gastrointestinal cestodes and nematodes of coyotes from
TRANSCRIPT
Eastern Illinois UniversityThe Keep
Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications
1981
Gastrointestinal Cestodes and Nematodes ofCoyotes from Southeastern IllinoisValerie KeenerEastern Illinois UniversityThis research is a product of the graduate program in Zoology at Eastern Illinois University. Find out moreabout the program.
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Recommended CitationKeener, Valerie, "Gastrointestinal Cestodes and Nematodes of Coyotes from Southeastern Illinois" (1981). Masters Theses. 3019.https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/3019
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Date Author
in
GASTROINTESTINAL CESTODES AND NEMATODES OF
COYOTES FROM SOUTHEASTERN ILLINOIS (TITLE)
BY
Valerie Keener
THESIS
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
Master of Science
IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL, EASTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY CHARLESTON, ILLINOIS
981J YEAFl
I HEREBY RECOMMEND THIS THESIS BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE GRADUATE DEGREE CITED ABOVE
'=I �� ,>?( L/ A""' 4.-ff '' r I DATE
ABSTRACT: Gastrointestinal tracts of 45 coyotes, Canis latrans, from
southeastern Illinois were examined for cestodes and nematodes. The
following parasites and incidences (%)were observed: Taenia sp. (71.1);
Ihysaloptera sp. (53 . 3); Ancylostoma sp. (20.0); Ascarididae (11.1);
Thelazia sp. (2.2); Trichuris sp. (2.2); Uncinaria sp. (2.2). Ancylostoma
sp. occurred significantly more often in juveniles than adults. Parasites
averaged low numbers per coyote, and no ulceration or blood in the
tracts was seen.
ii
ACKNCMLEDGEMENTS
Coyotes were obtained from A. Hasler and D. Fender. J. H. Keener,
J. B. Keener, and s. Priebe assisted with samples and data. M. L. Keener
typed the manuscript. G. Hubert, Jr. radiographed teeth and aged the
coyotes. B. T. Ridgeway, aided by R. Kuye, confirmed the parasite
identifications. K. Kruse offered statistical advice. Members of my
committee, R . D • .Andrews, L . Durham, L. B . Hunt, and B. T. Ridgeway,
critically read the manuscript.
iii
TABLE OF ·CONTENTS
ABSTRACT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ii
ACKNCJvlLEroEMENTS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • iii
LIST OF TABLES • • • • • • • • • • . . • • •• • • • • v
INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1
MN.l'HODS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1
RESULTS • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 3
DISCUSSION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3
LITERATURE CITED • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7
LITERATURE REVIEW • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11
LITERATURE CITED • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • • 32
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 . Incidence of gastrointestinal parasites by sex and age in
coyotes from southeastern Illinois • • • • • • •
Table 2 . Comparison of parasites found in this study, excluding
Thelazia sp., to other m.idwestern studies •
Literature Review
• •
Table 1 . Gastrointestinal helminths, excluding trematodes,
previously found in coyotes • • • • • •
v
•
• •
•
•
•
4
• 5
12
Coyotes (Canis latrans ) have been·shown by several researchers,.
including Andrews and Boggess (1 978) and Berg and Chesness (1978) , to
consume a wide variety of materials. 'lbeir predatory and scavenging
habits expose them to possible parasite infections from many sources.
Parasite surveys of coyotes have been conducted widely west of the
Mississippi River in the United States including the following states
and reports: California (Voge 1 955) ; Iowa (Franson et al. 1 978) ;
Kansas (Ameel 1 955 ; Gier and Ameel 1 959 ; Gier 1968); Minnesota
(Erickson 1 944) ; Oklahoma (Self and McKnight 1950; Esch and Self 1965);
Texas ('Il1.ornton et al. 1974; Pence and Meinzer 1979); Utah (Butler and
Grundmann 1 954 ; Conder and Loveless 1978). 'Il1.e Canadian provinces of
Alberta, Manitoba, and Ontario were the site of coyote parasite surveys
by Holmes and Podesta (1 968), Samuel et al. (1978), and Freeman et al.
(1 961 ) , respectively. This study of gastrointestinal cestodes and nematodes
from southeastern Illinois was undertaken to add to our knowledge of the
ecology of an increasing coyote population east of the Mississippi River.
METHODS
Skinned and frozen coyote carcasses were obtained from two fur
buyers . 'lhese coyotes were considered to be representative of an area
within 50-mile radii of the two buyers: Louisville (Clay County ) and
Nob'le (Richland County), Illinois. The area is composed of gently rolling
hills with scattered woodlots, most wooded areas occurring in river
bottomland. Agriculture is the major land use.
Carcasses were thawed, and complete gastrointestinal tracts were
removed, placed in plastic bags, and refrozen. Tracts were thawed and
divided into sections- esophagus, stomach , duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and
1
2
cecum.and large intestine . Each section was opened , flushed , and
scraped; contents were searched for parasites . All worms were stored in
vials of alcohol-formalin-acetic acid (AFA).
