gasteromycetes of kivu (zaire), rwanda and burundi

Gasteromycetes of Kivu (Zaire), Rwanda and BurundiAuthor(s): V. Demoulin and D. M. DringSource: Bulletin du Jardin botanique national de Belgique / Bulletin van de NationalPlantentuin van België, Vol. 45, No. 3/4 (Dec. 31, 1975), pp. 339-372Published by: National Botanic Garden of BelgiumStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3667488 .

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Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. Bull. Nat. Plantentuin Belg. 45: 339-372 (31-12-1975)

Gasteromycetes of Kivu (Zaire), Rwanda and Burundi

by

V. Demoulin & D. M. Dring (')

Summary. - Gasteromycetes recently collected in Eastern Central Africa by Belgian botanists have been critically studied. Thirty nine species have been recorded. One is decribed as new (Corditubera kivuensis). The new combinations Corditubera bovonei (Matt.) Demoulin & Dring, Vascellum endotephrum (Pat.) Demoulin & Dring and Langermannia bicolor (Lev.) Demoulin & Dring are introduced. Among the species studied, ten had not been formerly recorded either in East or Central Africa, two are new for Africa (Nidula niveo-tomentosa and Mutinus bambusinus s. str.), four are recorded for the first time since their original description (Bovista aenea, Lycoperdon bicolor, Cyathus africanus, Mutinus zenkeri).

Resume. - Les Gasteromycetes recemment recoltes dans l'Est de l'Afrique Centrale par des botanistes belges ont fait l'objet d'une etude critique. Trente- neuf especes ont ete recueillies. L'une d'elles est decrite comme nouvelle (Cordi- tubera kivuensis). Les nouvelles combinaisons Corditubera bovonei (Matt.) Demoulin & Dring, Vascellum endotephrum (Pat.) Demoulin & Dring et Langermannia bicolor (Lev.) Demoulin & Dring sont introduites. Parmi les especes etudiees, dix n'avaient pas ete indiquees precedemment en Afrique Cen- trale ni Orientale, deux sont nouvelles pour l'Afrique (Nidula niveo-tomentosa et Mutinus bambusinus s. str.); quatre sont signalees pour la premiere fois depuis leur description originale (Bovista aenea, Lycoperdon bicolor, Cyathus africanus, Mutinus zenkeri).

During the last few years Belgian collectors working in Eastern Central Africa have accumulated a number of interesting Gastero-

mycetes, which are published here to supplement the studies of

Dissing & Lange (1962, 1963, 1964). Many of those collections have been acquired during the two expeditions (1971-1972 and 1974) to the Birunga Volcanoes and Kahuzi-Biega chain sponsored by the

Belgian < Fonds de la Recherche fondamentale collective ?. Field

(:) V. Demoulin, Charge de Recherches du F. N. R. S., Departement de Botani- que, Universite de Liege, Sart Tilman, B-4000 Liege (Belgium); D. M. Dring, The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey (Great Britain). - Manuscript received May 6, 1975.



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work by J. Rammeloo in Irangi and on the Kahuzi Mountain was

sponsored by the < Programme d'Ecologie forestiere > of the Deutsche Volkswagenstiftung.

Material studied here is from three phytogeographical districts: the Eastern part of the < District forestier central > (Irangi region in

Kivu), the << District des lacs Edouard et Kivu > (occidental branch of the rift valleys, with its borders and Birunga Volcanoes, south of lake Edward) and the << District du Rwanda et du Burundi >. Those areas have an altitude ranging between about 800 and 4500 m and

support a very diverse vegetation of which some types had not been visited by collectors whose material was studied by Dissing & Lange. In general, their sample was from areas outside that covered in the

present paper. However a few species were indicated from localities in Kivu (mostly Panzi), from which the following species were recorded:

Mutinus simplex Lloyd (Panzi).

Dictyophora indusiata (Vent. ex Pers.) Fischer (riv. Lesse).

Lysurus gardneri Berk. (Beni). Linderiella columnata (Bosc) Cunningham (Panzi). Simblum clathratum Lloyd (Bimalamba).

Langermannia fenzlii (Reich.) Kreisel (Panzi). Calvatia cyathiformis (Bosc) Morgan (Panzi). Geastrum mirabile Mont. (Panzi). Geastrum velutinum Morgan (Panzi). Geastrum lageniforme Vitt. (Panzi). Geastrum saccatum Fr. (Panzi). Geastrum rufescens Pers. em. Kits van Waveren (Panzi). Pisolithus tinctorius (Mich. ex Pers.) Coker & Couch (Panzi).

Cyathus stercoreus (Schw.) de Toni (Panzi).

Of those we have additional records for the Dictyophora, Linde- riella, Langermannia, Pisolithus and Geastrum mirabile and we were able to add 30 species to the list. This improved knowledge of the

Gasteromycetes of the area considered is specially interesting for

allowing us to have a coast-to-coast survey of Gasteromycetes in

tropical Africa using the above mentioned publications by Dissing & Lange and the works of Dring (1964) and Dring & Rayner (1967).



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Observations of spores and capillitium have been performed in lactophenol-cotton blue, those of material needing a vigorous swelling (peridial anatomy) in chloral hydrate, in each case after a short boiling. Spore measurements are based on 10 spores per fruitbody for species with small regular spores like Lycoperdon and 30 spores for those with large irregular spores like Scleroderma. The number given are the extremes and the extreme means.

Herbarium abbreviations are those of the Index Herbariorum (Holmgren & Keuken 1974). Material from the herbarium of the Faculte des Sciences agronomiques de l'Etat a Gembloux which is not listed in that publication is here cited as GEMBLOUX.

We thank all the persons who have placed the material studied here at our disposal, specially the main collectors J. Lambinon and J. Rammeloo, who have also critically read our manuscript.

Ordo I. Sclerodermatales

Fam. 1. Sclerodermataceae

I. Scleroderma Pers. Syn. Meth. Fung.: 150 (1801)

1. Scleroderma cepa Pers., Syn. Meth. Fung.: 155 (1801).

RWANDA: DISTRICT DU RWANDA ET DU BURUNDI: Butare, domein INRS, ? 1750 m,

grazige plek onder Eucalyptus en Jacaranda bij guest-house, 18.12.1971, Van der Veken 8707 (GENT); Butare, arboretum, between dead leaves, 6.8.1974, Rammeloo 4248 (GENT); Butare, road side, on bare red soil, end 8.1974, Rammeloo 5127 (GENT); Mont Huye, commune Mukura (? 12 km from Butare, prefect. Butare), 1850 m, on and at the side of a small way in grassland where Eucalyptus species have been planted for about 1 or 2 years, 17.7.1974, Rammeloo 3886 (GENT); Masango (prefect. Gitarama), 1650 m, talus terreux raide au bord du chemin Nyabisinda-Kibuye, 22.7.1974, Lambinon 74/428 (LG).

Observation: We are using here a broad concept of this species and include in it S. flavidum Ell. & Ev., S. laeve C. G. Lloyd sensu Guzman and S. albidum Pat. & Trabut sensu Guzman. We are as

yet unable to reach a satisfactory division of this group either on the basis of peridial or spore characters. Even if we cannot definitively reject the possibility that several taxa are involved, their separation on the basis of Guzman's (1970 a) key based on spore size alone does not seem convincing.



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As here understood S. cepa is a species with strongly spiny spores and tough peridium, often dehiscing by revolute segments. The peridium is smooth or cracked in scales paler and more irregular than in other species with spiny spores. A yellow pigment is often abundant in the peridium. It is a subcosmopolitan species but mostly abundant in warm regions. It has been frequently recorded from Zaire (Dissing & Lange 1962, Guzman 1970 a) and East Africa (Dring & Rayner 1967).

2. Sleroderma citrinum Pers., Syn. Meth. Fung.: 153 (1801).

S. vulgare Fr., Syst. Mycol. 3: 46 (1829). S. aurantium Auct. non L. trans Pers.

RWANDA: DISTRICT DU RWANDA ET DU BURUNDI: Rubona (prefect. Butare), ISAR,

sous Eucalyptus, 5.1973, Demaire (GEMBLOUX).

BURUNDI: DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIVU: Kisozi (prov. Muramvya), plantations

forestieres de la station de l'ISABU, 2100 m, abondant dans les plantations de Pinus patula, 30.9.1974, Lambinon 74/1437 (BR, GEMBLOUX, GENT, K, LG).

Observation: This is the most common Scleroderma in the northern hemisphere wherever acid soils occur. We would concur with the opinion of Guzman (1970 a) that the species is adventicious in tropical regions. The same author cites the species from Zaire but considers that the material previously cited by Dissing & Lange (1962) belongs to S. albidum (= S. cepa in the concept adopted here).

3. Scleroderma dictyosporum Pat., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 12: 135 (1896). - Fig. 1.

ZAiRE: DISTRICT FORESTIER CENTRAL: Irangi, in very wet part of the primary rain

forest near the river Luhoho, 4.1972, Rammeloo Z 396 and Z 425 (GENT).

Observations: 1. - This small species (1.3 cm max. diam. of fruitbodies in our material) with small dark brown warts and yellow pigment in the inner layer of the peridium seems very close to S. sinnamariense Mont., from which our material is distinguished by the larger spores (5.9-9.2-10.8-13.9 ,) with a higher reticulum (1.2-1.65 ,u high as a mean, locally up to 2.5 ,u) and lack of clamps.



