeveloping,socialandfriendlyneighborhood3. Wherecommunityservices,utilities,amenities,meansoftransportareavailable4. Withinthelimitsofarea,buildingbyelaws5. Withpossibilitiesoffutureextension6. Situationonelevatedplace,withuniformslopes7. Goodsoilsurfaceforfoundation8. Naturallybeautifulandmanmadeenvironment9. Goodlandscapeandawayfromquarries,kilns,factories10. Considerlegal,financialaspects.(ownershiprights)

x Siteplanshouldincludetheinformationof1. Theboundaryoftheplot,shapeofthesiteandexteriorhousedimensions2. Setbacklineatthefront,backandsites3. Anypermanentboundariesormarks4. Namesandwidthsofexistingstreets,gradeelevationatcentreline5. Sizeandlocationofgarages6. Numberofplot,block7. Directionsofprevailingwindsandnorthline8. Footpaths,widthsandkinds9. Zoningandbuildingrestrictions10. Sizeandlocationdetailsofgasline,undergrounddrainage,watermines,manholes,ventilating

pipes11. Locationoffirehydrant

Planningregulationsandbuildingbyelaws

1. Linesofbuildingfrontages

Buildingline lineuptowhichtheplinthofabuildingadjoiningastreetoranextensionofstreet.

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Control line extra margin from building line which attracts vehicleparking.

Typeofroad ActuallimitsinurbanareasBuildingline Controlline

Nationalandstatehighways 30m 45mMajordistrictroads 15m 24mOtherdistrictroads 9m 25mVillageroads 9m 15m

2. Builtupareaofbuildings

Builtuporcoveredarea=plotareaopenspaces

Floorarearatio,FAR = coveredareaofallfloorsx100Plotarea

Inabusinessarea,thecoveredareashallnotexceed75%ofplotareaInanindustrial,thecoveredareashallnotexceed60%Inaresidentialarea,

AreaofplotLessthan200SQm 60%200500 50%5001000 40%Morethan1000 33.33%

Arch.Developments

1. Architectureisanartoforganizingspacenotonlyfunctionallybutalsobeautifully.2. Theconstituentsofbeautyarestructure,utilityandaesthetics.3. Egyptianarchitecturereflectstheabsolutepowerofthepharaohsandslaveryofthepeople.4. GreekarchitecturewastheproductofthedemocraticbeliefofGreekcivilization.5. Romanarchitectureromanimpericalpower.6. basilicanchurchesreflectreligiousenthusiasm.7. Gothicreflectstheconditionofpassionateenthusiasm.8. Frenchrenaissanceshowsthepompouslifeofmonarchs.9. Indianarchitectureshowsitsspiritualcontentandrepresents.10. principlesofarchitecturegoodnessorconvenientarrangement.

beauty truth

11. qualitiesofarchitecturestrength,vitality,restraint,response,grace,breadth,scale,goodpictoralsetting,expressionofpurpose.

12. factorinarchitecturemass,form,proportion,balance,symmetry,contrast.13. alltheprehistoricremainshavereligiousrelationship.14. thedevtofhistoricarchitectureisarecordofcontinuationofevolution,beginningwiththeEgyptian

architecture.

Influenceofmodernartonarchitecture

Sevenwondersoftheancientworld1. ThepyramidofEgypt.2. HanginggardensofBabylon.3. ThetempleofartemisatEphesus.4. Thetombofmansolusathalicarnassus.5. TheColossusofRhodes.6. ThestatueofzeusatOlympia.7. ThepharosatAlexandria.

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Basicprinciplesofarch.Acoustics1. Def:Thescienceofsound.2. Soundisproducedwhenpartofatmosphereiscompressedsuddenly.3. Soundcanttravelinvacuumitrequiresamediumfortransmission.4. Thespeedatwhichthesoundwavestravelorpassthroughanymediumistermedassoundvelocity.5. soundwavesstrokedonthewallsofanenclosedroomwillbe

a. Someisreflectedback.b. Someisabsorbedbythesurfaceandlisteners.c. Somearetransmittedoutsidetheroomthroughvibration.

6. Concave surface leads to concentration of reflected sound waves and are provided to work as thereflectors.

7. Convexsurfacetendstospreadthereflectedwaves.8. Defectsdevelopedduetothereflectionofsoundare

a. echoes therepetitionofsoundbyreflectionofsoundwavesb. Reverberation thegradualprocessoftransformationoperatesoveracertainintervaloftime.

9. Absorbentmaterialsaresoftandporousa. Workingprincipleisthesoundwavespenetrateintotheporesandinthisprocessthesound

wavesareconvertedintootherformofenergybyfriction.b. Theabsorbingcapacitydependsonthickness,densityandfrequencyofthesound.c. Thesuspendedabsorbersintheformofinvertedconesmakethehallacousticallygood.d. Lowfrequencyabsorbentmaterialshouldbeusedtoachieveoptimumreverberationtimeovera

widerangeoffrequencyofsound.

10. typeofabsorbentmaterialsa. hairfelt 0.60(25mm)b. acousticplaster 0.150.30(20mm)c. acousticaltilesd. strawboard 0.30500(13mm)e. pulpboards 0.17f. compressedfiberboard 0.300.52g. compressedwoodparticleboard 0.40(13mm)h. perforatedplywood 0.950.20i. woodwoolboard 0.20(25mm)j. quiltsandmats

Airpollution,control1. Airpollutionismainlycontributedbyindustry,fastmovingvehicles,andautomobiles.2. factorsresponsibleforairpollution dustfertilizerproducerindustries

CementdustThermalpowerstationsNucleicondensationIndustriesAeroplanesGasesHydrogensulphideNitrogenFluorideNitricacidAmmoniahydrocarbonsRadioactivesourcesCarbonmonoxide.

3. Airpollutantsenterhumanfoodandaggravaterespiratoryailmentssuchasbronchitis,asthama, lungcancer.

4. Airpollutioneffectsstones,metals,mortar,woodetc.

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AmmoniaeyesBestoslungcancerBariumheartmusclesIronsonintolungs

5. 40%ofairpollutioniscausedbyautomobiles(CO,hydrocarbons,andoxidesofnitrogen).6. controltechniques

a. Gas absorption effluent gasses are passed through the absorbers containing liquidabsorbentswhichtreattheoffendingconstituents.

b. Gas adsorption passing effluent gas through solid absorbers contained in anadsorptioncollectingdevice.

c. Combustion d. Gascleaninge. Sourcerelocationf. Fuelsubstitutiong. Processchangesh. Goodoperatingpracticei. Sourceshutdownanddispension.

Noisepollution,control1. Thepathsoftransmissionareairorsolidpartsofbuildingconstructionandaquipment.2. Thegreatestqualitywillflowthroughthepathofleastresistance.3. Noisesoriginatingwithinaroomwillbeairborne.4. Noisesoriginatingwithoutaroomwillbeairandsolidborne.5. Iftwopartitionsterminateattheceilingsoundwilleasilypass6. Degreeofnoise reduction isachievedby thediff. in sound levelproducedat thesourceand the level

desiredatthelistenersposition.7. Instrumentformeasuringthesoundissoundlevelmeter.8. Itconsistsofmicroscopicphonewhichfeedsonelectricalsignalintoanamplifier.9. Airoutletsandunitheatersusuallyhavesoundlevelsspecifiedfortheairconditionsofoperation.10. Weshouldobtainthenoisereductionofdiff.betweenprobableorexistinglevelanddesirablelevel.11. Abnormally highlevel are associated with industries where as speech interference is influenced by

durationanddistanceofcommunication.

12. Accordingtoinversesquarelaw,adoublingthedistancebetweensourceandlistnerwillcauseasoundpressurelevelreductionof6db.

13. Winddirectionandvelocity,temperatureandgradientsaffectssoundattenuationinair.14. Soundtraveloutdoorswillbeinfluencedbyreflectivesurfacesofthegroundandbuildings.15. Poor of adequate weight must close tightly against rubber gaskets on stops and be sealed at the

threshold.16. Doubledoorsmaybeusedforadditionalinsulation.17. Thetransmissionlossofthematerialwithwhichthedoorismadeandoftheinstalleddoorarenotsame.18. Wegaininsulationbyassumingtightfitofsashandbyusingheavierglassindoubleoreventripleplans.19. Mainintersuptionsinbuildingconstructionwhichcauseinsulationarepipesleeves,electricalraceways,

backtobackelectricaloutlerboxesinwalles,ductopeningsandrecessedpanelboards.20. Maximumpossiblereductionofsoundwithadditionaltreatmentis6db.21. Reflectivesurfaceswillsustainthenoise.22. Noisereduction=estimatedorobservedleveldesiredlevel.23. Comparedtoairbornesound,solidbornesoundisapttocontainmoreenergy.24. Theenergymayberelatedbythevibratingstructureatsomedistancefromthesource.

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25. Airbornebecomessolidborneifitsetsconstructioninmotion.26. Thepathofsoundtravelingfromtheroom,abovetotheroom,belowthroughsidewallsiscalledflanking

transmission.27. Residentfloorfinisherprovidesvaryingdegreeofimpactinsulation.28. Thincompositiontilesonconcretefloorsreducetransmittedsoundto25db29. Corktile,5/16inchesthickprovides10db.30. Thickcarpet20db31. Aflooronbatlens67db.32. Resilientstripsofone inchmineralwoodor fiberglassunder thebattenswillaboutdouble in insulation

value.33. Semidiscontinuousconstructionsarealsogoodairbornesoundinsulations.34. An excellent solution is the use of a foundation for equipment which rests on the ground and is

independentofthebuildingstructure.35. Isolatorelementslikesprings,rubber,mayalsobeused.36. Highvelocityandturbulentflowcontributetohighnoiselevels.

Principlesoflightingandillumination1. artificiallightinginindependentoflocation,climateorevenofthebuildingfabric2. whichitbrightsunshinetheilluminationisaround100klux3. theintensityofthermalradiationislikelytobeabout1kw/msq4. Whatweperceiveaslight,isanarrowwavelengthbandofelectromagneticradiationfromabout380to

780.5. Itconsistsofenergyparticlesphotons.6. Thewavelengthdeterminesitscolor.7. Lightcontainingallvisiblewavesisperceivedaswhite.8. thehumaneyessensitivityvarieswiththewavelength,itisgreatestaround550nm.(yellow)9. Velocityoflight3*10pow8(air,vaccum)

2.25*10pow8(water)1.98*10POW8(glass)

10. lightincidentonanobjectcanbedistributedasReflectancerAbsorbanceaTransmittancet

r+a+t=111. incaseofopaqueobjects,t=0,r+a=112. surfaceswithneutralreflectionpropertieswillbeseeninwhitelight

White,ifrisabove0.75Greyifrisbetween0.05and0.75

Blackifrbelow0.0513. inmixingcoloredpigments,theabsorptionsareadditiveandreflectionswillbesubtractive

Yellowpaint absorbblue reflectsred,yellow,greenBluepaint absorbred,yellow reflectsblue,greenMixtureoftwo absorbblue,red,yellow reflectsonlygreen

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14. Amixtureofallkidsofpigmentwillbeblack,asitabsorbsallwavelengths.15. Colorswhichaddupfromwhitelightaretermedcontemporarycolors.