Some cestode scoleces were stained with Grenacher's Alcoholic Borax
Carmine, cleared with oil of wintergreen, and mounted on slides in
Permount . Cestodes not requiring staining for identification were stored
in AFA. Nematodes were cleared in lactophenol and stored in 7afo ethanol,
3% glycerine . Identification of cestodes was based on works by Morgan
and Hawkins (1 951 ), Wardle and McLeod ( 1 952) , and Yam.a.guti (1959) .
Nematode identification was made by utilizing Morgan and Hawkins (1 951 ),
Yam.a.guti (1 961 ) , Yorke and Maplestone (1 969), Chabaud (1975), and
Levine (1980).
Age of the coyotes was determined by the size of the canine pulp
cavity . Mandible tips were macerated until the canines fell out . One
canine per coyote was radiographed , with aging following the technique
of Grue and Jensen (1 976) . Juveniles were separated from adults by
applying the following characters: pulp cavity over � the width of
tooth= juvenile; pulp cavity less than� the width of tooth = adult;
pulp cavity approximately equal to � the width of tooth = animal caught
early in second year (about 1 6 months ) .
Significance of relations between age and/or sex of coyotes and
infection was tested by chi-square (with Yate's correction factor ) .
Although expected frequencies were often small, Harnett (1975) states
that the chi-square test may still be u sed.
Representative specimens of parasites obtained in this study have
been deposited in the National Parasite Collection (u .s . n . A . ) at
3
Beltsville, Maryland.
RESULTS
Forty-five coyotes were collected from 20 December 1 980 to 17
January 1981 . Coyotes were aged and sexed as follows: 11 juvenile males;
9 adult males; 20 juvenile females; 5 adult females . Thirty-eight (84.4%)
of the coyotes were infected with parasites from one genus of cestode and
five genera and one family of nematodes (Table 1). The only significant
relation between infection and age and/or sex of the coyote s was that
significantly (P<o.05) more juveniles (9/31) were infected with
Ancylostoma sp. than were adults (0/14).
Multiple infections were found in 65.aofo (25/38) of the infected
coyotes . Twenty coyotes had cestode-nematode infections, while four
had only multiple nematode infections . One coyote contained repre sentatives
of four parasite groups, Taenia sp ., Physaloptera sp., Ancylostoma sp.,
and Uncinaria sp . No significant relations were found between infection
and age and/or sex of the coyotes with re spect to multiple infections,
three or more group infections, or the most common multiple infection
(11/25), Taenia sp . and Ihysaloptera sp .
DISCUSSION
Taenia sp. and Ihysaloptera sp . were the most prevalent parasites
found in this and other midwestern studies (Table 2). Taenia sp. utilize
a variety of rodents and other kind� of herbivores as intermediate hosts
( Olsen 1 974) . Andrews and Bogge ss (1 978) show that rabbits and mice
makeup a considerable amount of the coyote's diet-in Iowa . Observation
of stomach contents in this study indicated the presence of many rabbits
and mice . Other epidemiologic conditions being suitable , it is not
Table 1 . Incidence of Gastrointestinal Parasites by Sex and Age in Coyotes frM Southeastern Illinois
Cestodes
Taenia sp.
Nematodes
Fhysaloptera sp.
Ancylostoma sp.
Ascarididae
Thelazia sp.
Trichuris sp.
Uncinaria sp.
*Sample size.
**Based on scoleces.
Sex
Male (20)*
75.0
45 .0
25. 0
10.0
o.o
o.o
5.0
Female (25)
68.0
60. 0
1 6 .0
1 2 . 0
4. 0
4. 0
o.o
Incidence (%)
Age
Adult (14)
Juvenile (31 )
64.3 74.2
42 . 9 5a.1
o.o 29 .0
1 4 .3 9 .7
o.o 3 . 2
o.o 3.2
o.o 3.2
Total (45)
71 . 1
53 . 3
20. 0
11.1
2.2
2 . 2
2.2
Average Parasite Load
6.6**
3.a
3.3
6 .2
1 . 0
1 4.0
1 .0
�
Table 2. Comparison of Incidence of Parasites Found in this Study, Excluding Thelazia sp., to Other
Midwestern Studies.
Cestodes
Taenia sp.,
Nematodes
Physalo-ptera sp.
Ancylostoma sp.
Ascarididae
Trichuris sp.
Uncina.ria sp.
IL (45)*
71.1
53.3
20.0
11.1
2.2
2.2
Incidence {%)
IA a (144)
86.8
66. 7
50. 0
3a.9
6.9
o.o
a-Franson et al. 1978; b-Ameel 1955; c-Gier and Ameel 1959.
*Sample size.