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While we have been unable to find clamps, Guzman (1970 a), whose description, otherwise, perfectly fits our fungus, states that < las fibulas son escasas >. The lack of clamps, which is unusual for a Scleroderma with reticulated spores, might thus be inconsistent. Since the spores are very variable in size and height of ornamentation in the same fruitbody and some of the smallest spores are very similar to those of S. sinnamariense, it might even be considered that the two species are more closely related than might be believed on first microscopical examination.

2. - The species has been recorded from Zaire by Guzman (1970 a) who determines as such the material named S. bovista by Dissing & Lange (1962).

4. Scleroderma leptopodium Har. & Pat., Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 15: 84 (1909). - Fig. 2.

Veligaster leptopodium (Har. & Pat.) Guzman, Mycologia 61: 1120 (1970) (< 1969 >).

Scleroderma verrucosum Bull. trans Pers. f. angustistipitatum Dissing & Lange, Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat Brux. 32: 394 (1962).

ZAIRE: DISTRICT FORESTIER CENTRAL: Irangi, in primary rain forest, 27 and

28.3.1972, Rammeloo Z 192 and Z 212 (GENT); Irangi, in very wet part of primary rain forest near the river Luhoho, 4.1972, Rammeloo Z 256 and Z 395 (GENT); Irangi, in secondary vegetation near the IRSAC station, 5.1972, Ram- meloo Z 471 and Z 472 (GENT).

Observations: 1. - This is a characteristic fungus which certainly cannot be ranked as a form of S. verrucosum but which also does not seem in need of a genus of its own. The pyramidal brown warts on top of the fruitbody and large patches on the pseudostipe are probably worthy of the name exoperidium, but this type of peridial differenciation is sufficiently pronounced in other tropical species like S. chevalieri, S. congolense, S. dictyosporum, S. schmitzii, S. sinnamariense, S. tenerum not to speak of S. echinatum, that exclusion from Scleroderma is not justified. When defining the latter one should rather amplify the characterization of the peridium often described as < simple ?. While spectacular, the sterile base is not fundamentally different from the pseudostipe of e.g. S. verrucosum and we prefer not to use the word stipe for it, which should be reserved for an entity better segregated from peridium and mycelium



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as in Tulostoma. Beside the peridium and pseudostipe, the very long and acute spines on the spores are diagnostic especially in compari- son to S. tenerum.

2. - An extensive description is given by Guzman (1970 b) who cites the species from Zaire in the < District forestier central > as did

Dissing & Lange (1962). 3. - This seems a common fungus around Irangi and according

to the collector is called < Kichumbi >, in the Kirega dialect.

II. Pisolithus Alb. & Schwein.

Consp. Fung. Lusat. Sup. Agro Nisk.: 82 (1805)

1. Pisolithus sp.

RWANDA:

DISTRICT DU RWANDA ET DU BURUNDI: Butare (Astrida), sous les Eucalyptus, 2.197., Vanderick (GEMBLOUX); Butare, pelouse tondue a Brachiaria et Kyllingia au-dessus du guest-house de l'INRS, 1700 m, 17.12.1971, Lambinon 71/1001 (LG); Rubona (prefect. Butare), ISAR, sous Eucalyptus, 5.1973, Demaire (GEMBLOUX); Mont Huye, commune Mukura (? 12 km from Butare, prefect. Butare), in Eucalyptus plantation and in the grassland in the neighbourhood, 17.7.1974, Rammeloo 3886, p.p. (a small fruitbody mixed with Scleroderma cepa) (GENT) and 3892 (GENT, LG).

Observations : 1. - These sporocarps are of the characteristic form found in Africa, generally associated with Eucalyptus, having pale spores with regular, straight spines, as compared with the circumboreal form with rusty brown spore print and convergent spines. According to Malen~on and Bertault (personal communica- tion) both forms occur in Morocco, where the present form can be

distinguished in the field by the white colour of the peridium when

reasonably young and fresh. This observation is confirmed as far as the pale form is concerned by a water-colour drawing made by one of us (DMD) of fresh, living material brought from Swaziland by C. T. Ingold.

It seems likely, from the above observations and study of the spores of material deposited in K, that at least these two forms and

possibly others will be separable at specific level when more information, particularly that based on young, fresh material, becomes available.

Before naming this species it will also be necessary to have a good knowledge of the taxonomy of Pisolithus in Australia and neigh- bouring islands from which several species have been described and



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from where our fungus may have been introduced together with Eucalyptus.

2. - This is certainly the species that has been reported from Kivu, also associated with Eucalyptus, by Dissing & Lange (1962) under the name P. tinctorius.

3. - Dr. R. Vanderick, collector of some of the material, uses it as a source of dye for human histology.

The following two genera are provisionnally placed here, pending a general revision of the classification of the Sclerodermatales-Mela-

nogastrales complex. Using the classical definition, Corditubera would rather be a member of the Melanogastraceae (gleba not pulverulent); its spores are, however, very close to those of the Sclerodermataceae.

III. Corditubera P. Henn.

Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 23: 557 (1897)

1. Corditubera kivuensis Demoulin & Dring sp. nov. - Fig. 4, 11.

Carpophorum hypogaeum, 1.2-1.8 cm diam., subglobosum ad

irregulariter elongatum, subleve, cum aliquot inconspicuis applicitis rhizomorphis circumcinctum. Peridium vivum crassum (2.5 mm), siccum solum 0.5 mm, externe brunneum, interne albidulum. Gleba matura nigra, compacta, venis albidis perducta. Odor debilis. Sapor amabilis, aliquid farinacea. Fibulae desunt. Sporae globosae, 7.5- 9.0-9.6-10.8 ,/ diam., brunneae, verrucosae cum verrucis conicis, ca 0.5 ,u altis. A C. staudtii et C. bovonei differt carpophoris minoribus et sporis minus verrucosis quam in C. staudtii sed plus quam in C. bovonei.

Holotypus: Rammeloo Z 481 (GENT). Fruitbodies hypogeous, 1.2-1.9 cm in diam., subglobose to irregu-

larly elongated, rather smooth but with a few inconspicuous applied rhizomorphs. Peridium thick when fresh (2.5 mm), reduced to 0.5 mm in herbarium, brown ochraceous outside, whitish inside. Gleba black and compact at maturity, traversed by white veins. Smell weak. Taste agreable, slightly farinaceous. No clamps observed. Spores globose, 7.5-9.0-9.6-10.8 ,/ in diam., brown, provided with delicate conical warts, about 0.5 ,u high.

Phenol 2 %, phenol and anilin, aqueous anilin, TL 4 and ammo- nia have no effect on the peridium. NaOH causes a browning of



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the inner part of the peridium and an olive discolouration of the outer part.

ZAIRE: DISTRICT FORESTIER CENTRAL: Irangi, in the ground under foundations of

old IRSAC station, 5.1972, Rammeloo Z 481 (GENT).

Observation: The best definition of this fungus would be a

Melanogaster with round ornamented spores and after some search we have found a genus answering such a definition: Corditubera P. Henn. We were unfortunately unable to trace any original material of the type species C. staudtii, described from the Came- roons, which seems to have been entirely destroyed with the rest of

Hennings's herbarium. The original description seems however clear

enough to support the attribution of our material to the given genus and also rules out a conspecificity with C. staudtii, which should be a bigger fungus (up to 5 X 2.5 cm) with more ornamented (almost aculeolate) spores (spines 1-1.5 IL long).

The genus Corditubera does in fact fill the gap between Melano-

gaster and Scleroderma, of which it only differs by the firm not

powdery mature gleba and the apparent lack of nursing hyphae. The powdery gleba of Scleroderma is obviously an adaptation to wind dispersal which has no purpose in the hypogeous Melanogaster and Corditubera. It so seems that the traditional separation of the two groups at ordinal or familial level is rather unjustified. We have also been able to ascertain that a species very closely related to C. kivuensis has been described in Scleroderma: it is S. bovonei Matt. The examination of the part of the type in BR shows a great similarity to our material except for larger and less verrucose spores. Our measurements for the spores are 9.6-11.0-12.8 /A, which is 1 ,i smaller than the value given by Dissing & Lange (1962); this is exactly the difference that would be expected between such spores measured in lactophenol and in potash (Demoulin 1968, tabl. 1). The spores of S. bovonei are so minutely verrucose (fig. 3 a) that it is not extraordinary that Mattirolo described them as smooth. Apart from the spores, S. bovonei is characterised by its larger size (as of a hen's egg for the specimens examined by Mattirolo but according to the collector a weight of 200 g can be reached).

Guzman (1970 a) excluded S. bovonei from the genus Scleroderma and considered it to be an Elaphomyces. This position is indefensible since the spores are clearly provided with a sterigmatal scar (fig. 3 b) and frequently even a small piece of sterigma is present.



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In the original description it is mentioned that very young spores are provided with a < bordure diaphane ? which later disappears. This might mean that nursing hyphae are present. We have not seen them on the part of type in BR, which however is almost ripe. Since Mattirolo's microscopical observations are not always very accurate and since we have also observed no nursing hyphae on C. kivuensis which is obviously closely related, we assume for the moment they must also be lacking in S. bovonei, for which we propose the following combination:

Corditubera bovonei (Matt.) Demoulin & Dring comb. nov.

Scleroderma bovonei Mattirolo, Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat Brux. 8: 30 (1922).