E.g.redandgreen,yellowandblue16. Hue the concept of color, using the common color terms: red, yellow, green, blue and purpose, but

furthersubdividingeachinto5categories.17. Value the subjective measures of reflectance, light or dark appearance according to scale from

0(absoluteblack)to10(absolutewhite)convertibleintoreflectancer=v(v1)18. Chromathedegreeofcolorfullnessorintensityofcolor,distinguishing14classes.Alowchromawould

bealmostgreythebrightestcolorshaveachormaof12to14.19. Theintensityofalightsourceismeasuredinunitsofcandela(I).20. Theflux(flow)oflightismeasuredinlumens(F).21. Onlumenistheflowoflightemittedbyaunitintensitypointsource,withinaunitsolidangle.22. Illuminationismeasuredastheamountoffluxfallingonunitarea,(E)Im/msqwhichisthelux,theunitof

illuminationinthesysteminternational.23. Luminanceisthemeasureofbrightnessofasurface.(L)24. Illuminationfromapointsourcereduceswiththesquareofthedistance.E=1/dsq25. Illumination of a surface from several sources will be the simple sum of component illumination

E=E1+E2+..26. Solarilluminationistheaverageilluminationreceivedonthesurfaceofasmallspherefromalldirections.27. The purpose of lighting practical to facilitate the performance of a visual task and ensure visual

comfort Artistictocreatecertainemotionaleffects

28. Visualacnity=1/visualangle(P)Contrastsensitivity=leastperceptibleluminancedye.*100%/lowerofthetwo

(L2L1)*100/L129. visualperformanceisthetomerequiredforseeing30. theeyerespondstoarangeofilluminationlevelsextendingoveramillionordersofmagnitudefrom0.1

lux(fullmoonlight)to100000lux(brightsunline)31. WhendeltaE(max)/E(s)=4,wehaveacompletelymenodirectionallight.32. Ebeta=E(n)*cos(beta)

Ebeta=illuminationonaplanefitledbybetadegreeE(n)=illuminationonanormalplaneBeta=angleofincidence

Roleofmicroclimateindesign1. Microclimateimplylocaldeviationfromtheclimateofalargearea.2. topographySlope,orientation,exposure,elevation,hillsorvalleys3. Adifferentialof7to8minheightcancauseadifferentof5to6degCinairtemperature.4. Stone, concrete, asphalt surface can reach a temperature up to 44 deg C than the surrounding air

temperature

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5. By covering the ground with vegetation, the surface of contact is transferred to a higher layer and isincreased4to12times.

6. thefactorscausingdeviationsoftheurbanclimatefromtheregionalmacroclimateare

x changedsurfacequalitiesincreasedabsorbanceofsolarradiationreducedevaporation.x Buildingsx Energyseepagex Atmosphericpollution

Thermalcomfort1. Theprocessinvolvedinconvertingfoodatsunlightintolivingmatterandusefulformofenergyareknown

asmetabolism.2. Themetabolicheatproductioncanbedividedinto

x Basalmetabolismproductionofvegetative,automaticprocessx Muscularmetabolismproductionofmuscles.

3. Ofalltheenergyproducedinthebody,onlyabout20%isutilized.4. 80%issurplusheatandmustbedissipatedtotheenvironment5. Thedeepbodytemperaturemustremainbalancedandconstantaround37degC6. Body can release heart to its environment by convection, radiation and Evaporation, and to a lesser

extentbyconduction.7. Convectionisduetoheattransmissionfromthebodytotheairincontactwiththeskinorclothing8. Radiationheat lossdependson the temperatureof thebodysurfaceand the temperatureofopposing

surfaces.9. Evaporationdependsonthehumidityofair(thedryertheair,thefastertheevaporation)10. Conductiondependsonthetemperaturedifferencebetweenthebodysurfaceandtheobject,thebodyis

indirectcontactwith11. MetEvap+orcond+orconv+orrad=012. Therateofsweatingmayvaryfromabout20g/hto3kg/n13. Ina temperatureclimate, indoorswhentheair temperature isaround18Cwhentheair isclam i.e.,air

velocity does not exceed 0.25 m/sec. when the humidity is bdt 40 and 60%, a person engaged insedentaryworkwilldissipatethesurplusheatwithoutanydifficultyasby

x Radiation45%x Convection30%x Evaporation25%

14. Normalskintemperatureisbetween31degCand34degC.15. Thermalpreferencesareinfluencedbyclothing,acclimatization,ageandsen,bodyshape,subcutaneous

fat,stateofheath,foodanddrink,skincolour.16. NdegC=N+273.15kelvin17. Thegreaterthetemperaturedifferentthefastertherateofheatflow

14

18. Thermalconductivitytherateatwhichmolecularmovementspreadsvarieswithdifferentmaterials.(k=w/m.degC)

19. Itsvaluevariesbetween0.03w/mdegCforinsulatingmaterials,andupto400w/mdegCformetals20. Thelowertheconductivity,thebetterinsulatoramaterialis21. resistivity1/k22. Betterinsulatorswillhavehigherresistivityvalues.23. ResistanceofabodyisR=b/k(b=thicknessinm)24. Lowthermalcapacitystructureswarnwpquicklybutalsocoolrapidly25. Constructionwitha lowUvalue(air toair transmittance)will reduceall formsofconductionheat

transfer.EgyptianArchitecture(3000BC100AD)

1. Columnarandtrabeatedstyle(trab=beam)2. Mainlytombsandtemples.3. contrasttowestAsiaticarchitecture(palaces)4. EgyptianMassivewalls,madeofsundriedmudbricks5. HousingOneortwostoreyhigh,livinghallincentre.6. Templesrectangularplan,frontedbymonolithicpillars,orientedtowordnile.7. Columnsvegetableoriginlikethelotusstalk,tiedintervalsbybands.8. Advancedinuseofcolors,blue,red,yellow9. TombwasaneternalhometoEgyptians.10. 3typesoftombsmastabas,royalpyramids&rockcutcaves.11. Mastabacentralspacesarcophagus12. Pyramidsonlyforpharaohsmassive&impregnabletombs.13. MaterialusedforcoreLimestone.14. Graniteforkingschamber,passages.15. Entrancefromnorth.16. GreatpyramidofcheopsatGiza(230.5m*230.5m),146mheight.17. BuiltinsolidstoneswithacasingoffinallydressedTuralimestones&theapexstonewasoncecoated

withgold.18. Rockcuttombseg:TritAukhAmonatThebes.19. temples2typesMortuary,Ministrationtopharaohs(cult)20. MortuarySeriesofrooms,pillaredcourt,phypostylehallthedarkmysteriouschamber,chapel.21. Onlytheroyal&privilegedpersonswereadmittedforstately22. Religiousfunctions.23. Inculttemples,theprocessionswereuniquefeatures.24. Sphinxes&obelisksweresetupinpairstodignifythetempleentrances25. egofculttemple,templeofkhonsatkonark.26. Obelisksarelargesizesmonolithssquareinplan(sunworship)27. Heightofobeliskis9or1timesitslowerdiameter.28. 4sidesofbasearecutwithfingersofhieroglyph.

Greekarchitecture(650BC30BC)

1. Greektemplesweresurroundedbyopencolonnadesinfullviewofcommonpeople2. Orientedtowordseast(sun)3. Civilizationspreadmainlyduringbronzeages.4. Hellenic(650323BC)5. Columnar&trabeatedstyleevolvedfromwoodenhutofuprightposts&supportingbeam&sloping

rafters.6. twoperiodsHellenicperiod,Hellenisticperiod.7. Arches,domes,vaultswerenotusedbytheGreeks.8. Greekusedtimber&afterbuilt.9. In600BCMasonryfromcoursedrubbletofineashlars.

nomortarwasused.

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Minimizedthejointsbyusinglargesizedstones.

10. 3ordersofarchitectureDoric,Ionic,Corinthian.11. Hellenisticperiod(32330BC)12. InfluencedbyMiddleEasternculture.13. Religiouscharacterbutafter4thcenturyBC,publicbuildingsbegan14. Archesstartedappearingonwallopenings.15. 3rdcenturyBCrooftrussescametocoverlargerspaces.16. OrnateCorinthianorderwasmorepopularlyused.

Romanarchitecture(300BC365AC)

1. FollowedcolumnarstyleandalsoEtruscansarch&vault.2. Columnsweresuperimposesincaseofcolosseumofrome.3. Useoflimeconcretewasstarted(cement)4. Characterofromearchisthecapacitytospanoverlargespaces.5. Romanbuildingswereofseveralstoried,ornamentedbyhalfattachedcolumnssuperimposedone

abovetheother.6. arch.ofromeswasessentiallyanartofshapingspacearoundrituals.7. Manystructureswereutilizationtypesuchasacqueducts&bridges.

Medievalperiod

1. EarlyChristianarchitecture(313800AD)

i. Fallowedromanstyle.ii. Columnswereeithercloselyspacedtocarryentablatureorwidelyspacedtocarrysemicirculararches.

iii. Thebasilicanchurcheswererenderedspacious,graceful,impressiveanddignifiedbyarrangingthecolumns&rows.

iv. Mainentrancewasprovidedinoneshorterside.v.Biblicanscenesbecomeusualfeaturesofdecoration.vi. Architecturerepresentstheirfantacism,passionsearchformysteryoftherealpresence.

2. Byzanticarchitecture()3301453AD)

i. Characterizedbythenoveldevtofdomecoversquareorpolygonplansofchurchesandtombs.ii. Varioustypeofdomesusedwere,simple,compound,melonshaped,onionshaped.iii. Domeswereconstructedwithoutcenteringwiththinradiatingbricksorlightweightfumic

stones.iv. Usedthecolumnsdecoratelyaswellasstructurallytosupportgalleriesandsemicircular

arches.v. Wallswerefullycoveredwithmarblemosaicsandfrescodecoration

3. Muslimarchitecture7thcenturyi. Majorconstructionsmosque,tombs,palaces.ii. ConstructionsJamamasjid madrassah rauza dargah khans thepointedarchitecture thedome arabesque

4. Romanesquearchitecture(9to15thcentury)

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i. IsdirectmodificationofromanarchitecturewhichgrewinItaly,France,Germany,centralEurope,Spain,andBritan.

ii. Usedlightermaterials.iii. Stainedglasswaslittleused.