KSb (1142)
92.8
60. 4
19.s
19.3
11. 2
o.o
KSc
(1850)
95
51
25
33
6
0
V1
6
surprising that Taenia sp. is prevalent in the coyotes studied. Fhysaloptera
sp. utilize insects of the Orders Orthoptera and Coleoptera as intermediate
hosts and the amphibians, birds and mammals that feed on these insects
may serve as transport hosts (Petri and Ameel 1 950). Coyotes include the
transport hosts in their diet and probably a considerable number of
appropriate insects as well, so the likelihood of transmission i.s great.
One female Thelazia sp., a parasite of the eye, was found in one
coyote's gastrointestinal tract. Possible hosts of Thelazia sp. in Illinois
are cattle, horses, dogs, coyotes, man , cats, and wild birds (Olsen 1 974).
Presence o f the worm in th e gastrointestinal tract must b e considered
accidental. It may have been ingested by the coyote or it may represent
an unusual site for the parasite in its host.
Ancylostoma sp. was found in significantly more juveniles than adults.
Adult coyotes may have been partially immunized by prior infections and
are therefore more resistant, as is the case with dogs ( Levine 1980).
Also Miller (1 965) has demonstrated that true natural age immunity in
canines may exist. These immunologic factors coupled with the opportunity
for very young animals to acquire prenatal and transmamma.ry infections
(Clapham 1 962; Stone and Girardeau 1 968) , in addition to the more common
infections by skin penetration and ingestion, may account for the numbers
of juveniles infected.
The small average parasite load of Illinois coyotes (Table 1 ) suggests
that their health is not being severely affected. Personal observation
also indicated that the coyotes appeared healthy, i.e. no ulceration or
blood in the tracts was seen. Low parasite loads also resulted in the
presence of few male nematodes which inhibited identification beyond genus.
1
LITERATURE CITED
Ameel, D. J. 1955. Parasites of the coyote , Canis latrans Say, in
Kansas. J. Parasit. 41: 325.
Andrews , R. D. , and E. K. Boggess. 1978. Ecology of coyotes in Iowa.
Pages 249-265 !B,M. Bekoff, ed. Coyotes: biology, behavior, and
management. Academic Press , New York.
Berg, W. E., and R. A. Chesness. 1978. Ecology of coyotes in northern
Minnesota. Pages 229-247 !!!, M. Bekoff , ed. Coyotes: biology,
behavior, and management. Academic Press, New York.
Butler , J . M., and A. W. Grundmann . 1954. 'llle intestinal helminths of
the coyote Canis latrans Say in Utah. J. Parasit. 40: 440-443.
Chabaud, A. G. 1975. Keys to genera of the order Spirurida. Part 1.
Camallanoidea, Dracunculoidea, Gnathostomatoidea , Hlysalopteroidea,
Rictularioidea, and 'lllelazioidea. In cm keys to the nematode
parasites of vertebrates. Com • .Agric. Bur., Farnham Royal, Bucks.,
Eng;tand.
Clapham, P. A. 1962. Pre-partum infestation of puppies with Ancylostoma
caninum. Vet. Rec. 74: 754-755·
Conder, G . A., and R. M. Loveless. 1978. Parasites of the coyote in
central Utah. J . Wldl. Dis. 14: 247-249.
Erickson , A. B. . 1944. Helminths of Minnesota canidae in relation to food
habits and a host list and key to the species reported from North
America. Amer. Midl. Nat. 32: 358-372. -
Esch , G . W. , and J. T. Self. 1965. A critical s·tudy of the taxonomy of
Taenia pisiformis Bloch, 1780 ; Mu.lticeps multiceps { Leske , 1780);
and H.vdatigera taeniaeformis Batsch, 1786. J . Parasit. 51: 932-937.
8
Franson, J. c., R. D. Jorgenson, E. K. Boggess, and J. H. Greve. 1978.
Gastrointestinal parasitism of Iowa coyotes in relation to age .
J. Parasit. 64: 303-305.
Freeman, R. S•, A. Adorjan, and D. H. Pimlott. 1961. Cestodes of wolves,
coyotes, and coyote-dog hybrids in Ontario. Can. J. Zool. 39:
527-532.
Gier, H. T. 1968. Coyotescin Kansas. rev. ed. A.gric. Exp. Sta. Kans.
State Univ. Agric. and Appl. Sci., Manhattan, Kansas, Bull. 393.
118 pp.
Gier, H . T., and D. J. Ameel. 1959. Parasites and diseases of Kansas
coyotes. Agric. Exp. Sta. Kans. State Univ. Agric. and Appl. Sci.,
Manhattan, Kansas, Tech. Bull. 91. 34 PP•
Grue, H . , and B. Jensen. 1976. Annual cementum structures in ca.nine
teeth in arctic foxes (Alopex 1§!.gOpus (L.)) from Greenland and
Denmark. Dan. Rev. Game Biol. 10(3): 1-12.
Ha.matt, D. L. 1975. Introduction to statistical methods, 2nd ed.
