gandhi news vol. 11 no. 1

April-June 2016

Editor : Prof. Jahar Sen§¡õyòÜ˛ ≠ ç•Ó˚ ˆ§l

Contribution : Rs. 20/-

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1. Editorial ≠ Swadhyaya Movement : 5A Gandhian Approach to Voluntary Action

2. Document ≠ Gandhi’s Tribute to 8ISWARCHANDRA VIDYASAGAR

3. A. Annamalai ≠ Revisiting Gandhi—Issues and Challenges 13

4. ¢!¢Ë) £Ïî òy¢=Æ ≠ Ë˛yÓly 21

5. ˆàÔÓ˚# xy•zÎ%Ó ≠ ÓƒÌ≈ ˆ°yÜ˛lyÎ˚Ü˛ 25

6. §°#° !ÓŸªy§ ≠ ê˛°fiê˛Î˚ÈüÈày¶˛# ≠ ly®!lÜ˛ Ë˛yÓly 30

7. Dir ector -Secretary’s : Director-Secretary’s Report on the 37Report Programmes and Activities of the

Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya, Barrackpore,during March, 2016 to May, 2016

8. List of Ar ticles ≠ List of English Articles Published in 45Gandhi News/Gandhi Sanbadfrom 1998 to 2016

GANDHI NEWS

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5

n this editorial column we have the

pleasure to draw the attention of

the interested readers to an article

‘‘Fifty year down the Road : Some

Home Truths’’ by Kamala

Choudhury published in Indian

Book Chronicle (Vol 24. No. 6,

September 1999.) The article

deals in brief with Swadhyaya

movement in Gujrat and

Maharashtra.

Pandurang Shashtri is a

devoted teacher of Bhagwat

Gita. In 1951 he started the

movement with nineteen

students who atteded his

discourses on Gita. The main

burden of his discourses was :

Devotion should not be limited to

temple worship, rites and rituals,

singing and chanting only. This

crude faith will drown us in oceans

and man shall be degraded to

beastly sensual existence. Under

such conditions, if young people

Swadhyaya Movement :

A Gandhian Approach to Voluntary Action

Pandurang Shashtri

I

6

like you who have studied the

Upanishads and Gita and do

nothing, you will be guilty of

neglecting your duty. Neither

society nor history, nor God will

ever forgive this lapse on your part.

Therefore you must go to villages.

This too is a form of devotion.

The Swadhyaya Movement was

prevalent in Gujrat and

Maharashtra. It has transformed

the traditional society of millions of

people. The alpha and omega of

this movement is the human

and spiritual urges of the people.

These form the basis of

economic development. In 1997

Pandurang Shashtri Athvale, the

founder-leader of the Movement

was awarded Temptation Award

for Progress in Religion.

The Swadhyaya community was

credited in the certificate of the

award with reaching out the nearly

1,00,000 villages and

improving the lives of

an estimated 20

million people.

In a drought-

prone area in Gujrat,

the Swadhyaya

engineers and

technicians helped

Swadhyaya villagers

and communities to

use rain water to

recharge 94,465 wells and 208 dry

lakes. The intermeshing of bhakti,

devotion to God, with technical

knowledge has provided new and

creative ways of teaching and

learning and transforming village

institutions and village

communities.

In his acceptance speech at the

Magasaysay Award, Pandurang

Shastri described his work. ‘‘We

Swadhyayees try to bridge the gap

between the haves and have-nots,

but we are not socialists. We are

engaged in removing the dirt and

rust which has settled on our

culture. Yet we are not reformers.

We do try to emancipate women

from their oppressed conditions but

we are not women liberators. We

are basically devotees, i.e. bhaktas.’’

The Swadhyaya movement and

‘bhaktipheri’ that is devotional tours

Pandurang Shashtri Athvale Award for Progress in Religion, 1997

Vol. 11, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤Ã°üÈç%l˛ 2016

7

to villages became an instrument of

social activism. Every Swadhyayee

practices bhakti by visiting 5

households every month. This

‘bhakti’ is an important instrument

of social activism and change.

Majid Rahman from Iran, an

international civil seryant, in

describing his encounter with the

Swadhyaya movement said

‘‘Swadhyaya has shown how a

number of so-called

underdeveloped people were

successfully ‘developing’ and

adapting themselves to outside

changes in ways much more

effective and intelligent that what

most professional experts in the

field were able to offer.’’

Pandurang Shastri explains his

method : ‘‘My effort is to create a

new man who pursues the divine

mission in which God is the Centre.

Individual transformation and

empowerment is achieved through

service to the divine. It treats

economic development as a by-

product of individual

transformation and empowerment

through service. Swadhyaya

tackles the materialist western

worldview by reasserting the

essential spiritual quality of human

nature.’’

On 12 March, 1930 Gandhi

undertook the historic Dandi

March. On the same day the Gujrati

translation of his Geeta was

published in English.

A member of the Ashram found

it difficult to understand the

Gujrati version. His complain

moved Gandhi. Gandhi was then

residing at Yerwade prison. From

November 4, 1930 onward Gandhi

wrote letter to Ashram. The first

letter was devoted to Chapter XII

of the Geeta. In this letter Gandhi

wrote, ‘‘Let me tell you what the

true devotee is like. ...He reduces

him self to zero.’’ Voluntary work of

group dynamics can work wonder

in every aspect of human activity.

Pandurang is, indeed, little Gandhi.


8

Gandhi’s Tributeto

ISWARCHANDRA VIDYASAGAR

1. (1774-1833). A great social and religious reformer, founder of the Brahmo Samaj, supported

abolition of Sati and worked hard for the spread of education.

There is no gainsaying the fact

that a nation’s rise or fall

depends upon its great men. The

people who produce good men

cannot but be influenced by them.

The main reason for the special

distinction that we find in Bengal is

that many great men were born

there during the last century.

Beginning with Rammohan Roy,1

one heroic figure after another has

raised Bengal to a position higher

than that of the other provinces. It

can be said that Iswarchandra

Vidyasagar was the greatest among

them. “Vidyasagar”, which means

an ocean of learning, was an

honorific of Ishwarchandra,

conferred on him by the pandits of

Calcutta for his profound Sanskrit

learning. But Ishwarchandra was

not an ocean of learning only; he

was an ocean of compassion, of

generosity, as well as of many other

virtues. He was a Hindu, and a

Brahmin too. But to him, Brahmin

and Sudra, Hindu and Muslim,

were all alike. In any good deed

that he performed, he made no

distinction between high and low.

When his professor had an attack of

cholera, he himself nursed him. As

the professor was poor,

Ishwarchandra called in the doctors

9

2. A kind of unleavened and fried bread made from flour.

3. In West Bengal, then a French possession.

4. In West Bengal.

at his own cost and himself

attended to the patient’s toilet.

He used to buy luchi2 and curds

and feed the poor Muslims at his

own cost, in Chandranagar,3 and

helped with money those who

needed it. If he saw a cripple or

anyone in distress by the roadside,

he took him to his own house and

nursed him personally. He felt grief

at other people’s sorrows and joy at

their joys.

Himself he led a very simple

life. His dress consisted of a coarse

dhoti, a shawl of a

similar kind to

cover his body, and

slippers. In that

dress he used to call

on Governors, and

in the same dress he

greeted the poor.

He was really a

fakir, a sannyasi or

a yogi. It behoves us

all to reflect on his

life.

Ishwarchandra

was born of poor parents in a small

village in the Midnapur taluka.4 His

mother was a very saintly woman,

and many of her virtues were

inherited by Ishwarchandra. Even

in those days, his father knew some

English, and decided to give his son

a better education. Ishwarchandra

began his schooling at the age of

five. At the age of eight, he had to

walk sixty miles to Calcutta to join

a Sanskrit College. He had such a

prodigious memory that he learnt

the English numerals by looking at

the figures on the milestones while

walking along the road. At sixteen

he became well versed in Sanskrit,

and was appointed a Sanskrit

teacher. Rising step by step, he at

last became the Principal of the

college where he had studied. The

Government held him in great

Father : Thakundas Mother : Bhagabati Devi


10

respect. But, being of an

independent nature, he could not

adjust himself to the Director of

Public Instruction and resigned his

post. Sir Frederick Halliday, the

Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal,

sent for him and requested him to

withdraw his resignation, but

Ishwarchandra flatly declined.

His nobility and humanity had

their true blossoming after he had

given up his job. He saw that

Bengali was a very good language,

but appeared poor for want of fresh

contributions. He, therefore, began

writing books in Bengali. He

produced very powerful books, and

it is mainly due to Vidyasagar that

the Bengali language is at present

in full bloom and has spread

throughout India.

But he also realised that

merely writing books was not

enough; and so he founded schools.

It was Vidyasagar who founded the

Metropolitan College in Calcutta. It

is staffed entirely by Indians.

Considering that elementary

education was quite as necessary as

higher education, he started

primary schools for the poor. This

was a stupendous task in which he

needed Government help. The

Lieutenant-Governor assured him

that the Government would bear

the cost; but the Viceroy, Lord

Ellenborough, was opposed to this

and the bills preferred by

Vidyasagar were not passed. The

Lieutenant-Governor was very

sorry and suggested that

Ishwarchandra might file a suit

against him. Brave Ishwarchandra

replied : “Sir, I have never gone to

a court of law to get justice for

myself. How, then, is it possible for

me to proceed against you?” At that

time other European gentlemen

who used to help Ishwarchandra in

his work rendered him good

financial aid. Not being very rich

himself, he often ran into debt by

helping others out of their

difficulties; nevertheless, when a

proposal was made to raise a public

subscription for him, he turned it

down.

He did not rest satisfied with

thus putting higher and elementary

education on a sound footing. He

saw that, without the education of

girls, the education of boys alone

would not be enough. He found out

a verse from Manu which said that

the education of women was a duty.

Pressing it into service, he wrote a

book on the subject and, in

collaboration with Mr Bethune,

founded the Bethune College for

imparting education to women. But

it was more difficult to get women


11

to go to college than to establish it.

As he lived a saintly life and was

very learned, he was respected by

all. So he met prominent people

and persuaded them to send their

womenfolk to the College; and thus,

their daughters began to attend the

College. Today there are in that

College many well-known and

talented women of sterling

character, so much so that they can

by themselves carry on its

administration.

Still not satisfied,

he started schools

imparting elementary

education to small

girls. Here food,

clothing and books

were supplied free of

charge. Consequently,

one can see today

thousands of educated

women in Calcutta.

To meet the need for teachers

he started a Teachers’ Training

College. Seeing the very pitiable

condition of Hindu widows, he

advocated the remarriage of

widows; he wrote books and made

speeches on the subject. The

Brahmins of Bengal opposed him,

but he did not care. People

threatened to kill him, but he went

on undaunted. He got the

Government to pass a law legalising

remarriage of widows. He

persuaded many men and arranged

the remarriage of daughters of

prominent men widowed in

childhood. He encouraged his own

son to marry a poor widow.

The kulin or high-born

Brahmins were given to taking a

number of wives. They were not

ashamed of marrying as many as

twenty of them. Ishwarchandra

wept to see the sufferings of such

women; and he carried on his

efforts till the end of his life to

eradicate this wicked custom.

When he saw thousands of poor

people in Burdwan suffering from

malaria, he maintained a doctor at

his own cost and personally

distributed medicines among them.

He went to the houses of the poor

and gave them the necessary help.

In this way he worked ceaselessly

for two years, secured Government

help and called for more doctors.


12

In the course of this work, he

saw the necessity of a knowledge of

medicine. So he studied

homoeopathy, attained proficiency

in it, and began to prescribe

medicines to the sick. He did not

mind travelling long distances in

order to help the poor.

He was equally a stalwart in

helping big princes out of their

difficulties. If any of them had

injustice done to him or was

reduced to poverty, Ishwarchandra

used to help him with his influence,

knowledge and money, and mitigate

his distress.

While he was engaged in these

activities, Vidyasagar passed away

in 1890, at the age of seventy. There

have been few in this world like

him. It is said that, had

Ishwarchandra been born among a

European people, an imposing

column, like the one raised by the

British for Nelson, would have been

erected as a memorial to him.

However, a column to honour

Ishwarchandra already stands in

the hearts of the great and the

small, the rich and the poor of

Bengal.

It will now be clear to us how

Bengal provides an example for the

other parts of India to follow.

Source : (From Gujarati), Indian Opinion, 16-9-1905


13

Revisiting Gandhi—Issues and Challenges

A. AnnamalaiDirector, National Gandhi Museum,Rajghat, New Delhi- 110002, India

R abindranath Tagore, the Nobel

Laureate and the son of the

soil once wrote about Gandhiji: ‘‘He

stopped at the threshold of the huts

of the thousands of dispossessed,

dressed like one of their own. ‘‘He

spoke to them in their language.

Here was living truth at last, and

not quotations from books. For this

reason, the ‘Mahatma’, the name

given to him by the people of India,

is his real name. Who else has felt

like him that all Indians are his

own flesh and blood...At Gandhi’s

call India blossomed forth to new

This paper was presented as key-note address in the National Seminar on ‘Rethinking

Gandhian thought : Issues and Challenges’, organized by Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya,

Barrackpore, held on March 26, 2016

14

greatness, just as once before, in

earlier times, when the Buddha

proclaimed the truth of fellow

feeling and compassion among all

living creatures.”

nnnnn Erosion of Ethical Standard

and Corruption :

When there has been deep erosion

of moral values in our private and

public life, and when ethical

principles have all but disappeared,

it is good to revisit Gandhiji

because the Gandhian values

appear to be an effective

alternative to the present crisis of

the world. He provided not only the

political leadership to achieve

freedom, but also moral leadership,

which is of greater need today.

nnnnn Violence, Terrorism and

Extremism :

Violence and counter-violence of

either side could result in more

inhuman form of destruction and

we risk tit-for-tat violence that

looks hard to get out of this vicious

circle. Recent attacks in Belgium

and France are just an example of

the inhuman, unethical form of

retaliation but ultimately the

sufferers are mostly innocent

people. Therefore Martin Luther

King Jr observed the usage of

violence and its limitation— “The

ultimate weakness of violence is

that it is a descending spiral,

begetting the very thing it seeks to

destroy. Instead of diminishing evil,

it multiplies it... Through violence

you may murder the hater, but you

do not murder hate. In fact,

violence merely increases hate....

Returning violence for violence

multiplies violence, adding deeper

darkness to a night already devoid

of stars. Darkness cannot drive out

darkness; only light can do that.

Hate cannot drive out hate; Only

love can do that”.

Gandhi was well aware of the

ill effects of the act of violence. He

was himself associated with war

during Boer War and Zulu

Rebellion in South Africa and

witnessed two World Wars.

Therefore, Gandhi evolved

carefully and presented to the

world the idea of nonviolence, the

most pragmatic and potent

technique of conflict resolution for

a civilized society-as an alternative

to war and violence. Gandhi’s

nonviolence is not static, it evolves

and adapts to changing situations.

He used his non-violent resistance

against racial discrimination in

South Africa and in India he used

non-violent methods to fight

against the British Raj.

I would like to quote a few


15

instances of non-violence practised

by Gandhi. In South Africa he tried

to present the grievances of Indian

residents, who had migrated from

India in search of jobs. In the

process he had to oppose the

various measures formulated by

General Smuts. However, in 1914,

in an act of supreme generosity,

Gandhi presented Smuts with a

pair of sandals which he had made

himself. These were used by Smuts

for a few years. But, in 1939, he

wanted to return the sandals to

Gandhi on his seventieth birthday,

saying, “I have worn these sandals

for many a summer ... even though

I may feel that I am not worthy to

stand in the shoes of so great a

man. It was my fate to be the

antagonist of a man for whom even

then I had the highest respect. ...

He never forgot the human

background of the situation, never

lost his temper or succumbed to

hate, and preserved his gentle

humour even in the most trying

situations. His manner and spirit

even then, as well as later,

contrasted markedly with the

ruthless and brutal forcefulness

which is the vogue in our day...” In

the words of Gandhi, “It is the acid

test of non-violence that, in a non-

violent conflict, there is no rancour

left behind, and in the end the

enemies are converted into friends.

That was my experience in South

Africa, with General Smuts. He

started with being my bitterest

opponent and critic. Today he is my

warmest friend”.

In another instance, Lord

Irwin, who was the Viceroy of India

when Gandhiji engaged in a Civil

Disobedience Movement through

Salt March, once said, “I personally

felt I could trust Mr. Gandhi and I

did trust him. Now I am going to

tell you something and if you let it

out, my name is mud. It’s finished.

You have got to keep it to yourself.

I’ll tell it to you in confidence.

Never a word to anybody came out

of Gandhi. Therefore, I have every

reason to have great respect and

regard for the name of that very

remarkable little man.” Lord Irwin

trusted his own enemy! This trust

building is essential in resolving

conflict through nonviolent method.

For example, due to the growth

of the Hand Spinning (Khadi)

Movement in India, most of the

textile industries in Manchester

and Lancashire were closed down

and the people became

unemployed. When Gandhi went to

London in 1931 to attend the

Second Round Table Conference, he

wanted to meet those unemployed

mill workers. He wanted to convey


16

his real meaning of ‘Swadeshi’ to

the people of England. Finally he

conveyed his views and they also

understood Gandhi. This is the

power of love and nonviolence. It

penetrates into the hearts of even

the hardest people.

nnnnn Spiritual Journey— From ‘God

is Truth’ to ‘Truth is God’ :

In a country having great diversity

of religion, caste and political

affiliations, differences are bound to

arise. Differences are a reality and

that is the beauty— difference is

beauty. Whether we are in India or

in elsewhere, we have to appreciate

the differences among different

communities, religions,

nationalities and the like. Gandhi’s

spiritual journey from ‘God is

Truth’ to ‘Truth is God’ is the result

of the acceptance and recognition of

multi-religious and multi-cultural

society. Under normal

circumstances, domination by the

majority or domination by a few

results in the suppression of the

rest and this invariably creates

unrest in the society. Therefore, we

should create an environment in

which all the stakeholders are able

to meaningfully participate in the

process of development and in the

making of the

country.

Gandhi once

wrote, “I shall

work for an India

in which the

poorest shall feel

that it is their

country, in

whose making

they have an

effective voice,

an India in which

there shall be no

high class and low class of people,

an India in which all communities

shall live in perfect harmony.

There can be no room in such an

India for the curse of

untouchability or the curse of

intoxicating drinks and drugs.

Women will enjoy the same rights

as men. This is the India of my

dreams.”


17

nnnnn Cultural Fundamentalism and

Intolerance :

Gandhiji’s religious pluralism

involves a profound transformation

in the self-understanding of every

religion, particularly those making

absolutist claims. It requires them

to recognize that although they

contain truth, it is neither the

whole truth nor nothing but the

truth, and that they need to be self-

critical and open. While some

groups in all religions are moving

in this direction, others offer strong

resistance.

Basically every religion has its

own geographical character. If we

insist upon certain conditions on

other faiths, naturally they react

and resist. Recent incidents on

religious intolerance posed a great

challenge to the fundamental

principles of the constitution of

India. Freedom of speech and

freedom of expression are the

fundamental rights of the

individual and they cannot be

curtailed in a democratic country

like India. Some people are trying

to interpret nationalism and

patriotism in their own way. If we

started eliminating people

according to our own

interpretation, nobody will be left

out. Therefore, Gandhi said “The

Hindus, the Muslims, the Sikhs, the

Christians, the Parsis and the Jews

should be Indians first and Indians

last. Religion is the personal affair

of each individual. It must not be

mixed up with politics or national

affairs.”