IV. Lycogalopsis E. Fischer Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 4: 192 (1886)

1. Lycogalopsis solmsii E. Fischer, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 4: 192 (1886).

ZAIRE: DISTRICT FORESTIER CENTRAL: Irangi, on dead rotten wood in primary rain

forest, 5.1972, Rammeloo Z 454 (GENT).

Observations: 1. - This is a very characteristic fungus well described by Fischer and successive authors who found it. Its systematic position however has always been uncertain.

2. - Lycogalopsis is a monospecific genus of wide distribution in tropical regions but apparently always rare. It is new for Zaire.

Ordo II. Tulostomatales

Fam. 1. Tulostomataceae

I. Tulostoma Pers. per Pers. Syn. Meth. Fung.: 139 (1801)

1. Tulostoma exasperatum Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 2, 8: 362 (1837).



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RWANDA:

DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIVU: Gikungu (env. 30 km N de Rutsiro, prefect. Gisenyi), 2100 m, foret de montagne + secondarisee, sous le poste minier, 27.7.1974, De Sloover in Lambinon 74/579 (LG).

BURUNDI:

DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIVU: Foret de Bururi, 2100 m, foret de montagne a Entandrophragma excelsum, sur sol subhorizontal, tronc fortement pourri sur le sol, 21.9.1974, Lambinon 74/1310 et 74/1310 bis (BR, GENT, LG).

Observations : 1. - One of the most remarkable circumtropical fungi, easily recognized by its strong brown exoperidial spines, reticulated spores and habit on rotten wood in forest.

2. - T. exasperatum has been recorded from Zaire in the << District forestier central ? by Dissing & Lange (1962) and from Tanzania by Dring & Rayner (1967). All collections are from July to

September, which perhaps indicates a preference for the dry season.

The following genus is traditionally placed in the Tulostoma- taceae. While this position might be questioned we provisionnally maintain it here.

II. Battarea Pers.

Syn. Meth. Fung.: 129 (1801) (< Batarrea >)

1. Battarea stevenii (Liboschitz) Fr., Syst. Mycol. 3: 7 (1829). B. guicciardiniana Ces., Atti R. Acad. Sci. 7: 1 (1875).

BURUNDI:

DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIVU: Plaine de la Rusizi, km 14 (prov. Bubanza), 800 m, palmeraie, 19.6.1975, Reekmans 4601 (LG).

Observation: A classical species of warm dry areas throughout the tropics and subtropics. It has been recorded from Kenya and Socotra by Dring & Rayner (1967).

Ordo III. - Lycoperdales

Fam. 1. - Geastraceae

I. Geastrum Pers. per Pers.

Syn. Meth. Fung.: 131 (1801)

1. Geastrum minimum Schwein., Schrift. Naturforsch. Gesellsch.

Leipzig 1: 58 (1822). - Fig. 5.



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ZAIRE: DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIvu: Parc national des Virunga (ex parc

Albert), Kyangiru (rive sud du lac Edouard), 920 m, pelouse ouverte a Sporobolus pyramidalis, Panicum repens, Cynodon, ..., paturee par les hippopotames, 11.2.1972, Lambinon 72/593 (LG).

Observations: 1. - The collection accords well with northern hemisphere material.

2. - This species is new for Zaire and adjoining countries, though it is relatively well known from West tropical Africa (Dring 1964 and several subsequent collections in K).

2. Geastrum schweinfurthii P. Henn., Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 14: 361 (1891). - Fig. 6.

BURUNDI:

DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIVU: Plaine de la Rusizi, km 30 (prov. Bubanza), 800 m, savane a Bulbine, 1.12.1973, Reekmans (BR, GENT, LG).

Observations: 1. - This is the G. drummondii of Dring (1964), Dring & Rayner (1967) and the G. ambiguum of Bottomley (1948), which the last named author considered to be a synonym of G. drummondii. As pointed out by Dring & Rayner, it differs from the type specimens of G. drummondii Berk. (K) and G. ambiguum Mont. (PC) in its almost smooth, paler endoperidium and less

hygroscopic and thinner exoperidium, with ragged mycelial layer. It seems to fall closest to G. kotlabae Stanek, but again differs

from that species in having a less hygroscopic, thinner fleshy layer of the exoperidium and in retention of the mycelial layer as a ragged sheet, whereas in G. kotlabae it is caducous.

In the presumed absence of a holotype we are taking up the name G. schweinfurthii for this species, of which there exist many specimens in K from West, Central, East and South Africa, on the grounds that it conforms closely to Hennings's description and figure.

2. - ( Geastrum drummondii> has been recorded from Zaire

by Dissing & Lange (1962) and from Kenya by Dring & Rayner (1967).

3. Geastrum schweinitzii (Berk. & Curt.) Zeller, Mycologia 40: 649 (1948). G. mirabile Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 4, 3 : 139 (1855).

ZAIRE: DISTRICT FORESTIER CENTRAL: Irangi, on totally rotten wood in primary

rain forest, 24.3.1972 and 8.4.1972, Rammeloo Z 162 and Z 258 (GENT).



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Observation: This is a rather common circumtropical species previously recorded from Kivu by Dissing & Lange (1962, sub G. mira-

bile).

4. Geastrum subiculosum Cooke & Massee, Grevillea 15: 97 (1887).

ZAIRE: DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIVU: Massif du Kahuzi, piste de Kalonge,

env. 2300 m, foret de montagne, bord de chemin, 31.12.1971, Auquier 3219 (LG).

Observation: Apparently our concept of G. subiculosum is rather different from that of Dissing & Lange (1962). Auquier 3219 is

tentatively referred here because it does not seem very different from Thoen 5687 [Zaire, Shaba, Luiswishi, 1210 m, 23.2.1973

(GEMBLOUX)], an extralimital collection which compares with the

type very well. However, Auquier 3219 is apparently terrestrial, more robust, and lacks a subiculum. It would therefore key out as G. velutinum in the wide sense that this has been taken by African authors. The whole group of velutinous geastrums is in need of careful revision. Material of some of the forms is however extremely scarce and more collections are needed before a revision can be undertaken with confidence.

5. Geastrum triplex Jungh., Tijdschr. Nat. Geschied. Physiol. 7: 287

(1840).

ZAIRE:

DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIVU: On the road Bukavu-Irangi, mountain rain forest, 12.3.1972, Rammeloo Z 11 (GENT).

Observation: A subcosmopolitan species recorded from Zaire by Dissing & Lange and from East Africa by Dring & Rayner (1967) and Otieno (1966).

Fam. 2. - Lycoperdaceae

I. Bovista Pers. per Pers. Syn. Meth. Fung.: 136 (1801)

1. Bovista abyssinica Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, 4: 363 (1845).

Lycoperdon abyssinicum (Mont.) Dring, C. M. I. Mycol. Papers 98: 42 (1964).



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ZAIRE: DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIVU: Chaine des Birunga, massif du Kari-

simbi, pres du gite de Rukumi, 3550 m, formation a Senecio johnstonii subsp. refractisquamatus, Philippia johnstonii, ..., 22.1.1972, Bamps in Lambinon 72/249 (LG); Chaine des Birunga, massif du Karisimbi, versant N du Karisimbi, au-dessus du plateau de Rukumi, 3650 m, lande a Alchemilla johnstonii, dans l'etage a Senecio johnstonii subsp. refractisquamatus et Philippia johnstonii, 25.1.1972. Bamps in Lambinon 72/335 et 336 (LG).

RWANDA: DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIvu: Chaine des Birunga, massif du Kari-

simbi, cratere principal du Karisimbi, parois NW, env. 3880 m, formation a Senecio johnstonii subsp. refractisquamatus et Lobelia wollastonii, sol humifere, 29.1.1972, Lambinon 721364 (LG); Chaine des Birunga, versant S du Gahinga, 3420 m, formation ouverte a Senecio johnstonii subsp. refractisquamatus, Alche- milla johnstonii, ..., base d'un tronc moussu de Senecio johnstonii subsp. refractisquamatus, 14.2.1972, Lambinon 72/694 (LG); Chaine des Birunga, versant E du Muhabura, 3820 et 3850 m, lande ai Helichrysum newii, Alchemilla johnstonii, Festuca abyssinica, Breutelia, ..., 20.2.1972, Lambinon 72/826 et 826 bis (LG).

Observations: 1. - Apparently a very frequent Bovista in the

Birunga mountains at the Zaire-Rwanda border. The species was

previously known from the high mountains of Ethiopia and the Cameroons and recent descriptions (Dring 1964, Kreisel 1967) were based on few collections. We can complement those descriptions by the facts that the species is very variable in size of the fruitbody (1.5-4 cm high, 1.5-4.4 cm wide), size of the spores (3.6-4.0-5.3- 6.2 L), their ornamentation (almost smooth to distinctly verrucose) and the maximum breadth of the capillitium (often no more than 6 /t though hyphae up to 15 ju wide have been observed in the upper part of the gleba in some specimens). The exoperidium is entirely made up of spherocysts. Small pits occur in some of the thinner walled hyphae in the peripheral regions of the gleba. They are

usually very rare and seem to be totally lacking in the centre of the

gleba, which probably explains that they were overlooked by Kreisel

(1967). We have checked the presence of pores in some hyphae of the capillitium on the isotype of B. abyssinica in K and in the

holotype of the synonymous B. radicata Massee (K). Diagnostic characters are the relatively well developped spiny exoperidium made

up entirely of spherocysts which are large and thin walled (maximum seen : 58 - in diam. with a wall of 1.2 j), the almost poreless central

capillitium and the presence of large spores (more than 4.5 ,u) in all fruitbodies even when the majority are small. This might be linked to a great susceptibility to variations in nucleus number per spore of the type described by Gross & Schmitt (1974).