Addison-Wesley Publ. Co. , Reading, Massachusetts. 522 PP•
Holmes, J . c., and R. Podesta. 1968. The helminths of wolves and coyotes
from the forested regions of Alberta. Can. J. Zool. 46: 1193-1204.
Levine, N. D. 1980. Nematode parasites of domestic animals and man,
2nd ed. Burgess Publ. Co., Minneapolis, Minnesota. 477 pp.
Miller, T. A. 1965. Influence of age and sex on susceptibility of dogs
to primary infection with Ancylostoma caninum. J. Parasit. 51:
701-704.
Morgan, B. B. , and P . A. Hawkins. 1951. Veterinary helminthology.
Burgess Publ. Co., Minneapolis, Minnesota. 400 pp.
9
Olsen, O. W. 1974. Animal parasites: their life cycles and ecology,
3rd ed. Univ. Park Press, Baltimore , Maryland. 562 pp.
Pence , D. B., and w. P. Meinzer. 1979. Helminth parasitism in the
coyote, Canis latrans, from the Rolling Plains of Texas. Int. J.
Parasit. 9: 339-344.
Petri , L. H., and D. J. Ameel., 1950. Studies on the life cycle of
Ih:ysaloptera �Hall and Wigdor, 1918 and Physaloptera praeputialis
Linstow, 1889. J. Parasit. 36(sup.):· 40.
Samuel, w. M., s. Ramalingam, and L. N. Carbyn. 1978. Helminths in
coyotes, wolves, and red foxes of southwestern Manitoba. Can. J.
Zool. 56: 2614-2617.
Self', J. T., and T . J. McKnight. 1950. Platyhelminthes from fur bearers
in the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, with especial reference to
Oochoristica spp. Amer. Midl. Nat. 43: 58-61.
Stone , w. M., and M. H. Girardeau. 1968. Transma.mmary passage of
Ancylostoma caninum larvae in dogs. J. Parasit. 54: 426-429.
'lhornton, J. E., R. R. Bell, and M . J. Reardon. 1974. Internal parasites
of coyotes in southern Texas. J. Wldl. Dis. 10: 232-236.
Voge, M. 1955. A list of cestode parasites from California mammals .
Amer. Midl. Nat. 54: 413-417.
Wardle, R. A. , and J. A. McLeod. 1952. The zoology of tapeworms. Univ.
Minn. Press , Minneapolis, Minnesota. 780 PP•
Yamaguti , s. 1959. Systema helminthum. Vol . II.- The cestodes of
vertebrates. Interscience Publ., New York. 860 PP•
Ya.maguti, s. 1961. Systema helminthum. Vol. III. The nematodes of
vertebrates. Parts 1 and 2 . Interscience Publ., Inc., New York.
10
Yorke, w., and P. Maplestone . 1 929 . The nematode parasites of vertebrates.
(Reprint 1 969) Hafner Publ. Co ., New York. 536 PP•
11
LITERATURE REVI:EM
The coyote (Canis latrans ) has been surveyed for cestodes and nematodes
in several states west of the Mississippi River in the United States and
some Canadian provinces. Seven genera and 20 species of cestodes have
been identified, as have 1 7 genera and 1 7 species of nematodes, and 2
genera and 2 species of Aca.nthocephala (Table 1 ) .
Table 1 contains specific studies of gastrointestinal parasites of
coyotes. These reports indicate that a number of parasites are commonly
found in coyotes, yet the effect of these parasites on the coyote has not
been well determined. This review sumroa.rizes available knowledge on the
more common parasites presented in Table 1 . The descriptions include
work from coyotes and domestic dogs (.Q.. familiaris).
Taenia pisiformi s is a tapeworm often found in coyotes . Gravid
proglottids from mature worms pass in the coyote ' s feces. If eggs
containing larvae are eaten by the proper intermediate host, such as a
rabbit, squirrel, rat, or other rodent, development to cysticeri continues
in the visceral cavity. After several weeks of development , these larvae
are capable of infecting coyotes when the host is eaten (Olsen 1 974) .
The infected coyote may have diarrhea for two or three days after the
initial infection. Abdominal irritation is sometimes apparent, as the
animal will roll or drag its abdomen over the ground. Anal irritation
from passing gravid proglottids is pre sumed when the animal assumes a
sitting position and drags its a.nus over the ground. If tremendous
numbers of worms are present, intestinal blockage and rupture may occur.
This information was compiled from Morgan and Hawkins (1 951 ) .
The hookworm most commonly reported from coyotes in the southern
Table 1. Gastrointestinal Helminths, Excluding Trematodes, Previously Found in Coyotes
Helminth* Location** Incidence
(%)
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Eucestoda
Order Dilepididea
Dipylidium caninum SI 1. 3
Type of Report and*** Geographical Location
case rept., UT II II KS
II II II
gen. rev.
II II
Author
Butler and Grundmann 1954
Ameel 1955
Gier and Aineel 1959
Leiby and Dyer 1971
Gier et al. 1978
*Classification based on Wardle et al. (1974) for cestodes and Levine (1980) for nematodes.