Gandhi lived and died for

communal unity and oneness of God

irrespective of labels like Christian,

Parsi, Hindu or Muslim or even an

untouchable. He transcended all

the barriers of religion, language,

nationhood, etc. and moved with all

the people of different faiths in an

equal way.

nnnnn Poverty, Inequality and

Structural Violence :

Economic development includes

alleviation of poverty and hunger,

adequacy of the supply of basic

needs, reduction of inequality in

the distribution of income and

wealth, reduction of regional

disparities in the rates and

patterns of development and

finally, preservation of acceptable


18

environmental quality and an

enhancement of the quality of life.

The percolation theory believes

“growth solves every problem

including the problem of poverty”.

But in reality when growth goes on

increasing, more and more families

are thrown out at the bottom. This

is the most vulnerable point in the

modern development model. Then

question arises, Development for

whom? This is the

question of the

redistribution of

the benefit of

growth.

Economics as

visualized by

Gandhi must be

seen in the light of

his philosophy of

life in its totality.

He emphasized the

need of production

by masses instead

of mass production. Mass

production is only concerned with

the product, whereas production by

the masses is concerned with the

product as well as the producers,

and the process involved in it. If

understood in the right context and

perspective, his method of

production by masses, i.e.,

decentralized means of production

and distribution, would control the

growth of centralized mode of

ownership, the means of production

and the resulting capital formation.

Gandhi was not opposed to capital

growth but opposed to capital and

the surplus concentrated in a few.

Instead of accumulating the surplus

in the hands of a few, the surplus

should be distributed among the

masses, thereby bridging the

growing gap between the haves and

have-nots.

Today’s growth cannot be

considered as an organic growth.

For example, if you take India, only

a few cities are developed.

Development of handful of cities

cannot solve our economic

problems. In fact, it will create and

increase our problems. This

growth pattern increases the gap

between the rich and poor and


19

urban and rural. Cities are growing

at the cost of the villages causing

livelihood problems in the villages,

resulting in migration to the cities

and living there in inhuman

conditions. Gandhi wanted to have

an organic growth—inclusive

growth—with focus on sustain-

ability. Therefore, our development

mantra should be sustainability.

When asked if he was against

all machinery? Gandhiji said, “My

answer is emphatically ‘No’. But, I

am against its indiscriminate

multiplication..... What I object to,

is the craze for machinery, not

machinery as such. The craze is for

what they call labour-saving

machinery. Men go on ‘saving

labour’, till thousands are without

work and thrown on the open

streets ‘to die of starvation. I want

to save time and labour, not for a

fraction of mankind, but for all, I

want the concentration of wealth,

not in the hands of few, but in the

hands of all. Today machinery

merely helps a few ride on the

backs of millions. The impetus

behind it all is not the philanthropy

to save labour, but greed. It is

against this constitution of things

that I am fighting with all my

might.”

Gandhi was not against

machinery or modern technology.

He insisted that machinery or

technology should be appropriate to

our social and economic

environment. It should not control

the humanity. It should not replace

our huge labour force. Rural

economy and agro-based industries

should be developed and

strengthened. It should be

environmental friendly. Ultimately

it should bring the changes in the

living standards of the common

people. This is what Gandhi

wanted. But we are totally

misinterpreting Gandhi, in

publicizing that Gandhi opposed

modernizing technology.

His economic philosophy is

vibrant, ever widening. It is not

techno-centred, but people-centred.

Due to technological advancements

fewer and fewer people are needed

to work, because the industrialists

want greater productivity. The

masters of the money economy

want more and more efficient

machines working faster and faster,

and the result is that men and

women are thrown out and become

technologically unemployed. Such a

society generates rootless and

jobless millions, living as

dependents of the state or beggers

in the streets of the metros.

Gandhi was fortunate in a way

that no other leader of the world of


20

his time encountered so many

civilizations. He lived, experienced

and experimented with these

civilizations actively and

encountered them very

passionately. He was born and

brought up in the cultural

traditions of India, he went to

London to study law where he

encountered the western

civilization and finally, he

struggled in South Africa where

he experienced African

civilization. Therefore, it has

greater meaning when he says, “I

do not want my house to be walled

in on all sides and my windows to

be stuffed. I want the cultures of all

lands to be blown about my house

as freely as possible. But I refuse to

be blown off my feet by any. I refuse

to live in other people’s houses as

an interloper, a beggar or a slave.”

nnnnn Environmental degradation,

Pollution and Global Warming :

Environmental issues are posing a

great threat to the planet Earth.

Our planet is a living organism that

acts and responds to everything we

do on her. We cannot treat the earth

as a non-living thing. Recent heavy

rains and floods in Chennai are an

example for the erratic behavior of

the nature. Slowly natural rhythm-

natural cycle is changing due to

various factors including Global

Warming. It is nothing but the

consequential effect of reckless

industrialism and consumerism.

Through various Earth Summits,

countries are now serious in taking

corrective measures. Gandhiji’s idea

that “nature has enough to satisfy

every one’s needs, but not to satisfy

anybody’s greed” becomes one line

ethic to modern environmentalism.

Today we are deliberating upon

many issues and challenges

pertaining to the modern

development. Asking right

question at the right time is as

important as giving the right

answer. Hopefully we have raised

here right questions, in order to find

out appropriate answers.

I conclude my key-note address

with the sayings of Dr. Martin

Luther King, “Gandhi was

inevitable. If humanity is to

progress, Gandhi is inescapable.

He lived, thought and acted,

inspired by the vision of humanity

evolving toward a world of Peace

and Harmony. We may ignore

Gandhi at our own risk.”

Gandhi is not a spent bullet, he

is the creative alternative.


21

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Ü˛ÌyÜ˛yˆÏç °yày•zÎ˚y !òÓyÓ˚ ~Ü˛!òˆÏÜ˛ ˆÎÙl ~Ü˛ê˛y í˛zÍ§y• ˆòáy

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Ü˛Ìy ê˛y!lÎ˚y xy!lÎ˚y ˆ§ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ò%Û˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ Ü˛í˛¸y Ü˛Ìy ÷ly•zÎ˚y !òÓyÓ˚

ˆ°yË˛G x Ïl ÏÜ˛ §¡∫Ó˚î Ü˛!Ó˚ Ïï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ Ïï˛ ÏSÈl ly– xy Ïà xÓ¢ƒ á%Ó

Ü˛Ìy ÷!lï˛yÙ ày•z¶˛ç#Ó˚ ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛– ~ál ã˛Ó˚Ü˛y

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ï% °lyÎ˚– ~•záy Ïl•z xyÙyÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ xy˛õ!_– ≤ÃÌÙï˛ ày¶˛#Óy!òà ÏîÓ˚

!lÜ˛ Ïê˛ ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ ÷ô%Ùye ~Ü˛ê˛y

í˛zÍ˛õyòlÜ˛yÓ˚# Îsf !•¢yˆÏÓ lÎ˚ñ

•z•yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ ày¶˛#ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ü˛ê˛y

≤Ãï˛#Ü˛Ó˚* Ï õ– !Ü˛v ˆ§ ≤Ãï˛#Ü˛ô ÏÙ≈Ó˚

Ü˛Ìy SÈy!í˛¸Î˚y•z !òˆÏï˛!SÈ– ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ

xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !òÜ˛ Ó˚!•Î˚yˆÏSÈ ï˛y•yÓ˚

§¡∫ˆÏ¶˛•z Ü˛Ìy Ó!°ˆÏï˛!SÈ– !Ó÷k˛

xÌ≈l#!ï˛ Ó!°Î˚y ò%!lÎ˚yÎ˚

ˆÜ˛ylGÓ› xyˆÏSÈ Ó!°Î˚y•z ˆÎ

!ÓŸªy§ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ˆÏï˛!SÈ ly–

ç#ÓlÈüÈl#!ï˛•z !¢ ÏÓÓ˚ à#!ï˛ó ï˛y•y

ly ày!•Î˚y xÌ≈ÈüÈl#!ï˛Ó˚ ôyl Ë˛y!lÓ

!Ü˛Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ⁄ ˆ§ylyÓ˚*˛õyÎ˚ !l!Ù≈ï˛ Ù%oy

Ë˛yÓly¢!¢Ë) £Ïî òy¢=Æ

22

Óy Ü˛y ÏÓ˚!™ ˆly Ïê˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒï˛/ ˆÜ˛ylG !lÓ˚ Ï õ«˛ Ù)°ƒ

lÎ˚ñ ç#Ó ÏlÓ˚ Ù)° Ù)°ƒ ÏÓy ÏôÓ˚•z ~Ü˛!ê˛ oÓƒydÜ˛ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢

xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ fl∫y ÏÌ≈– ~•zçlƒ•z ày¶˛#Óy ÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól ÏÓy ÏôÓ˚

§Ó xy¢˛õy Ï¢Ó˚ Ü˛Ìy ly Ó!°Î˚y ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ !Ü˛S%È Ïï˛•z

ˆÓyV˛yl ÎyÎ˚ ly– ˆ§•z xy¢ÈüÈ˛õy Ï¢Ó˚ Ü˛Ìy §Ó ˆÎyà

Ü˛!Ó˚ Ï°•z ˆò!á Ïï˛ ˛õy•zÓñ Ü˛°ÈüÈ!Ù° ˆÎ ç#ÓlÈüÈò¢≈ ÏlÓ˚

§!•ï˛ Î%_´ ã˛Ó˚Ü˛y xy ÏòÔ ˆ§•z ç#ÓlÈüÈò¢≈ ÏlÓ˚ § ÏD•z

Î%_´ lÎ˚ó ã˛Ó˚Ü˛y ˆÎ ç#ÓlÈüÈò¢≈ ÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#Ü˛ñ Ü˛°ÈüÈ!Ù°

ï˛y•yÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ç#Ól ò¢≈ ÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#Ü˛ó §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ

ã˛Ó˚Ü˛y G Ü˛°ÈüÈ!ÙˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylG ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛

!Óã˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ G Ïë˛ ly– Ùl%£ÏƒÈüÈ§Ùy ÏçÓ˚ §¡∫ Ï¶˛ ˆÎ

Ü˛°ƒy ÏîÓ˚ xyò¢≈ Ù Ïl Ó˚y!áÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z Ü˛°ƒyî°y ÏË˛Ó˚

ˆÎ ˛õsiyÎ˚ !ÓŸªy§# ••zÎ˚y xyÙÓ˚y Ü˛°ÈüÈ!Ù° ÏÜ˛ xy◊Î˚

Ü˛!Ó˚ñ ày¶˛#Óyò ï˛y•y ÏÜ˛ ã˛Ó˚Ù Ü˛°ƒyî Ó!°Î˚y !ÓŸªy§

Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ lyó ˆ§•z xÜ˛°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÌ ••zˆÏï˛ ã˛Ó˚Ü˛y Ùyl%£ÏˆÏÜ˛

ÎÌyÌ≈ Ü˛°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ !Ê˛Ó˚y•zÎ˚y xy!lˆÏÓ •z•y•z

ày¶˛#Óy ÏòÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§– ~ Ï«˛ Ïe Î!ò xyâyï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ Ïï˛ •Î˚

ï˛ˆÏÓ §Ù@˝Ã ày¶˛#ÓyòˆÏÜ˛•z xyâyï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ••zˆÏÓñ

ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yÓyò ÏÜ˛ xyâyï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl xÌ≈ •Î˚ ly–

ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy Ó!°ˆÏï˛ ~Ü˛!ê˛ Ó¶%˛Ó˚ Ü˛Ìy ÙˆÏl

˛õ!í˛¸Î˚y ˆà°– §Ó ˆ°yˆÏÜ˛Ó˚•z ˆÎÙl Óy!•ˆÏÓ˚ ly

••zˆÏ°G !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ü˛ê˛y !ÓŸªy§ ≤ÃFSÈß¨ ÌyˆÏÜ˛ ˆÎ

ò%!lÎ˚yÎ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ ˆ°yÜ˛ áy!° Û≤ÃƒyÜ˛!ê˛Ü˛y°ÛÈüüüÈ ~ÓÇ ˆ§

ˆ°yÜ˛!ê˛ Úxy!ÙÛÈüüüÈ xyÙyÓ˚ Ó¶%˛Ó˚G ÷ô% ˆ§•z ≤ÃFSÈß¨

!ÓŸªy§ lÎ˚ñ ~ˆÏÜ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ˛ê˛ ˆÓ˚yà !SÈ°– ïÑ˛y•yÓ˚

ÙˆÏï˛ñ ò%!lÎ˚yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ §Ó Ùyl%£Ï•z !Ü˛!MÈ˛ò!ôÜ˛

Ú•zÙ≤ÃƒyÜ˛!ê˛Ü˛y°‰ÛÈüüüÈ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ˆòyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ã˛Ó˚Ù

!lò¢≈lÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ ˆÎ Ùyl%£Ï!ê˛ˆÏÜ˛ !Óôyï˛y˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ôÓ˚yï˛ˆÏ°

xÓï˛#î≈ Ü˛Ó˚y•zÎ˚y!SÈˆÏ°l !ï˛!l ••zˆÏ°l ÚˆÙy•lòy§

Ü˛Ó˚ÙãÑ˛yò ày¶˛#Û– xÓ¢ƒ ã˛Ó˚Ü˛y ≤Ã§ˆÏD•z Ü˛Ìy

••zˆÏï˛!SÈ°ñ ~ÓÇ fl∫yË˛y!ÓÜ˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó,•Í

Ü˛°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ xyòˆÏ¢≈ ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙÎ≈yòy §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ Ü˛Ìy

í z!ë˛Î˚y!SÈ°– !ï˛!l ~Ü˛!ê˛ § ÏçyÓ˚ Ù%‹Tƒyây Ïï˛ Ó!° Ï°lñ

ÚÚxyç=!Ó Ë˛y£Ïyñ §Ó xyç=!Ó– ~•z ôÓ˚ñ ˆï˛yÙy ÏÜ˛

Ë˛o§Ùy Ïç ˆÓÓ˚ Ïï˛ • ÏÓñ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ fl∫yË˛y!ÓÜ˛•z •zFSÈy

•ˆÏÓ ~Ü˛!ê˛ !àˆÏ°Ü˛Ó˚y çyÙy àyÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓÓ˚Gó

ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ày!¶˛ç#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏÜ˛ ï˛y •ÛˆÏ° !Ü˛

Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚⁄ !lˆÏç çyÙy!ê˛ˆÏÜ˛ ˆôy˛õò%Ó˚hflÏ Ü˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ Ü˛yã˛

åˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ày!¶˛ç# xyÓyÓ˚ §yÓyl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛

ˆò ÏÓl ï˛ñ ly xyÓyÓ˚ «˛yÓ˚ ˜ï˛Ó˚# Ü˛Û ÏÓ˚ !l Ïï˛ •Û ÏÓ⁄ä

ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ §yÓ˚y!òl ÓˆÏ§ ï˛yˆÏÜ˛ !àˆÏ° Ü˛Ó˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚

ˆÓÓ˚Gó ï˛ˆÏÓ•z •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ !òl ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~•z çyÙy

˜ï˛Ó˚# Ïï˛•z ã˛ Ï° Îy ÏÓñ ˆÓÓ˚ Ïï˛ xyÓ˚ • ÏÓ ly– Ó!°Î˚y•z

!ï˛!l ïÑ y•yÓ˚ xÜ˛yê˛ƒ Î%!_´Ó˚ §yÓ˚Ó_yÎ˚ ˆÓ¢ áy!lÜ˛ê˛y

!l!Ÿã˛hs˝ ••zÎ˚y Ó!§ˆÏ°l– ày!¶˛ç# ï˛ ÷ô% Ü˛y˛õí˛¸ñ

çyÙy !l Ïç Ü˛y!ã˛Î˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ Ïï˛ Ó Ï°l ly•zñ §Ω˛Ó ••z Ï°

!l ÏçÓ˚ Ü˛y˛õí ¸ñ çyÙy !l Ïç ˜ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚yG °•z Ïï˛

Ó!°Î˚yˆÏSÈlñ ï˛ï˛ò)Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈ƒhs˝ ÷!lˆÏ° Ó¶%˛ÓÓ˚ !Ü˛

Ü˛!Ó˚ Ïï˛l çy!l ly– xy!Ù ï˛ ÏÜ≈ !ÓÓ˚ï˛ ••zÎ˚y ≤Ã§D

˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y °•z°yÙó Ü˛yÓ˚î ày¶˛#Óyò ~ÓÇ

Ú!Ê˛l‰!Ê˛ˆÏl xy!jÓ˚ !àˆÏ° Ü˛Ó˚yÛÈüÈÓyò ~•z ò%•z!ê˛•z ˆÎ

Ù)ˆÏ° ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ~•z Ü˛Ìyê˛y Ë˛y° Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y

Ó%!V˛ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏà xlƒ ˛õÑyã˛Ó˚Ü˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ï˛Ü≈˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ï˛

ˆÜ˛ylG °yË˛ ly•z– ÎÑy•yˆÏÜ˛ ÎÌyÈüÈ§Ω˛Ó fl∫yÓ°¡∫#

••zˆÏï˛ ••zˆÏÓ ïÑ˛y•yˆÏÜ˛ ÎÌyÈüÈ§Ω˛Ó xyí˛¸¡∫Ó˚ Ó!ç≈ï˛

••zÎ˚y ˜òl!®l xË˛yÓG xˆÏlÜ˛ Ü˛Ùy•zÎ˚y xy!lˆÏï˛

••zˆÏÓñ xyÓ˚ ~•z xË˛yÓ=!° ÎÌyÈüÈ§Ω˛Ó Ü˛Ùy•zÎ˚y

ˆÊ˛!° Ïï˛ ••z Ï°•z ïÑ y•y ÏÜ˛ ïÑ y•yÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyey ÏÜ˛G ˆÎ

x ÏlÜ˛áy!l Óò°y•zÎ˚y ˆÊ˛!° Ïï˛ ••z ÏÓ–

Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ Ù•ydyç#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ àË˛#Ó˚ ◊k˛y § Ï_¥G

ày!¶˛ç#Ó˚ ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yÈüÈájˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ lyly §ÙˆÏÎ˚

≤Ã!ï˛Óyò çyly•zÎ˚y !SÈˆÏ°l– ïÑ˛y•yÓ˚ Ù%áƒ Î%!_´ !SÈ°


23

ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yÈüÈájÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ÈüÈˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚•z ˛õ!Ó˚˛õsi#–

~áy ÏlG ˆÎ Ùï˛yhs˝Ó˚ ï˛y•yG xy§ Ï° ~Ü˛!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛

Ùï˛yhs˝Ó˚ó xy§ˆÏ° Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ~ÓÇ ày!¶˛ç#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ

Ùyl§ÈüÈ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ Ü˛ï˛Ü˛=!° !Ù° Ìy!Ü˛ Ï°G

~ÓÇ í˛zË˛ˆÏÎ˚•z í˛zË˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ àË˛#Ó˚ ◊k˛y¢#°

Ìy!Ü˛ Ï°Gñ ïÑ y•y ÏòÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ç#ÓlÈüÈò¢≈ ÏlÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ ÏÓ˚

ÙhflÏÓí ¸ ÓƒÓôyl !SÈ°ó ç#Ólò¢≈ ÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓôy ÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ Ï°

í˛zË˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ˆÏÓyôG ˛õ,ÌÜ˛ !SÈ°– ày!¶˛ç#

ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yÈüÈájÓ˚ˆÏÜ˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õsi#

çy!lÎ˚y ÷ô%Ùye xy!Ì≈Ü˛ Óy §yÙy!çÜ˛ Óy Ó˚yç Ïl!ï˛Ü˛

§%!ÓôyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛ylG Ó˚* Ï õ à°yô/Ü˛Ó˚î Ü˛!Ó˚ Ïï˛ Ó Ï°l

ly•zó ïÑ y•yÓ˚ Îy•y ç#Ól ò¢≈l ˆ§•z Ù Ïï˛ ã˛Ó˚Ü˛y ájÓ˚

Ùyl% Ï£ÏÓ˚ ˆ§Ôá#l ˆ§Ô®Î≈ ÏÓyô ÏÜ˛ ly ••z Ï°G Ó,•_Ó˚

ˆ§Ô£Ï ÏÙƒÓ˚ í z õ ÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ ÏÓyô ÏÜ˛ !ÓÜ˛!¢ï˛

Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆï˛y Ï°–

˜Ó!òÜ˛ ÎyàÈüÈÎK˛ˆÏÜ˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎÙl ç#ÓˆÏl

§%≤Ã!§k˛ xl%¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xDÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ•z ï%˛!°Î˚y Ó˚y!áÎ˚y

!òÎ˚y!SÈñ ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ §)eÈÈüÈÎÈK˛ˆÏÜ˛ xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆ§•z

˛õÎ≈ƒyˆÏÎ˚•z xy!lÎ˚y ˆÊ˛!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚Î˚y!SÈñ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !ÓÓyò

≤ÃyÎ˚ xy˛õly ••zˆÏï˛•z !l!Ë˛Î˚y xy!§Î˚yˆÏSÈ– ~Ü˛ê%˛

§!e´Î˚ !SÈ° Ù•ydyç#Ó˚ Ó%!lÎ˚yò# !¢«˛yÓ˚ xyò¢≈ó

§¡±!ï˛ ï˛y•yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆÜ˛• ˆÜ˛• !Ü˛S%È !Ü˛S%È Ü˛í˛¸y

Ùhs˝Óƒ ÷ly•zÎ˚y !òˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈl– ~Ü˛çl Ó!°Î˚yˆÏSÈl ˆÎ

Ù•ydyç#Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛!“ï˛ ~•z Ó%!lÎ˚yò# !¢«˛yÓ˚ xyò¢≈

Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §Ë˛ƒï˛y G §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#ñ •z•y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚

§Ë˛ƒï˛yÈüÈ§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏÜ˛ ÓÓ˚MÈ˛ !˛õSÈy•zÎ˚y !òˆÏÓ– ˆÎ ˆÎ

≤Ã§ˆÏD !ï˛!l Ó%!lÎ˚yò# !¢«˛yÈüÈ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“lyÓ˚ ˆòy£Ï

ˆòáy•zÎ˚yˆÏSÈl ï˛y•yÓ˚ §Ó ≤Ã§D í˛zay˛õl ly Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y

xyÙÓ˚y ÷ô% ïÑ y•yÓ˚ Ù)° ò,!‹TË˛!D §¡∫ Ï¶˛•z xy Ï°yã˛ly

Ü˛!Ó˚ Ïï˛!SÈ– !ï˛!l ˆÎ Ü˛Ìy Ó!°Î˚y ÏSÈl ˆ§ÈüÈ§¡∫ Ï¶˛ Ü˛Ìy

Ó!°ˆÏï˛ ••zˆÏ° ïÑ˛y•yˆÏÜ˛ ày!¶˛ç# ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛

!¢«˛yÈüÈÓƒÓfliy ÏÜ˛ ~Ü˛ê˛y ˛õŸã˛yòy˛õ§yÓ˚îÈüÈÙ)°Ü˛ ÓƒÓfliy ly

Ó!°Î˚y Ó°y í z!ã˛ï˛ !SÈ° ˆÎ ày¶˛#Óyò•z ••z° ~Ü˛ê˛y

˛õŸã˛yòy˛õ§Ó˚îÈüÈÙ)°Ü˛ xyò¢≈– Ü˛yÓ˚î ày!¶˛ç#Ó˚

!¢«˛yÈüÈ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“ly ïÑ˛y•yÓ˚ ç#ÓlÈüÈ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“lyÓ˚•z

xD#Ë)˛ï˛ñ ~Ü˛!ê˛ˆÏÜ˛ Óyò !òÎ˚y xyÓ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ˆÏÜ˛ ˆòáy

!Ü˛S%ÈˆÏï˛•z §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚Ê˛ ••zˆÏï˛ñ Ó%!lÎ˚yò#

!¢«˛yˆÏÜ˛ ã˛y°% Ü˛!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ~áyˆÏl ˆ§áyˆÏl ˆÎê%˛Ü%˛ ˆã˛‹Ty

ã˛!°ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛y•yÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ü˛ê˛y x§D!ï˛ xy˛õly

••zˆÏï˛•z xy!§Î˚y ˛õ!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ– Ü˛yÓ˚î ày!¶˛ç# ˆÎ

ç#ÓlÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó%!lÎ˚yò# !¢«˛yˆÏÜ˛ ã˛y°% Ü˛!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚

~áy Ïl ˆ§áy Ïl ˆÎê% Ü% ˆã˛‹Ty ã˛!° Ïï˛ ÏSÈ ï˛y•yÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ ÏÓ˚

~Ü˛ê˛y x§D!ï˛ xy˛õly ••zˆÏï˛•z xy!§Î˚y ˛õ!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ–

Ü˛yÓ˚î ày¶˛#ç# ˆÎ ç#ÓlÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó%!lÎ˚yò#

!¢«˛yˆÏÜ˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y!•Î˚y!SÈˆÏ°l xyÙÓ˚y ˆ§

ç#ÓlÓy ÏòÓ˚ xÓfliy˛õß¨ l!•ó !ï˛!l ˆÎ ÓyhflÏÓÈüÈç#Ól

˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ §!•ï˛ Ó%!lÎ˚yò# !¢«˛yˆÏÜ˛ !Ù°y•zÎ˚y °•zˆÏï˛

Ó!°Î˚y!SÈˆÏ°l ˆ§•z ç#Ól ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ §!•ï˛ Ó%!lÎ˚yò#

!¢«˛yˆÏÜ˛ !Ù°y•zÎ˚y °•zˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y lyÓ˚yçó ˆÎ

ˆÜ˛w#Ë) ï˛ lyà!Ó˚Ü˛ Îy!sfÜ˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛y ~ÓÇ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚

!ï˛!l !Ó ÏÓ˚yô# !ã˛ Ï°l ˆ§•z §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚•z x ÏD xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò

~áyˆÏl ˆ§áyˆÏl ~Ü˛ê%˛ ~Ü˛ê%˛ Ó%!lÎ˚yò# !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ó˚.

V˛y°y•zÎ˚y !òˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y•yÓ˚ x§D!ï˛ ï˛ ˆã˛yˆÏá

xyâyï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ ÏÓ•z–

xy§ˆÏ° !¢«˛y!Óò‰ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ày!¶˛ç#Ó˚ Ó%!lÎ˚yò#

!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÎÑy•yÓ˚y §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l !¢«˛yÈüÈ§¡∫ˆÏ¶˛

ïÑ˛y•yˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ~ÓÇ ày!¶˛ç#Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy ~Ü˛ lˆÏ•–

xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛wy!Ë˛Ù%á lyà!Ó˚Ü˛ ç#ÓlˆÏÜ˛ Ù%áƒï˛

xÓ°¡∫l Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y fl%Ò°ÈüÈÜ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏç ˛õ%Ñ!ÌÈüÈ˛õeˆÏÜ˛ ≤Ãôyl

í˛z˛õç#Óƒ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÎ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy à!í˛¸Î˚y í˛z!ë˛Î˚yˆÏSÈ

ày!¶˛ç# ï˛y•yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# !SÈˆÏ°l– ïÑ˛y•yÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚

xyò¢≈ ••z°ñ ~Ü˛!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• G ÙˆÏl ˆÎ


24

¢!_´ÈüÈ§Ω˛yÓly !l!•ï˛ Ó˚!•Î˚y ÏSÈ ï˛y•yÓ˚ §ÙƒÜ˛ fl≥) Ó˚ Ïî

§y•yÎƒ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ï˛y•yˆÏÜ˛ Ë˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ

Ë˛y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆï˛y°y– ≤ÃÌˆÏÙ•z ÙˆÏl

Ó˚y!áˆÏï˛ ••zˆÏÓñ ày¶˛#Óyò ˆÜ˛w#Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#ó

Îy!sfÜ˛ ç#ÓlˆÏÜ˛ xÓ°¡∫l Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚

ˆÜ˛w#Ü˛Ó˚ ÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ Ï° @˝ÃyÙ=!° ÷Ü˛y•zÎ˚y !àÎ˚y ¢•Ó˚=!°

ÊÑ˛y!˛õÎ˚y í˛z!ë˛ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ– §Ù@˝Ã ˆò¢Óy§#Ó˚ ˆò•ÙˆÏlÓ˚

Ü˛°ƒy ÏîÓ˚ !ò ÏÜ˛ ò,!‹T Ó˚y!á Ïï˛ ••z Ï° ~•z ~Ü˛Ù%á#l

ÎyeyÓ˚ à!ï˛ !Ê˛Ó˚y•zÎ˚y !òˆÏï˛ ••zˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ @˝ÃyÙ#î

§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚•z xyÙy!òàˆÏÜ˛ ˛õ%l/ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ••zˆÏï˛

••zˆÏÓ– xyÙÓ˚y Îál !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy Ë˛y!ÓÓñ ï˛ál

§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛zFã˛hflÏˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ù%!‹TˆÏÙÎ˚ ˆ°yˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ ˆò•ÙˆÏlÓ˚

ã˛yÜ˛!ã˛ˆÏÜ˛ƒÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy•z Ë˛y!Ó lyñ xyÙy!òàˆÏÜ˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚

≤ÃyÎ˚ §yï˛ °«˛ @˝ÃyÙÓy§# ÏòÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy•z Ù%áƒï˛/ Ë˛y!Ó Ïï˛

••zˆÏÓ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çy!ï˛ˆÏÜ˛ l)ï˛l Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y à!í˛¸Î˚y

ï%˛!°ˆÏï˛ ••zˆÏ° ~•z §yï˛ °«˛ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ x!ôÓy!§àî

≤ÃˆÏï˛ƒˆÏÜ˛ !Ü˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆò•ÙˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙƒÜ˛ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚

myÓ˚y ~Ü˛!ê˛ xyd!lË≈ Ó˚¢#° ï˛yçy Ùyl%£Ï ••zÎ˚y í z!ë˛ Ïï˛

˛õy ÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z Ü˛Ìy Ë˛y!Ó Ïï˛ ••z ÏÓñ ày!¶˛ç#Ó˚ Ó%!lÎ˚yò#

!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“ly ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~•z ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ !¢÷

Î%ÓÜ˛ ÏÜ˛ Ù Ïl Ó˚y!áÎ˚y à!í ¸Î˚y í z!ë˛Î˚y ÏSÈ– !Ü˛v xyÙy ÏòÓ˚

xlƒylƒ !¢«˛y!Óò‰ ÎÑy•yÓ˚y Ó˚!•Î˚yˆÏSÈl ïÑ˛y•yÓ˚y ÙyˆÏV˛

Ùy ÏV˛ ~ Ü˛Ìy ˆ§ÈüÈÜ˛Ìy !Ü˛S%È !Ü˛S%È Ó!° Ï°G ˆÓ¢ ˆÓyV˛y

ÎyÎ˚ ïÑ˛y•yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ °«˛ƒ ~ÓÇ ˆã˛‹Ty ••zˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ

Ùyl%£Ï à!í˛¸ÓyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ˆÎ Ü˛°=!° ˆòˆÏ¢

•z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ ã˛y°% ••zÎ˚y !àÎ˚yˆÏSÈ ï˛y•yˆÏï˛ !Ü˛S%È ˜ï˛°

!l!§_´ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ï˛y•yÓ˚ à!ï˛ ÏÜ˛ xyÓ˚G !Ü˛S%È Ù§,î ~ÓÇ

ˆÓàÓyl‰ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆï˛y°y ÎyÎ˚ !Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z

çyï˛#Î˚ Ü˛ Ï°Ó˚ §Çáƒy xyÓ˚G !Ü˛!MÈ˛Í ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ô≈ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y

ÎyÎ˚ !Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ˛y ÏÓ˚– ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ~•z Ù)° ò,!‹TÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈ l ly

â!ê˛ Ï° ˛õ Ïò ˛õ Ïò !Ó ÏÓ˚yô ï˛ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈– ~Ü˛•z !l/

ŸªyˆÏ§ Ü˛!°Ü˛yï˛y Óy ˆÓy¡∫y•zˆÏÜ˛ !Ü˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y Ó˚yï˛yÓ˚y!ï˛

!lí˛z•zÎ˚Ü≈˛ Óy GÎ˚y!§Çê˛ˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Ó ~ÓÇ

ï˛y•yÓ˚•z ÊÑ˛yˆÏÜ˛ ÊÑ˛yˆÏÜ˛ xyÓyÓ˚ Óy˛õ%ç#Ó˚ ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yñ

Ó%!lÎ˚yò# !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ Ó˚yÙô)l àylˆÏÜ˛G !Ü˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y

ˆÓÙy°%Ù ã˛y°y•zÎ˚y !òÓñ ~•z ò%•z ÓyˆÏâÈüÈàÓ˚&ˆÏï˛ ~Ü˛

ây Ïê˛ ç° áyGÎ˚y•zÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty Ü˛!Ó˚ Ï° ã˛!° ÏÓ ˆÜ˛l⁄

xy!Ù ày¶˛#ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÜ˛ylG GÜ˛y°!ï˛

Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ó!§ ly•zñ Óyòyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !l®yG Ü˛yÙƒ lˆÏ•–

§ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùï˛ Îál•z Îy•y !Ü˛S%È ≤Ãã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ ••zÎ˚yˆÏSÈ

ï˛ál ˆ§•z Ùï˛ Ë%Ñ˛•zˆÏÊÑ˛yí˛¸ ••zÎ˚y Ü˛álG ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚

lyñ ï˛y•yÓ˚ xy¢ÈüÈ˛õy Ï¢ Ìy ÏÜ˛ ç#Ól §¡∫ Ï¶˛ §ï˛ƒò,!‹TÓ˚

~Ü˛!ê˛ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ù[˛°ñ ˆ§•z §Ù@˝Ã ˛õ!Ó˚Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚•z

Î!ò ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïî Óy !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ï˛y•yˆÏÜ˛ @˝Ã•î

Óy Óç≈l Ü˛!Ó˚ ï˛ ÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y Ó!°¤˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òÓó

ï˛y•y ly Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆ§•z !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ù[˛ Ï°Ó˚ ~áylÜ˛yÓ˚

ˆ§áylÜ˛yÓ˚ ~Ü˛ê% Ó˚. ˆÓ˚áy Ù%!SÈÎ˚y ˆÊ˛!°ÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹TyÎ˚

xyÙÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõ ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ x!Óã˛yÓ˚•z Ü˛!Ó˚Ó–


25

ÓƒÌ≈ ˆ°yÜ˛lyÎ˚Ü˛ˆàÔÓ˚# xy•zÎ˚%Ó

çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛y¢ lyÓ˚yÎ˚î Óï≈˛Ùyl Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ÈüÈÙˆÏMÈ˛Ó˚§Ó Ïã˛ ÏÎ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ lyÎ˚Ü˛– xÓ¢ƒ ˆï˛Ùl Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆòá Ïï˛ ˆà Ï°

§yÌ≈Ü˛ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛⁄ fl∫Î˚Ç ày¶˛#•z Óy !§k˛Ü˛yÙ • ÏÎ˚!SÈ Ï°l Ü˛ï˛ê% Ü% ⁄xy§Ù%oÈüÈ!•Ùyã˛° ~•z Ë) á Ï[˛Ó˚ çlàîÙl x!ôlyÎ˚Ü˛ xhs˝ï˛ Ü˛ ÏÎ˚Ü˛ÓSÈ ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç ÏlƒG Î!ò ˆÜ˛í z • ÏÎ˚ Ìy ÏÜ˛l ï˛ ÏÓ !ï˛!l ày¶˛#– xÌã˛fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚Ü˛ ÙyˆÏ§•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yÙÓ˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ !ã˛ï˛y çµ°ˆÏï˛ˆò Ïá ˆà ÏSÈl !ï˛!l ~•z Ë˛y.y ˆò Ï¢ §y¡±òy!Î˚Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ xy= Ïl–Ó˚yç Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÎ Ó˚Ü˛Ù xyÓ•yGÎ˚yÓ˚ §,!‹T • ÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛ál ˆò Ï¢ñ ˆÎôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ü˛yë˛yˆÏÙy àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ˆï˛yí˛¸ˆÏçyí˛¸ ÷Ó˚&Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!SÈ Ï°l ˆlï˛yÓ˚yñ Ó˚yçôyl#Èü ÈˆÜ˛!wÜ˛ ˆÎ ≤Ã¢y§l ÓƒÓfliy Ó˚yï˛ly ˆ˛õy•y Ïï˛•z lï% l çyï˛#Î˚ §Ó˚Ü˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚G xy¢#Ó≈yò °yË˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ôlƒ

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• ÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ § ÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ ˆÎ ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚ § ÏD ˆò Ï¢Ó˚ç Ïlƒ Ó!°≤Ãò_ çl Ï§ÓÜ˛Ó˚y §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# ÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒ_´àò#=!° òá° Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈˆÏ°lÈüüüÈ ˆ§ÈüÈ§ˆÏÓÓ˚ˆÜ˛y Ïlyê˛•z ˆï˛y ày¶˛# ÏÜ˛ xyŸªy§ ˆòÓyÓ˚ Ùï˛l !SÈ° ly–~Ùl !Ü˛ Ü˛Ç Ï@˝Ã§ lyÙÜ˛ ˆÎ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl!ê˛ Ó° Ïï˛ ˆà Ï°~Ü˛Ó˚Ü˛Ù ïÑ˛yÓ˚•z •yˆÏï˛ àí˛¸yñ ˆ§•z Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§Ó˚fl∫yô#lï˛yÈüÈ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ Ü˛yˆÏ° Ü˛# Ü˛ï≈˛Óƒ •ˆÏÓ Óy ˆÜ˛ÙlÓ˚*˛õ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§ !Ó£ÏˆÏÎ˚G ˆï˛y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ •zFSÈyÓ˚ G !lˆÏò≈ˆÏ¢Ó˚ÙÎ≈yòy Ó˚«˛y Ü˛ ÏÓ˚l!l ïÑ yÓ˚ ˆfl¨•˛õ%‹T xl%ç ˆlï˛yÓ˚y–xÌã˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛Ó Ï£Ï≈Ó˚ çlÙyl Ï§ ~Ü˛òy ày¶˛#Ó˚ ≤ÃË˛yÓÙ•yÓ#Ó˚ !Ü˛ÇÓy Ó% Ïk˛Ó˚ ≤ÃË˛y ÏÓÓ˚ ˆã˛ ÏÎ˚G !Óhfl,Ïï˛ï˛Ó˚ !SÈ°ly !Ü˛⁄ !Ü˛hv ˆ§ ≤ÃË˛y ÏÓÓ˚ àË˛#Ó˚ï˛y ˆÎ xyÈüÈcÜ˛ Ùyeï˛y ˆï˛y ày¶˛# fl∫ã˛ˆÏ«˛•z ˆòˆÏá ˆàˆÏSÈl Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈–

fl∫yô#l Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚# l#!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓày¶˛#ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ ày¶˛#Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z âˆÏê˛!SÈ°– ï˛y•zÓ°y x§Dï˛ • ÏÓ ly ˆÎ ày¶˛#Ó˚ ˆã˛ ÏÎ˚ ¢!_´Ùyl G§yÌ≈Ü˛ï˛Ó˚ çl Ïlï˛yG ~ Ïò Ï¢ !Ó Ï¢£Ï çß√yl!lñ xyÓyÓ˚ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚G ï%˛°ly ˆl•z– ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ˆï˛y xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÓ˚ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛•z Ü˛Ó˚ÓúÓ˚yç Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÌ≈ Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ § ÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ Ü˛# §Ó≈Óƒy˛õ#!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy•z ly !ã˛hs˝y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈˆÏ°l ày¶˛# ~ÓÇ~ï˛Óí˛¸ xË)˛ï˛˛õ)Ó≈ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SÈˆÏ°l !ÓlyÓ˚_´˛õyˆÏï˛– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÓ˚ ~Ü˛ Ü˛í˛¸yG ˛õ)î≈ •Î˚!lxyˆÏçyñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ój¢yÎ˚ •ˆÏÓ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly°«˛îG ˆl•z– fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ xyˆÏ®y°lˆÏÜ˛ ~Ü˛x!Ë˛lÓ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏÜ˛ Ü˛ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ïÑ˛yÓ˚ÙˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛l ~Ü˛ê˛y Ó˚*˛õ !òˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈˆÏ°l ÓˆÏê˛ !Ü˛vˆò¢ˆÏÜ˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛!“ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚*˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!lÈüüüÈ ˆÜ˛Ó° §yˆÏí˛¸ ˛õÑyã˛ Ùy§ lÎ˚ñ xyˆÏÓ˚y §yˆÏí˛¸˛õÑyã˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˆÓÑ Ïã˛ ÌyÜ˛ Ï°G ˛õyÓ˚ Ïï˛l !Ü˛ly § Ï®•– ï˛ ÏÓ!Ü˛ Ó°Ó §ï˛ƒy@˝Ã Ï•Ó˚ l.Ì≈Ü˛ ¢!_´ Îï˛áy!l §òÌ≈Ü˛¢!_´ ï˛ï˛áy!l ˆl•z⁄ Ó°y ˆ•yï˛ §ï˛ƒy@˝Ã•ˆ¢y£ÏîÈüÈ˛õ#í˛¸lˆÏÜ˛ ly¢ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ¢y£ÏÜ˛ÈüÈ˛õ#í˛¸Ü˛ˆÏÜ˛ lÎ˚–