5. Gothicarchitecture(12thcentury)

i. Introductionofpointedarchitecture,buttressandhighpinnacle.ii. Inventedflyingbuttressinplaceofvaultstosupportwalls.iii. Gothicstyleisasynthesisofaestheticandtechnicalqualities.iv. Inventedstainedcoloredglass.v.Designedtownhalls,royalplaces,courthouses,hospitals.vi. Churcheswereconvenientratherthansymmetry.

renaissanceperiods

6. Renaissancearchitecture(15th19thcentury)

i. IstherevivalofclassicGreekandromanarchitecture.ii. Largesizedstoneblackswereusedtodignityiii. Buildingswerearrangedwithspecialregardtosymmetry.iv. 5orderofarchitecturewerestandardizedandusedbothconstructivelyanddecoratively.

v.Ornamentationwasbasedonclassicalmethodologyandpagansubject.vi. Statuswasneitherproportiontohumanscalenoranintegralpartofthebuildings.vii. Inplaceofstainedglass,frescopaintingswereused.

Buddhistarchitecture(300BC820BC)

1. Majorfeaturesstupasortopes,stambhasorlats,chaityas,viharasormonasteries.2. stupamonumentpropagatestheDoctrine.3. stupacircular,sectionandthetotalformofwhichwereallderivedfromcircle.4. eg:stupas,sanch(250BC), Saronath(7th century), Amaravath(3rd c,AD), bar hut(2rd c,AD),budh

gaya(75BC)5. Column2typespersepolitantype,graecoromantype.6. Firstoctagonal,bellshapedcapital.7. graecoromantypeisrectangularwithshallowflucts.8. Eg:ashokapillars(274237BC)9. chaityastempleaswellasassemblyhallscreatedoutofparticulardemandsofBuddhistregion.10. Eg:Bhaja,kondane,karle,ajanta(2ndC,BC),tllora.11. VihararesidentialplacesofBuddhistpriests.

Indusvalleycivilization(Harappan)(3000)Indianarchitecture(500BCtopresent)

1. 5000yrsago,peoplefromSumerianorigincameandsettlednearestriverIndus.2. IsacontemporaryofancientMesopotamia.3. citiesweresystematicanddividedinto12blocks(365*244meach)4. Englishbondsinwalls.5. Streets9mwide.6. Undergrounddrainagelineswithinspectionchambersatregularintervals.7. housesconsistedofroomsaroundacourtyardandstaircase.(kilnburntbricks)8. Oxdrivencartsoflargesolidwhetsfortransportation.9. Toolsofstoneandcopperwereinuse.10. Potsweremadeofclay,wood.

Vedic(15001000BC)

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1. DravidiansThebuildersofthecitycivilizationofIndusvalley.IndoAryan(1500BC)

1. Aryanvillagewasmadeoftimberandthatchhuts.2. Protectedbytimberfenceconsistingofrectangularwoodenposts.3. Gatewayatentrance.4. AllIndianartisderivedfromtheAryanvillage.

Dravidianarchitecture(600AD1000AD)1. Templeconsistsofgarbhagritha(wombhouse)withamandopeortheopenporch.2. Mainlyadoptedtrabeatedsystemofconstruction.3. Noarches,avoidmortar.4. Templeswereexpandedwithcourtyardscalledprakarasenclosinggopurams.5. Templesonhilltops,situatedamidstbeautifulsurroundings.6. 5typespallava,chola,pandya,vijayanagar,latepandya/madhura7. pallavarockcuttemple,structuraltemples(shoretemple)8. chola: temple consists of usual compartment suchas a pillared halls attached to the vimanaor the

toweroverthesanctum.(brihadeshwartempleoftanjavur)9. Pandyapracticeofconstructingthevimalaoverthecellaimportancetothetempleentrancegopuram.10. Vijayanagarstyletempleofmodulatesizes,richinbeauty,form,proportion,

Inadditiontomaintempleincentre,therewereseparateshrines, pillaredhalls,andpavilions.11. Anotherimportantiskalianmantapa.12. Latepandyan/madhurastyle

Templeswithvastsizeandimpressiveappearance. Pillaredhalls,parkaresoutside. Eg:Ranganath,Madhura,Rameswaram,Tirupathi.

Conceptofshelter1. AgglomerationAnurbanregionwhoseboundariesmayexceedthoseofone,usuallylargecity.2. PrimarycityOneormoreofthelargestcitiesinacountrythatholdsarelativelyhighpercentageof

thetotalurbanpopulation.3. Urbanpopulationgrowthreferstotheincreaseintheabsolutenumberofpeopleresidingincities.4. Urbanizationreferstotheproportionoftheoverallpopulationthatresidesinurbanareas.5. Decentralizationtheprocesswherebygrowthinurbanpopulationandemploymenttakesplacein

secondarycitiesthatmaybe150kmawayfromthemetropolitanareaandbeyond6. Deconcentrationtheexpansionofemploymentandpopulationinperipheralareasaroundacity.7. Housingisamediumforselfexpressionaswellasasanctuaryforoldage.

Concrete1. Cementconcreteisamixtureofcement,water,fineaggregate,courseaggregate.2. theproportionofcement,sandandaggregatesis1:2or3:4or63. Limeconcretemixtureofslakedlime,fineaggregate,courseaggregate.(1:2:4),water.4. R.C.Ctheconcreteandreinforcingmetal.

Roleofgovernmentagencies1. Cooperativehousingsocietiesarehelpedbythegovt.in

a. Acquiringlandatcheapratesb. Providingfinancialhelpatreasonablerates

2. First1915SaraswatCoop.HousingSociety,Bombay.3. HUDCO(1970)HousingandUrbandevelopmentcooperation:aimstohelpbackwardclasses,

SC,ST

Category Costceiling Rateofint. Repaymentperiod %ofloansfromHUDCO

EWS 8000 5% 20yrs 30

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LIG 18000 7 15 25

MIG(I) 25000 9.5 1225

MIG(II) 42000 10.5 12HIG 100000 11.5 10 20

4. CIDCO(CityandIndustrialDevelopmentcooperation),Bombay.a. MRT(massrapidtransit)throughcancroidsofresidentialandindustrialnodesb. Eachnodehaving1lakhpopulation

Housingpoliciesanddesign1. constraintsofhousingcommodity

a. immobilityb. initialinvestmentsc. finance,transport,landpolicy

2. housingpoliciesinIndiatwoapproachesarea. demandledhousingapproachruraldevelopment

BringdownthemigrationsEncouragingsmallandmediumtowns

b. supplyledapproach maximizethenoofdwellingunitsImprovethequalityofenvironmentPromotelowcostalternativesUseofvacantlandTaxationpoliciesSuitableamendmentsforrentcontrol

3. housingactivitydependsona. availabilityoflaborb. availabilityofcheapfinancec. availabletransportfacilitiesd. methodsofconstructione. rateofinterestorinvestmentf. predictionsoffuturedemandsg. developmentofpopulationh. taxationpolicyonrealestatesi. Tourplanningandenvironmentalconditions.

4. Generalrequirementsofresi.Buildingsa. Heightwrtroad,street.b. Locationnearschools,amenities,awayfromnoise,smoke.c. Privacyd. Orientationwrtsun,winds.e. Securitysafeconstruction.

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f. Space4.56M2perperson.g. Utilitieselectricity,water,drainage,atreasonablerates.h. Ventilation.

5. classificationofresidentialbuildingsa. detachedhouses wherelandvalueislow

HouseandlittlelandsurroundingitMarginsonallsidesHighestformofhousing

b. Semidetachedhouses plotdividedinto2byawallAdvantageslikesharingofcosts

c. Rowhouses minrequirementswithregardstospaceSingleordoublestrayedYieldmorenetresi.densityPreferredforLIG

d. Apartments sharingthecostoflandandamenitiese. Skyscrappers similarasapts.

6. Designofresi.areasa. Aestheticsb. Basicmaterialsc. Housingunit 3001000peopled. Layout showingparks,schools,comm.centerse. Sizeandshape 300012000pop.Ofaresi.Unitf. Streetsystem

7. NationalhousingpolicyGovthaspassedtheUrbanlandact,1976forsecuringexcesslandfromprivatelandholders

fordevelopmentofhousingschemesfortheweakersections.Objectives

1. forincreasinghousingsupplytoweakersections2. tocheckthegrowthofpopulation3. properlandusepolicytopreventhaphazarddevelopment4. removalofslums5. encouragehousingcooperatives6. adequatefinancialprovisionsforhousing7. Propagationanduseofnew,cheaplocallyavailablebuil.Material.

1. Principlesoflandscapedesignandsiteplanning

2. Landscapeisareflectionofdynamicnaturalandsocialsystems.3. Landscapetheory naturalprocess,socialprocesses,methodology,andtechnologyofvalues.

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4. Goalsofartoflandscape Surprise,variety,concealment,thedevelopmentofidyllicprospects,lineofbeauty,manipulationofnatureundulatingcontours,eliminationofvisualbreakbetweengardenandlandscape.

5. Landscapedesign dealswith surfaces, edges and joints, steps and ramps, connecting specificdifferencesinelevation,pavinganddrainage.

6. Treesactasscaletransitionfromthemultiplebuildingtotheindividual.7. BEAUTYtheevidentharmoniousrelationshipofallsensedcomponents.8. VIEW Asceneobservedfromafinevantagepoint,

Isathemethatmaysuggestandgiveaddedmeaningtowillrelatedfunctions.

9. VISTA Anunframedsegmentofview,Isafunctionofaxis.

10. AXISalinearplanelementconnectingtwoormorepoints.11. HEIGHTconnectsattainment,potential,expansion,exhilaration,inspiration,thesublimeandrelease.12. DEPTHconnectsregression,concentration,confinement,shelter,theprofaneandweightofpressure.13. SEQUENCEasuccessionofperceptionhavingcounting.14. Thebestsourceofdesigncriteriaisfieldobservation.15. Thebesttestofdesignisperformance.

16. stagesoflandscapeplanning

x Surveyandanalysis:classificationoflandscapetypesx Evaluationx Policyordesignsolutionx Implementation

17. Trees entrapment, scale induction, backdrop, ornamentation, noise abatement, and shade groundspace.

18. treesarethebasis19. Grouptreestostimulatenaturalstand20. Usecanopytreestounifythesite21. Installintermediatetreesforunderstudyscreening,windbreak,andvisualinterest.22. Shrubsforsupplementarylowlevelbafflesandscreens.23. Treatvinesasnetsanddraperies.24. Installgroundcoversonthebaseplanetoretainsoils.25. Soilmoisture,definepaths,anduseareasandprovideturfwhererequired.26. Chooseasadominant themetreea typethat indigenous,moderately fastgrowingandable to thrive

withlittlecare.27. Exoticspeciestobelimitedtoareasofhighreinforcement.