**Abbreviations used: Ce-cecum; Es-esophagus; In-intestines; LI-large intestine; SI-small intestine;
ST-stomach.
***Abbreviations used: case rept.-case report or survey; gen. rev.-mentioned in general review of
..... I\.)
diseases; sp. rev.-review of t:b.at specific disease or a specific parasite description.
Helminth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author
(%) G€ographical Location
Order Mesocestoididea
Mesocestoides carnivoricolus SI - sp. rev. Grundmann 1956
case rept., UT Grundmann 1958
gen. rev. Yamaguti 1959
!:!• corti SI - gen. rev., CA Voge 1955
case rept., KS Gier and .tuneel 1959
II " . ,. Gier 1968 ..... '-" .
gen. rev. J,eiby and Dyer 1971
" " 3ekoff 1977
" II Gier et al. 1978
57. ·5 case rept., TX Fence and :'leinzer 1979
M. kirbyi SI - sp. rev., CA Chandler 1944
gen. rev. :i!irickson 1944
10. 7 case rept., 'JT 3utler and Grundmann 1954
gen. rev., CA Voge 1955
Helminth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author
(%) Geographical Location
D.• kirbyi SI - gen. rev. , CA Ya.1laguti 1959
1 case rept., Alberta Holmes and Podesta 1968
18 !I II UT Conder and Loveless 1978
tl• lineatus SI - gen. rev. Leiby and Dyer 1971
Mesocestoides sp. SI - sp. rev . , KS ',food and F..aldiman 1957
case rept., Ontario .?ree�an et al. 1961
gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978 ...... �
Order Taeniidea
Schinococcus r:r-an�oGus SI 0.5 case :!'.'ept., Jntario Freenan et al. 1961
8 " " Alberta �olLles and Podesta 1968
4 " ,, C1\. Liu et al. 1970
gen. rev. Leiby and Dyer 1971
r• II Clc:r- et al. 1978
a case rept., ?fani toba Sa.�uel et al. 1978 ./
s. mul�iloculaLis SI 4.09 s p • rev. , IA, MN, : IT, Lei'::iy e-t al. 1970 '7'TT'1 :3D -·�,
Helminth
�· mul tilocularis
Hydatigera lvncis
li• taeniaefo::::mis
Nul ticens sp.
Taenia crassicens
!• hydatigena
Location
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
Incidence
(%)
23
11.4
o.o
31.1
2.6
Type of Report and Geographical Location
gen. rev.
II "
case rept., Hani toba
gen. rev., CA
sp. rev., OK
case re pt., MN
gen. rev.
case rept., Ontari o n II Manitoba
case rept., HN
gen. rev.
case rept., lJT " " "
" " Ontario II II Alberta
Author
Leiby and Dyer 1971
Gier et al. 1978
Samuel et al. 1978
Voge 1955
Esch and Self 1965
Erickson 1944
Erickson 1944
Freeman et al. 1961
Samuel et al. 1978
Erickson 1944
Erickson 1944
..... \.J1
Butler and Grundmann 1954
Grundmann 1958
7reeman et al. 1961
Holmes and Podesta 1968
Helminth Location Incidence
(%)
:r_. hydatigena SI -
7
:;g_. krabbei* SI 3.2
1
l• laticollis SI -
*Listed oy \:l2Xd2.e et al. (1974) as T. ovis kraobei. - ��- --------
Type of Report and Author Geographical Location
gen. rev. Leiby and Dyer 1971
case rept., UT Conder and Loveless 1978
gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978
case · re pt., Hani toba Samuel et al. 1978
case rept., YllI Erickson 1944
gen. rev. Erickson 1944
case rept., TJT :Butler and Grundmann 1954 _.. O'\
II " Ontario FTeeman et al. 1961
II " Alberta Holmes and Podesta 1968
gen. rev. Leiby and Dyer 1971
case rept., U'J.' Conder and Loveless 1978
gen. rev. Zrickson 1944
case rept., Ontario Freeman et al. 1961
gen. rev. Leiby and Dyer 1971
Helm in th Location Incidence Type of Report and Author
(%) Geographical Location
!• laticollis SI - gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978
!• macrocystis* SI - gen. rev. Leiby and Dyer 1971
!• ovis SI - gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978
!• pisifomis SI - gen. rev. Hall 1914 II " Hall 1929
39.3 case rept., HN Erickson 1944
gen. rev. Erickson 1944 ..... -.J
100 case rept., OK Self and McKnight 1950
92.s 11 " tr� 1\.0 P..meel 1955
11 II \J-r:L' Grundman..'1 1958
95 It " KS Gier and Ameel 1959
gen. rev. Yamaguti 1959
case rept., Ontario Freeman et al. 1961
spo rev., OK Esch and Self 1965
95 case rept., KS Gier 1 c;68
*Listed by \�ardle et al. (1974) as Eydatigera macrocYstis.