!Ü˛v Ü˛yÎ≈ï˛ ˆòá!SÈ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# ˆ¢y£Ïî ˛õ#í˛¸lˆÏÜ˛§•çÈüÈ!lÓ˚#«˛ƒ Îsf!ê˛ ÏÜ˛ !ÓÜ˛° Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆòÓyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õy ÏÓ˚§ï˛ƒy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ Î!ò Óy !Ü˛S%È Ü˛Ó˚î#Î˚ ÌyˆÏÜ˛ñ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚§Ó≈hflÏˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ¶…˛ Ó˚ˆÏ¶…˛ Ó‡ò)Ó˚ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y ˆ¢y£Ïî G˛õ#í ¸ ÏlÓ˚ §•flÀÙ%á# §)- G ò%!l≈Ó˚#«˛ƒ !¢Ü˛í ¸=!° ÏÜ˛!l/ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï í˛z˛õˆÏí˛¸ xyly §ï˛ƒy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚G Ü˛yç lÎ˚ñÓ˚_´«˛Î˚# !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆï˛y lÎ˚•z– xyÓ˚ !ÓÜ˛“ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly§Ùyç!Ólƒy§ à Ïí ¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õy ÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y Ïlyˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy•z ˆçyày Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚ ly ày¶˛#Óyò ˆ§ ˆï˛y xyÙÓ˚y!e¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ ô ÏÓ˚•z ˆò Ïá ã˛ Ï°!SÈ– xÌ≈yÍ ày¶˛#Ó˚ îydÜ˛Ë) !ÙÜ˛y Î!ò Óy !Ü˛S%È !SÈ°ñ ôlydÜ˛ Ë) !ÙÜ˛y !Ü˛ ¢) ÏlƒÓ˚Ü˛ySÈyÜ˛y!SÈ lÎ˚⁄ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚!Ü˛ §yÌ≈Ü˛ï˛y Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyÚÓyòÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÈüÈ§yÌ≈Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ùy˛õÜ˛y!ë˛ •Î˚ñ •ˆÏÓ ly•zÓy ˆÜ˛lñ ï˛y• Ï° ày¶˛#Óyò !Ó£Ï ÏÎ˚ í z!Õ‘!áï˛ !§k˛y Ïlï˛e&!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄

ï% °lyÎ˚ çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛y Ï¢Ó˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y ≤ÃyÎ˚ ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ#–Ùyl%£Ï !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ï˛!l í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚y_Ó˚ Îï˛ Ù•_¥ xç≈lÜ˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏSÈlñ ïÑ yÓ˚ Ó˚yç Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyô G ò,!‹T e´ ÏÙ Îï˛àË˛#Ó˚ G ÓƒyÆ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ çlˆÏlï˛y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ï˛ï˛•z!ï˛!l Ü˛Ù xyÜ˛£Ï≈Ü˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ÓˆÏ° xyÙyÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§–1974ÈüÈ75 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ àî xyˆÏ®y°lñ ÎyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛§y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ çÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfliyÈüüüÈ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z•Î˚ˆÏï˛ xyÙyÓ˚ ~ Ùhs˝ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–Ó° Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ˆ§ÈüÈ!òl §•flÀ §•flÀ ˆ°yÜ˛ ˛õ ÏÌ~ˆÏ§!SÈ° çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚•z xy•¥yˆÏl– !Ü˛v •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ§Ü˛ Ï°•z !lŸã˛Î˚•z °«˛ƒ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏSÈl ˆÎ ï˛yÍ«˛!îÜ˛ ~ÓÇí z Ï_çÜ˛ ~•z§Ó xy Ï®y°lñ §Ë˛yñ ˆ¢yË˛yÎyeyñ xy•zlxÙylƒ •zï˛ƒy!ò Ü˛ ÏÙ≈ ÎyÓ˚y ˆÎyà !ò ÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛álñ ï˛yÓ˚y§Óy•z ~ál ˆÜ˛Ùl Ó!ôÓ˚ • ÏÎ˚ Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ ÏSÈ çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛y Ï¢Ó˚xy§° Ü˛Ù≈ õ!Ó˚Ü˛“lyÎ˚ ˆÎyà ˆòÓyÓ˚ xyÙsf Ïî– Ü˛ÈüÈ!ê˛ˆ°yÜ˛§!Ù!ï˛ àë˛l Ü˛Ó˚y • ÏÎ˚ ÏSÈ xòƒyÓ!ô⁄ fliyl#Î˚ Óyçyï˛#Î˚ Ü˛ÈüÈ!ê˛ §Ù§ƒy !l ÏÎ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒÜ˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛Ü˛yç ÷Ó˚& • ÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆ§!òl xÌÓy ÷Ó˚& •ÓyÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly


27

ˆòáy Îy ÏFSÈ xyç⁄ ~Ó˚ Ü˛yÓ˚îñ §#!Ùï˛ Ó˚yç Ïl!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛Ù≈ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ Ó,•_Ó˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ«˛ Ïe Óƒ!_´àï˛ Ë˛y ÏÓïÑ yÓ˚ í z_Ó˚ ÏîÓ˚ § ÏD § ÏD §ÙhflÏ ˆò Ï¢Ó˚ Ùyl% Ï£ÏÓ˚Gˆï˛y í z_Ó˚î â Ïê˛!l– ˆò Ï¢Ó˚ Ó˚yç Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝y ˆï˛y§Ùyl ˆÓˆÏà ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ °yË˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!l– Ê˛ˆÏ° 1942§yˆÏ° ÎÑyÓ˚y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §•Ü˛Ù#≈ xl%àyÙ# !SÈˆÏ°l ÷ô%ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚•z lÎ˚ñ ÎÑyÓ˚y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ï˛#Ó §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ !SÈˆÏ°lïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚G xˆÏlÜ˛ !˛õSÈˆÏl ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° !ï˛!l ã˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈl˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ 15 ÓSÈˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ 1964ÈüÈˆï˛ ÎÑyÓ˚y ïÑ˛yÓ˚§•àyÙ# !SÈˆÏ°l 1974ÈüÈ~ ïÑ˛yÓ˚yG !Ó!FSÈß¨ •ˆÏÎ˚˛õ Ïí ¸ ÏSÈl çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛y Ï¢Ó˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ü˛ §D ˆÌ ÏÜ˛– Ê˛ Ï°Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ Ïe ïÑ yÓ˚ ¢e&ÈüÈ!Ùe x Ïl ÏÜ˛•z ˆÓ!¢ !òlïÑ yÓ˚ lyày° ˛õyl!lñ ïÑ yÓ˚§ ÏD ˛õy !Ù!° ÏÎ˚ ã˛° Ïï˛˛õy ÏÓ˚l!l– xàï˛ƒy ïÑ y ÏÜ˛l#!ï˛º‹Tñ Ó‡Ó˚*˛õ#ñ§%!ÓôyÓyò#ñ x!fliÓ˚!ã˛_•zï˛ƒy!ò ày!° !òˆÏÎ˚!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓÜ˛ˆÏÜ˛¢yhs˝ ˆÓ˚ Ïá ÏSÈl– xÌ≈yÍÓ˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyô G˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“lyÓ˚ ˆÎle´Ù!ÓÜ˛y¢ ˆl•z– ˆÎl xlí ¸ xã˛° • ÏÎ˚ ~Ü˛ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÜ˛yˆÏï˛•z Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ï˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÜ˛y¤˛y–

ÙyÜ≈ §‰ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ ˛õsiyÎ˚ Îï˛ ò)Ó˚ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •GÎ˚yÎyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §#Ùy ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Î!ò ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆ§•z ˛õÌ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yòˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ xyÓ˚G ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆ§ ˛õˆÏÌGÎÌyfliyˆÏl ˆ˛õÔÑSÈÓyÓ˚ !Ó°¡∫ ˆòˆÏá lï%˛lï˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚§¶˛yl Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ Ìy ÏÜ˛ ï˛ ÏÓ ˆÎ ˆ§ Óƒ!_´ Ó‡ Ï°y ÏÜ˛Ó˚§ Ï®•Ë˛yçl • ÏÓ ~ÓÇ xlyfliy xç≈l Ü˛Ó˚ ÏÓ ~ Ïï˛xyÓ˚ xyŸã˛Î≈ !Ü˛⁄ Ü˛yÓ˚î ~ çyï˛#Î˚ Ùyl%£Ï xyÙy ÏòÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ˆÏÓ¢ ò%ˆÏÓ≈yôƒ Ó•z !Ü˛ú

çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛y Ï¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ◊k˛y !l ÏÓòl Ü˛ ÏÓ˚•z ç ÏlÜ˛xl%Ó˚yà# x“Ü˛y° ˛õ) ÏÓ≈ !° Ïá ÏSÈl ≠È His call for

struggle against basic maladies of our

society has received a tremendous

response from the people. In his

exhartations they find the expression of

their fellings and aspirations. His optimistic

assertion for total revolution and building

up a new social order radiates hope and

enthusiasm to the oppressed.

çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛y Ï¢Ó˚ Ü˛#!ï≈ Ó˚ ~•z Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î Óí ¸ Ü˛Ó˚&îñïÑ yÓ˚ ˛õ Ï«˛Gñ xyÙy ÏòÓ˚ ˛õ Ï«˛G– xyÙy ÏòÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛

§Ó §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚Ü˛yˆÏç çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚xy•¥yˆÏl ly!Ü˛ !Ó˛õ%°§yí ¸y ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆà ÏSÈú •yÎ˚ŸªÓ˚ú Ë˛@¿ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒ_´~•z Ùyl%£Ï!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ˆÎl ˛õ!Ó˚•yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ùï˛lˆ¢ylyÎ˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Óyî#ˆÏï˛ï˛y ÏòÓ˚ xy¢y xyÜ˛yA«˛yÓ˚í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ÷lÓyÓ˚ Ùï˛l

Ü˛yl Óy Ùl Î!ò §!ï˛ƒ•z ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ÌyÜ˛ï˛ ïÑ yÓ˚ ˆò¢ÈüÈÓy§#Ó˚ñï˛ˆÏÓ ã˛ï%˛!ò≈ˆÏÜ˛ ~•z !lÓ˚&˛õyÎ˚ xyd§Ù˛õ≈î ˆÜ˛l⁄ÈüüüÈˆÜ˛yÌyG çlï˛y Ó˚y ÏçÓ˚ í zFS,ÈC° ˛õy ÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyG ÓyÙyÜ≈ §#Î˚ Ó˚y ÏçÓ˚ !lÙ≈Ù •y Ïï˛ú §Ó≈ydÜ˛ !Ó≤’ ÏÓÓ˚ñ lï% l§Ùyç ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ ˆÎ fl∫≤¿ !ï˛!l ˆòá ÏSÈl ï˛y Ïï˛ Î!òxyÙÓ˚y §!ï˛ƒ•z xy¢y!ß∫ï˛ •ï˛yÙñ í zj#!˛õï˛ •ï˛yÙÈüüüÈï˛ ÏÓ ~•z !l/§D xÓ Ï•!°ï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï xÙ)°ƒ ~•z ˆ¢£ÏÜ˛Û!ê˛ !òl ˛õyê˛lyÓ˚ ~Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏî ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÌyÜ˛ˆÏï˛l lyñˆò Ï¢Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛w!Ó®% Ïï˛ ïÑ yÓ˚ fliyl •ï˛– Îy •GÎ˚yí z!ã˛ï˛ !SÈ°ñ ˆÎÙlê˛y • Ï° ˆò Ï¢Ó˚ ÙD° •ï˛ñ ï˛y • ÏÎ˚•zˆàˆÏSÈ xÌ≈yÍ ˆ§ !Ó£ÏˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚ !Ü˛S%È Ü˛Ó˚î#Î˚ Óy!Ü˛


28

ˆl•zÈüüüÈ ~Ùl Ë˛Î˚ylÜ˛ xyd§v!‹T xyÙy ÏòÓ˚ §Ó≈ly Ï¢Ó˚˛õÌ xyÓ˚G ≤Ã¢hflÏ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ÓÓ˚Ç fl∫#Ü˛yÓ˚ Ü˛Ó˚y Ë˛y Ï°ylÎ˚ !Ü˛ ˆÎ çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛y¢ ÓƒÌ≈ • ÏÎ˚ ÏSÈlÈüüüÈ xyÙÓ˚y xy ÏçyïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛°ÓyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z!ë˛!lú

•z!ï˛˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ í˛zk,˛ï˛ ç˜ÏlÜ˛ xl%Ó˚yà#Ó˚ Ó_´ÓƒxyˆÏÓ˚y ~Ü˛ê%˛áy!l í˛zk,˛ï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ ≠ J. P. has been

essentially a man of action. But in the

realm of ideas he has always been an

explorer of truth. In his zeal to fathom new

horizons one finds sometimes

contradictions in his ideas. But there is

unique coherence in his thought and it

seeks a positive goal to usher in a new era

free from oppression and exploitation.

~•z í˛zk,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ÓyÜ˛ƒ!ê˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÜ˛ ò,!‹T xyÜ˛£Ï≈îÜ˛Ó˚!SÈ– çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛y¢ !Ü˛ Ù)°ï˛ Ü˛Ù#≈ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï⁄ ïÑ˛yÓ˚Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ò#«˛y G ˛õ!Ó˚îÙl (maturation)

Ü˛ˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ó !¢“ ◊!ÙÜ˛ ˆÓ˚°GˆÏÎ˚ ◊!ÙÜ˛Ü,˛!£Ïç#Ó#ÈüüüÈ §Ó ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z!ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü˛Ù≈ˆÏ«˛e á%ÑˆÏç !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl §yÓ˚y ç#Ólô ÏÓ˚– ˛õÌ ºyhs˝ SÈye §Ùyçñ §Ç¢Î˚ ˛õ#!í ¸ï˛ Ó%!k˛ç#!Ó§¡±òyÎ˚G ˆ§•z Ü˛Ù≈ ˆ«˛ ÏeÓ˚ Óy•z ÏÓ˚ Ìy ÏÜ˛!l– !Ü˛vˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ˆÎ !ï˛!l !fliÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÜ˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!lñ~Ùl!Ü˛ Ü˛álG Ü˛álG ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyxyˆÏ®y°lˆÏÜ˛ ï%˛ˆÏD ï%˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏl Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ≤ÃyÎ˚˛õŸã˛yò˛õ§Ó˚î•z Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏSÈl ~ÓÇ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ x Ï¢£Ï !l®yË˛yçl• ÏÎ˚ ÏSÈlñ ï˛yÓ˚ Ü˛yÓ˚î !Ü˛⁄ xyÙyÓ˚ Ù Ïl •Î˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛y ÏlyÜ˛ ÏÙ≈y Ïòƒyà Î!ò e´Ù¢ Ó,•_Ó˚ ˆ«˛e í zÂâyê˛l ly Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ñàË˛#Ó˚ï˛Ó˚ í z õ°!∏˛Ó˚ ˛õÌ ≤Ã¢hflÏ ly Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ ÏÓ ˆ§•z§Ó §#!Ùï˛ xy Ï®y°lñ Ü˛ ÏÎ˚Ü˛ ê˛yÜ˛y Ùy•z Ïl Óy Ùyà‰à#Ë˛yï˛y Óyí ¸yÓyÓ˚ Ú!Ó≤’ÓÛ !Ü˛ÇÓy Ü˛ ÏÎ˚Ü˛ !Óây ç!Ù xyòyÎ˚Ü˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Ú!Ó≤’ÓÛ ˆÓ!¢ !òl ïÑ˛yˆÏÜ˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly– Ó›ï˛ ~ÈüÈ§Ó xy Ï®y°lG ïÑ yÓ˚ ò,!‹T ÏÜ˛ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛

§Ù§ƒyÎ˚ §#!Ùï˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ Ó˚yá Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚!lÈüüüÈ ÓÓ˚Ç o&ï˛ˆÜ˛y Ïly Ó,•_Ó˚ ˆ«˛ Ïe ÓƒyÆ •ÓyÓ˚ í z õ°«˛ƒ §,!‹T Ü˛ ÏÓ˚!ò ÏÎ˚ ÏSÈ– §ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ §Çàë˛lñ xy Ï®y°lÈüüüÈ ~•z=!° ïÑ yÓ˚Ü˛yˆÏSÈ í˛zˆÏ˛õÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!lÈüüüÈ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ Ùye•zÓ˚ ÏÎ˚ ˆà ÏSÈñ Îy Ó˚GÎ˚y•z í z!ã˛ï˛– Ü˛yÓ˚î ~ çyï˛#Î˚ lylyÓ˚yç Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ü˛ ÏÙ≈Ó˚ § ÏD Îál Î%_´ ˆÌ ÏÜ˛ ÏSÈl ï˛álG!ã˛hs˝y ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ˆï˛y xÓ§Ó˚ ˆll!l !ï˛!l !ã˛hs˝y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆàˆÏSÈlñ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ x!Ë˛K˛ï˛y=!°ˆÏÜ˛ Ó,•_Ó˚˛õ!Ó˚ Ï≤Ã!«˛ Ïï˛ ˆÓ˚ Ïá ˆò Ïá ÏSÈl– ÓÓ˚Ç Ü˛ ÏÙ≈Ó˚ § ÏD ~Ùl≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Î%_´ ÌyÜ˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ¢_´ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yÓ˚ !¢Ü˛í˛¸ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ÓyÎ˚Ó#Ó˚Ü˛“lyÓ˚ Ê˛yl% Ï§ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚!l ïÑ yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“ly=!°–