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2. - With its pyriform shape, occasionally minutely lacunar subgleba (some lacunae up to 0.2 mm in diam.), well developped exoperidium made up of spherocysts even in specimens growing in open habitats, this species is among the sg. Globaria one of those closest to Lycoperdon. Spores and capillitium are especially reminiscent of L. lambinonii Demoulin. Bearing in mind similar relationships between L. ericaeum Bon. and B. pusilla Batsch trans Pers. sensu Krei- sel and L. glabrescens Berk. and B. aspera Lev., one may wonder if Bovista sg. Globaria is not a polyphyletic assemblage of reduced Lycoperdon, like Calvatia is evidently a mixture of enlarged forms. At the moment however we find it more convenient not to apply those considerations to our taxonomy and retain the concept of Bovista used in the best available treatment of the genus, Kreisel's monograph (1967).

3. - One difference between the majority of our specimens and previous collections lies in the configuration of the exoperidium made up of brown isolated warts or small spines instead of white convergent spines. We suspect this may be related to environmental conditions, especially the extremely wet climate of the area of collection.

2. Bovista aenea Kreisel, Beih. Nova Hedw. 25: 225 (1967).

RWANDA: DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIvu: Km 59 de la route Butare-Cyangugu

(prefect. Gikongoro), lisiere E de la foret de Rugege, 2390 m, talus en bordure de la foret, 18.12.1971, Marius in Lambinon 71/1055 (LG).

Observation: The single fruitbody matches very well the original description of this species which was previously known only from the type locality (Mt Kenya). The very dark colour and capitate shape (subgleba 1.8 X 1.5 cm supporting a globular gleba 2.5 cm in diam.) seem characteristic. Differential characters with respect to B. abyssinica are the smaller but denser exoperidial warts, constantly small (3.6-3.8-4.1 u) spores and capillitium with numerous small pits. These are only difficult to observe or totally absent in some hyphae from the centre of the gleba.

It seems possible at the moment to recognise this as a valid species, even if very close to B. colorata sensu Kreisel. Recent experience with this group in the northern hemisphere has shown that many < species > are more likely to be ecophenes and one should



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look forward to more collecting in Africa to assess the exact variation of these Bovista.

3. Bovista aspera Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, 5: 162 (1846).

Lycoperdon asperum (Lev.) Speg., Anal. Soc. Ci. Argent. 12: 253 (1881). - Fig. 7.

ZAIRE: DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIVU: Massif du Kahuzi, env. du km 37

de la route Bukavu-Walikale, 2300 m, partie inferieure de la foret de bambous, clairiere-lande a polytric au bord de la route, 22.12.1971, Lambinon 71/1112 (LG); Massif du Kahuzi, piste du Kahuzi, versant S-W du mont, petit plateau a 2765 m d'alt., lande a Erica bequaertii et Philippia benguelensis de recolonisa- tion apres incendie, 25.12.1971, Lambinon 71/1245 (BR, K, LG); Kahuzi, + 3000 m, in a very open heath vegetation, soil poorly developed, 31.3.1972, Rammeloo Z 218 (GENT).

Observation: Widely distributed in the southern hemisphere but mostly in the cooler zones, this species still needs a good apprecia- tion of its variability. Through its relatively large spores (4.0-4.2- 4.7-5.4 ,u, pedicel seldom up to 20 u), our material differs from the segregate B. africana Kreisel, to which according to Kreisel (1967) are referable the reports from Zaire by Dissing & Lange (1962). The exoperidium is often made up of small spines whose tip is caducous soon giving a granular aspect. The spines are not always convergent as often mentioned for this species. The capillitium has moderately abundant, medium sized (1 u), regular pores making it look like that of L. umbrinum. Peculiarities of our material are the contrast between the white exoperidium and brown endoperidium and the raised lobate mouth somewhat reminiscent of B. limosa Rostrup. An indication of such a mouth appears on Lloyd's plate 33, fig. 6 (1905). Fruitbodies range from 1.2 to 2.8 cm in diam. and while of limited extent the subgleba shows distinct locules under a lens (max. about 0.2 mm). The trace of a pseudocolumella may also occur, putting this species on the limit of Lycoperdon and Bovista (cf. supra B. abyssinica). The collection Rammeloo Z 218 (fig. 7) made up of twenty five fruitbodies at all stages of development is very interesting for it shows the great variability in size and type of exoperidium of the species. The latter varies from rigid, 0.6 mm high spines to a flocculent tomentose covering. The exoperidium is however always whitish, contrasting with the brownish endoperidium.



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4. Bovista fusca Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, 5: 303 (1846).

B. membranacea Lohwag, Osterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 80: 177 (1931).

B. umbrina Bottomley, Bothalia 4: 580 (1948).

ZAIRE:

DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIVU: Chaine des Birunga, massif du Kari- simbi, plateau de Rukumi, 3550 m, petite butte relativement seche dans la lande herbeuse, 24.1.1972, Auquier in Lambinon 72/329 (LG); Lukumi Camp, N side of Mt Karisimbi, 12000 and 11 500 ft, 14.6.1927 and 18.6.1927, Chapin 335 and 376 (NY).

RWANDA:

DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIVU: [Birunga], Karisimbi volcano, SW side, near the little crater, 3600 m, in a vegetation with Poa cf. annua dominant, 11.10.1974, Rammeloo 5019 (GENT).

Observation: Our specimens agree well with Kreisel's (1967) de-

scription. The latter author also revised duplicates of the Chapin collections. One should however note that the capillitium is rather variable and axes up to 16 ,u diam. are seldom encountered (most frequent maximum around 12 ,u). This character therefore seems difficult to use to distinguish B. fusca from the Himalayan B. fulva Massee.

5. Bovista plumbea Pers. per Pers., Syn. Meth. Fung.: 137 (1801).

RWANDA:

DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIVU: Grassland of the Caziza plantations (about 18 km NE of Ruhengeri), Eucalyptus plantation of one or two years old, 9.10.1974, Rammeloo 5020 p.m.p. (GENT).

Observations: 1. - This is the most common species of the genus and while probably of northern hemisphere origin has been introduced by man in many places of the world, together with Vascellum pratense which is also a species of ruderal pastures. One fruitbody of V. pratense was in fact mixed with the collection.

2. - The species is not recorded by Dissing & Lange (1962), Dring & Rayner (1967) and Kreisel (1967). The latter author places the southern limit of its area in North Africa. The introduction in Rwanda might thus be recent.

6. Bovista pusilla Batsch trans Pers., Syn. Meth. Fung.: 138 (1801), sensu Kreisel, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 25: 63 (1967).



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ZAIRE: DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET Kivu: Parc national des Virunga (ex parc

Albert), Kyangiru (rive sud du lac Edouard), 920 m, pelouse ouverte a Sporobolus pyramidalis, Panicum repens, Cynodon, ..., paturee par les hippopotames, 11.2.1972, Lambinon 72/595 (LG).

Observation: The collection is made up of very small (8-11 mm) fruitbodies with a well developped rhizomorph and exoperidium of white plates not warts. They differ from the usual European form by pores less frequent in the capillitium and spores almost smooth. Although this latter character can be linked to imperfect maturation, almost smooth spores were previously reported in East African material (Dring & Rayner 1967), and have been constantly observed in further African collections.

II. Lycoperdon Tourn. per Pers. Syn. Meth. Fung. : 140 (1801)

1. Lycoperdon bicolor Welw. & Curr., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26: 290 (1868). - Fig. 8.

RWANDA: DISTRICT DU RWANDA ET DU BURUNDI: Bugesera, colline de Kanzenze

(crete S de la Nyabarongo, prefect. Kigali), 1450 m, savane rase paturee, 13.3.1972, Lambinon 72/1098 (LG).

Observations: 1. - This species is known only from the type specimen in K (Angola, inter Lopollo et Empalanca, distr. Huilla, 3800-5500 ped. elevat., Maio 1860, Welwitsch Iter Angolense n0 146), which has almost completely lost its exoperidium, and the above collection composed of four unripe and one almost ripe fruitbody. This of course means that much remains to be done to get a good idea of its variability and that a better knowledge of these fungi might disclose that the Rwanda material belongs to a related but distinct taxon.

2. - Our present conception of L. bicolor is that of a fungus externally very similar to L. marginatum Vitt. ex Moris & De Not., with an exoperidium of white low angular spines falling early in large plates and revealing a leaden fuscous endoperidium. Macro- scopic differences from L. marginatum are a better evolved subgleba separated from the gleba by a stronger diaphragm and an endoperidium which is not tomentose but may present a few thin



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whitish plates. Under the microscope the structure of the endoperidium clearly separates L. bicolor from L. marginatum: there are no large brown spherocysts; the endoperidium is very different at the levels of both gleba and subgleba, with dextrinoid and cyanophilous hyphae below the diaphragm, and unreactive thick walled hyphae above which present a cyanophilous content like paracapillitium. This structure would rather place this species in the vicinity of L. perlatum (whose exoperidium occasionally excoriates in plates) and the genus Vascellum. The thin whitish plates are made up of thin walled, hyaline, septate hyphae (< generative hyphae >). Such hyphae are not exceptional at the endoperidium-exoperidium tran- sition but we had not previously observed them in such quantity as to form a distinct layer. This layer seems partly responsible for the marked caducity of the exoperidium.