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28. Usetreestosheathetrafficways.29. Giveemphasistotrafficwaysnode.30. Keepthesightlessclearatroadwayintersections.31. Arrangethetreegroupingstoprovideviewsandexpansiveopenspecies.32. Useplantingstoreinforcethealignmentofpathsandroadways.33. Concealingunwantedareas,unpleasantviews,eliminateglareandreducenoiselevels.34. Provideevolvingsequencesofspacetoencloseandlinkthevarioussiteuseareas.35. Strengthentheprotrudingpointsofmassplantingwithdominantplants.36. Establishvegetationalongthemallsandwaterways.37. Complementthetopographicalform.38. Useplantsasspacedefines.39. Createaharborlikeentranceportaltoeachneighborhood.40. Siteplanningprocedure

o Definitionofintento Procurementoftopographicalsurveyo Programdevelopmento Datagatheringandanalysiso Sitereconnaissanceo Organizationofreferenceplansetandfileo Preparationofexploratorystudieso Comparativeanalysisarevisionofstudiesleadingtoanapprovedconceptualplano Developmentofpreliminarydevelopmentplansandestimateofcostso Preparationofconstructionplans,specificationsandbiddingdocuments.

41. Methodsofplanting

x TransplantingfromNurseriesx Propagationbycuttingx Graftingx Layering

42. roadsidetrees

x suitedtoclimateandsoilx hardlyandrobustx shadingbutnotsendingoutlargebranchesx evergreen/beinleafduringsummerx deeprootedx Specieshavinglargeandthicklavestobeavoidedaretheyrequiremovemoisture.x Inheavyclaysoilskeepfastgrowingtreesatleast15mawayfromtheroad.x Shouldbeplanted1.8to3mawayfromtheouteredgeofthesidewidth.x Suitablespacing9to15m

43. criteriaforplantationontheroadside

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x habitualx rootsystemx startofcanopyx densityoffoliagex formx periodofleaffallx nuisancefromfruitx lifespanx rateofgrowthx resistancetowindx spreadheightratiox soiltypex depthofgroundwater

44. CoinageoftermlandscapearchitectbyFrederickLawOlmsted.45. CarlessofVersaillesbyAndreLeNorth(orderedlandscape)46. PhiladelphiawaslandscapedbyWilliamPenn47. BirkinheadParknearLiverpoolJosephPaxton.48. Theprocessbywhichanindividualmaintainsitsinternalenvironmentinanapproximatelypermanent

stateiscalledhomeostasis.49. ComfortZoneconceptbyVictorOlgag.50. SiteplanningbookKevinLunch.51. Turfingisartificiallyplantinggrassonoutsideslopesofembankmentsanderodiblesoils.52. streetpolesshouldbekept0.6mbackfromthecurbsidewalksmin.width=1m53. landscapearchitectureJ.O.Simonds54. SomegardencitiesofAmericaReston,Columbia.55. Drysoiltendstohighertemp,lowhumidity.56. Gradientrateofslopebetweentwopointsexpressedasapercentage,orasratioofhorizontal

distancetoverticalchangeinelevation,orasanangle57. Thevulnerableareaaroundatreeisequaltoitsspread+1/3rdtheareaaroundit.58. Quantityofwaterarrivingatanypointinawatershedisderivedfrom

Q=AciA=areaofwatershedinacresC=coefficientofrunoffI=isaquantityderivedfromtheamountofrainthatcanbeexpectedfora selectedstorm

frequencycombinedwiththefarthestdistance.59. CLIMATEisthesensationproducedbythecombinationofradiation,ambienttemp.,relativehumidity,

andairmovement.

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60. ALBEDOFractionofthetotalradiantenergyofagivenwavelengthincidentonasurfacethatisreflectedbackinsteadofbeingabsorbedformirror1.0,formatteblacksurface0,watersurfaceusuallyhaslowalbedobutitsangleofincidenceisdecreasedafter.

61. Forinfraredradiationthealbedoofmostnaturalmaterialislow.62. Conductivityofthematerialdecreasesastheyaredrierandlessdenseconvection.63. INVERSIONisasituationwhenairiscoldestatthegroundandwarmerhigherup.64. EDDYisthezoneoflowpressurewhentheairisrelativelyquietbutmovingerratically.65. MICROCLIMATOLOGYscienceofsmallscaleweather.

x Eliminatetheextremesofheat,cold,humidity,airenvironmentandexposure.x Providedirectstructuralprotectionagainstthediscomfortofsolarradiation,precipitation,

wind,stormandcold.

x Respondtotheseasons.x Adjusttothemovementofthesun.x Considerthewindalsoasatimetestedsourceofenergy.x Utilizetheevaporationofmoistureasaprimarymethodofcooling.x Maximizethebeneficialeffectsofadjacentwaterbodies.x Preservetheexistingvegetativecover.x Considertheeffectofattitudeandlatitude.x Reducethehumidity.x Avoidundrainedcatchmentareasandfrostpockets.x Avoidwinterwinds,floodsandpathsofcripplingstorms.

Behavioralcharacteristicsofbuildingmaterials

Timber1. TimberisderivedfromTimbrianmeansbuilt.2. Timberisobtainedfromtreesnotlessthan600mmincircumference.3. Threetypesoftimber

a. Convertedissawnandcutintosuitablesizesb. Roughafterfellingoftreesc. Standinglivingtree

4. Propertiesofgoodtimberx Lowheatconductivityx Amenabilityx Smallbulkdensityx Relativelyhighstrength

5. Drawbacksoftimberx Susceptibilitytodecayx Inflammabilityx Fluctuationsduetomoisturecontentx Variationsinstrength,length

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6. Woodwastesawdust,shavingsareusedwithadmixtureoforganicgluestomakefiberslabs,fiberboards.

7. Otherusesofwoodorganicacids,rosin,paper,cardboard,cellulose.8. Ageofthewoodcapableofproducingqualitytimberwithadequategirthis50yrs.9. Babul,Eucalyptus,poplar,sissioo(20yrs).10. Asingletreecancoolthesummerheatforanentiredayandnightandisfoundbetterthan20ACs

runningfor20Hrs.11. Ahectareoftreesproduceabout10timesofO2(for45personsfor1year)

Item Softwood HardwoodAnnualrings Distinct OppositeColor Light Fireresistance Poor Modularrays Indistinct Strength Strongfordirectpullandweakforresisting

thrustorshear

Structure Resinousandspliteasily Weight Light

12. Defectsintimbera. Conversionb. Fungic. Insectsd. Naturalforcese. Seasoning

13. Qualitiesofgoodtimbera. Hardandshiningappearanceb. Colorisdarkc. Freefromknots,flaws,shakesd. Shouldbedurablee. Shouldbeelasticf. Shouldhavestraightfibersg. Fireresistanceh. Hardnessi. Shouldnotdeteriorateeasilyduetomechanicalwearj. Capableofretainingitsshapewhileburningk. Sweetsmelll. Clearringingsoundwhenstruckm. Soundinwoodis2to17timesgreaterthaninair.n. Strongforworkingasstructuralmembersuchasjoint,beam,rafters.o. Toughnesscapableofresistingshocksp. Lowwaterpermeabilityq. Standforweatheringeffectr. Heavyweight

Bamboo1. Flexible,verystronganddurable.

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2. Usedforscaffolding,thatchedroofs,rafters,temporarybridges,fancygoods.

Bricks1. Preparedbymouldingclayinrectangularblocksofuniformsize.2. Bricksaredurableandhavingstrength,reliability,lowcost,easyavailability.3. GreatWallofChina(210BC)byburntandsundriedbricks.4. Indiahasproductioncapacitytomanufactureover10000crores.5. Compositionsofgoodbrickearth

Use2030%alumina (plasticityformoulding)5060%silica (preventscracks,shrinks,wrapping)5%lime (preventsshrinkage)56%oxideofiron (aslimetofusesandandprovidesredcolorMagnesia (yellowtint,decreaseshrinkage)

6. HarmfulingredientsEffect

Excessoflime (lumps)Ironpyrites (crystallizedanddisintegrated)Alkalies (causebricksfuse,twists,wrap)Pebbles (unregulations)Vegetation& (porous)Organicmatter

7. ClassificationofbrickearthIngredient Loamy, mild or

sandyclayMarls, chalky orcalcareousclay

Plastic, strong orpureclay

Alumina 27% 10 34Silica 66 35 50Lime&magnesia 1 48 6Oxideofiron 1 3 8Organicmatter 5 4 2

8. Qualitiesofgoodbricksa. Tablemoulded,wellburnt,coppercolored,freefromcrackswithsharpandsquareedges.b. Uniforminshapeandstandardsize.c. Shouldgiveclearmetallicringingsoundd. Whenbrokeshouldshowabrighthomogeneousanduniformcompactstructurefreefromvoids.e. Shouldnotabsorbwater>20%byweightwhensoakedincoldwaterfor24Hrs.f. Sufficientlyhard,noimpressionshouldbeleftwhenscratched.g. Shouldnotbreakintopieceswhendropfrom1Mtheight.h. Lowthermalconductivityandsoundproof.i. Shouldnotshowdepositsofwhitesaltswhenallowedtodryinshadeaftersoakedinwater.j. Shouldnothavecrushingstrength

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1. The tensile and shear strengths are about 8 to 12%and 8 to 10%of their compressive strengthsrespectively.