Ü˛Ù#≈ Ùyl%£Ï ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝Ü˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yôÜ˛“ly xyÙy ÏòÓ˚ ~Ùl ÙIyàï˛ • ÏÎ˚ òÑy!í ¸ ÏÎ˚ ÏSÈ ˆÎxyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚•z Ó Ï° Ìy!Ü˛ñ xÙ%Ü˛ • Ï°l ïÑ y ÏòÓ˚ ò Ï°Ó˚!ÌˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚!ê˛!¢Î˚ylÈüüüÈ xÌ≈yÍ òˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù!hflÏ‹Òñ ï˛_¥ !lˆÏÎ˚•zÎyÓ˚ Ü˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚– xÓ¢ƒ ò Ï°Ó˚ Ù Ïôƒ Ù!hflÏ Ï‹ÒÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÎï˛•z Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏÜ˛ ï˛ï˛•z xhs˝!Ó≈ˆÏÓ˚yôñ ÙyÌyÊ˛yê˛yÊ˛y!ê˛ñ ò° Ë˛y.yË˛y!.G Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏÜ˛– ï˛y•z≤ÃˆÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ò°ˆÏlï˛yÓ˚•z ˆã˛‹Ty ÌyˆÏÜ˛ ÙyÌyÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÜ˛!ÙˆÏÎ˚ •yï˛ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Çáƒy Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ÈüüüÈ xÌ≈yÍ ˙˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ GÎ˚yÜ≈˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚– xÓ¢ƒ•z ÙyÌy•zˆÎ §Ó xÓfliyÎ˚ ˆlï, c Ü˛Ó˚ ÏÓ ~Ùl lyÈüÈG • Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚–ÙyÌyÓ˚ Ü˛ySÈ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ Ü˛yç Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛˛õy ÏÓ˚ xlƒ Ï◊î#Ó˚ çÓÓ˚òhflÏ Ùyl%£ÏG– ï˛Ó% Ùy ÏV˛ Ùy ÏV˛•z~•z ôÓ˚ ÏlÓ˚ ~Ü˛ê˛y ˆ◊î#!ÓË˛yà Ó˚yç Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò Ï° ˆòáyÎyÎ˚ñ ~Ü˛ò° Ü˛Ù#≈ xy ÏÓ˚Ü˛ ò° Ë˛yÓ%Ü˛– !Ì ÏÎ˚yÓ˚#Ó˚ xyÓ˚≤ÃƒyÜ˛!ê˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ÓˆÏFSÈò ÎyÓ˚y ï˛_¥àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ fl∫#Ü˛yÓ˚Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ly ï˛y ÏòÓ˚ Ù ÏôƒG ~•z ˆ◊î#Ë˛yà °«˛ƒ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–ï˛Ó% Ó°Ó Ùyl% Ï£ÏÓ˚ §Ùy Ïç Ó˚yî# ˆÙÔÙy!SÈ !Ü˛ Ùç%Ó˚ˆÙÔÙy!SÈÓ˚ Ù Ïôƒ §Ó˚° ˆÓ˚áyÎ˚ çy!ï˛ ÏË˛ò Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°yê˛y!Ó˛õIlÜ˛– Ù!hflÏ‹Ò•#l ˆ˛õ¢#§Ó≈fl∫ Ùyl%£Ï xyÓ˚ò%Ó≈°ˆÏ˛õ¢# Ù!hflÏ‹ÒÙÎ˚ Ùyl%£ÏÈüüüÈ ~•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù x!Ó!Ù◊


29

ò%•zçy Ïï˛Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï !l ÏÎ˚ xyÙy ÏòÓ˚ §Ùyç lÎ˚– ÓÓ˚Çx!ôÜ˛yÇ¢ Ùyl%£Ï•z xyÙÓ˚y !Ù◊ ˆ◊î# Ïï˛ ˛õ!í ¸– ˛õí ¸y•zË˛yˆÏ°y– ~ÓÇ Óƒ!_ć àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Î!ò §!ï˛ƒ•zˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ë) !ÙÜ˛y ÌyˆÏÜ˛ ï˛ˆÏÓ !Ù◊ §%£ÏÙ Ùyl%£Ï àí˛¸ˆÏï˛ˆã˛‹Ty Ü˛Ó˚y•z í˛z!ã˛ï˛–

!Ü˛v xy!Ù ~Ü˛Ìy Ó°Ó ly ˆÎ Ùyl% Ï£Ï Ùyl% Ï£Ïï˛Ê˛yÍ ˆl•z Óy ÌyÜ˛ ÏÓ ly– !Ü˛S%È !Ü˛S%È Ùyl%£Ï ï˛ Ï_¥ ˆÓ!¢˛õyÓ˚DÙ • ÏÓl !ã˛Ó˚Ü˛y°•z ~ÓÇ xlƒ !Ü˛S%È Ü˛ ÏÙ≈ ˆÓ!¢Ó°#Î˚yl • ÏÓl– ï˛ ÏÓ xy!Ù ˆÎ ï, ï˛#Î˚ !Ù◊ ˆ◊î#Ó˚í z ÏÕ‘á ~•zÙye Ü˛Ó˚°yÙ ï˛y ÏòÓ˚ Ù ÏôƒG x§yôyÓ˚î !Ü˛S%ÈÓƒ!_ć Ü˛!ã˛Í ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~Ñ ÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yG ˆÎÙl fl∫FSÈ GÓ!°¤˛ñ Ü˛ˆÏÙ≈G ~ÑˆÏòÓ˚ ˆï˛Ù!l xy@˝Ã• G ò«˛ï˛y–xyÙy ÏòÓ xy Ï¢˛õy Ï¢ ˆÎ§Ó Political being’ òá Ïï˛˛õy•z ïÑ y ÏòÓ˚ Ù Ïôƒ ˛õyßÿ°y° òy¢=Æ ~•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù Ùyl%£Ï–

xyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛y¢ˆÏÜ˛G Ü˛ˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ fli°ã˛Ó˚ Óy!ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ lˆÏË˛yã˛Ó˚ çyï˛#Î˚ ≤Ãyî# K˛yl ly Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ í˛zË˛ã˛Ó˚ˆ◊î#Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï ÙˆÏl Ü˛Ó˚y §Dï˛– í˛zË˛Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ°•z ~•zˆ◊î#Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï fl∫FSÈ® !Ó•yÓ˚#– çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛y¢ ~Ü˛•z § ÏDman of action ~ÓÇ man of cantemplation

ÓˆÏ° xyÙyÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ñ ÓÓ˚Ç ïÑ˛yÓ˚ fl∫Ë˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õyÕ‘yÎ˚contemplationÈüÈ~Ó˚ !òÜ˛ê˛y•z ˆÓyô •Î˚ ~Ü˛ê%˛ Ë˛yÓ˚#–ïÑ yÓ˚ Ó˚yç Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !l/§Dï˛y G ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ Ü˛yÓ˚îG §Ω˛Óï˛!ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !òˆÏÜ˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~•z ˆVÑ˛yÜ˛– Ü˛Ù#≈ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏÜ˛ ~Ü˛ ëÑ˛y•zxÑyÜ˛ˆÏí˛¸ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛yç !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÌyÜ˛ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ!ã˛hs˝Ü˛ˆÏÜ˛•z ÙylyÎ˚ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ)î≈ï˛Ó˚ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §¶˛yˆÏlx!ÓÓ˚ï˛ ã˛°y– ~•z !lÓ˚& Ïj¢ ÎyeyÎ˚ §D# ˛õyGÎ˚yGˆÎÙl §•ç lÎ˚ñ §yÌ≈Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y Ïly flõ‹T ˆã˛•yÓ˚yGôÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly §• Ïç–


30

ly ®!lÜ˛ Ë˛yÓlyÈüÈÙyllyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ Ïï˛ ê˛°fiê˛Î˚ ~•z çy!l ÏÎ˚•z ïÑ yÓ˚ x!Ë˛Ùï˛ Óƒ_´ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏSÈl ˆÎxyê≈ ~Ü˛!ê˛ !Ó!¢‹T ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Ù ≤ÃyÓ!îÜ˛ §yÙy!çÜ˛ Ü˛Ù≈ÈüÈÜ, !ï˛– ïÑ yÓ˚ ç#ÓlÈüÈ§ Ïï˛ƒÓ˚ lylyl

x!Ë˛K˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ xl%Ë˛Óñ xl%Ë˛yÓlñ í z õ°!∏˛ xyÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ ÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyhs˝Ó˚ ≤ÃÓlï˛yÎ˚!ï˛!l ~•z §!ï˛ƒ•z xç≈l Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈˆÏ°l ˆÎ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚•z §ÙyçÈüÈÙylˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÇˆÏDÓƒ!_´ÈüÈÙyl Ï§Ó˚ !l!Óí ¸ ˆÙ°Ó¶˛l à Ïí ¸ í z Ïë˛ ÙylÓï˛yÈüÈˆÓy ÏôÓ˚ §%ò,ì ¸ Ó!lÎ˚yò Ó˚ã˛ly Ü˛ ÏÓ˚– !¢“#ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓlÈüÈô ÏÙ≈ fl∫Ë˛yÓï˛•z §yÙy!çÜ˛ Ùyl%£Ï Ó Ï°•z !ï˛!l Ù Ïl Ü˛ ÏÓ˚l ˆÎ §ÙyçÈüÈç#Ó Ïl !¢“#Ó˚~Ü˛!ê˛ !Ó!¢‹T fliyl ~ÓÇ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yçl Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ ÏSÈ xyÓ˚ §Ùyç G ÙylÓï˛yÎ˚ ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ !ò ÏÎ˚•z ˆ§•z≤Ã ÏÎ˚yçl §yôl §yÌ≈Ü˛ • ÏÎ˚ G Ïë˛– ïÑ yÓ˚ ly®!lÜ˛ ÙllyÎ˚ xyê≈ ÙylÓï˛yÓ˚ ÙÇà°ÈüÈÎyeyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ!îÜ˛Óyî#•z Ó•l Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ÙylÓï˛yÓ˚ ÙyÇà° ÎyeyÓ˚ §yÌ≈Ü˛ï˛yÈüÈx§yÌ≈Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ Ïï˛ xyê≈ ÈüÈ~Ó˚í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚•z xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÷k˛ï˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ §ï˛ƒï˛Ó˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ÓˆÏ°•z !ï˛!l ÙˆÏl Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l–

ê˛°fiê˛ ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ly®!lÜ˛ x!Ë˛ôyÎ˚ xyê≈ ˆÜ˛yl x ÏÌ≈•z !¢“#ÈüÈxydyÓ˚ §!MÈ˛ï˛ !lÓ˚&k˛ ¢!_´ !Ü˛ÇÓyË˛yÓÈüÈ§ ÏΩ˛y ÏàÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õÙ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ lÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xyê≈ ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !l/¢ï≈ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ xyÓ˚ xyl® x•≈îyG ïÑ yÓ˚ Ü˛y ÏSÈ

ê˛°fiê˛Î˚ÈüÈày¶˛# ≠ ly®!lÜ˛ Ë˛yÓly§°#° !ÓŸªy§

31

Ó˚&!ã˛ÈüÈ!ÓÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ x!Ë˛çyï˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ fl∫yÌ≈!Üœ˛‹TÓy§lyÈüÈ!Ó°y§ ÓˆÏ°•z ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z !ï˛!lxyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xyl®ÓyòÈüÈï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !lÙ≈Ù !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛yÜ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚xyl®ÙÎ˚ •*òÎ˚yl%Ë) !ï˛ ÙylÓï˛yÓ˚ Îyey ÏÜ˛ !lï˛ƒ ˆ◊ ÏÎ˚Ó˚˛õ ÏÌ ≤Ãy!îï˛ ly Ü˛Ó˚ Ï° xyê≈ ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ !l!•ï˛ï˛yÍ˛õÎ≈•z xyÓ˚ Ó˚•z° ly– ~•z ly®!lÜ˛ ÙllyÓ˚ˆ≤Ã!«˛ Ïï˛•z !ï˛!l Ó Ï° ÏSÈl ˆÎ ‘‘Art is not, as a

metaphysician says, the manifestation of

some mysterious idea of Beauty of God, it

is not, as the Hsethitical physiologists say,

a game in which man lets off his excess of

stored-up energy; it is not the expression

of a man’s emotions by external signs; it is

not the production of pleasing objects; and

above all, it is not pleasure; but it is a

means of union among men joining them

together in the same feelings, and

indispensable for the life and progress

towards well-being of individuals and of

humanity.’’

§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ xyÓ˚ ò%ˆÏÓ≈yôƒ ÌyÜ˛ˆÏSÈ ly ˆÎ xyê≈˛ xˆÏÌ≈ê˛°fiê˛Î˚ ~Ùl ~Ü˛!ê˛ ÚÓ,!_Ó˚Û §!ï˛ƒ•z Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛l ~ÓÇˆÓyV˛y Ïï˛ ˆã˛ ÏÎ˚ ÏSÈl ˆÎ ÚÓ,!_Û §yÙy!çÜ˛ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!ÓÜ˛ç#Ó Ïl Ùyl% Ï£ÏÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ Óy•z ÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ó ÓyôyÈüÈÓƒÓôyl§!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ü˛ §y!Ó≈Ü˛ Ü˛°ƒyîÙÎ˚ ˜Ùe#Ó˚ xydÜ˛ï˛yÎ˚§Ü˛° Ùyl%£Ï ÏÜ˛ ≤Ãy!îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ ÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ˙Ü˛y ÏdƒÓ˚í z ÏmyôlyÎ˚ !l!á° ÙylÓ !ã˛Ó˚hs˝l ÙÇà Ï°Ó˚ x!lÓ≈yòx!Ë˛§MÈ˛yÓ˚# • ÏÎ˚ í zë˛ ÏÓ– ~•z Ë˛yÓly ˆÌ ÏÜ˛•z !ï˛!lÓ°ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ‘‘Art, all art, has this

characteristics that it unites people. Every

art causes those to whom the artist’s

feeling is translated to unite in soul with

the artist and also with all who receive the

same expression’’. ~ÓÇ ‘‘If people lack this

capacity to receive the thoughts conceived

by the man who preceeded them, and he

pass on to others their own thoughts, men

would be like wild beasts or like Kashar

houser.’’

ÙylÓÈüÈ§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ çyÎ˚Ùyl§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛G ê˛°fiê˛Î˚ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚Ë˛yÓ §!e´Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy ˆË˛ˆÏÓˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ~•z §!ï˛ƒí˛z˛õ°!∏˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ÙylÓ§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÜ˛y¢ ~ÓÇí zß¨!ï˛Ó˚ e´ÙÈüÈôyÓ˚yÎ˚ !•ÇflÀ xyÓ˚îƒÜ˛ ç#Ól ~ÓÇ Ùyl§ã˛Î≈yÓ˚ §Çâ£Ï≈ xyÓ˚ !•Ç§ydÜ˛ Ë˛yÓy ÏÓà ˛õ% ÏOÓ˚ §yÙƒ~ÓÇ x!•Ç§yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÙylÓÈüÈç#Ól ~ÓÇ§ÙyçÈüÈ§Ç!fli!ï˛Ó˚ fliy!Î˚c ≤Ã!ï˛◊&ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°ÓyÓ˚Ùï˛l•z xyê≈˛ x!ôÜ˛ï˛Ó˚ ˜Ùe# xyÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃˆÏÙÓ˚ xyhs˝Ó˚xyˆÏÓòˆÏl x!ôÜ˛ï˛Ó˚ §ÇáƒÜ˛ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏÜ˛ Ü˛°ƒyîÙÎ˚ˆÙ°Ó¶˛ˆÏl ≤Ãy!îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ¢yŸªï˛ ÙÇà°ˆã˛ï˛ly ≤Ã§y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°•z xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !§!k˛–ï˛y•z !ï˛!l Ó° ÏSÈl ˆÎ ‘‘Art as the evolution of

Knowledge proceeds by truer and more

necessary Knowledge dislodging and

replacing what is mistaken and

unnecessary so the evolution of feeling

proceeds through art— feelings less Kind

and less needful for the well-being of

mankind are replaced by other kinder and

more needful for that end. That is the

purpose of art.’’

xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z fl∫ÈüÈË˛y!Óï˛ =îÈüÈ˜Ó!¢ˆÏ‹TÓ˚ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ê˛°fiê˛Î˚ !Ó!Ë˛ß¨ ˆò¢ ~ÓÇ çy!ï˛Ó˚!¢“ÈüÈÜ, !ï˛Ó˚ ÙylÓ Ü˛°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ !l!l≈ï˛ í˛zˆÏ˛õyˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚Ü˛Ìy ˆË˛ ÏÓ ÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ~•z x ÏÌ≈•z Christian Art ÈüÈ•z


32

ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏSÈ x!ôÜ˛ï˛Ó˚ §yÌ≈Ü˛ ÓˆÏ° ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ï˛!lxl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏSÈl ˆÎ Christian Art ÈüÈÙyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏl˙ŸªÓ˚#Ó˚ ï˛ò‰àï˛!ã˛_ï˛yÓ˚ àË˛#Ó˚ Ë˛yÓÈüÈ≤ÃÓîï˛y §,!‹TÜ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ü˛ ≤Ã¢yhs˝ xyhs˝Ó˚ ≤Ã#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zÍ§yÓ˚îyÎ˚ §ÓˆË˛òÈüÈÙ!°lï˛y Ù% ÏSÈ !ò ÏÎ˚ §•ç SÈ Ï®•z Óƒ!_´ ~ÓÇ§Ùy ÏçÓ˚ xy!dÜ˛ !Ù°l x!lÓyÎ≈ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y Ï°–

~•z ly®!lÜ˛ Ë˛yÓly ˆÌ ÏÜ˛•z ê˛°fiê˛Î˚ Ó Ï° ÏSÈlˆÎ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yÌ≈Ü˛ í˛z_Ó˚î !ï˛l!ê˛ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï =ˆÏîÓ˚í˛zÍÜ˛£Ï≈ï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ =ˆÏîÓ˚≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ ~•z ˆÎ xyê≈˛ Óƒ!Oï˛ §MÈ˛yÓ˚Ü˛ Ë˛yÓ!ê˛àË˛#Ó˚ÈüÈfl≥%˛ï≈˛ •ˆÏÎ˚•z ≤ÃÜ˛y!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚§y•yˆÏÎƒ•z Óƒ!_´ÈüÈ!ÓˆÏ¢£Ï xlƒ ÙˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛ï˛Ë˛yÓÈüÈ§ˆÏ¡∫à §MÈ˛y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏ°•z Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~ ~•z§MÈ˛yÓ˚Ü˛ Ë˛yÓ § Ï¡∫à!ê˛ àË˛#Ó˚ ~ÓÇ !l!Óí ¸ fl≥) ï≈ ï˛yÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛y!¢ï˛ •GÎ˚y•z çÓ˚&!Ó˚– ~ÓÇ ï˛y ly •ˆÏ° ~•zË˛yÓÈüÈ§ˆÏ¡∫à!ê˛ xlƒ ÙˆÏl §•ˆÏç ~ÓÇ fl∫FSÈˆÏ®§MÈ˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xydÈüÈçyàÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §•yÎ˚Ü˛ •ˆÏï˛˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– ê˛°fiê˛° Ë˛y!Óï˛ !mï˛#Î˚ =î!ê˛ ~•z ˆÎxyê≈˛ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ˛y!¢ï˛Ë˛yÓÈüÈÓƒOlyˆÏÜ˛ §MÈ˛y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇˆ§ÈüÈxyê≈˛ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ Ùyl%£Ï §•ˆÏç Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓï˛ï˛•z ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zÍÜ,˛‹Tï˛y ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£Ï=îÈüÈ!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ï˛!l Ó°ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ˆ§•z xyê≈˛ÈüÈ•zx!ôÜ˛ï˛Ó˚ §ï˛ƒ ~ÓÇ í˛zÍÜ,˛‹T ˆÎ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏÜ˛§•yl%Ë) !ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ≤Ã ÏÙ ~Ü˛!eï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §yÓ°#° ~ÓÇ≤ÃyÓ!îÜ˛ Ë˛yÓÈüÈ§ Ï¡∫à Óƒ!Oï˛ •Î˚–

xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yÌ≈Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z Ë˛yÓlyÈüÈˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛•zChristian Art ÈüÈ~Ó˚ í z_Ó˚î ≤Ã§ ÏD !ï˛!l Ó Ï° ÏSÈlˆÎ ~•z xyê≈˛ÈüÈâÓ˚ylyÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈ§Ó SÈ!ÓˆÏï˛ l@¿y Ó˚Ùl#Ó˚ˆÙy!•l# Ù)!ï≈ !Ü˛ÇÓy x!Ë˛çyï˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ §¡õòÈüÈ≤Ãyã% ÏÎ≈Ó˚!Ó°y§ÈüÈÓƒ§l xÌÓy ≤Ãy ÏÙy!òÜ˛ xÓ§Ó˚ !Ó Ïlyò ÏlÓ˚Ó!î≈° Ë˛yÓÈüÈÓ˚yà !ã˛!eï˛ • ÏÎ˚ ÏSÈ Óy ˆÎÈüÈ§Ó SÈ!Ó ï˛yÓ˚x!Ë˛Óƒ!_´ Ïï˛•z Ü˛yÙly çy!à ÏÎ˚ ˆï˛y Ï° !Ü˛ÇÓy ˆÎÈüÈ§Ó