Spores are small, 3.4-3.7-3.9-4.2 /, punctate to verrucose. The

capillitium is yellowish, with pores of rather regular outline and variable dimension and abundance according to the hyphae. Sphero- cysts of the exoperidium are round, medium sized (up to 28 iu) and thin walled (0.6 ,).

3. - A related African species is L. asperrimum Welw. & Curr. of which we could ascertain after examination of the types of both species (K and BR) that L. angulatum Dissing & Lange is a later synonym. L. asperrimum has a brownish exoperidium with much longer, more slender spines. The microscopical characters are very similar.

2. Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. per Pers., Syn. Meth. Fung.: 145 (1801).

RWANDA:

DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIVU: Foret de Rugege, versant S du mont Muzimu (partie N de la foret, prefect. Cyangugu), 2600 m, base de tronc mort dans la foret de montagne, 3.3.1972, Lambinon 74/954 (LG).

Observations: 1. - The material is not fully ripe and had apparently been damaged by water before and after collecting. It repre- sents a dark form with main warts little differentiated from the surrounding ones, abundant paracapillitium, and capillitium apparently devoid of pores. This combination of characters is well known to one of us (V. D.) for L. perlatum growing in many wet areas of the world. A detailed study of the variability of the species in west-



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ern U.S. A., where this dark form occurs near the Pacific coast, however convinced him that it is an ecophene and apparently not a distinct taxon.

2. - The species is not recorded for Zaire by Dissing & Lange (1962) but for Kenya by Dring & Rayner (1967) and Otieno (1967).

3. Lycoperdon sp.

ZAIRE: DISTRICT FORESTIER CENTRAL: Irangi, in primary rain forest, 4.4.1972 and

2.5.1972, Rammeloo Z 288 and Z 435 (GENT).

Observations: 1. - This is the species called by Dissing & Lange (1962), L. pedicellatum Peck, for which Kreisel (1969) had already noted that it was a misapplication. As far as we know this species has never been named; we however prefer not to give it a name now for we have only seen very few specimens, a single one (Rammeloo Z 288) being ripe. Furthermore two collections from British Guiana (Linder 463 and 789) deposited at NY may belong to the same species but differ slightly in colour and size of the spines and while one, as our material, presents a capillitium devoid of pores, it is provided with large pores in the other. The relationship of South American and African material must thus still be studied as well as the prob- lem of the pores in the capillitium be examined in a larger sample. Relationship to L. scabrum sensu Cuningham ought also to be evaluated.

2. - The Irangi material as well as the collection Goossens- Fontana 806 (BR) studied by Dissing & Lange are characterized by their small size (1.2-2 cm in diam.) and very elegant, erect, convergent spines up to 0.8 mm long, brown and caducous on top of the fruitbody, where a weak areolation appears after their fall. The spores are subglobose, 3.4-3.6-3.8 / in diam., minutely verrucose and provided with a pedicel, often more or less collapsed, up to 18 t long. The capillitium is devoid of pores but at maturity is probably not as thick walled as reported by Dissing & Lange, their very high value of 2 u being probably due to the fact that collection Goossens-Fontana 806 is unripe and had been observed in KOH.

3. - The true L. pedicellatum always has some pores in the capillitium, the pedicels are often almost twice as long and the fruitbodies have a different aspect (larger size, less elegant spines).



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4. Lycoperdon sp.

ZAIRE: DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIVU: Parc national des Virunga (ex parc

Albert), Kyangiru (rive sud du lac Edouard), 920 m, pelouse ouverte a Sporo- bolus pyramidalis, Panicum repens, Cynodon, ..., paturee par les hippopotames, 11.2.1972, Lambinon 72/594 (K, LG).

Observation: This is an abundant collection but unfortunate-

ly without any fully ripe fruitbody. The few that are almost ripe seem to dehisce by a pore which leads us to consider this a Lyco- perdon. The endoperidium is however quite thin and it cannot be ruled out that further maturation would bring about its disapearance in the manner of a Calvatia. The fragile capillitium with frequent septa and numerous irregular, often slit like pores is also of a Calvatia type. A well defined diaphragm separates the gleba from the small chambered (0.3 mm) light violaceous subgleba. Paraca-

pillitium is however pratically absent. The fruitbodies are small (up to 2.5 cm in diam.), slightly depressed, and the exoperidium is made

up of dense, connivent, erect or more rarely appressed white spines, up to 0.6 mm long, made up of spherocysts up to 21 , in diam. and

relatively thin walled (0.8 ,). The spores are globose, 3.4-3.8-4.2 ,u and clearly verrucose.

This material does not answer any member of the Lycoperdaceae known to us and further collections of well matured material are

urgently needed.

III. Vascellum F. Smarda in Pilat, Flora CSR, ser. B, 1: 304, 760 (1958)

1. Vascellum endotephrum (Pat.) Demoulin & Dring comb. nov.

Lycoperdon endotephrum Pat., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 18: 300, tab. 14, fig. 3 (1902).

Lycoperdon todayense Copel., Ann. Mycol. 3: 25 (1905). L. vanderystii Bres., Ann. Mycol. 9: 274 (1911). L. djurense Auct. non P. Henn.

Fruitbodies 0.8-3 cm diam., subglobose. Exoperidium light brown or whitish apparently by secondary discolouration, made up of small

spines frequently convergent at their tips, seldom reaching 0.5 mm in our material which seems to have suffered from rain (more fre-



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quently well developed even up to 1 mm in some extralimital collections). Subgleba whitish, only slightly purplish in its upper part in the largest fruitbodies, with loculae up to 1 mm, abruptly separated from the gleba (except sometimes at the center) by a diaphragm which however is not always thicker than a partition between subglebal loculae. When well developed (this seems to depend on the size and state of development of fruitbodies) the diaphragm is a membrane thicker than the partition between subglebal loculae, and distinguished from them by its brownish colour. Gleba brown, devoid of violet tint in our material; the violet tint that is frequently mentioned in connection with this species and which we have observed in some extralimital collections does not seem to us a constant feature even within a single collection. Spores subglobose to ovoid, 3.0-3.3-3.7-4.3 X 2.9-3.2-3.5-3.7 ~, punctate to clearly verrucose; ovoid spores, for example 3.6 X 3.2 u/, are dominant in some specimens but lacking in others (e.g. Lambinon 74/746); broken pedicels and glebal membrane debris occasionally present. Paraca- pillitium up to 6.5 1 thick but very variable in thickness and abundance of septa. No true capillitium and no hyphae of capillitial type in the endoperidium. Endoperidium at the level of the gleba entirely made up of hyphae of paracapillitial type (wall hyaline, acyanophilous, content cyanophilous) which at the pore swell into spherocysts up to 56 X 40 tu (wall 2.6 ,u); at the subgleba level the hyphae of the endoperidium are cyanophilous and dextrinoid.

ZAIRE:

DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIVU: Park van de Kahuzi, langs de auto- baan v66r moeras Musisi, zandige wegberm met kort gras en kruiden, 22.12.1971, Van der Veken 8767 (GENT).

RWANDA:

DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIVU: Foret de Rugege, vallee de la riviere Bizumu (entre le mont Muzimu et le Bigugu, prefect. Cyangugu), 2400 m, pelouse semi-naturelle de versant, a Eragrostis blepharoglumis et Exotheca abyssinica, 4.3.1972, Lambinon 72/1006 (LG); Gikungu (env. 30 km N de Rutsiro, prefect. Gisenyi), 2100 m, foret de montagne + secondarisee, versant sous le poste minier, sur humus riche en debris ligneux, 1.8.1974, Lambinon 74/746 (LG); Muhavura volcano, N-E side, 2900 m, on little foot-path in secondary vegetation, 3.10.1974, Rammeloo 4859 (GENT).

Observations: 1. - Tropical species of Vascellum are in great need of further revision. We feel at the moment the present species is of pantropical occurence. In the present state of knowledge we do not feel confident that it is possible to separate species on such characters as thickness of diaphragm, colour of the gleba, shape of



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spores and strength of their warts, all of which seem to vary in most of the collections studied (beside the material cited we have examined the collections listed by Dissing & Lange 1962, as Lycoperdon djurense and vanderystii, two other collections from Zaire deposited at GEMBLOUX and some additional material in K). Further study based on more abundant material may, however, show these characters to be more significant.

2. - The present species is closely related to V. curtisii (Berk.) Kreisel of North America, with which it has in common the size, the small frequently verrucose spores, and endoperidium dehiscing by the formation of spherocysts (for a modern description of V. curtisii, cf. Smith 1974). It differs in the usually brown colour of the spines which are less floccose, the usually whitish subgleba and total lack of capillitium (however see below).

3. - The collection Rammeloo 4859 is made up of very old exhausted fruitbodies that could belong to the present species but which have a few capillitial hyphae.

4. - The name L. endotephrum Pat. is the oldest one that undoubtedly refers to our fungus. Further type revision may however disclose an even earlier name.

L. caespitosum Welw. & Curr. of which we have examined the type at K is certainly closely related but we prefer at the moment to keep it separate for the exoperidium is whiter and more flocculent.