Helminth
:f.• pisif omis
!• pseudolaticollis*
i1 � � .=_. rueyi**
!· serialis
Location
SI
SI
SI
SI
Incidence
(%)
31
67
38.7
4 ') . /
2.7
Type of Report and
Geographical Location
case rept., Alberta
gen. rev.
case rept. , KS
gen. rev.
case rept., UT
gen. rev.
case rept., r·lani toba
" " TX
gen. rev.
case rept., '.·I;;
gen. rev.
case rept., T.JT
gen. rev.
sp. rev.
*Not listed as ;-l, sriecies oy Yamaguti (1959) or ·:!ardle et al. (1974).
**Listed as a species by Yanaguti (1959).
Author
Holmes and Podesta 1968
Leiby and Dyer 1971
Hirsch and Gier 1974
Bekoff 1977
Conder and Loveless 1978
Gier et al. 1978
Samuel et al. 1978
Fence and Meinzer 1979
Gier et alo 1978
Erickson 1944
Erickson 1944
� CD
:Butler and Grundmann 1954
Gier et al. 1978
Eall 1911
Helminth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author
(%) Geographical Location
!• serialis SI - sp. rev. Hall 1912
1.6 case rept., MN Erickson 1944
gen. rev. Erickson 1944
5.3 case rept., UT 3utler and Grundmann 1 954
gen. rev., CA Voge 1955
case rept., UT Gru...'1.d.mann 1958
gen. rev. Yamagiti 1959 � '°
sp. rev., CK 3sch ar.d. Self 1965
4 case rept., AlbeYta Ifolrr:es and Podesta i}68
gen .. -::ev. -- ·- d fy 1°r ueioy an � er / i
47 case rept., ;;rp Ccnder and Loveless 1978 J ...
gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978
4.0 case rept., �,.r ?ence and Heinze-r 1979 ...... \.
!• twi tchelli* SI 1 case rept., ·\lberta �i:ol:ne s anC. Podesta 1 c;6a
gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978
*Linted by '•ia-rc:'...e et al. (1974) as Multicens -twitchelli.
Helminth
Taenia sp.
Class Cotyloda
Order Diphyllidea
DiPhyllobothrium 3p.
Phylum Nematoda
Class Secernentasida
Order Strong::,rlorida
Location
SI
.�.,-;) l.
Family Ancylostaraatidae
Ancvlostorna caninum SI
Incidence
(%)
4.9
76
e6.s
9
5
3.2
Type of Report and GeogTaphical Location
case rept. , MN
gen. rev.
II II IA
case rept., UT II II IA " 11 Nanitoba
case rept., Alberta
gen. rev.
case re pt., I-TN
Author
Erickson 1944
::!:rickson 1944
Andrews and Boggess 1978
Conder and Loveless 1978
FTanson et al. 1978
Samuel et al. 1978
I\) 0
�olmes and Podesta 1968
Hall 1914
Erickson 1944
Helminth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author
(%) Geographical Location
Ancylostoma caninum SI - gen. rev. Erickson 1944
19.s case rept., KS Arneel 1955
25 " " " Gier and Arneel 1959
28 II II " Gier 1968
1 " II Alberta Holmes and Podesta 1968
" . " KS Hirsch and Gier 1974
89.3 " " TX Mitchell and Beas om 197 4 I\) ..... 100 " II " Thornton et al. 1974
gen. rev. 3ekoff 1977
" " IA Andrews and 3oggess 1978
12 case rept., U'I' / Conder and Loveless 1978
50.0 " II IA �anson et al. 1978
gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978
89.3 case rept., TX Pence and Meinzer 1979
gen. rev. Levine 1980
Helminth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author (%) Geographical Location
Uncinaria stenocephala SI 16 case rept., Alberta Holmes and Podesta 1968
g-en. rev. Gier et al. 1978
28 case rept., Manitoba Samuel et al. 1978
Family Trichostrongylidae
Molineus patens SI - gen. re''• Erickson 1944
I I II Gier et al. 1978
Order Ascaridorida fl.)
F2.mily Ascarididae fl.)