2. Thecomprehensivestrengthofconcreteisinfluencedbyx Qualityofmaterialsx Waterx Watercementratiox Ageofconcretex Cementcontentx Methodsofmixingplacing,curing

3. generallythestrengthdecreasewithincreaseindegreeofworkability4. Withtheage,theconcretegoesonhardening,therebyincreaseinstrength5. nottrulyelasticitymodulusisinfluencedbystrength,age,moisturecontent6. Concrete under goes extra strain on application of load is called creep of concrete which , not

recoveredonremovalofload7. Concreteisagoodinsulator8. WhenusedwithsteelinR.C.C,itcanwithstandbothcompressiveandtensilestresses9. Freefromcorrosion10. Concreteisprovedtoeconomicalthansteel11. Othertypes

x Vibratedconcreteforhighcompressivestrengthx Lightweightconcreteforfireresistance,partitionsx Vaccumconcreteformorestrengthx Lime,surkhiconcreteforeconomy

12.Proportion Max.sizeofaggregate Natureofconstruction1:1:2 12to20mm LoadedR.C.CcolumnsandR.C.C

arches1:2:2 1220 Smallprecastmemberlike,fencing

poles,watertightconstructions1:2:3/3:5:10 20 Watertanks,bridges,sewers2:5:7 25 Footpath,concreteroads1:2:4 40 R.C.Cwork,stairs,beams,columns,

sunshades,slabs,lintels1:3:5 50 Massconcreteworksinculverts,

retainingwalls.1:4:8/1:5:10/1:6:12 60 Heavywalls,foundationfootings

Glass1. Isamixtureofnumberofmetallicsilicates,oneofwhichisusuallythatofanalkalimetals2. itisbasicallyahard,brittle,transparcutmaterial3. Noteffectedbyordinarychemicalreagents,airorwater.4. Possibletoweldpiecesofglassbyfusion5. Affectedbyalkalisbutcantakeuphighpolish6. Providesexcellentelectricinsulationduetouncertaincrystallinestructure7. Absorbs,refractsortransmitslight

27

8. Availableincolors,nosharpmeltingpoints

Designofstructuralelementsinwood,steel,RCCWood

1. Artofcutting,framingandplacingofrawtimberinapositioniscalledcarpentryandjoinery2. timberwhichisthusdressedandfinallyplacedinpositioniscalledwroughtandputup3. Theartofcuttingofwoodbymeansofsawsiscalledsawing4. Processofplanningofftheflatedgesofftimberpiecetoformanangle45degiscalledchamfering5. Theprocessofchamfering,iftheangleformedisotherthan45degisknownasbevel6. Takingtheshavingofwoodiscalledplanning7. Processofshapingthevariousunitsofconstructionbyhandormachinetoproducemoldedsectionsis

calledmoulding.8. TheprocessofjoiningtwoboardsorpiecesoftimberatanangleIcalledmitring.9. This is theprocessof cuttingawaya rectangularportion from theedgeof timberpiece for sufficient

depthiscalledrebating10. Dressing the edges of the boards so as to male them straight and square with the face is called

shooting11. Thesinkingoftheedgeofonepieceoftimberintoanotheriscalledhousing12. Thesemicircularobjectformedonedgesorsurfacesofwoodiscalledbead13. Coveringtheentireorpartofsurfacewithveneersiscalledveneering14. MethodofjoiningtwoboardsatrightangleiscalledDovetailing

Steel1. Platsmaybeofanysizeor thicknessbuttgenerally theyarenotrolledto thickness28

mm2. Maximumareaofrolledplatesislimitedto30sq.m3. plates

28

x Platsaswebsandflangesofdeepbeams,columnflanges,columnbasesx Flatsconsiderableusex Angleusedindiff.componentsx Tsectionforrooftrussesandforcertainbuiltupcolumnsx Channelsbeams,columnsx Joists/Isectionbeamscolumns

11. Rivetingthecommonpracticetoconnectthemembersbyrivets.12. Rivetsusedinbuildingconstructionaremadeofsoftsteelwithatensilestrengthof3500to4000kg/cm

sq13. Lapjointconnectionsconnectingplatesarelappedoneovertheotherandriveted14. Buttjointconnectionconnectedwiththeaidofadditionalplants15. Weldedconnected thediameterof theholes iskept1mmlarger thanexternaldiameterof thebolt

thread.

Structuralmembers1. Steelbeamsincludegirders,lintelsetc2. Simplestbeamconsistsofasinglerolledsteeljointsectionorananglesection3. Totakegreaterloads,compoundsectionsareused4. plategirdersareusedwhenverylargeloadshavetobecarried5. Beams carrying light loads andwhere the shearing forces are not excessive, openweb beams are

used.6. If thebeamisaccommodatedbelowthetopflangeof thegirdertheconnection iscalledundergirder

flange.7. Ifthetopflangeofthebeamandportionofthewebiscutoffsoastoaccommodatethetopflangeof

theorderthatiscalledtopflush.8. Whenabeamata lower level is tobeconnected toagirderatahigher level that iscalledblocked

connection.9. Beamsmeetingathigherlevelswiththegirderarecalledblockedandelevatedconnection.10. Ifbeamsandgirdersareconnectedatdifferentlevels,iscalledhangerconnections.

Comprehensiveplanning

1. Theprocessofcomprehensiveplginvolvesconceptualizingacityfromthebroadtotheparticular.2. Thedecisionmakermustseethecityinitsmainphysicaloutlinesandelementsasmuchaswecan

retaininonecoherent,unifiedimage.3. To this core picturization is tied as much dynamic economic, social, political, quantitative abstract

informationofalltypesasmuchdetailasthemindcanhandleandrecall.4. Althoughtimeandcontinuousapplicationpermitenlargementandintensificationofthecompletemental

image,thereislimittothetotalbreadthanddepthwhichisavailableorrecall.

29

5. Whenthisconsciouscapacityisreached,furtherdevelopmentshouldtakeplaceinthequalityofmentalapproach,attitudes,analyticalsynthesisandconclusions.

6. Comprehensive plan is an official public document adopted by a local govt as a policy guide todecisionsaboutthephysicaldevelopmentofthecommunity.

7. Naturecomprehensiveencompassesallgeographicalpartsofthecommunity&allfunctionalelementswhichhaveabearingonphysicaldevelopment.

Generalsummarizes policies and proposals doesnt indicate specific location or detailedregulations.

Longrange2030yr Focusonphysicaldevt. Firstapolicyinstrumentandonlysecondatechnicaldocument

8. FunctionsPolicydeterminationeffectuationCommunicationandeducation9. Elementslanduse

communityfacilities circulation utilities urbandesign

Multilevelplanning

1. Multilevelplanningprocedureisdeterminedlargelybythecountriessituation,itssociopoliticalclimateanditsdevelopmentsalting.

2. Multilevelplgimpliesthatplgwouldbeundertakenateachlevelindependently.3. M.L.Pistwowayapproaches,requiringalotofpreparatoryeffortsfrombothends.4. Process

i. Determinationofapproachlevelsofdecisionmakingwithreferencetovariousactivities.ii. Organizing interaction between different levels in terms of exchange of information andinteractiveconsultationstagesofplanformulationandplanappraisal.

iii. The nesting of plans at different levels and integrating them into an unified frame.(sectoral,spatial,operational)

Preparationofurbanandreg.structureplans

10. Structure Social economic and physical systems of an area, so far as they are subject to planningcontrolorinfluence.

11. Structureplanwillheedtoaccountregionalandnationalpolicies.

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12. Structurehavetorelatetothewiderstrategicframeworkatnationalandregionallevel.13. Subjectsofstructureplan

Population educationEmploymentandincomesourcesothersocialandcommunityservicesIndustryandcommerceconversation,townscopelandscapeTransportation utilitiesShopping othersubjects

14. processIsawrittendocumentillustrateddiagramanaticallythelocalplgauthoritiespoliciesandmainproposalsforchangeonalargescale.(notsitespecific)

involvespreparationofadraftplanbythecountryauthorityanditsapprovalafterconsiderationandmodificationbycentralgovt.

15. FunctionsTostateandjustifytopublicandgovt.1. Tointerpretnationalandregionalpolicies.2. Toprovideframeworkandstatutorybasisforlocalplan

16. Implementation1. Throughlocalplans&actionplans.

Planningsurveys

1. Guideonprimarysurveysforsmallandmediumsizetowns,TCPorganization,GOVTofIndia,1972.2. Guideonlanduseclassificationforplanningpurposes,TCPorganization,GOVTofIndia,1973.3. theprocessofcollectionofdata

a. physicalb. socioeconomic

i. housing,ii. transport,iii. industries,employmentiv. socialservices

Iscalledplanningsurvey.4. censusreportcontains

a. houselistb. householdschedulec. individualship*demography

5. preliminaryplanningsurveya. preparationofbasemap

i. allphysicalfeaturesb. existinglandusesurvey

i. groupingoflandusesii. classificationiii. identificationiv. partlybuiltplotsv.categorizationofindustryvi. varyingusesinthesamebuildingsvii. permanentlandusesurveyrecord

c. utilitiesandservicessurvey

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i. watersupply,electricity,drainage,gasd. communityfacilitieslikeschools,clinics,hospitals,parksetc

i. locationofvariousfacilitiesii. interrelationships

e. problemidentificationandreconnaissancesurveyi. problemsofcongestionii. slumareasiii. unplannedgrowth

f. householdandtransportsurveyi. housingii. transportiii. educationiv. recreationv.shopping

6. landusescolorsVacant whiteResidential yellowCommercial blueIndustrial violetTransport,communication greyPublicutilities brownPublicandsemipublic redOpenspaces greenAgriculture bluishgreen

7. Collectionofdata1. Primary2. Secondary

8. PrimarydataFirsthandinformation,gatheredfromoriginalsources,interviews,directobservations.9. SecondarydataSecondhanddata,census,andlibrary.10. BiasIswhatwealwaystryingtominimizeandavoid.11. SelfsurveysQuestionnairesthroughmails,surveyformstomotorists,shoppers, inserter inthenews

papers.12. InterviewsFacetoface,telephone.13. DirectinspectionTrafficcounts,recreationareausesurveys,housingqualitystudies.14. ParticipantobservationSurveyerbecomesaresidentofthecommunitytolearn.15. Questionsofasurveyarealsocalledthevariables.16. Nominalscale(yes/no)setsofnames

Eg:Sex,profession,industry.17. OrdinalscaleRankingorder.Eg:Priorities,socialclass,housingconditionclimate.18. IntervalscaleIntervalsbetweenorderedresponses. Eg:Distence,age,weight,temperature.19. SampleSomefractionofthewholeisusuallyadequatetoestimatetheinformationaccuratelyforthe

wholepopulation.20. Asamplethatisnotrespectiveiscalledbiasedsample.21. SimplerandomsamplingEverypersonmusthaveanequalchanceofbeingpickedforthesample.22. Interviewtechniquecalledsnowballing.

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23. SystematicsamplingPickingsystematically.(Every5th).24. StratifiedsamplingToensuretherepresentativenessofasample.25. Cluster sampling Alternatingmeans for keeping the size small, thus keeping the costs down while

insuringrepresentativenessinthesample.26. thepioneeringwithrespectivethecivilsurveywascarriedoutbyPatrickgeddes(18541932)27. surveyscarriedouttocollectdata

x functionalsurveymeansofcommunication conditionsofindustries implementationofplan financialaspects

Socialsurveycommunitystructures history architecture healthcondition housing services

territorialsurveyphysicalfeature agriculturalsoil forest climate,soil

vitalsurveyactualpopulation futurepopulation growthoftown density occupation

28. typesofsurveysa. preliminarysurveylanduse,industries,railways,services,amenities,highwaysb. national survey administration, agriculture, communication, economy, geography, urban

settlements,naturalresourcesc. regionalsurveyseconomic,physical,socialamenitiesofregionsd. civicsurveysattownlevel,amenities,contours,housing,industries

29. basicvillage400500pop,agriculture30. ruraltown20003000pop,cultural,commercial,administrativecenter31. servicetown50007000pop,smallscaleindustries.