From the examination of a portion of the specimen and a photo- graph of the type of L. alveolatum Lev. (PC) obtained through the courtesy of Mme J. Perreau, we could ascertain this species must, in the present state of the taxonomy of the genus, be considered a synonym of V. pratense (Pers. per Pers. emend. Quel.) Kreisel.

L. djurense P. Henn. is a name frequently used for our fungus. Examination of the isotype in C. G. Lloyd collection (cat. 24 660 BPI) which after the destruction of Hennings's herbarium would appear to be all that remains of the type, however, disclosed that this is a species very close to if not identical with L. marginatum Vitt. ex Moris & De Not. Important characters are the lack of paracapillitium but presence of a yellowish capillitium provided with pores, and the presence of spherocysts derived from the endoperidium beneath the pseudoparenchymatous layer. The description given by Ponce de Leon (1970) for V. djurense (P. Henn.) P. Ponce therefore does not seem to be derived from the type material but from



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some other specimens cited. In that paper the type locality (Djur, 7?26' lat. N, 28032' long. E) is erroneously located in the Central African Republic whereas it is in the Sudan.

2. Vascellum pratense (Pers. per Pers. sensu Quel.) Kreisel, Feddes

Repert. 64: 159 (1962).

RWANDA:

DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIvu: Grassland of the Casiza plantation (about 18 km NE of Ruhengeri), Eucalyptus plantation of one or two years old, 9.10.1974, Rammeloo 5020 p.p. (GENT).

Observation: This is a single very old fruitbody mixed with a collection of Bovista plumbea. We feel confident it is the European species introduced by man together with its frequent associate.

IV. Calvatia Fr.

Summa Veg. Scand. 2: 442 (1849), nom. cons., emend. Morg., Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. 12: 165 (1890)

1. Calvatia gardneri (Berk.) C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writ. 1, Puff Ball Lett. 2: 2 (1904).

RWANDA:

DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIVU: Gikungu (env. 30 km N de Rutsiro, prefect. Gisenyi), versant gauche de la vallee de la Bikeneko, env. 2150 m, foret de montagne + secondarisee, sous-bois dense riche en debris vegetaux, 24.7.1974, Lambinon 74/485 (LG); Gikungu (env. 30 km N de Rutsiro, prefect. Gisenyi), foret de montagne + secondarisee sous le poste minier, env. 2100 m, 27.7.1974, De Sloover in Lambinon 74/578 (LG).

Observation: This fungus seems to cover a wide area in the Old World tropics but was not recorded for Zaire by Dissing & Lange (1962). For a description of East African material (Uganda), see

Dring & Rayner (1967).

V. Langermannia Rostkov.

in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl. 3(18) :23 (1839)

1. Langermannia wahlbergii (Fr.) Dring, C. M. I. Mycol. Pap. 98: 46 (1964).

Lanopila wahlbergii Fr., Fungi natalenses: 151 (1858).



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Lasiosphaera fenzlii Reichhardt in Fenzl's Reise Austr. Fregatte Novara 1: 135 (1870).

RWANDA:

DISTRICT DU RWANDA ET DU BURUNDI: Rubona (prefect. Butare), ISAR, sous cafeier, 5.1973, Demaire (GEMBLOUX).

Observations: 1. - Doubts have been expressed by various wor- kers concerning the synonymy of Langermannia with Lanopila and

Lasiosphaera adopted by Dring (1964). Since then, due to the kind- ness of Dr. Y. Kobayasi, we have been able to examine part of the

type specimen of Lasiosphaera fenzlii (W) from Nicobar Is., the type species of the genus. The holotype consists, according to Kobayasi's notes, merely of a thin section of gleba 8 X 7 cm, with no peridium. Microscopically the small fragment which we have seen corresponds closely with the spores and capillitium of the African material. The

type material of Lanopila wahlbergii could not be traced at Uppsala, Stockholm or Lund and is presumed no longer to exist. As this is a

relatively frequent species in tropical Africa and fits Fries's description if it is assumed that he was dealing with an old specimen in which the peridium had all fallen away, as often happens, we have little doubt about the correctness of using the epithet for the African material.

2. - A possible alternative name, which would have priority, is Bovista bicolor Lev., described from Bombay, India. The isotype (K) is a single fruitbody 5 cm diam., smaller than normal for L. wahl-

bergii and of a striking bright fawn colour as opposed to the red- brown of the latter. The spores are 3.8-6.0 J excluding ornament, i.e. a little smaller than would be normal for L. wahlbergii though overlapping in range, and with much shorter verrucae on the wall. Until more is known of the variability of Leveille's species we hesitate to take up this epithet for the African material. Meanwhile we feel it to be useful to propose the new combination:

Langermannia bicolor (Lev.) Demoulin & Dring comb. nov.

Bovista bicolor Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, 5: 162 (1846).

3. - Several finds in Zaire, especially Kivu, are recorded by Dissing & Lange (1962) and in East Africa by Dring & Rayner (1967).



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Ordo V. - Nidulariales

Fam. 1. - Nidulariaceae

I. Nidula White Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29: 271 (1902)

1. Nidula niveo-tomentosa (P. Henn.) C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writ. 3, Mycol. Notes 34: 455 (1910). - Fig. 9.

DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIVU: Foret de Rugege, lieu-dit Ruwankuba (prefect. Cyangugu), 1950 m, foret de vallee a Syzygium staudtii, sur brindille dressee au sol, 19.12.1971, Lambinon 71/1084 (LG); foret de Rugege, vers le km 107 de la route Butare-Cyangugu (non loin de Caramba, prefect. Cyangugu), env. 1900 m, sur brindille morte dans la foret de montagne humide (vallon d'un ruisselet), 15.8.1974, Lambinon 74/828 (LG).

Observation: As far as we know, the species and genus are new for Africa. There is another good collection in K: Tanzania, Moron-

goro distr., Uluguri Mts, 1500-2100 m, Ryvarden 11 070.

lI. Cyathus Hall. per Pers.

Syn. Meth. Fung.: 236 (1801)

1. Cyathus africanus Brodie, Canad. Journ. Bot. 45: 1653 (1967). - Fig. 10.

RWANDA: DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIVU: Hill Uwagahunga near the village

Rugera (prefect. Gikongoro), 2350 m, secondary vegetation with some Hagenia, on dead branches in dense vegetation under Hagenia, 6.9.1974, Rammeloo 4528 (GENT).

Observation: This is the first record of this species since its

original description from a rather similar situation on Mt Kilimand-

jaro. Our material agrees well with the original description, especially in its unusual apiculate spores (fig. 10). There is a specimen in K from Tanzania (coll. Pegler, W. Usambara Mts, 1890 m).

2. Cyathus limbatus Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, 1: 78 (1844).

ZAIRE: DISTRICT FORESTIER CENTRAL: Irangi, in very wet part of primary rain forest,

on herbaceous culms, 4.1972, Rammeloo Z 427 (GENT); Irangi, in primary rain forest, on woody debris, 5.1972, Rammeloo Z 502 (GENT).



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Observation : This common tropical species is reported several times from Zaire by Dissing & Lange (1962) and from East Africa by Dring & Rayner (1967).

3. Cyathus poeppigii Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, 1: 77 (1844).

RWANDA: DISTRICT DU RWANDA ET DU BURUNDI: Butare, arboretum, on totally rotten

wood in Acacia sp. plantation, 16.7.1974, Rammeloo 3868 (GENT).

Observation: This species closely resembles the previous in macro- scopic characters, though the spores (up to 40 a long) are about twice the size. As represented in K it would appear to be much less common in Africa than C. limbatus, though the reverse seems to be true of tropical America.

Ordo IV. - Phallales

Fam. 1. - Phallaceae

I. Mutinus Fr. Summa Veg. Scand. 2: 434 (1849), nom. cons.

1. Mutinus bambusinus (Zoll.) E. Fisch., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 6: 30 (1887). - Fig. 12.

ZAIRE: DISTRICT FORESTIER CENTRAL: Irangi, near the river Luholo, primary rain

forest, on rotten wood, 28.3.1972, 4.1972 and 2.5.1972, Rammeloo Z 197, Z 405 and Z 436 (GENT).

Observation : This is good M. bambusinus with pseudoparenchymatous processes on the fertile area of the receptacle as described by Petch (1926). Dring (1964) took a wider view of M. bambusinus and included in it a specimen from Ghana with a shorter, more abruptly tapering fertile area lacking a significant sterile tip and with no trace of pseudoparenchymatous processes. Since that time, more material from tropical Africa and elsewhere has come to hand and it is now confirmed that the name M. argentinus Speg. should be used for such material (see Dring & Rose 1976). M. argentinus is also depicted (as M. simplex Lloyd) in Fl. Icon. Champ. Congo pl. 38, fig. 1. The material collected by Rammeloo is the first record of M. bambusinus s. str. from Africa.



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2. Mutinus zenkeri (P. Henn.) E. Fisch., Neue Denkschr. Schweiz. Naturf. Ges. 36: 47 (1900). - Fig. 13.

Floccomutinus zenkeri P. Henn., Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 22: 109 (1885).