Toxascaris leonina '�T .J� - g-en. rev • Erickson 1944
37.3 case rept., UT Butler and Grundrr.anr: 1954
:9.3 II " KS .;.meel 1955
" II U1I' Grundmann 1957
33 II II KS Gier and Ameel 1959
g-en. rev. -f'amaguti 1961
� 'Z case rept., t<S '::;.ier 1968 ,;_,
52 II " Alberta 2olmes and Podesta·1968
Helm in th Location Incidence Type of Report and Author
(%) Geographical Location
!• leonina SI - case rept., KS Hirsch and Gier 1974
gen. rev. Bekoff 1977 II II Hi. Andrews and 3oggess 1978
29 case rept., 'J� Conder and Loveless 1978
38.9 II II IA Franson et al. 1978
gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978
65 case re pt., Manitoba Sa;:iuel et alo 1978 I\) \.)'j
1.3 II " TX Fence and Heinzer 1979
gen. rev. Levine 1980
'?oxascaris sp. - gen. revo Erickson 1944
To:rncara canis SI - gen. rev. 28.ll 1914
1 ' I.) case rept., TjT ::3utler and Grundmann 1954
1 " " ... .\lberta ::olir.e:.; and Podesta 1'.?'68
6 " II TjT Conder and Loveless 1?78
gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978
Helminth Location Incidence
(%)
Toxocara canis SI -
Family Subuluridae
Subulu....� sp. SI 28
Family 0x'JUridae
Denna tOX"� veligera SI -
o.6
Passalurus nonannulatus SI -
3yphacia sp. St o.6
Ox<.[Uridae St 15
Order Spirurorida
Family Spi!."Uridae
Easto:phorus ;-;:uri::: SI -
Type of Report and Geographical Location
gen. rev.
case rept., TX
case rept., UT II II TX
gen. rev.
case rept., UT
gen. rev.
II II
case rept., TX
case re pt., ·u
gen. rev.
Author
Levine 1980
Pence and !1einzer 1979
Butler and Grundmann 1954
Pence and Meinzer 1979
Erickson 1944 f\) �
Butler and Grundmann 1954
Ya.maguti 1961
Gier et al. 1978
Pence and 'Neinzer 1979
'"Ohornton et al. 1974
Zrickson 1944
Helminth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author
(''/) /'O Geographical Location
Hastophorus muris SI - gen. revo Yamaguti 1961
!I II Gier et al. 1978
Protosnirura numidica SI - gen. rev. Erickson 1944
1.3 case rept., UT "Butler and Grundmann 1954
gen. rev. Ya..11aguti 1961
II II Gier et al. 1978
?a.mily 'I'helaziidae I'\) \,JI
'Rictularia cahirensis SI - sp. rev., CO l-Iall 1914
gen. rev. Erickson 1944
" " Yamaguti 1961
36.6 case rept., :::'X Pence and Meinze r 197S·
Spiroce:r."ca luni Es 23 case rept., I'X 'I'hornton et al. 1974
gen. rev. 3ekoff 1977
" " Gier et al. '.978
7 case :r."ept., 3( Pence and 1·1einzer 1 ':79
Helminth Location Incidence (%)
Spirocerca luni Es -
Family PJ1ysalopteridae
I'hYsalol'tera fe'J.idis St and SI -
f• praenutialis St -
f. pseudoprC?.epqtialis St -
f·� St 4.6
50.0
60
Physaloptera sp. St 12.3
Type of Report and Geographical Location
gen. rev.
gen. rev.
case rept. , KS
gen. rev.
case rept., NN
gen. rev.
case rept., XS
gen. rev.
+ •r.-. case rep.,., i�:J
gen. rev.
" "
J.. rrl "" "' case rep v• , lA
. g-en. rev.
+ .. ,.. ...... case rep "o, .·,�i
Author
Levine 1980
Ya.maguti 1961
Ameel. 1955
Yamaguti 1961
;;:;rickson 1944
�rickson 1944 I'\) O'\ Am.eel 1955
"lanaguti 1961
Gier 1968
:.::ckoff 1977
G:ie:::- et al. 1978
Fence and I1einzer 1979
Levine 1980
T:ri�kson 1944
Helminth
Ph.ysaloptera sp.
Class )_denc;horci.sids.
Order Dor:,rlai.":lorida
Family .='richuridae
Location
St
Capillaria sp. LI
'::richuris vul TJL Ce
Incidence
(%)
60.4
51
23
6
66.7
'7 i
') c.
1:.2
"Z (") ,/. /
Type of Report and
Geographical Location
gen. rev.
case rept., KS II !I II
II II II
II II TX
gen. rev., L\
case rept. , UT II II u
II II i-lanitoba
case rept., r1:ani toba
case rept., "70 ,\.o.j
II 11 II
Author
Erickson 1944
A.'r!eel 1955
Gier and Ao.eel 1959
Hirsch and Gier 1974
�ho:rnton et al. 1974
Andrews and Boggess 1978
Conder and Loveless 1978 I\) -l
_,_-·::-ar.son et al . 1978
:�c::n-riel et al. 1978
�-�a::-�uel et al. 1978
..;\ .. ::t0JCl 1955
Gier and 11.IDeel 1 �'59
Helminth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author
(%) Geographical Location
-
Trichuris vulpis Ce 6 case rept., KS Gier 1968
gen. rev. Bekoff 1977
II " IA Andrews and Boggess 1978
6.9 case rept., IA Franson et al. 1978
gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978
II It Levine 1980
Pence and Meinzer 1979 I\)
case rept., TX CX> Trichuris sp.