SÈ!Ó Ó˚*˛õÜ˛ÈüÈ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ ï˛_¥yˆÏÌ≈ §yÇˆÏÜ˛!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇx!ï˛ÈüÈx“ çl•z ÎyÓ˚ Ë˛yÓÈüÈÓƒOly xl%ôyÓl Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ ï˛y fl∫Ë˛yÓï˛•z !l¡¨ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ SÈ!Ó– ~ÓÇ ~•zxˆÏÌ≈•z ê˛°fiê˛Î˚ Ó#ˆÏê˛yˆÏÊ˛lñ !¢ƒÙylñ ˆÓˆÏ°≈yç xyÓ˚Ë˛yàlyÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ §Ó lyê˛ƒà#!ï˛ ÏÜ˛•z !l¡¨Ùy ÏlÓ˚ xyê≈ Ó Ï°x!Ë˛!•ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l ~•z §!ï˛ƒ•z ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ã˛y•z ÏSÈl ˆÎ ~•z §Ó lyê˛ƒà#!ï˛ ˆÜ˛yl xydÈüÈçyà!Ó˚Ü˛í zFã˛ Ë˛yÓ Óƒ!Oï˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ly ~ÓÇ Ùyl% Ï£ÏÓ˚ Ù Ïl xyhs˝Ó˚˜Ùe#Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyG §MÈ˛y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly– xyÓ˚ ‘ninth

symphony’ !Ü˛ÇÓy ‘unfinished symphony’ÈüÈÓ˚Ùï˛l xyê≈ á%Ó §#!Ùï˛ §ÇáƒÜ˛ Ùyl%£Ï•z Ó%V˛ Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚l–Ùyl%£ÏˆÏÜ˛ ˜Ùe# ~ÓÇ ˆ≤ÃˆÏÙÓ˚ ôˆÏÙ≈ ≤Ãy!îï˛ ~ÓÇÙÇàˆÏ°Ó˚ x!Ë˛§yÓ˚# Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°ÓyÓ˚ Ùï˛l §MÈ˛yÓ˚Ü˛Ë˛yÓÈüÈ§,!‹T Ïï˛ ~•z §Ó xyê≈ §yÌ≈Ü˛ lÎ˚–

ê˛°fiê˛Î˚ ÙˆÏl Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ !¢“#ÈüÈÜ˛!ÓÓ˚ áƒy!ï˛Ó˚ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ í˛z!ã˛Í lÎ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyxyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ Ü˛ˆÏ“ !ï˛!l ~•z ÙylÈüÈ•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ˆÎ ˆ§ÈüÈxyê≈˛ Ü˛ï˛ í˛zFã˛ˆÏÓy!ôÓ˚ Ë˛yÓ ~ÓÇ≤ÃÓîï˛yÎ˚ Ü˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ Ùyl%£Ï ÏÜ˛ ˜Ùe#ÈüÈÙ Ïsf í z Ïmy!ôï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xÓ!¢ƒ ~•z Ë˛yÓlyˆÏÓyôÈüÈ•z ê˛°fiê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ly®!lÜ˛ !Ó!ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ §yÙ!@˝ÃÜ˛ ≤ÃfliylË) !Ù Ó˚ã˛ly Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏSÈ~ÓÇ ~•z !¢“ÈüÈ≤ÃÓîï˛y ˆÌ ÏÜ˛•z !ï˛!l ˆ¢Ü‰ §‰ õ#Î˚yÓ˚ÈüÈ~Ó˚ x!ôÜ˛yÇ¢ lyê˛Ü˛ ÏÜ˛•z !l¡¨ Ùy ÏlÓ˚ xyê≈ !• Ï§ ÏÓx!Ë˛!•ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l ÓˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ÚˆÓ˚y!ÙGÈüÈç%!° ÏÎ˚ê˛ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚§ÈüÈÓƒOly ˆÜ˛y Ïly Ùyl%£Ï ÏÜ˛•z ˛õ!Óe≤ÃÓîï˛yÎ˚ ≤Ãy!îï˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ly– !ï˛!l ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚•z Ó° ÏSÈlˆÎ §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ Ùyl%£Ï Ù•yl !á Ïfiê˛Ó˚ !l Ïò≈¢ xl%§y ÏÓ˚≤Ã!ï˛çl Ùyl%£Ï ÏÜ˛•z ºyï, ˆ≤Ã ÏÙ xydÈüÈx!Ó!FSÈß¨ Ù ÏlÜ˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly ÓˆÏ°•z xyçˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ~ÙlÚ!•Ç§yÎ˚ í zß√_Û ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ç#Ól ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ Ú!lï˛ƒ !lë% Ó˚m®µÛ x!lÓyÎ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏSÈ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙllyÎ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ò,¢ƒï˛ §ÙhflÏ §ÇÜ˛#î≈ï˛y ~ÓÇ ˆË˛òÈüÈ!Ó!FSÈß¨ï˛y § Ï_¥GÙyl% Ï£ÏÓ˚ §Ë˛ƒï˛y ~ÓÇ ç#Ó ÏlÓ˚ í z Ïj¢ƒ ~Ü˛•z ˙Ü˛ƒ


33

~ÓÇ §Ùß∫ ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ù ° Ï«˛ƒ ã˛° ÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ˆÎ xyê≈~•z ã˛!°£%èï˛yÈüÈ§¡õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §•yÎ˚Ü˛ lÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ˆÜ˛ylxˆÏÌ≈•z ˆ§•z xyê≈˛ˆÏÜ˛ !ï˛!l §yÌ≈Ü˛ÈüÈ!§k˛ xyê≈˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓfl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆòl ly– ~ÓÇ ~•z çˆÏl•z ê˛°fiê˛Î˚!¢“ÈüÈò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xyl®Óyò# x!Ë˛Ùï˛ÈüÈx!Ë˛ôyˆÏÜ˛Gfl∫#Ü˛yÓ˚ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ly– !ï˛!l ï˛y•z ÓˆÏ°l ˆÎ ˆ§Ô®Î≈xyl® §,!‹T ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ xyê≈ ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ù °«˛ƒ lÎ˚ÈüüüÈ˛õ!Óeï˛y ~ÓÇ §yô%ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãyîî ôÙ≈– ïÑ˛yÓ˚x!Ë˛Ùï˛ ~•z ˆÎ ‘‘People have now only to

reject the false theory of ‘Beauty’,

according to which enjoyment is

considered to be the purpose of art, and

religious perception will naturally take its

place as the guide of art of our time.’’ ÷ô%Ùye x!l®ƒÈüÈx!lÓ≈ã˛l#Î˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ §%®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õy§Ü˛!lÓ˚&˛õy!ôÜ˛ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ÈüÈxyl® ÓƒOÜ˛ xyê≈ ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ï˛#Óï˛ÙË˛y£ÏyÎ˚ §Ùy Ï°yã˛ly Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ê˛°fiê˛Î˚ Ó° ÏSÈl ˆÎ ‘‘The

art of our time and of our circle has

become a prostitute and this comparision

holds good even in minute detail. Like her

it is not limited to certain times, like her it

is always adorned, like her it is always

saleable and like her it is enticing and

ruinous.’’

~•z ly®!lÜ˛ xl%Ë˛yÓl ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ê˛°fiê˛Î˚ ~•z§!ï˛ƒ•z ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ù•Í Ë˛yˆÏÓÓ˚xyê≈ ÈüÈ•z ˆ◊¤˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Ù ≤ÃyÓ!lÜ˛– !ï˛!l Ùy Ïll ˆÎ~Ü˛Ùye Ù•Í Ë˛yÓ•z Ùyl!ÓÜ˛ Ùl ÏÜ˛ ≤Ã§y!Ó˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ˜Ùe#ÈüÈ≤Ãy!îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚•z fl∫y!Ì≈Ü˛í˛z_Ó˚îÈüÈí˛z˛õyÎ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~ ˆ§•z Ë˛yÓ•z Óƒ!Oï˛•GÎ˚y çÓ˚&!Ó˚ ˆÎ Ë˛yÓ §ÙhflÏ §ÇÜ˛#î≈ï˛y ~ÓÇ§#ÙyÈüÈˆË˛ò !l!Ÿã˛•´ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï ÏÜ˛ §• ÏÎy!àï˛y xyÓ˚ˆ≤ÃˆÏÙÓ˚ Ë˛yÓÈüÈÙyô%ˆÏÎ≈ ≤ÃÓ%k˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ü˛°ƒyî ˛õÌÈüÈÎye#

Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y Ï°– Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yÓ˚ xlyd§Ùy!•ï˛ §#!Ùï˛ ˆÓyô~ÓÇ ˆÓy!ô Ïï˛ ˆÎ xyò¢≈ ÎÌyÌ≈ xl%ôyÓlÈüÈxl%§Ó˚îÜ˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •Î˚ÈüüüÈ ˆ§•z ˛õÓ˚Ù xyò¢≈ˆÏÜ˛•z ˜¢!“Ü˛ˆ§Ô£ÏÙƒ ~ÓÇ Ó˚§ÈüÈÓƒOlyÓ˚ !l!Óí˛¸ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛xlƒÈüÈÙˆÏl §MÈ˛y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛•z xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ù§yÌ≈Ü˛ï˛y Ó Ï° !ï˛!l Ù Ïl Ü˛ ÏÓ˚l– ïÑ yÓ˚ í z õ°!∏˛ ~ÓÇ!Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢Ü‰˛§‰˛õ#Î˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏê˛yˆÏÊ˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢ˆÏ“xyê≈ ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z ˛õÓ˚Ù x!Ë˛!•ï˛ !§k˛ •Î˚!l Ó Ï°•z !ï˛!lï˛yÓ˚ xÈüÈ=îÓyã˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy Ó Ï° ÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ~Ùl !Ü˛!ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ôÙ≈yl%Ë˛yÓlyÈüÈ≤Ãy!îï˛ ‘Resurrection’

í z õlƒy§!ê˛ ÏÜ˛G x§yÌ≈Ü˛ ~ÓÇ !l¡¨Ùy ÏlÓ˚ !¢“ Ó˚* Ï õx!Ë˛!•ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l Ó°ˆÏSÈl ~•z ˆÎ‘‘Resurrection’ í˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyàÈüÈÓ!MÈ˛ï˛ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ùyl%£Ï•z ~•z Ó˚ã˛ly ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ Úí˛z˛õˆÏò¢Û ˛õyˆÏÓ ly–§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ë˛yÓÈüÈ§MÈ˛yÓ˚Ü˛ xyê≈˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ‘Resurrection’ x§yÌ≈Ü˛–

ê˛°fiê˛ ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ly®!lÜ˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚ ~•z ˆÎ Ú§Ó Ùyl%£Ï•zË˛àÓyˆÏlÓ˚ §hs˝yl ~ÓÇ xˆÏFSÈòƒ xy!dÜ˛ Ó¶˛ˆÏlxyÓk˛ÛÈüüüÈ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚•z §yÌ≈Ü˛ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy !lË≈ Ó˚ Ü˛Ó˚ ÏSÈ– ~ÓÇ !ï˛!l ~ÈüÈG Ó° ÏSÈl ˆÎ~•zË˛yÓ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓly ≤Ãy!îï˛ xyê≈ ÈüÈ•z Ë˛!Ó£Ïƒ Ïï˛ !l!á°ÙylÓ §Ùy ÏçÓ˚ Ü˛°ƒyî ≤Ã!ï˛◊&ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ ÏÓ– §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛xyê≈ §¡õ ÏÜ≈ ïÑ yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ~•z ˆÎ ~•z xyê≈ ˆÜ˛Ó°!Ü˛S%È !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï Ó˚&!ã˛¢#° Ùyl%£Ï•z Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ~ÈüÈxyê≈˛ §¡±òyÎ˚ !ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyÓ˚OlyˆÏÌ≈•z Ó˚!ã˛ï˛xyÓ˚ ï˛y•z ~•z xyê≈ ˆ¢áyÓ˚ ç Ïlƒ !Ó Ï¢£Ï !Ü˛S%È !¢“ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ° !§k˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–!Ü˛v ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ôƒylÈüÈ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÓ˚ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ~•z ˆÎÙylÓÈüÈ§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ í zß¨ï˛ï˛Ó˚ !ò Ïl ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚§Ó Ùyl%£Ï•z !¢“# • ÏÎ˚ í zë˛ ÏÓ ~ÓÇ xyê≈ ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ã˛°!ï˛!ò ÏlÓ˚ ï˛ÌyÜ˛!Ìï˛ !¢“ÈüÈˆÜ˛Ô¢° ˆ¢áyÓ˚G ˆÜ˛yl òÓ˚Ü˛yÓ˚Ü˛Ó˚ ÏÓ ly– Ü˛yÓ˚î ~•z ˆÎ ˆ§•z !¢“# ÏòÓ˚ xyê≈ ˆÜ˛yl!ÓˆÏ¢£Ï Ó˚&!ã˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!_´ÈüÈ§¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚


34

ÙˆÏlyÓ˚OlyˆÏÌ≈ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ly– ÙylÓ §Ë˛ƒï˛y ~ÓÇ§Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ§•z í˛zß¨ï˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏlÓ˚ !¢“#ÈüÈÓƒ!_´ˆÏcÓ˚yÓ%V˛ ÏÓl ˆÎ !ÓŸªÈüÈl!®ï˛ ˆÜ˛yl ‘Masterpiece’ !Ü˛¡∫y‘Great Novel’ Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyê≈˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~Ü˛!ê˛≤Ãyîl §D#ï˛ Óy §%®Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õÜ˛Ìy Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ x ÏlÜ˛ˆÓ!¢– ïÑ yÓ˚ Ë˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ‘‘The artist of the future

will understand that to compose a fairy

tale, or a little song which will touch a

lullaby or a riddle which will entertain, a

jist which will amuse, or to draw a sketch

which will delight dozens of generation of

millions of children and adults is

incomparably more important and more

fruitful than to compose a novel or a

symphony, or paint a picture which will

divert some members of the wealthy

classes for a short time, and then be for

ever forgotten.’’

~Ù!lï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl Ë˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ Óyî#Ó˚ §yÓ°#°ï˛yÎ˚ïÑ yÓ˚ ly®!lÜ˛ Ë˛yÓlyÈüÈÙllyÓ˚ •z!ï˛ ÏFSÈò §Ùy!˛õï˛ ly• Ï°G ê˛°fiê˛ ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ly®!lÜ˛ ò¢≈ ÏlÓ˚ §y ÏÌ ày¶˛#!çÓ˚xhs˝Ó˚ÈüÈ!Ù°G ò%ˆÏÓ≈yôƒ lÎ˚– ày¶˛#!çÓ˚ òy¢≈!lÜ˛x!Ë˛ôyÎ˚ Ùyl% Ï£ÏÓ˚ §Ó Ù•Í Ü˛Ù≈y!Ë˛ôy•z ç#ÓlÈüÈ§ï˛ƒ~ÓÇ í z õ°!∏˛Ó˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ àË˛#Ó˚ §Çà!ï˛ ~ÓÇ §Ùß∫ ÏÎ˚Ó˚ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ §Ù@˝Ã ÙylÓï˛yˆÏÜ˛•z ˛õÓ˚Ù í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîˆ˛õÔÑˆÏSÈ ˆòˆÏÓ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ §Ó Ù•Í Ùyl!ÓÜ˛Ü˛Ù≈y!Ë˛ôy•z Óƒ!_´Ó˚ Ú§Ó≈yòÎ˚Û ~ÓÇ ~•z Óƒ!_´Ó˚Ú§ˆÏÓ≈yòÎ˚Û•z §Ù@˝Ã ÙylˆÏÓÓ˚ Ú§ˆÏÓ≈yòˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Ûxyhs˝Ó˚ÈüÈxyd#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ã˛ly Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !l!á° ÙylÓ !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚˛õÓ˚Ù í˛z_Ó˚î §yÌ≈Ü˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ lï%˛l !òˆÏlÓ˚ çyàÓ˚îxylˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z !ï˛!l ÙˆÏl Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ xyê≈˛ˆÏÜ˛Gx!lÓyÎ≈ï˛•z ~•z §ˆÏÓ≈yòˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãyîl xyò¢≈ÈüÈ≤Ãy!îï˛•ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– §ˆÏÓ≈yòˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)î≈yò¢≈ÈüÈ!Óã%˛ƒï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚

ˆÜ˛y Ïly Ü˛Ù≈yÈüÈ!Ë˛ôy ÏÜ˛•z ày¶˛#!ç Ù•Í Ó Ï° Ùy Ïll ly–§ˆÏÓ≈yòˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyò¢≈ÈüÈ!Óã%˛ƒï˛ xyê≈˛G ï˛y•z !l¡¨ÙyˆÏlÓ˚xyl® Óƒ§ ÏlÓ˚ í z õyòyl–

§ˆÏÓ≈yòÎ˚ xyò¢≈•z ày¶˛#!çÓ˚ ç#Ól §yôlyÓ˚§ï˛ƒyò¢≈ Ó Ï°•z !ï˛!l xyê≈ ÏÜ˛ ˆÜ˛Ó° !Óò?˛ Ù• Ï°•z§#Ùy!Î˚ï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ly ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏ¢£ÏK˛ §Ùyçxl%Ë)˛ï˛ §Ùyò,ï˛ xyÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛y•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyÜ˛£Ï≈î ~ÓÇ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆl•z– ˆÎ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚≤ÃyÓ!îÜ˛ Ë˛yÓ ÓƒOly á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z §Ó ˆ◊î#Ó˚Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏl §MÈ˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ lï%˛lçyàÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ flõ®l ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ ˆ§•z xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚≤Ã!ï˛•z ïÑ yÓ˚ xyÜ˛£Ï≈î fl∫#Ü, !ï˛ ~ÓÇ §ÙyòÓ˚– !ï˛!l ˆ§•zxyê≈ ÏÜ˛ Ù•Í !¢“G Ó Ï°l– ï˛y•z !ò°#˛õ Ü% ÙyÓ˚ ÏÜ˛!ï˛!l ~Ü˛ÓyÓ˚ Ó Ï°!SÈ Ï°l ˆÎ Úxy!Ù ï˛y ÏÜ˛ Ù•Í !¢“Ó!° ly ÎyÓ˚ Ü˛òÓ˚ ÷ô%•z !Ó Ï¢£ÏK˛ ÏòÓ˚ Ü˛y ÏSÈ xÌ≈yÍˆê˛Ü˛!lˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ x!¶˛ §!¶˛ ly çylˆÏ° ÎyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyÙyÌyÈüÈÙ%[% •z ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– xy!Ù Ù Ïl Ü˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ Ù•Í!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ xyˆÏÓòl !ë˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ Ùï˛•z!ÓŸªçl#l– ã%˛° ˆã˛Ó˚y !Óã˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÙyÌy âyÙyˆÏlyÓ˚lyÙ•z ˆÎ !¢“ ÏÓyô ~ xy!Ù Ë˛yÓ Ïï˛•z ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– áÑy!ê˛Ó˚§ˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §ˆÏD §Ùyçòy!Ó˚Î˚yly G ï˛ylê˛yˆÏlÓ˚ˆã˛Ü˛ly•z ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y Ïly §¡∫¶˛•z ˆl•z– ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ • ÏÓ§Ó˚°ÈüüüÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ • ÏÓ §•çÈüüüÈ ˙ ˆÎ Ó°°yÙ!ë˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyO° Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ Ùï˛l–Û ï˛y•z !ï˛!l˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚•z ÓˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ‘‘I want art and

literature that can speak to the millions’‘.