Fruitbodies growing on fallen wood from a white mycelium with well developed mycelial strands; eggs resembling unopened Geas- trum schweinitzii, ovoid, up to 0.9 X 0.5 cm; peridium dirty ochraceous white below, cracked into fine brownish ocre scales

above; dehiscence typically into two, subequal lobes; expanded fruitbody made up of volva and receptacle. Receptacle thin walled, fusiform, up to 3.5 X 0.3 cm; fertile part occupying approximately upper 2/3, strongly differentiated from sterile part by greater width and deeper colour, ochraceous, slightly curved about halfway along its length, made up of a single layer of chambers with the outer wall so incomplete in some specimens as to ressemble an irregular reticulum covering the surface of the fertile area (this incomplete reticulum supports the gleba); in other specimens chambers with almost complete outer walls, walls of chambers composed of a thin layer of isodiametric cells about 20 ,t diameter; sterile part of

receptacle greyish white, straight and cylindrical in that part which

emerges from the volva, < not chambered ? (i.e. with chambers

represented only by the inner tangential walls), folded concertinawise in the egg and betraying traces of this folding in the form of annular

ridges. Gleba rather scanty, not foetid but with a resinous smell, olivaceous brown, pale because of the small quantity, borne on the reduced outer tangential walls of the receptacular chambers; spores 1 X 3 t, bacilloid, chlorohyaline.

ZAIRE: DISTRICT FORESTIER CENTRAL: Irangi, primary rain forest, 4.1972 (3 collect.),

5.1972 (1 collect.), on fallen trunk of Turraecanthus africanus (Z 352 and 397), on dead trunk of Meliaceae (Z 437), Rammeloo Z 352, Z 367, Z 397 and Z 437 (GENT).

Observation : So far as we know, these are the first gaterings of the fungus since the type collection was made in October 1894 by Zenker & Staudt in the Cameroons. The type collection was pre- sumably destroyed in the Second World War but from the excellent and abundant dried and spirit material of the present gatherings, together with the detailed drawings, photographs and notes by J. Rammeloo we are able to confirm the observations made in the

original description. The original sketches of Zenker, reproduced by



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Fischer (1900) and Lloyd (1909), depict the volva in a somewhat idealized manner but nevertheless the unusual bilabiate dehiscence is also typical of the present material. The developmental notes and

drawings by Fischer (1900) have also been confirmed. We agree with Fischer (1900) that the fact of the gleba being borne

on the reticulate remnant of the outer walls of the chambers instead of covering a complete outer wall is hardly an adequate generic distinction, and hence we have not taken up the name Floccomutinus P. Hennings. The character is sufficient to make the fruitbodies

clearly distinguishable from those of other lignicolous phalloids. M. xylogenus (Mont.) E. Fisch. (see Saenz, Nassar & Morales 1972), has complete outer walls to its chambers, with a more or less even

coating of gleba. Jansia rugosa Penzig (1899) is similar to M. zenkeri in that the outer chamber walls of the fertile zone are incomplete, and bear the gleba. Nevertheless the fungus is of a totally different

shape and colour, and differs conspicuously in the proportionate length of the fertile portion, which does not exceed 1/2 of the total length (the genus Jansia is a segregate of Mutinus in which the fertile area is covered with processes or a network: it is hardly separable from Mutinus). M. boninensis Cesati is a small Mutinus but apparently terricolous, and again has most of the chambers of its wall closed on the outside.

II. Phallus Hadr. Jun. per Pers.

Syn. Meth. Fung: 242 (1801)

1. Phallus indusiatus Vent. per Pers., Syn. Meth. Fung.: 244 (1801). Dictyophora indusiata (Vent. per Pers.) Desv., Journ. Bot. 2: 92

(1809). ZAIRE:

DISTRICT FORESTIER CENTRAL: Irangi, primary rain forest in a very wet part near the river Luholo, 26.3.1972 and 5.1972, Rammeloo Z 179 and Z 487 (GENT).

Observation : This classical tropical fungus has been recorded from several localities in Zaire, including Kivu (Dissing & Lange 1962), as well as from East Africa (Dring & Rayner 1967).

2. Phallus rubicundus (Bosc.) Fr., Syst. Mycol. 2: 284 (1822). RWANDA:

DISTRICT DU RWANDA ET DU BURUNDI: Weg Butare-Kigali, 15 km voor Kigali, wegrand met wat struiken (Erythrina, Solanum) en grasmat, 10.1.1972, Van der Veken 9007 (GENT).



- 367 -

Observations: 1.- The material falls within P. rubicundus in the strict sense. For an indication of other species belonging to the rubicundus group, see Dring & Rayner (1967).

2. - The species is cited from Zaire by Dissing & Lange (1962).

Fam. 2. - Clathraceae

I. Clathrus Mich. per Pers. Syn. Meth. Fung. :241 (1801)

1. Clathrus columnatus Bosc, Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Mag. 5: 85 (1811). Linderiella columnata (Bosc) G. H. Cunn., New Zealand Journ.

Sci. Technol. 23: 171 B (1942).

RWANDA:

DISTRICT DU RWANDA ET DU BURUNDI: Rubona (prefect. Butare), ISAR, 5.1973, Demaire (GEMBLOUX); Rubona ?, Vanpuylvelde 88 (GEMBLOUX).

Observation: The species is reported from Kivu by Dissing & Lange (1962) and from Kenya by Dring & Rayner (1967).

II. Kalchbrennera Berk. Gard. Chron., nov. ser., 5: 785 (1876)

1. Kalchbrennera corallocephala (Welw. & Curr.) Kalch., Ertek. Termeszettud. K6reb. Magyar Tud. Akad. 10 (17) : 20 (1880).

ZAIRE: DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIVU: Parc national des Virunga (ex Parc

Albert), Lulimbi (riviere Ishasha a la frontiere ugandaise), env. 930 m, sur la terre denudee dans le poste, 11.2.1972, Lambinon 72/592 (LG).

Observation: Reported as being frequent in Kenya by Dring & Rayner (1967) and probably from Zaire by Dissing & Lange (1962) as Simblum clathratum C. G. Lloyd.

III. Aseroe La Billard. per Fr. Syst. Mycol. 2: 285 (1823)

1. Aseroe rubra La Billard. per Fr., Syst. Mycol. 2: 285 (1823). - var. brasiliensis Ulbr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin Dahlem 10:

722 (1928). - Fig. 14.



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RWANDA:

DISTRICT DES LACS EDOUARD ET KIVU: Foret de Rugege, mont Yahuhi (crete entre le mont Muzimu et le Bigugu, prefect. Cyangugu), 2500 m, friche a Pteri- dium en lisiere de la foret, au bord de la piste, 4.3.1972, Lambinon 72/996 (LG).

Observation: The typical variety of A. rubra has a southern

distribution, relatively tall stipe, an almost smooth, narrow disk and five to nine rather flattened arms each bifurcating about halfway along its length. The gleba covers the disk and upper part of the arms as far as the fork. A more complete description is given by Cunningham (1944).

Specimens from more northerly latitudes, e.g. Costa Rica, Brazil, Indonesia, the Philippines and Sri Lanka (Ceylon), tend to have a shorter stipe, wide, deeply corrugated disk to which the gleba is

restricted, and cylindrical arms which, in mature examples, show

only a slight tendency, or none at all, to be paired. The present specimen falls plainly into the latter category to which for the moment we ascribe varietal status. A record referable to var. brasiliensis by B. Harris (pers. comm.) is known to us from Kenya.

The record of A. rubra from Cape Province, S. Africa hesitantly given by Bottomley (1948) is indeed Anthurus archeri as she suspect- ed. However there are positive records from Natal by P. B. H. Tal- bot (pers. comm.). In addition it was collected from Swaziland by D. A. Reid (pers. comm.). All of these records, however, refer to the

southern, typical variety. The species seems definitely rare in Africa.

PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL AND ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS

An interesting feature of our material is that most of the specimens have been collected by professional botanists and great care has been taken in defining the locality geographically and botanically. This is in contrast with most old African herbarium material of

fungi, for which localities were poorly defined. Some insight into the

ecology of the fungi considered is now possible and details can be found in the list of specimens examined.

A first interesting feature of a tabulation of species by phytogeographical districts (tab. 1) is that each zone obviously harbours a distinct gasteromycete flora: even if most species were collected several times it has almost always been in the same district.



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E

o o c C2 CD I C C+ C2

U 4

c^ ^ ci o

C

Scleroderma cepa .................... ... - -X Scleroderma citrinum . ......... - Scleroderma dictyosporum ............. x - Scleroderma leptopodium ............... X - - Pisolithus sp .......................... - X Corditubera kivuensis : ............... X Lycogalopsis solmsii . ......... .. ... ... ... Tulostoma exasperatum ............... X Battarea stevenii ..................... - - - Geastrum minilmum . .................. - - - Geastrum schweinfurthii ................ --- Geastrum schweinitzii ................ ...... Geastrum subiculosum ............ - Geastrum triplex ...................... - -- Bovista abyssinica ( (+ de 3400 m) ..... - - X Bovista aenea (2390 m) ............ -- Bovista aspera (2300-3000 m)..... X - - - Bovista fusca (+ 3550 m) ...... ... ... -- Bovista plumbea

' .................. .- X - -- Bovista pusilla ........................ - - - -

Lycoperdon bicolor " ............... ... - -- Lycoperdon perlatum (2600 m)...... -X - -

Lycoperdon sp. 1 ..................... X...- Lycoperdon sp. 2 * ...-............... X - - Vascellum endotephrum ............... - - Vascellum pratense ................. - - - Calvatia gardneri .................. --- -

Langermannia wablbergii ............ - Nidula niveo-tomentosa.... --

Cyathus africanus ................... - -X -

Cyathus limbatus .................. ...... Cyathus poeppigii ..... . ........ -- -- Mutinus bambusinus ............ ...... Mutinus zenkeri:' - ........................ Phallus indusiatus ..................... X - - Phallus rubicundus ...........- -- - X Clathrus columnatus ......... - - -- X Kalchbrennera corralocephala ......... Aseroe ruibra var. brasiliensis ... - X - -

10 6 14 2 8

Table 1. - Distribution of species by phytogeographical districts.