Applicationofremotesensingtechniques

1. RemotesenseddataformsAerialphotographs,satellileimageries.2. TostudyandmonitorIandfeature,naturalresourcesanddynamiceffectsofhumanactivities.3. Utility of R.S.Techniques are in agriculture, land use, soil resources, forestry, oil and mineral,

exploration,geloryandhydrogeology,watermanagement,mapmaking.

33

4. Existingbasemapmaybeupdatedindicatingphysicalandculturalfeaturesincludingroadnetworkwiththehelpoflatestsmallscaleaerialphotography.

5. SurveyofIndiaismakingtypeofareailphotographsforupdatingtoposheets.6. Drainagemapswillbepreparedbytoposheetsandsatelliteimagenary.7. NRSA prepares surface water body map of geological, geomorphological mapIIRS water potential

areasgroundwaterpotentialareassoilmaps,landusemap,forestandvegifatialmaps.8. With the advent of computer digital image analysismuchmore details from the imageries could be

extracted.9. SocioeconomicdatacouldbecombinedandanalysedusingGIS.10. Digital image analysis and computer facilities and trained interdisciplinary term of specialists are

availableatNRSAHyd,ISROBangalore.11. Urbanareamappingandhumansettlementanalysisusingvisualandmanualinterpretationfacilitiesare

thereinstateTCPdepts.12. Based on the scale of areal photograph and imaginary, the data base may be aggregated or

disaggregatedatanylevel.13. Databasefortwodifferentdatesmaybecomparedtodetectchangesusingrespectiveconverge.14. Aerialphotographsurbanareas,imageriesregionallevel.15. Areal photographs(23cm*23cm) are taken with the specially designed, sophisticated cameras with

distortionfreelenses.16. 1:50000providecontoursof10m

1:250005cm1:100002cm

17. Usefulscalesofmapsemployedforregionalplgare1:250000,1:50000.18. Otheruses Inventoryofvacantlands

HousecountanddwellingdensityEstimationofpopUrbanchangedetectionParkingstudiesStudyofslumsUrbanrenewalandidentificationofconservationareSiteanalysisandplanningTrafficstudiesEnvtstudies

Hierarchyofroadsandlevelsofservices

1. classificationofurbanroadsa. expressways

i. formotortrafficwithfullorpartialcontrolofaccessii. providedwithgradeseparationatintersectionsiii. toprovideformovementofheavyvolumesathighspeedsiv. freeflowconditionsv.connectmajorpointsoftrafficgenerationvi. toservetripsofmediumandlonglengthsbetweenres,ind,comm.,CBDareasvii. Parking,loading,unloadingpedestriansareprohibited.

b. arterialstreetsi. thoroughtrafficusuallyoncontinuousroute

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ii. betweenCBDtoresi,suburbansiii. generallyspacedatlessthan1.5kmsinCBDs8kmsindevelopedurbanfringes

iv. parking,loadingetcareregulatedv.pedestriansonlyatintersections

c. subarterialstreetsi. accesstoadjoiningareasii. parking,loadingetcareregulatediii. generallyspacedatlessthan05kmsinCBDs,35kmsindevelopedurbanfringes

d. collectorstreetsi. collectionanddistributionoftrafficii. inresi,ind,neighborhoodsiii. fewparkingrestrictionsexceptduringpeakhours

e. localstreetsi. accesstoresi,business,etcii. Allowsloading,pedestrians,parkingetc.

2. classificationofruralroadsa. nationalhighways

i. connectsports,foreignhighways,capitalofstatesb. statehighways

i. connectsnationalheadquartersandimportantcitiesii. samestandardasnationalhighways

c. districtroadsi. servesareasofproductionandmarketingii. Capableoftakingtrafficintotheheartofruralareas.

d. villageroadsi. connectsvillageswithnearestnational,stateorrailways

Intersectionandparkingareas

1. intersectionthegeneralareawhere2ormorewaysjoinoracross2. Halfofthefatalandseriousroadaccidentsinbuiltupareasoccuratjunctions.3. principlesinagooddesign

a. Thenumberofintersectionsshouldbekeptaminimum.Ifnecessarysomeminorroadsmybeconnectedwitheachotherbeforejoiningthemajorroad.

b. Hazardousmovementsbydriversareeliminatedbyvarious techniquessuchaschannelizingandstaggering.

c. Thedesignshouldpermitthedrivertodiscernquicklyeitherfromthelayoutortrafficsignsd. Layoutshouldfollownaturalvehiclepathse. Numberofconflictpointsshouldbeminimized.f. Vehicles that are forced to wait in order to cross a traffic stream should be provided with

adequatespaceatthejunctions.4. Atgradejunctionwhereallroadsjoinorcrossatthesamelevel.

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5. Gradeseparatedjunctionscrossingmanoeuvresatdifferentlevels6. Itisdesirablethattheintersectionroadsmeetatornearlyatrightangles.7. Visibilityatintersectionsanyobstructionsshouldbeclearoftheminimumvisibilitytriangleforaheight

of1.2Mtsabovetheroadway.8. forruralroads

Designspeedofmajorroad min.visibilitydistancealongamajorroadInK.P.H

100 22080 18065 14550 110

9. forurbanroads

typeofroad visibilitydistancealongamajorroadallpurposeprimarydistributor 120150districtorlocaldistributor 90accessroad 60

ParkingParkingspacerequirementstandards

S.NO. Landuse1. Residential

1. Detached,semidatachedrowhouses:Plotareaupto100sq.m

Plotareafrom101to200sq.mPlotareafrom201to300sq.mPlotareafrom301to500sq.mPlotareafrom501to1000sq.mPlotarea1001sq.mandabove2. Flats3. Special,costlydevelopedarea.4. Multistoreyedgrouphousingschemes.

2. Offices

3. Industrialpremises4. Shopsandmarkets5. Restaurants6. Theatresandcinemas

7. Hotelsandmotels1.Fiveandfourstarhotels2.Threestarhotels

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3.Twostarhotels4.Motels

8. Hospitals

1. maxparkingarearequiredforacar3mx6m(individual)2.5mx5m(community)

2. Spacereqt.forcommercialvehicle3.75mx7.5m3. forbicycle1.4m1.8m

Onstreetparkingmethods

ParallelparkingN=L/5.9L

X

y30angleN=L1.25/5

1.255

45angleN=L1.25/3.5460angleN=L2.16/2.89RightangleN=L/2.5

4. offstreetparkinga. surfacecarparksb. multistoreycarparksc. roofparksd. mechanicalcarparkse. undergroundcarparks

Trafficsafetyandtrafficlaws

1. Trafficregulationsdealswithcontrolofvehicles,driversandroadusers.2. Controlofvehiclesdealswithregistration,weight,size,design,construction,andmaintenance.3. Driverregulationsdealwithlicensing,operationofvehicles.4. Roaduserregulationsdealwithrulesofpedestrians,cyclists,motorcyclists.5. SpeedlimitsinurbanareasIndianconditions

Different categories of road andstreets

SpeedlimitsinKPHGroupI GroupIILightandmed.Vehicles Heavyvehicles

Majorroadsofarterial/subarterialmostlyinopenandthinlybuiltupareas

50 40

N=numberofparkingspaces

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Roadswithmoderatetrafficsuitedinsemibuiltupareas

40 30

Congestedroadsinbuiltupareas 30 20

6. UniformvehiclecodeU.KActIuniformmotorvehicleadministration,registrationcertificateoftitleandantitheftact.ActIIuniformmotorvehicleoperatorsandchauffeurslicenseact.ActIIIuniformmotorvehiclecivilliabilityact.ActIVuniformmotorvehiclesafetyresponsibilityact.ActVuniformactregulatingtrafficonhighways.

7. U.Ktheroadtrafficact1972PartIprincipleroadsafetyprovisionsPartIIconstructionanduseofvehiclesandequipmentPartIIIlicensingofdriversofvehiclesPartIVlicensingofdriversofheavygoodsvehiclesPartVdrivinginstructionsPartVIthirdpartyliabilitiesPartVIImiscellaneousandgeneral.

8. India,motorvehiclesact1939.

ChapterIpreliminaryChapterIIlicensingofdriversofmotorvehiclesChapterIIIlicensingofconductorsofstagecarriagesChapterIVcontroloftransportvehiclesChapterVconstruction,equipmentandmaintenanceofmotorvehicles.ChapterVIcontroloftrafficChapterVIImotorvehiclestemporaryleavingorvisitingIndiaChapterVIIIinsurancefmotorvehiclesagainstthirdpartyriskaChapterIXoffences,penaltiesandprocedures.ChapterXmiscellaneous

Principlesoftrafficengineeringandtransportationplanning1. Trafficengineering

Dealswith the planning andgeometric design of streets, highways andabutting lands, andwithtrafficoperationthereon,astheiruseisrelatedtothesafe,convenientandeconomictransportationofpersonsandgoods.2. functionsoftrafficengineering

a. collection,analysis,andinterpretationofdatapertainingtotraffici. ODsurveyii. Volumecountsiii. Speed,delayandtraveltimemeasurementsiv. Accidentstatisticsv.Parkingcharacteristicsvi. Pedestrianbehavioranduseofstreetsvii. Capacitystudiesviii. Economiclosscausedbyinferiortrafficfacilities

38

b. Trafficandtransportationplanningi. Toensureasafe,orderlyandfullyintegratedtransportsystem.ii. Relatedtolanduseiii. Selectionandimplementationofalternativesolutions

c. Trafficdesigni. Geometricdesignofhighwaysandstreetsii. Intersectiondesigniii. Schemesforgradeseparatedinterchangesiv. Designofoffstreetandonstreetparkingv.Designofterminals

d. Measuresforoperationoftraffici. Legislationandenforcementmeasuresdrivers,roadusersii. Managementmeasuresonewaystreets,turningsatjunctions,tidalflow,iii. Measuresforparkingiv. Trafficcontroldevices

e. Administrationi. Programsintendedtosafeandefficienttrafficii. Education,legislationandenforcementmeasures

3. transportationplanningTounderstandthenatureof theproblemsof trafficandformulateproposalsfor thesafeand

efficientmovementofgoodsandpeoplefromoneplacetoanother.4. stagesoftransportplanning

a. surveyandanalysisofexistingconditionsb. forecast,analysisoffutureconditionsandplansynthesisc. evaluationd. programadaptationandimplementatione. continuingstudy

Methodsofconductingsurveys

Speed,journeytimeanddelaysurveysVehiclevolumecounts,classificationandoccupancyOriginanddestinationsurveyParkingsurveysSpeed,journeytimeanddelaysurveys

Speedistherateofmovementoftraffic.Spotspeedistheinstantaneousspeedofavehicleataspecifiedlocation.Runningsped is theaveragespeedmaintainedbyavehicleoveragivencoursewhile thevehicle is in themotion.