ˆÎ xyê≈ á%Ó §• Ïç•z §Ó Ùyl% Ï£ÏÓ˚ Ù Ïl ï˛yÓ˚ Ë˛yÓÓ˚yà §MÈ˛y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyÈüüüÈ ˆ§ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ˆÜ˛y Ïly Ù•Í xÓòyl ˆl•z Ó Ï°•z !ï˛!l Ù Ïl Ü˛ ÏÓ˚l–~•z Ùyl!§Ü˛ï˛y ˆÌ ÏÜ˛•z !ï˛!l Ó Ï° ÏSÈl ˆÎ ‘‘I love

music and all other arts, but I do not attach

such value to them as is generally done. I

can not for example recognise the value of


35

those activities which require technical

knowledge for thir understanding.’’

xyê≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ü˛ ày¶˛#!çÓ˚ ~•z §Ó lylyl x!Ë˛ôyˆÌˆÏÜ˛ §•ˆÏç•z ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ˆÎ Ùyl!ÓÜ˛Ü˛°ƒyîÈüÈË˛yÓlyÈüÈÙ@¿ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ùl Ü˛ál•z ˆ§•z xyê≈˛ˆÏÜ˛í˛zFã˛ Ù)°ƒ !òˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚!lÈüüüÈ ˆÎ xyê≈˛ ˆ◊ˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓyô ≤Ãy!îï˛•ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ~ÓÇ !l!Óí˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ùyl!ÓÜ˛ Ü˛°ƒyî≤Ã!ï˛◊&ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly– !ï˛!l ï˛y•z xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÚÜ˛°y˜Ü˛Ó°ƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚Û ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ï˛yÓ˚ Ú≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçlÓyòÛÈüÈ~Ó˚Ü˛Ìy•z Ó°ˆÏSÈl– ï˛ˆÏÓ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ ~•z Ú≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçlÛÈˆÜ˛y Ïly x ÏÌ≈•z ï˛yÍ«˛!îÜ˛ Óy «˛î ˆÙÔ•)!ï≈ Ü˛ lÎ˚ÈüüüÈ~ Ú≤Ã ÏÎ˚yçlÛ xy!dÜ˛ ~ÓÇ !ã˛Ó˚hs˝l– xyê≈ ÈüÈ~Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õÓ˚*˛õyÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ !ï˛!l ï˛y•z Ó°ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ Ú≤ÃˆÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ç!lˆÏ§Ó˚•z ò%Û!ê˛ !òÜ˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈÈüüüÈ ~Ü˛ê˛y Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ñ~Ü˛ê˛y ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚– xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛ylê˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚!ò•zÈüüüÈ ï˛yÓ˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚•z xyÙyÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛ylê˛y Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylê˛y ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ç!l§ ï˛y !lË≈˛Ó˚ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òÜ˛ê˛y ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z §y•yÎƒ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚Ùye– ~SÈyí ¸y ï˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y Ïly Ù)°ƒ ˆl•z– §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yÓ˚xyê≈˛ Ùye•z ï˛yÓ˚ xydyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚xhs˝Ó˚ÈüÈxydyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ ÓˆÏ°•z Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §ÓÙ)°ƒ– ˆ§•z ≤ÃÜ˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyê≈ •z xyÙyÓ˚ Ù Ïl §Ó ˆã˛ ÏÎ˚ˆÓ!¢ xy ÏÓòl çyàyÎ˚– !Ü˛v xyÙyÓ˚ xçyly lÎ˚ ˆÎx Ïl ÏÜ˛•z !l Ïç ÏÜ˛ !¢“# Ó Ï°l ~ÓÇ ˆ§Ë˛y ÏÓ•z ï˛yÓ˚yfl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛G ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÜ˛lñ xÌã˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢“Ü,˛!ï˛Ó˚ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ xydyÓ˚ í zô≈yÎ˚ ÏlÓ˚ !Ü˛¡∫y Ù• ÏcÓ˚ ç Ïlƒ x¢yhs˝xyÜ) °ï˛yÓ˚ Ü˛îyÇ¢G xyË˛y§ ˆl•z–

§Ó §ï˛ƒy!Ì≈Ü˛ xy!ê≈˛ˆÏÜ˛•z Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyhs˝Ó˚ §_yÓ˚í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ˆÏï˛ §y•yÎƒ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÉÉÉ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ~•z§Ó xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ù)°ƒ !ë˛Ü˛ ï˛ï˛ê%˛Ü%˛•zñ Îï˛ê%˛Ü%˛•z ï˛yxydyl%Ë) !ï˛Ó˚ !ò ÏÜ˛ Ùyl!ÓÜ˛ xydy ÏÜ˛ §y•yÎƒ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚–Û

Ü˛#ê‰˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ùï˛•z ày¶˛#!çG ÙˆÏl Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ§ï˛ƒ•z §%®Ó˚– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xhs˝Ó˚ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ §ï˛ƒ Ë˛yÓ!ê˛•z

§%®Ó˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÎ à#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ SÈ!Ó §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ç#ÓlÈüÈÓyî# ÏÜ˛ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z à#!ï˛ÈüÈSÈ!Ó•z §%®Ó˚–~•zË˛yˆÏÓ•z Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yÓ˚ ç#Ól §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ÙÙ≈yl%Ë)˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛§%®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ §ï˛ƒï˛Ó˚ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°•zÙyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ çyàÓ˚î§Ω˛Ó Ó Ï°•z ày¶˛#!ç Ù Ïl Ü˛ ÏÓ˚l– xydÈüÈ§_yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ù~ÓÇ §ÙƒÜ˛ í z õ°!∏˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ Ïe•z Ùyl%£Ï §%®Ó˚ ÏÜ˛ §,!‹TÜ˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚– ï˛ ÏÓ Ùyl% Ï£ÏÓ˚ ç#Ó Ïl ~Ù!lï˛Ó˚ §ï˛ƒÙ%•)ï≈˛ ÎÌyÌ≈•z ò%°≈Ë˛ ÓˆÏ°•z xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢Gò%°≈Ë˛– ày¶˛#!ç ï˛y•z Ó Ï° ÏSÈl ˆÎ ‘‘True art takes

note not merely of form but also of what

lies behind. There is an art that kills and

an art that gives lives. True art must be

evidence of happiness, contentment and

purity of its authors.’’

Ü%Ñ çÈüÈÓ˚ Ùï˛l•z ày¶˛#!çG §ï˛ƒ ~ÓÇ ÙÇà° ÏÜ˛•zxyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xyhs˝Ó˚ÈüÈ§_y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈˆÏ°l–ï˛y•z !ï˛!l ÙylˆÏï˛l ˆÎ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!Ü˛S%È ÏÜ˛ x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛•z ˆÎ Óy•z ÏÓ˚ §%®Ó˚ • Ïï˛ • ÏÓ ~ÙlˆÜ˛y Ïly fl∫ï˛/!§k˛ï˛y ˆl•z– ç#Ó ÏlÓ˚ ˛õÌÈüÈÎyeyÎ˚ ~Ùl!Ü˛S%ÈˆÏÏÜ˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛•z ˛õy•z ˆÎ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÎyÓ˚ˆÙy•l Ó˚* Ï õÓ˚ §Ùy ÏÓ˚y• ˆl•z xÌã˛ xyhs˝Ó˚ Ù!•ÙyÎ˚ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ§Ô® ÏÎ≈Ó˚ xÙ!°l ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ùyl%£Ï ÏÜ˛ Ù%?˛ ~ÓÇ≤Ãy!îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ày¶˛#!ç Ó°ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ Úxy!Ùxy Ïà•z Ó Ï°!SÈÈüüüÈ §ï˛ƒ !Ë˛ß¨ ˆÜ˛yÌyG ˆ§Ô®Î≈ ˆl•z–xlƒ !òˆÏÜ˛ §ï˛ƒ ~Ùl Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ •Î˚ï˛!lˆÏçˆÏÜ˛ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ Îy §!ï˛ƒ•zx§%®Ó˚– xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ˆÎ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ §ˆÏe´!ê˛§•z§Ó Ïã˛ ÏÎ˚ §ï˛ƒ!l¤˛ Ùyl%£Ï !SÈ Ï°lÈüüüÈ !Ü˛v @˝Ã#§ ˆò Ï¢!ï˛!l•z §Ó Ïã˛ ÏÎ˚ Ü% Í!§ÍG !SÈ Ï°l– xyÙyÓ˚ Ü˛y ÏSÈ !ï˛!l§%®Ó˚ !SÈˆÏ°lÈüüüÈ ˆÜ˛l lyñ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ÎyGÎ˚y•z ïÑ yÓ˚ §yÓ˚y ç#Ó ÏlÓ˚ §yôly !SÈ°– ~ Ü˛ÌyGfløÓ˚î Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~•z Ü%˛Í!§Í Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚


36

çˆÏlƒ !Ê˛!í˛Î˚y§ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyhs˝Ó˚ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˆ§Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚Ù)°ƒyÓôyÓ˚î Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!lÈüüüÈ ï˛y lÎ˚–Û ~ÙlˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ë˛yÓÈüÈÓ˚yà xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ÈüÈÓƒ!N˛ï˛ •GÎ˚y ïÑ˛yÓ˚xl!Ë˛ Ï≤Ãï˛ !SÈ° ˆÎ Ë˛yÓ xydyÓ˚ í zô≈yÎ˚ Ïî §•yÎ˚ï˛yÜ˛ ÏÓ˚ ly– !ï˛!l Ó° ÏSÈl ˆÎ ÚÎyÈüÈ!Ü˛S%È xyÙy ÏòÓ˚ xydyÓ˚í zô≈yÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÏÓ˚yôÜ˛ÈüüüÈ ï˛y !Ù ÏÌƒ ~ÓÇ SÈ°ly çy°–Û

x ÏlÜ˛ xyô%!lÜ˛ l®lï˛y!sfÜ˛ Ù Ïl Ü˛ ÏÓ˚l Î xyê≈Óƒ!_´ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl!Ó §ï˛ï˛yÈüÈ˛õ!Óeï˛yÈüÈÙÙ≈ ~ÓÇÜ˛˜ÏÙ≈£Ïîy !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ !Ó÷k˛ x≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ xylˆÏ®Ó˚Óyî#•z Ó•l Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ly®!lÜ˛ Ë˛yÓlyÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÜ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ày¶˛#!ç Ó°ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ÚˆÎÙl Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚•z ˆ•yÜ˛ xyÙÓ˚y~ÈüÈçyï˛#Î˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ§ xË˛ƒhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ ˆÎ xyê≈˛Óƒ!_´ÈüÈç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Óeï˛y !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ç!l§!Ó Ï¢£Ï– xyÙyÓ˚ §Ó x!Ë˛K˛ï˛y !ò ÏÎ˚•z Ó° Ïï˛ õy!Ó˚ Î ~ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ x§ï˛ƒ xyÓ˚ !Ü˛S%È •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–xy!Ù xyÙyÓ˚ ˛õy!Ì≈Ó ç#Ó ÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãy!hs˝ ÏÜ˛ ~ Ï§ ˆ˛õÔÑ ÏSÈ!SÈñ~ál xy!Ù Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎ •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Óeï˛y•z ˆ◊¤˛~ÓÇ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ áÑy!ê˛ xyê≈˛– fl∫Ó˚ÈüÈ§yôlyÎ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°yàyl ày•zÓyÓ˚ Ü,˛!ï˛c xˆÏlˆÏÜ˛•z xç≈l Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚lñ!Ü˛v §•z àyl ÏÜ˛ ~Ü˛!ê˛ õ!Óe ç#Ó ÏlÓ˚ §%£ÏÙyÓ˚ Ë˛ï˛Ó˚!ò ÏÎ˚ çyà!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ ÏÓ˚ ï˛y°ÓyÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ü˛Ù °yÜ˛•z xç≈lÜ˛ ÏÓ˚ Ìy ÏÜ˛l–Û

ày¶˛#!çÓ˚ Ü˛y ÏSÈ xyê≈ Úxy!dÜ˛ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yçlÛ Ó˚* Ï õ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yï˛ • Ï°G !ï˛!l ~ÈüÈÜ˛Ìy Ü˛ál•z Ùyl Ïï˛l lyˆÎ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚Ü˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãyï˛ƒ!•Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚flõ Ï¢≈ xyê≈ ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÷k˛ï˛y x˛õl#ï˛ • Ïï˛ ˛õy ÏÓ˚– xlƒ!ò ÏÜ˛ ‘Classic art’ §¡õ ÏÜ≈ ïÑ yÓ˚ x!Ë˛Ùï˛ ~•z ˆÎ~ xyê≈˛ §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ àï˛ ˜ò!lÜ˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ˆSÈÑyÎ˚y ÓÑy!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓlÈüÈ!Ó!FSÈß¨• ÏÎ˚ ˛õ Ïí ¸ ÏSÈ ~ÓÇ Ó,•Í çl §Ùy ÏçÓ˚ Ü˛°ƒyî §yô ÏlÓ˚

˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï ˆ◊!îÓ˚ !Ü˛S%È Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚xyl®ÈüÈ!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

~•z ˆ≤Ã!«˛ Ïï˛ ~Ü˛!ê˛ âê˛ly fløÓ˚î Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ≠~Ü˛ ÓyÓ˚ ◊#Ù!ï˛ xyàyÌy •ƒy!Ó˚§l ày!¶˛ç#ˆÏÜ˛ÓˆÏ°!SÈˆÏ°l ˆÎ !ï˛!l !lŸã˛Î˚•z ~Ü˛ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆSÈyê˛ç!Ù Ïï˛ §Óy•z ÏÜ˛ ÚÊ% Ï°Ó˚ ã˛y£ÏÛ Ü˛Ó˚ Ïï˛ Ó° ÏÓl ~ÓÇ~•z çˆÏlƒ•z Ó°ˆÏ°l ˆÎ ÚˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚≤Ã ÏÎ˚yç ÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛l xydyÓ˚ ˛õ Ï«˛ Ó˚Ç xyÓ˚ ˆ§Ô® ÏÎ≈Ó˚≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçlG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–Û ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ ày¶˛#!çÓ Ï°!SÈ Ï°l ≠ ÚÚNo, I wan’t. Why cann’t you

see the beauty of colour in the vegetables?

And then, there is beauty in the speckless

sky. But no, you want the colours of the

rainbow— which is a mere optical

illusion. We have been taught to believe

that what is beautiful need not be useful

and what is useful can not be beautiful. I

want to show that what is useful can also

be beautiful.’’

§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~•z ly®!lÜ˛ Ë˛yÓlyÈüÈÙllyÓ˚!l!•ï˛yÌ≈ ~•z ˆÎ ày¶˛#!ç xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD ïÑ˛yÓ˚˛õyÓ˚!ÙÜ˛ § ÏÓ≈yòÎ˚ ò¢≈ ÏlÓ˚ xy!dÜ˛ !Ù°l•z ˆã˛ ÏÎ˚ ÏSÈlxyÓ˚ ~•z §ˆÏÓ≈yòˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈yÍ !l!á° ÙylˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ÙÜ˛°ƒyî §yôlyÎ˚ ÙylÓydyÓ˚ í zô≈yÎ˚ï˛ çyàÓ˚î flõ!®ï˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yˆÏï˛•z xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ù !§!k˛ÈüÈ§yÌ≈Ü˛ï˛yÓˆÏ° ÙˆÏl Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– Ùyl!ÓÜ˛ ç#ÓˆÏl ~•z ˛õÓ˚Ùˆ◊ ÏÎ˚yÈüÈˆÓy!ôÜ˛ çyàÓ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ÙÙ≈ÈüÈ§ï˛ƒ•z xydyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùí˛z˛õ°!∏˛– ~•z ˛õÓ˚Ù ˆ◊ˆÏÎ˚yÈüÈˆÓy!ôÓ˚ xˆÏÙÎ˚ ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏlƒÙyl%£ÏˆÏÜ˛ í˛zˆÏmy!ôï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ÷Ë˛ÈüÈòy!Î˚c xyê≈˛ÈüÈ•zÓ•l Ü˛Ó˚ ÏÓ Ó Ï° ày¶˛#!ç Ù Ïl Ü˛ ÏÓ˚l–


37

DIRECTOR-SECRETARY’S REPORTon the Programme and Activities of the

Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya, Barrackpore,during March, 2016 to May, 2016

1. School Programme for remote

rural areas (21/03/16) :

On March 21, 2016 the Gandhi

Smarak Sangrahalaya, Barrackpore

visited the Namkhana Narayan

Vidyamandir situated at

Namkhana, 24 Parganas South as

part of the programme for schools

in remote rural areas. The mobile

exhibition set ‘Alokchitre Teen

Mahajibon’ (three great

personalities in photographs.—

Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore,

Mahatma Gandhi and Netaji

Subhash Chandra Bose) in roll-up

standee was mounted by the

Sangrahalaya at the school

premises for the students as well as

the staff of the school. After this the

documentary titled ‘Role of

Barrackpore in the Freedom

Movement of India’ was shown

which was followed by the audio-

visual quiz consisting of twenty (20)

38

questions on Mahatma Gandhi

conducted for the students. The

documentary prepared by the

institution Juktibadi Sanskritik

Samsthha, Canning, titled ‘Snakes

of Sunderban’ was presented by

the Sangrahalaya in the second half

of the programme in the section


39

called ‘Desher

Katha Dasher

Katha’ for

highlighting the

environmental

aspect of nature.

Nearly five

hundred (500)

students and the

staff of the school

participated in

the programme

which received an

extremely positive

response.

2. National Seminar on

‘Rethinking Gandhian Thought:

Issues and Challenges’ (26/03/

2016) :

The Sangrahalaya organized a day-

long National Seminar on

‘Rethinking Gandhian Thought:

Issues and Challenges’ at its

premises on March 26, 2016 from

11:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Gandhiji’s

life, ideas and work are of crucial

importance to all those who want a


40

better life for humankind. The

political map of the world has

changed dramatically since his

time, the economic scenario has

witnessed unleashing of some

disturbing forces, and the social set-

up has undergone a tremendous

change. The importance of moral

and ethical issues raised by him,

however, remain central to the

future of individuals and nations.

Today we need him, more than

before. It was with this aim of

analyzing Mahatma Gandhi in a

new perspective that the

Sangrahalaya came up with the

theme of the Seminar. The Seminar

was well attended by the Chairman

of the Managing Committee of the

Sangrahalaya, Shri Narayan Basu

and other Members of the

Committee, personnel from

institutions related to Mahatma

Gandhi, Faculty members of the

Department of Museology,

University of Calcutta and

Rabindra Bharati University,

distinguished scholars and research

fellows from different Universities.

The Inaugural Session of the

programme was presided by Shri

Narayan Basu, Chairman of the

Managing Committee of the Gandhi

Smarak Sangrahalaya whereas the

Welcome Address was delivered by

the Director- Secretary of the

Sangrahalaya, Shri Pratik Ghosh.

The Keynote Address was

delivered by Shri A. Annamalai,

Director, National Gandhi


41

Museum, New Delhi. The speakers

of the Inaugural Session included

Professor Sachindra Nath

Bhattacharyya, Former Professor,

Department of Museology,

University of Calcutta, Dr.