DFC: District forestier central; DLEK: District des lacs Edouard et Kivu; DRB: District du Rwanda et du Burundi. Species marked by an ' are new for East and Central Africa (Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania).



-370 -

Species collected in the equatorial lowland forest near Irangi are all strictly tropical. With the exception of Scleroderma leptopodium, Corditubera kivuensis and Mutinus zenkeri which so far are known only from Africa, they all belong to a circumtropical element. All are of course forest fungi, several of them inhabiting more or less rotten wood.

The species collected at low altitudes in the < District des lacs Edouard et Kivu > (< Sous-district des plaines alluviales >>) are mostly xerophilous fungi inhabiting here dry savannas. Battarea stevenii, Geastrum minimum and Bovista pusilla are subcosmopolitan xero-

philous fungi, but at least B. pusilla is probably a collective species; the Battarea is more restricted to warm regions than the Geastrum and Bovista. The other species seem to be strictly African.

In the mountains at the rain forest level, one finds an interesting mixture of subcosmopolitan forest fungi (Geastrum triplex, Lyco- perdon perlatum, Nidula niveo-tomentosa), wide ranging tropical species (Tulostoma exasperatum, Geastrum subiculosum, Vascellum

endotephrum, Calvatia gardneri, Aseroe rubra var. brasiliensis), a southern hemisphere rather temperate fungus (Bovista aspera) and two species being until now known only from East African mountains (Bovista aenea, Cyathus africanus). Three species are considered introduced (Scleroderma citrinum, Bovista plumbea, Vascellum

pratense). Most of the species are forest dwellers, and some lignicolous, but Bovista aspera and Vascellum endotephrum show a definite

preference for open habitats. The highest altitudes of the Birunga Volcanoes with their very characteristic afro-alpine vegetation are the territory of two bovists, Bovista abyssinica and B. fusca, the for- mer strictly African, the other also known from other tropical mountains. While microscopically quite distinct, the two species have a similar external aspect.

The < District du Rwanda et du Burundi > is the one where

vegetation has been most influenced by man; it is thus no wonder that out of eight species, two are possibly introduced (Scleroderma citrinum, Pisolithus sp.), one is subcosmopolitan (Scleroderma cepa) and, with the exception of Lycoperdon bicolor, the others are widely distributed tropical fungi.



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REFERENCES

Bottomley A. M. (1948) Gasteromycetes of South Africa. Bothalia 4: 473-810, 79 pl.

Cunningham G.A. (1944) The Gasteromycetes of Australia and New Zealand. XV + 236 pp., 2 fig., 37 pl. Dunedin.

Demoulin V. (1968) Gasteromycetes de Belgique: Sclerodermatales, Tulostoma- tales, Lycoperdales. Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 38: 1-101, 5 fig.

Dissing H. & Lange M. (1962) Gasteromycetes of Congo. Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat 32: 325-416, 70 fig.

Dissing H. & Lange M. (1963) Gasteromycetales I, in Flore Iconographique des Champignons du Congo 12: 215-232, pl. 38-40. Bruxelles, Jardin botanique de l'Etat.

Dissing H. & Lange M. (1964) Gasteromycetales II, in Flore Iconographique des Champignons du Congo 13: 233-252, pl. 41-43. Bruxelles, Jardin botanique de l'Etat.

Dring D. M. (1964) Gasteromycetes of West Tropical Africa. Mycol. Pap. 98: 60 pp., 17 fig.

Dring D. M. & Rayner R. W. (1967) Some Gasteromycetes from Eastern Africa. Journ. E. Afr. Nat. Hist. Soc. 26 (2): 5-46, 11 fig.

Dring D.M. & Rose A. C. (1976) Additions to West African phalloid fungi. Kew Bull. 31 (in the press). Fischer E. (1900) Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden Entwicklungsgeschichte der Phalloideen. Denks. Schweiz. Naturf. Ges. 36: 1-84, 6 Taf.

Gross G. & Schmitt J. A. (1974) Beziehungen zwischen Sporenvolumen und Kern- zahl bei einiger H6heren Pilzen. Zeitschr. Pilzk. 40: 163-214, 16 fig. Guzman G. (1970 a) Monografla del genero Scleroderma Pers. emend. Fr. (Fungi- Basidiomycetes). Darwiniana 16: 233-407, 172 fig., 6 pl.

Guzman G. (1970 b) Veligaster, a new genus of the Sclerodermataceae. Mycologia 61: 1117-1123, 13 fig.

Holmgren P. K. & Keuken W. (1974) Index Herbariorum. Part. I. The Herbaria of the World, ed. 6. Regnum Vegetabile 92: VII + 397 pp. Utrecht, IATP.

Kreisel H. (1967) Taxonomisch-pflanzengeographische Monographie der Gattung Bovista. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 25: VIII + 244 pp., 70 fig. Kreisel H. (1969) Gasteromyceten aus Nepal. Khumbu Himal 6 (1): 25-36, 3 fig.

Lloyd C.G. (1905) The Lycoperdaceae of Australia, New Zealand and Neigh- boring Islands. Mycol. Writ. 1: 44 pp., 49 figs., pl. 25-39.

Lloyd C.G. (1909) Synopsis of the known Phalloids. Mycol. Writ. 3: 96 pp., 107 fig. Otieno N. C. (1966) Gasteromycetes of East Africa. I. The Genus Geastrum Persoon. Nytt Mag. Bot. 13: 65-69, 3 pl.

Otieno N. C. (1967) Gasteromycetes of East Africa. III. The Genus Lycoperdon Tournefort ex Pers. Nytt Mag. Bot. 14: 89-95, 12 fig.

Penzig 0. (1899) Ueber javanische Phalloideen. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 1: 133-173, taf. 16-25.



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Petch T. (1926) Mutinus bambusinus (Zoll.) Ed. Fischer. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 10: 272-282, pl. 14-16.

Ponce de Leon P. (1970) Revision of the genus Vascellum (Lycoperdaceae). Fieldiana: Botany 32: 109-125, 3 fig.

Saenz J. A., Nassar M. & Morales M.I. (1972) Contribution to the study of Xyllophalus xylogenus. Mycologia 64: 510-520, 12 fig.

Smith A.H. (1974) The genus Vascellum (Lycoperdaceae) in the United States, in Travaux Mycologiques dedies a R. Kiihner: 407-419, 5 fig. Soc. Linn. Lyon.



4 ? . .........

Fig. 1. - Spores of Scleroderma dictyosporum Pat. (Rammeloo Z 396) (X 1500). Fig. 2. - Spores of Scleroderma leptopodium Har. & Pat. (Rammeloo Z 395)

(X 1500). Fig. 3. - Spores of Corditubera bovonei (Matt.) Demoulin & Dring, from part

of type in BR (X 1500): a, surface view; b, optical section. Fig. 4. - Spores of Cortitubera kivuensis Demoulin & Dring, holotype (X 1500).



0 C 1Ctn I I t r a i

5

0 1cm 't .!IF I 1 1 1 1 ,I 6

Fig. 5. - Geastrum minimum Schwein. (Lambinon 72/593). Fig. 6. - Geastrum schweinfurthii P. Henn. (Reekmans, plaine de la Rusizi,

1.12.1973).

-A - am#



I t J; 1 4 a1

7

I i -I? : : :: ,,:-ei. i

X ii 4::ii::: 0 m

" .1-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i:?

I 1m IL

Fig. 7. - Bovista aspera Lev. (Rammeloo Z 218). Fig. 8. - Lycoperdon bicolor Welv. & Curr. (Lambinon 72/1098).



Fig. 9. - Nidula niveo-tomentosa (P. Henn.) C. G. Lloyd (Lambinon 74/828). Fig. 10. - Spores of Cyathus africanus Brodie (Rammeloo 4528) (X 1500).



11

! 3 4 5 6 't78l l l l t li9 10 11 12t

Fig. 11. Corditubera kivuensis Demoulin & Dring, holotype.

12

l' .~'

^*f **Y; i?;ij i'; i !i r!!i' l'! 'j'-i - r?;: * ','" . "...! -- :!' ;* i' , , l"r :-| l 81v '? ';

' : !t~ '{!p t~;

0 1 2 3 4 5 ? 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 MUVWN30

Fig. 12 . Mutinus bambusinus (Zoll.) E. Fisch. (Rammelo Z 197)

Fig. 12. - Mutinus bambusinus (Zoll.) E. Fisch. (Rammeloo Z 197).

i..h....."... rir l+i r rr r . . -. . . - - - 1- - - - - - -

fif Xilt



I I I '' L ' I

1 2 3 4 5

Fig. 13. - Mutinus zenkeri (P. Henn.) E. Fisch. (Rammeloo Z 352).

Fig. 14. - Aseroe rubra La Billard. per Fr. (Lambinon 72/996).

var. brasiliensis Ulbr.

6 6



gasteromycetes of kivu (zaire), rwanda and burundi

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