Runningspeed=lengthofcourse = lengthofcourseRunningtimejourneytimedelay

Journeyspeedisknownasoveralltravelspeedincludingalldelaysincurredenroute.Journeyspeed= distance

Totaljourneytime(includingdelays)

Methodsofmeasuringspotspeedsa) Thosethatrequireobservationofthetimetakenbyavehicletocoveraknowndistance.

39

b) Radarspeedmeterwhichautomaticallyrecordstheinstantaneousspeed.c) Photographicmethod.

Thelongbasemethodsusedarei. Directtimingprocedureii. Enoscopeiii. Pressurecontacttubes

Methodsformeasuringrunningspeedandjourneyspeeda) Movingobservermethodb) Registrationnumbermethodc) Elevatedobservermethod

Vehiclevolumecounts,classificationandoccupancyIf traffic flow data are available over the past number of years, the rate at which traffic flow has

increased in the past can be easily determined. Extrapolating the past trend into the future, a reasonableindicationofthefuturerateofgrowthoftrafficismadepossible.Trafficforecastingisanimportantstepinthetransportationplanningprocess.Typesofcounts

i. Averageannualflow,expressedinvehiclesperyear.ii. Annualaveragedailytraffic(AADT),expressedIvehiclesperday.iii. Hourlyflow,expressedinvehiclesperhour.

Methodsfortrafficcountsa) Manualmethodsb) Combinationofmanualandmechanicalmethodsc) Automaticdevicesd) Movingobservermethode) Photographicmethods

VehicleoccupancysurveysVehicleoccupancysurveysareeasy toconduct forcarsandmotorized twowheelers.Theobservers

cannotethenumberofoccupantsofeveryoneofsuchvehiclesbystandingbytheroadside.Forbuses,theoccupancycanbedeterminedbyexaminingtheticketsales.

OriginanddestinationsurveyIn a transportation study, it is often necessary to know the exact origin and destination of the trips.

InformationyieldedbytheODsurveyincludeslanduseofthezonesoftheoriginanddestination,householdcharacteristicsofthetripmakingfamily,time,purposeofthetripandmodeoftravel.Usesofthestudy

i. Todeterminetheamountofbypassabletrafficthatentersatown,andthusestablishestheneedforabypass.

ii. Todeveloptripgenerationandtripdistributionmodelsintransportplanningprocess.iii. To determine the extent towhich the present road system is adequate and to plan for newfacilities.

iv. Toassesstheadequacyofparkingandtoplanforfuture.

Surveymethodsa) Homeinterviewsurvey

i. Fullinterviewtechnique

40

ii. Homequestionnairetechniqueb) Roadsideinterviewsurveyc) Postcardquestionnairesurveyd) Registrationnumberplatesurveye) Tagsonvehicles.

ParkingsurveysParkingisoneoftheseriousproblemsthatconfronttheurbanplannerandthetrafficengineer.Before

anymeasureforthebettermentoftheconditionscanbeformulated,basicdatapertainingtotheavailabilityofparkingspace,extentofitsusageandparkingdemandareessential.Parkingaccumulation:thetotalnumberofvehiclesparkedinanareaatspecifiedmoment.Parkingvolume:thenumberofvehiclesparkedinaparticularareaoveragivenperiodoftime.Parkingload:theareaundertheparkingaccumulationcurveduringaspecifiedperiod.Parkingduration:thelengthoftimespentinaparkingspace.Parkingindex:percentageof thetheoreticallyavailablenumberofparkingbaysactuallyoccupiedbyparkedvehicles.

Parkingindex = noofbaysoccupied x100Theoreticalnumberofbaysavailable

Parkingturnover:rateoftheusageoftheavailableparkingspace.Typesofparkingsurveys

i. Parkingspaceinventoryii. Parkingusagesurveybypetroliii. Questionnairetypeparkingusagesurveyiv. Cordonsurveyv.Photographicmethod

Modesoftransportation1. transportmodes

a. railwaysx surfacex undergroundx elevated

b. roadtransportc. airtransportd. watertransport

x coastalshippingx internationalshippingx inlandwatertransport

e. pipelinesf. ropeways

2. speed

Sno mode NormalspeedIndiakm/hr remarks1 railway 5080 Dependsonguageand

numberoftracks2 Roadtransport Dependsonpavement

41

CaraBusesandtrucks2wheelerscyclesautorickshawbullockcart

508030602550815153035

width,terrain

4 AirtransportBoeing747Boeing707Feederaircraft

1000950300400

5 WatertransportOceanlinersCoastalshipsInlandwaterbarges

355515351025

6 Pipelines 5107 Ropeways 510

3. safetyRailtransport Ifadequatemeasuresaretakenatsignals,itssafe.Ifaccidentstake

placelossisheavyRoadtransport Unsafe,whencrossing,overtakingAirtransport Safety,becauseohighstandards.Accidentsbecauseoffog,birds,

storms,etcWatertransport Safe,becauseofstrictstandardsandconstructionandmaintenancePipelines,ropeways safe

4. AdequacyRailtransport Canmeetseasonalfluctuationsintraffic,Roadtransport Unsafe,whencrossing,overtakingAirtransport Safety,becauseohighstandards.Accidentsbecauseoffog,birds,

storms,etcWatertransport Safe,becauseofstrictstandardsandconstructionandmaintenancePipelines,ropeways safe

Principlesofvisualcomposition

1. ImportantfactortobeconsideredinUrbanDesignArrangementofspacesGoodcompositionOrderlyandpleasingPleasurefollowsorder

2. principlesofcompositionUnity

x Onenessandbringsharmonywiththesurroundings.x Similarformsgivecoherencetothepartsandintegritytothewhole.

42

x Anurbanformsoplannedandcreatedwillcreateasinglepictureofunity.x Dissimilarforms,texture,colorlackunity.

Segregation

x Compositionshouldformanindependentunitbyseparatingfromothersbyenclosingmasses.x Itcanbemadeupneutralforms,averagetexturesorsubduedcolorsofbuildingmasses.

Coherence

x Complicatedcompositionslackcoherence.x Toomanysortsofbuildings,elements,andaccessoriesresultinlackofcoherence.

Balance

x SymmetricalbalanceBalancemeansequalityanditcanbeeasilyobtainedbysymmetricaltypeofplants or features on either side of the central axis of composition. Balance should bedynamic,vitalhenceitshouldberhythmic.

x Asymmetrical or Occult balance Too unequal masses on either side of the central axis formasymmetricalbalance.Meticulouslyarrangedoccultbalanceaddssoftnessand freedom tothecomposition.

Scale

x Thebuildingorgroupofbuildingsmustbeinscalewithitssurroundings.x Thepartsofthecompositioninrelationtoeachothershouldexhibittheirtruesize.

Rhythmandreputation

x Itisadevisetogivecontinuitytothedesign.x Itdevelopsrhythmicsequenceproducingacoherenteffect.x Usedistinctiveelementsforarhythmicarrangement(columns,openingslikewindows),toholdtogether

andcarrytheeyefromparttotheother.Color

x Selectpaintsforlongcoloreffects.x Afeelingofcoherenceindesignisachievedbycoloraswellorbysimplerepetitionofthesamecolorat

regularintervals.Texture

x It is thesurfacequalitywhichgivea textilesensationwhentouched,suchassoftcumhard,smooth,roughetc.,

x Sandstonecourse.x Marbletranslucentandsoft

LightandShade

x OccasionalShadescastbylargeopeningsproduceapictorialeffect.x Columnsandarcadesthrowshadowsinthemorningandeveningproducingaconstantchangeoflight

andshade.

x Qualityofcoloralsochangesaccordingtotheintensityoflight.

3. Visualaspectofplanarrangement

43

x View:isasceneobservedfromagivenplace.x Vista: isa confinedview toadominant feature.Eachvistahasa viewingstation.Awell

conceivedvistahasthebalanceandrhythm.

x Axis: isa linearelementconnecting twoormoreelementssuchasadrive,astreetoraparkway.Itisdirectional,orderly,dominating.

4. ColortheoryPrimaryhuesRED,YELLOW,BLUE,GREEN.Harmonizingcolorshuesadjacentonthecolorwheel.Hue(firstdimension),bydefinitionitispurecolor,containingnowhite,blackorgrey.Value(2dimension),itisthedegreeofcolorsluminosityYellowthelightestcolorofspectrumwheelhighervalueVioletthelowestvalue.Intensity(3dimension),givesomemeasureofqualityofrelativecolorfulnessorgreyness.Alsoknownaschroma,purityorsaturation.Asspectralhuesbecomegreyertheyarecalledastones.Redisthemostadvancingcolor.5. VIBGYORcold

6. EffectsofhueEffect hue contrastExciting bright,red,orange highStimulating red,orange moderateCheering lightorangeyellow,lightgrey moderateNeutralizing grey,white/offwhite lowRetraining coolgrey,lightgreen,lightblue lowRelaxing blue,green lowSubduing purple moderateDepressing black low7. color time size weight volume

Warm overestimated thingsseem heavier decreasesCoolunderestimated thingsseem lighter increases

8. Usecoolcolorsshorter&forareaswheresmallerroutineormonotonoustasksareperformed.9. NaturalcolorsystemEdwardHeringstheory10. SvenHasselpreparedacoloratlas.11. Wecantseeanobjectifbeyondadistanceof3500timesitssize.12. rangeofconventionaldistance3013. tomakeoutfacialexpressions4014. tomakerecognizeaface8015. Max.Distancefordiscoveringaction450forseeingpeople4000.

44

16. 450(1:1)fullenclosure17. 300(1:2)thresholdofenclosure18. 180(1:3)minimumenclosure19. 140(1:4)lossofenclosure20. shapeis2dimensional21. formis3D22. colorhueorchroma23. intensitygrayingeffect24. valuetint(addingwhite)(highkey)25. shading(addingblack)(lowkey)26. tonerangeoftintsandshades27. VariouscolorsystemsMunsell,Prangetc.

Senseofplaceandspace,divisionofspace

1. Inurbandesign,thereshouldbeskilleddeploymentofarchitecturalenergysothattheinfluenceoffinebuildingsradiatesoutward,articulatingthewholefabricofthecity.