Family Trichinellidae
Trichinella spiralis 12� 5 sp. rev. , AK Rausch et al. 1956
0.5 II II CQ Olsen 1 960
4.3 " II IA Zimmerman and Hubbard 1969
gen. rev. Zimmerman 1971
case rept., British Schmitt et al. 1 976 Colombia
gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978
Helminth Location Inc1d.ence Type of Report and Author (%) Geographical Location
Ihylum Acanthocephala
Oncicola canis SI - sp . rev. , TX Price 1 928
gen. rev. Erickson 1 944
sp. rev. Van Cleave 1953
gen. rev. Yamaguti 1 963
1 1 I I DeGuisti 1 971 I\) II II Bekoff 1 977 \.0
II II Gier et al . 1 978
26 case rept. , TX Pence and Meinzer 1 979
Pachysentis canicola In 22 . 7 case rept . , TX Pence and Meinz er 1 979
30
half of their range is Ancylostoma caninum. The life history is
relatively simple (Olsen 1974) . Infection may occur in several ways,
such as by ingestion of larvae directly or in food, skin penetration,
.fetal infection, or from the colostrum or milk , but ingestion is the
most frequent manner of infection. Partially embryonated eggs hatch on
the soil and undergo a series of molts for about a week resulting in the
third stage infective larvae . If swallowed by the coyote , the larvae
molt in the stomach and shortly thereafter migrate to the small intestine
where the final molt occurs and maturity is reached in about five weeks .
The major problem with hookworms is that the adults feed on blood.
Levine ( 1980) reports a mean blood loss of 0. 07 ml/worm/day with a
maximum of 0. 12 ml./worm/day. Young dogs and dogs on inadequate diets
seem to be most susceptible to the worms ; there is some evidence that
dogs gain imnrunity as they grow older (Morgan and Hawkins 1 951 ) .
Necrosis may occur at the point of hookworm attachment. Blood loss
continues after the worm has moved to a new location because of the
presence of an antic oagulant ( Olsen 1974). Levine ( 1 980) lists anemia,
emaciation, edema , weakness , listlessness , rough hair coat, foul breath ,
and diarrheic feces which are bloody or tarry as signs of hookworm
infection.
Toxascaris leonina is an ascarid commonly found in coyotes . As
Levine ( 1980) indicates , coyotes can be infected by ingesting eggs -
containing second stage larvae. The eggs hatch and the larvae spend
about 10 days in the intestinal wall, after which they return to the
lumen and mature . If an infected mouse , a conunon transport host, is
eaten, digestion of the mouse releases larvae, usually third s tage ,
31
which develop in the intestinal lumen. Animals with :;r_. leonina
infections often show restlessness and twitching. Infected pups may
show unthriftiness , enlargement of abdomen, digestive disturbances , dull
hair coat , alternating periods of diarrhea and constipation , vomiting,
and sweetish breath. If enough worms are present , intestinal blockage
and/or rupture may occur.
Members of the genus Ihysaloptera , especially P. m_, are
spiruroids often found in coyote s . Th e intermediate hosts o f Physaloptera
sp . are insects of the Orders Orthoptera and Coleoptera. The intermediate
hosts for f• m, are the German cockroach (Blatella germanica) , the
field cricket (Gryllus assimilis ) , the flour beetle (Tribolium confusum) ,
and ground beetles (Harpalus sp. ) . Development of the worms in coyotes
is the same regardless of whether the infective third stage larvae are
acquired by swallowing infected insects or by eating parasitized pa.ratenic
hosts such as frogs, birds , or mice . Adults develop in the stomach ,
duodenum, or both ( Olsen 1 974) . As these worms attach to the mucosa ,
they may cause small erosions , gastritis , enteritis , and mucus formation
(Levine 1 980) . Gier and Alneel ( 1 959 ) report that these spiruroids feed
largely on blood , and that laboratory infections of coyote pups with 50
or more P. rn regularly caused anemia and poor growth .
Whipworms, Trichuris sp . , are parasites of the coyote cecum. Levine
( 1 980) reports that coyotes become infected by directly inge sting eggs
containing infective first stage larvae . Larvae hatch in the small
ihtestine and spend eight to ten days in the intestinal muco sa before
returning to the lumen and passing to the cecum. Most infections are
light and cause little , if any, damage although it is believed that
32
!• vulpis is a blood sucker . Affec ted animals wi th heavy in.fections · may
be unthrifty , lose weight , have diarrhea , dysentery , or anemia. 'lli.e
colon and cecum may become in.flamed and even hemorrhagic .
LITERATURE CITED
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Bekoff , M. 1 977 . Canis latrans . Amer . Soc . Ma.mm. , Mamm. Spec i e s No . 79 .
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33
Gastrointestinal parasitism of Iowa coyote s in relation to age .
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34
with notes on other coyote parasites . Proc . U. S . Natl . Mus . 46 :
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and bobcats . J. Wldl . Mgmt .
Morgan, B . B . , and P. A. Hawkins.
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38 : 455-458 .
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35
Olsen , o . w . 1 960. Sylvatic trichino sis in carnivorous mammals in the
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36
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\