2. Architectureisthearticulationofspacesoastoproduceintheparticipatoradefinitespaceexperienceinrelationtopreviousandanticipatedspaceexperience.

x Involvementx Meetingtheskyx Meetingthegroundx Pointsinspacex Recessionplaces(Patios,entrancegatewaysetc)x Designindepth(asenseofmovementindepth)x Ascentanddescent(useofvaryinglevelsastheelements)x Convexityandconcavityindesignx Relationshiptomanx Designerasparticipatorx Apprehension,representationandrealization.

3. Thenatureofdesignsimultaneousmovementsystems.4. principlesofdesign

x unityrepetitionofidenticalelementsx Headofwellproportionedhumanfigure=1/7oftotalbodyheight.x Proportiongoldenmeanisaratio1:1.618standard.

45

x Certainproportionsaremorepleasingthanothers.x Subliminaleffect.

CONTENTS:

Keywords

INTRODUCTION

ChapterI

I.EVOLUTIONOFBONDS:

1. Cityfinancingapproachandanalysis

2. Economicsofcityfinancing

3. Measurestooptimizerevenue

4. Pooledfinancingforcityinfrastructure

5. Cityrestructuring

6. BondmarketinIndia

II.NEEDOFMUNICIPALBONDS:

1. Resourcegap

2. Resourcemobilizationofeffort

3. Evidentofneweconomicpolicy

4. Municipalbonds

III.THEINNOVATIONSINTHEBONDMARKET

1. Municipalbonds

2. Infrastructurebonds

IV.TYPESOFMUNICIPALBONDS

1. GObonds(Generalobligatory)

2. RBbonds(revenuebonds)

V.CASESTUDYAMC(AhmedabadMunicipalCorporation)

REFERENCES.

KeyWords:

Propertytax:Propertytaxisimposedbyalllocalbodies.Thebasisisthegrossvalueofthepropertyintermsofrentalvalueortherentthepropertywouldnormallyfetchifletout.

46

Usercharges:Userchargesarethechargesonserviceslikewatersupply,transportation,andelectricity.

Octrio:Octrioisthemostimportantandelasticsourceofrevenue.Thesearecheckpostbasedtaxes.

Bonds:BondsaretheloansthatcanmaketotheGovernmentorstateorcentralandalsocanmaketothemunicipality.

Grants in aid:The local bodies receive grants in aid from the state government on the basis of somepredeterminedcriteria.Thesevaryfromstatetostate.

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INTRODUCTION:

A bond is a loan that canmake to an institution that canmake the loan to the government, a state, and a localmunicipality or to a company.Companies and government need thismoney to finance projects like new building androads.Whenyoulandmoneytoaninstitution,theIOU(Ioweyou)theygiveyouiscalledbond.ThisIOUistheirpromiseto repay both your principal (the amount you land) and a fixed amount of interest for allocating them to borrow yourmoney.Asabondinvestorwehavemanychoices.Theyare

PUBLICSECTORBONDSbothstateandcentral)Bharatpetroleum,Hindustanpetroleum,AndhraPradeshpowerfinancecorporationetc..

PRIVATESECTORBONDS:Reliance,Citybank.

MUNICIPALBONDS:AMC(AhmedabadMunicipalCorporationBonds)

FINANCIALINSTITUTIONBONDS:HDFC,ICICI,IDBIetc..

RBI8%reliefbondsunityataleisureof5years.

INCOMEBONDS:TheyinvestonlyinGvtsecurityisthathasnosecurityrisk.Theyaresuitablefor1yeartimehorizon.

GILTFUNDS:Theyinvestonlyingovernmentsecuritiesthathavenopcreditrisk.theyaresuitableforoneyearhorizon.

SHORTTERMFUNDS:They investwithmixofGovt&corporatesecurities.short termmaturitiesmuchasone to threeyears.Theyaresuitableforperiodof6months.

FIXEDMATURITYFUNDS

LIQUIDFUNDS:TheyinvestinveryshorttermbondssuchasGovttreading,bills

BONDSAREKEYTOSAFETY

TheWellacceptedandacknowledgedbeliefamongstIndianInvestorswasthat"Theroutetoprosperityisonlythroughequity",butBondshasslowlygivenwaytotheperceptionthatOneshouldgrowhiswealthwithminimumriskandatagradualpacewhichispossibleonlythroughsecuredinvestmentsinbondsanddebentures".BondsoccupythepredominantshareofthecapitalmarketsindevelopedeconomieslikeUSAandEuropeancountries.Intheseeconomiesthemajorproportionofthefinancialflowsarethroughthemediumofbondmarkets.However,inIndia,Bondmarketswerelargelyrelegatedtothebackseatintheearly70swhentheequitycultwasdevelopinginIndia.Ittookthecenterstageonlyduringthe80s.Theinitiativewastakenduringtheearly80sbythepublicsectorutilitieslikeNHPC,PFC.MTNLetcbyissuingthebondstomeettheirfinancialrequirements.Asacheapersourceoffundingcomparedtoequity,thesebondsturnedouttobeanexcellentmediumof financingduringthisperiod.However, from1987onwardstherewasa lull in thebondmarketsforabout5to6years.BondmarketsinIndiareceivedashotinitsarmin1992whenIDBIbroughtanewconceptofDeepdiscount(DD)bonds.TheDDbondissueofIDBIwasagreatrevolutionarystepandgotathumpingsuccess.IthadofferedareturnofRS.1lack on an investment of Rest. 3600/ after a period of 25 years. The resounding success of this bondworked as aspringboardfortheBondmarketsinIndia.Theotherinstitutions,whichwerecloselywatchingthesuccessofthisBondIssueofIDBI,wereIFCI,ICICI,andSCICI.Boosted by the success of this IDBI, IFCI and ICICI also come out with similar Bond issues, which also got similarresponsesfromtheinvestorcommunity.TherewasrallyofBondissuesbythesefinancialInstitutionsafterIcecapsDecember95publicissue.EventhecorporatelikeL&T,TISCO,ArvinMillsandShookLeyland joinedthebandwagonandcomeoutwith theirBondoffers,evincingenthusiasticresponsesfromtheinvestingcommunity.

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Equitywithafewnotableexceptions,hasbeensheddingtheirvaluecontinuouslyforthelastfouryears.SinceApril1998,equitymarketshavelostaboutonefifthoftheircapitalization,inflictingmassivelossestotheinvestors.Intheseturbulentstockmarkettimes,itmakessensetoparkthefundsinthesaferheavensalongwithprospectsofgoodreturns.Withcommercialbanksofferingmeaslyinterestonsavingaccounts,theprofitableinvestmentoptionavailabletoinvestoristhefixedincomesecuritiesintheformofcompanyfixeddeposits,thedebenturesofthecorporateentitiesandbondsoffinancialInstitutions.ThephenomenonoffindingsuccorinbondsduringtheturbulentstockmarketisnotuniquetoIndia.Allovertheglobethecrashofstockmarketsareforcingmajorityoftheinvestorstofindsolaceandprotectioninbondmarkets,especiallythebondmarketsofUnitedStates.Therefore,therehasbeenasuddenupsurgeinthedemandforUSBonds.Asaresult,alargeproportionofAsianFundsaremovingtoUSBondMarketsandpushingupthebondprices.I.EVOLUTIONMUNICIPALBONDS1.Cityfinancingapproachandanalysis

Theurbanpopulationof India is projected to grow from217million in 991 to around350million in 2001, andfurtherto658millionbytheyear2025.Thenumberofurbanagglomerationsandtownsarealsoexpectedtogrowfrom3609in1991towellover4000bytheyear2001andmorebeyond.Theresourcesrequirementsfor70oddcitiesforwhichbothlocalbodiesanddevelopmentauthoritiesexistandforthe30millionpluscitiesbytheyear2001havebeenworkedoutandpresentedinanearlierchapter.Fromthesizeofresourcesrequiredonecanimaginethemagnitudeoftheeffortsneeded for mobilizing, the resources. Unless the economic base of these cities is strengthened and the urbaninfrastructures,municipalservicesandamenitiesareprovidedatlevelsthatmatchtheirstatus,thesecitieswillnotbeinapositiontoefficientlyfunctionLiedplaytheroleincontributingtotheeconomicdevelopmentandaugmentationofthelocalfinancialresources.ItisimportanttonotethatthecontributionofurbansectortoGDPiscurrentlyexpectedtobeintherangeof5060percent.Nationaleconomicgrowthandpoverty reductioneffortswillbe increasinglydeterminedby theproductivityofthesecitiesandtowns.ForIndiancitiestobecomegrowthorientedandproductive,itisessentialtoachieveaworldclassurbansystem.Thisinturndependsonattainingefficiencyandequityinthedeliveryandfinancingofurbaninfrastructure.

2.EconomicsofCityFinancingSystem:

Thecityfinancingsystemformsthebasicstructureonwhichthephysicaldevelopmentofacityconsiderablydepends.Assuch, the development of cities and other urban centers it involves investment of capital resources in the creation of'urban/municipalandotherinfrastructure.Today,theredoesnotexistaprocessatJivenationallevel,whichcanpreciselyorindicatetheproportionofIndia'snationaloutputtobeutilizedforurbandevelopment

3.MeasurestoOptimizeRevenue

Thecitygovernmentsandvariouslocalauthoritiesresorttotheapplicationofseveralmeasuresforoptimizingrevenue,they have not fully developed the potential of the revenue sources so as to be selfsufficient.Consequently, they faceacuteshortageoffinancialresourcesinbothmaintainingtheexistinglevelsandstandardsofurbaneconomicandcivicservicesandtomeetrequirementsof futureadditions to thepopulationof thecity.Theresourcesarecapableofbeingusedforalternativepurposes.

4.PooledFinancingforMunicipalInfrastructureTraditionally,municipalcorporationsandurbanlocalbodieshavereliedonsubsidizedfundsforprovidingurbanserviceswhichconstraintstheconstraintstheintroductionofuserchargesandefficientprojectoperationandmaintenance.Inviewofthehugeresourcegap,directaccesstocapitalmarketwouldnowbeanacceptedviableoption.However,accesstocapital market requires financial discipline and enhanced credit rating. It has been the experience that only biggermunicipalcorporationsareinapositiontotaketheadvantageoftheresourcesavailableincapitalmarket.Mediumandsmallermunicipalitiesareunable todosodue toweak financialpositionand lackofcapacity toprepareviableprojectproposals. A State level pooled financing mechanism is being proposed for smaller and medium municipalities. TheobjectiveofaStatelevelpooledfinancemechanismistoprovideacosteffectiveandefficientapproachforsmallerandmedium sizedULBs to access the domestic capitalmarkets for urban infrastructure and to introduce new institutionalarrangementsformobilizingUrbanInfrastructureFinance.

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5.CityRestructuringGovernment of India is also encouraging citywide reforms and restructuring so as to ensure that cities aremanagedefficiently and become creditworthy (to attract private fina