Shyamalkanti Chakravarti, Former

Director, Indian Museum and

National Library, Kolkata, Shri A.

Annamalai and Shri Pawan Gupta.

There were a total of three (3)

academic sessions following the

Inaugural Session, chaired ably by

Dr. Shyamalkanti Chakravarti,

Professor Sakti Bhattacharya,

Retired Director, Institute of

English, Kolkata and Shri A.

Annamalai. In all ten (10) papers

were presented at the Seminar

which gave interesting and

diverse views on the theme of the

Seminar. Finally, the Valedictory

Address was delivered by Shri

Pawan Kumar Gupta, Eminent

Gandhian Scholar.

The Seminar was a success

and left room for thought

for everyone to analyze Gandhiji

in a new perspective

and consideration of the

significance and efficacy of

Gandhian philosophy in today’s

world by means of the papers

presented in the Seminar from

Mussoorie.


42

3. Programme for

Formation of

Women Self Help

Groups and

Financial

Empowerment by

various Trainings

(16/04/2016) :

The Training

Programme started

by the Gandhi

Smarak

Sangrahalaya,

Barrackpore in the

previous financial year to form

Self Help Groups and provide

financial empowerment to local

needy women is being carried on

successfully. After the completion

of the training on Food

Preparation and Preservation, the

present training that has been

started is Tailoring. Like the

previous one, this training is

being carried out

in association

with Manirampur

Manila Shilpa

Samabaya Samity

Limited.

Participants of

the training are

being taught the

details of

tailoring such as

cutting and

making dresses

such as kurtis,

blouses, etc.


43

4. Birthday Celebrations of

Gurudcv Rabindranath Tagore

(08/05/2016) :

The Birthday Celebrations of

Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore was

observed by the Gandhi Smarak

Sangrahalaya, Barrackpore, on May

8, 2016, at its premises. A

programme was arranged to mark

the occasion which took place in

the evening from 4 p.m.

The programme was

based on the theme

‘Tomay Notun Kore Pabo

Bole’ highlighting the

sweet and intimate

relation between

Gurudev Rabindranath

Tagore and Mahatma

Gandhi. The

programme started

with the garlanding of

the photograph of

Rabindranath and

Gandhiji, by the

members of the

Managing Committee of

the Gandhi Smarak

Sangrahalaya,

Barrackpore and other

eminent persons

present at the

programme. A humble

tribute was paid to

Gurudev Rabindranath

Tagore on behalf of the

Sangrahalaya by the members of its

staff with the item termed ‘Amar

Rabindranath’ based on the poem

on Tagore by Subho Dasgupta and

songs written by Tagore. A Musical

Soiree based on the relation

between Tagore and Gandhiji was

performed by the cultural group

Muktangan Sanskritik Samsthha


44

from Barrackpore. Finally, a unique

programme of Kabir Lorai (a

competition between folk artists of

impromptu folk songs composed

and sung on the spot based on a

particular theme) took place. The

kabir lorai was performed by Sri

Radha Krishna Tarja Samsthha

headed by Kabiyal Jadab Chandra

Mondal and his associates Kabiyal

Mahadev Halder and Smt. Rama

Halder and Dhol (indigenous drum

of Bengal) player Sri Monoranjan

Sarkar.

The function drew immense

amount of positive response from

the audience due to its innovative

format. The presentation of kabir

lorai in particular was successful in

captivating the audience as it was

something unique that was never

seen before, a folk art that is on the

verge of extinction from Bengal.

5. Group Visits :

The students of the Department

of Philosophy, Srerampore

College, came to visit the

Sangrahalaya on 29th March, 2016

along with their Professor for

their educational tour. They were

provided with a guided tour of the

Sangrahalaya and shown the

documentary, titled. ‘Role of

Barrackpore in Indian Freedom

Movement’.


45

1 Light or Darkness Mira Behn Vol. 1, No. 1

Nov-Dec, 1998

pp. 6-7

2 The Martyrs ‘ Day, Mahatma Swapan Kumar Vol. 1, No. 2

Gandhi and Ourselves Bhattacharyya Feb-March, 1999

pp. 18-22

3 Partnership With Nature : Dwijesh Dutta Majumder Vol. 1, No. 3

Agenda For 21st Century July-August, 1999

pp. 9-12, 19

4 Gandhi in the Context of the Prof. N. Radhakrishnan Vol. 1, No. 3

Challenges of the July- August, 1999,

New Millennium pp. 28-32

5 Challenges of the 21st Century Dr. Y. P. Anand Vol. 1, No. 3

July-August, 1999

pp. 33-39

6 A Dreamer Bibhas Sen Gandhi Birthday

Number

Vol. 1, No. 4

Nov-Dec, 1999

p. 5

7 Legacy of Gandhi Prof. N. Radhakrishnan Gandhi Birthday

Number

Vol. 1, No. 4

Nov-Dec, 1999

pp. 9-16

8 Natal Indian Congress, Amulya Kumar Gandhi Birthday

Gandhi and Mother India Chakraborty Number

Vol. 1, No. 4

Nov-Dec, 1999

pp. 20-22

9 Sociology of Surplus in Man Sajal Basu Vol. 2, No. 4

April-May, 2000

pp. 28-32

List of English ArticlesPublished in Gandhi News/Gandhi Sanbad

from 1998 to 2016

SL No. Name of Article Author Volume/No.


46

10 Death of the Mahatma Ashis Nandy Renewed Publication

Vol. 3, No. 2

Oct-Dec, 2007

pp. 6-7, 13

11 A Tribute : Prof. Jahar Sen Renewed Publication

Late Bhowaniprasad Vol. 3, No. 2

Chattopadhyay Oct-Dec, 2007

pp. 8-9

12 Satyagrahi Durgesh Shyamalesh Das Renewed Publication

Chandra Das Vol. 3, No. 2

Oct-Dec, 2007

pp. 14-15

13 The Mahatma : Son of a Man Narayan Kr. Chatterjee Renewed Publication

Vol. 3, No. 2

Oct-Dec, 2007

pp. 16-18

14 A Journey Towards Freedom Swami Someswarananda Renewed Publication

Vol. 3, No. 2

Oct-Dec, 2007

pp. 19-20

15 Gita as a Crisis Management Sajal Basu Renewed Publication

Vol. 3, No. 2

Oct-Dec, 2007

pp. 21-22

16 Gandhi and Environment Chittabrata Palit Renewed Publication

Vol. 3, No. 2

Oct-Dec, 2007

pp. 23-28

17 Gandhi and Ethics in Supriya Munshi Renewed Publication

Journalism Vol. 3, No. 2

Oct-Dec, 2007

pp. 29-32

18 The Bauls of Birbhum Satyanarayan Renewed Publication

Bhattacharya Vol. 3, No. 2

Oct-Dec. 2007

pp. 32-33

19 Reminiscences of a Saved Soul Haridas Mitra Renewed Publication

Vol. 3, No. 2 and 3

Oct 2007-Mar 2008

pp. 8-11



47

20 Role of Midnapur Women in Sachindra Kumar Maity Renewed Publication

Quit India Movement Vol. 3, No. 2 and 3

Oct 2007-Mar 2008

pp. 39-51

21 Bapuji at Beleghata Labanya Prova Dutta Renewed Publication

Vol. 3, No. 4

April-Jun, 2008

pp. 5-6

22 Santhal Attitude to Chittabrata Palit Renewed Publication

Health Care Vol. 3, No. 4

April-Jun, 2008

pp. 30-32

23 An Unchartered Sea in Swami Someswarananda Renewed Publication

Meditation Vol. 3, No. 4

April-Jun 2008

pp. 33-34

24 Objective Situation in Sajal Basu Renewed Publication

Friendship, Enmity Vol. 3, No. 4

April-Jun, 2008

pp. 35-36

25 Gandhiji on Brahmacharya Shyamal Chandra Renewed Publication

Bandopadhyay Vol. 3, No. 4

April-Jun, 2008

pp. 37-40

26 Reminiscence Prof. Nirmal Kumar Bose Renewed Publication

Vol. 4, No. 1

July-Sept, 2008

pp. 7-11

27 Christ and Mahatma-A Supriya Munshi Renewed Publication

Parampara Vol. 4, No. 1

July-Sept 2008

pp. 19-22

28 Tibet : Her Pain, My Shame Tang Danhong Renewed Publication

Vol. 4, No. 1

July-Sept, 2008

pp. 37-40

29 Ecology Destroyed by Sajal Basu Renewed Publication

Development Vol. 4, No. 1

July-Sept, 2008

pp. 41-44



48

30 Antpur Terracotta Temples Santi Ranjan Das Renewed Publication

Vol. 4, No. l

July-Sept, 2008

pp. 43-44

31 Poverty : Main Obstacle to Rajindar Sachar Renewed Publication

Human Rights Vol. 4, No. 2

Oct-Dec 2008

pp. 5-12

32 Sarvodaya in India Supriya Munshi Renewed Publication

Vol. 4, No. 2

Oct-Dec 2008

pp. 13-15, 37

33 Impact of Gandhi’s Varsha Das Renewed Publication

Non-Violence Vol. 4, No. 2

Oct-Dec 2008

pp. 35-37

34 Gita: Unity in Diversity Swami Someswarananda Renewed Publication

Vol. 4, No. 2

Oct-Dec 2008

pp. 38-39

35 The Racial Bias of Sajal Basu Renewed Publication

Nobel Committee Vol. 4, No. 2

Oct-Dec 2008

pp. 40-41

36 The Mahatma & Supriya Munshi Renewed Publication

The Mahayogi Vol. 4, No. 3

Jan-Mar 2009

pp. 5-7,11

37 Continental Shifts Rammanohar Lohia Renewed Publication

Vol. 4, No. 3

Jan-Mar 2009

pp. 8-11

38 My Days With Mahatma R. R. Divakar Renewed Publication

Vol. 4, No. 3

Jan-Mar 2009

pp. 12-18

39 Physiography of Water Sanjay Kumar Renewed Publication

Vol. 4, No. 3

Jan-Mar 2009

pp. 40-42



49

40 Constraints to Sajal Basu Renewed Publication

Industrialisation Vol. 4, No. 3

Jan-Mar 2009

pp. 43-45

41 Dangers Of Inflaming Zhang Quanyi Renewed Publication

Chinese Nationalism Vol. 4, No. 3

Jan-Mar 2009

pp. 46-47

42 Chinese Writing on Tibet Tenzin Monlam Renewed Publication

Vol. 4, No. 3

Jan-Mar 2009

pp. 48-50

43 Gita’s World : Swami Someswarananda Renewed Publication

Go Beyond Your Ego Vol. 4, No. 3

Jan-Mar 2009

pp. 51-52

44 Clean Politics : Ban Rajindar Sachar Renewed Publication

Corporate Funding Vol. 4, No. 4

to Election Fund Apr-Jun 2009

pp. 5-6, 11

45 Wit and Humour of N. C. Sinha Renewed Publication

Mahatma Gandhi Vol. 4, No. 4

Apr-Jun 2009

pp. 7-11

46 From the Reminiscences S. N. Biswas Renewed Publication

Vol. 4, No. 4

Apr-Jun 2009

pp. 27-30, 38

47 Gita : A New Dawn Appears Swami Someswarananda Renewed Publication

Vol. 4, No. 4

Apr-Jun 2009

pp. 31-32

48 Orphan’s Life Saved by PIL Prabhakar Sinha Renewed Publication

Vol. 4, No. 4

Apr-Jun 2009

p. 33

49 Gandhi the Leader Pearl S. Buck Special Issue

Vol. 5, No. l & 2

Oct 2009

pp. 5-8



50

50 Asoka Legacy In West Asia Nirmal Chandra Sinha Special Issue

Vol. 5, No. l & 2

Oct 2009

pp. 9-15

51 The Ever-glittering Gandhiji Narayan Kumar Special Issue

Chatterjee Vol. 5, No. l & 2

Oct 2009

pp. 16-17

52 Moksha in Daily Life Swami Someswarananda Special Issue

Vol. 5, No. l & 2

Oct 2009

pp. 61-62

53 Uncertain Future of Katherin Morton Special Issue

Tibetan Plateau Vol. 5, No. 1 & 2

Oct 2009

pp. 63-66

54 Strange Partners : Saumya Mukhopadhyay Special Issue

Gandhi— The Bengalee Vol. 5, No. 1 & 2

Intelligentsia (1919-1925) Oct 2009

pp. 67-80

55 Theological Discourses in Amalendu De Special Issue

Indian History (Part- 1) Vol. 5, No. 1 & 2

Jan-Mar 2010

pp. 6-9

56 Gandhiji and National Chittabrata Palit Special Issue

Integration Vol. 5, No. 1 & 2

Jan-Mar 2010

pp. 10-11, 16

57 A Unique Peace Museum Mahua Chakrabarty Special Issue

Vol. 5, No. 1 &’ 2

Jan-Mar 2010

pp. 12-16

58 Right to Life and Prabhakar Sinha Special Issue

Personal Property Vol. 5, No. 1 & 2

Jan-Mar 2010

pp. 17-21, 25

59 Public Image of Prof. Jahar Sen Renewed Publication

Subhash Chandra Rose Vol. 5, No. 3

Jan-Mar 2010

pp. 43-44



51

60 Rajaji Formula for Pakistan Shyamal Chandra Renewed Publication

Bandyopadhyay Vol. 5, No. 3

Jan-Mar 2010

pp. 45-51, 56

61 Mahatma Gandhi as Viewed Shyamales Das Renewed Publication

By Marxists Vol. 5, No. 3

Jan-Mar 2010

pp. 52-56

62 Theological Discourses in Amalendu De Renewed Publication

Indian History (Part- 2) Vol. 6, No. l

Apr-Jun 2010

pp. 27-30, 46

63 Nationalism versus Ashis Nandy Renewed Publication

Patriotism Vol. 6, No. l

Apr-Jun 2010

pp. 31-36

64 Tagore’s Vision of Prof. Jahar Sen Renewed Publication

Pan-Asianism Vol. 6, No. l,

Apr-Jun 2010

pp. 37-41

65 Sociology of Surplus in Man Sajal Basu Renewed Publication

Vol. 6, No. 1

Apr-Jun 2010

pp. 42-46

66 Child Undernutrition in Dr. Korin Hulshof Renewed Publication

India Vol. 6, No. l

Apr-Jun 2010

pp. 47-48

67 Socialism And The Acharya Narendra Deva Renewed Publication

Nationalist Movement Vol. 6, No. 4

Jan-Mar 2010

pp. 5-l1, 25

68 Gandhi on Hinduism Tapan Kumar Renewed Publication

Chattopadhyay Vol. 6, No. 4

Jan-Mar 2010

pp. 12-14

69 Evolution of The Bible Arunabha Dasgupta Renewed Publication

Vol. 6, No. 4

Jan-Mar 2010

pp. 34-37



52

70 Gita : Going Beyond Swami Someswarananda Renewed Publication

Vol. 6, No. 4

Jan-Mar 2010

pp. 38-39

71 Desai-Liaquat Ali Pact Shyamal Chandra Renewed Publication

Bandyopadhyay Vol. 6, No. 4

Jan-Mar 2010

pp. 40-47

72 Arguing For A Better World E. G. Verghese Renewed Publication

Vol. 6, No. 4

Jan-Mar 2010

pp. 48-49

73 Is Development Killing Damin Grammticas Renewed Publication

Tibet’s Way of Life Vol. 6, No. 4

Jan-Mar 2011

pp. 54-56

75 Buddha and Buddhism Rabindranath Tagore Vol. 7, No. l

July-Sept 2011

pp. 6-11

76 Philosophy of History Amalendu De Vol. 7, No. 2

(Part- I) July-Sept 2011

pp. 12-16

77 Gita : Stand Aloof Swami Someswarananda Vol. 7, No. 2

July-Sept 2011

pp. 29-30

78 Chiang Kai-Shek in India Shyamal Chandra Vol. 7, No. 2

Bandyopadhyay July-Sept 2011

pp. 31-41

79 Interview with Paul Brass Vol. 7, No. 2

Dr. Rammanohar Lohia July-Sept 2011

( Part- 1) pp. 47-54

80 Gandhi On Hinduism Tapan Kumar Vol. 7, No. 2

Chattopadhyay July-Sept 2011

pp. 55-56


(Part- 2 ) Jan-Mar 2012

pp. 5-10

82 Heritage of Gandhi Smarak Anindita Kundu Vol. 7, No. 3

Sangrahalaya Jan-Mar 2012

pp. 25-32



53

83 Gandhiji’s Emissary Shyamalesh Das Vol. 7, No. 3

In America Jan-Mar 2012

pp. 33-34

84 Interview with Paul Brass Vol. 7, No. 3

Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Jan-Mar 2012

(Part- 2) pp. 35-43

85 Development Programmes Jagat Pati Sarkar Vol. 7, No. 3

of Asoka Jan-Mar 2012

pp. 44-50

86 A 46 Years’ Trek With Supriya Munsi Vol. 8, No. 1

Mahatma Gandhi July-Sept 2012

pp. 5-9


( Part- 3) July-Sept 2012

pp. 10-13, 19

88 Fast Track Population Frederika Meijer Vol. 8, No. 1

Development July-Sept 2012

pp. 14-16

89 Cripps in India : 1939 Shyamal Chandra Vol. 8, No. 1

Bandyopadhyay July-Sept 2012

pp. 35-42

90 Religious Tolerance in India Gandhiji : On Religion Vol. 8, No. 2

Apr-Jun 2013

pp. 8-9, 12

91 The Roots of Truth Gandhi : On Political Vol. 8, No. 2

Economy Apr-Jun 2013

pp. 10-12

92 Gandhi’s Autobiography— Erik H. Erikson Vol. 8, No. 2

The Leader as a Child Apr-Jun

pp. 13-23, 27

93 Tibetan Self-Immolations : Simon Denyer Vol. 8, No. 2

China Powerless Apr-Jun 2013

pp. 40-41

94 Gandhi Memorial Museum Pratik Ghosh Vol. 8, No. 2

Apr-Jun 2013

pp. 43-44

95 To The Stalin Mausoleum Mr. Z Vol. 8, No. 3

(Part- 1) Oct-Dec 2013

pp. 21-25



54

96 The Secret Police and William C. Bodie Vol. 8, No. 3

Soviet Politics Oct-Dec 2013

pp. 26-35

97 Political Sociology of Andrew G. Walder Vol. 8, No. 3

Tiananmen 1989 Oct-Dec 2013

pp. 36-43

98 Swami Vivekananda’s Jahar Sen Vol. 8, No. 4

Message In Post-Religious Jan-Mar 2014

World pp. 5-11

99 To The Stalin Mausoleum Mr. Z Vol. 8, No. 4

(Part- 2) Jan-Mar 2014

pp. 12-18

100 August Offer 1940 : Shyamal Chandra Vol. 8, No. 4

Congress Blunder Bandyopadhyay Jan-Mar 2014

pp. 39-44

101 Social Role of Museums & Prof. Supriya Munshi Vol. 8, No. 4,

Museum Role of Society Jan-Mar 2014

pp. 45-48

102 A Plea For Communicability Sukhamoy Chakravarty Vol. 9, No. l

Apr-Jun 2014

pp. 11-14

103 BAUDELAIRE (Translated Andre Beteille Vol. 9, No. l

from Original French) Apr-Jun 2014

p. 15

104 Problems of Historical Ashin Das Gupta Vol. 9, No. l

Materialism Apr-Jun 2014

pp. 40-45

105 Museum and Value Prof. Supriya Munshi Vol. 9, No. l

Education Apr-Jun 2014

pp. 46-48

106 B. R. Ambedkar and Chittabrata Palit Special Issue

Dalit Ideology Vol. 9, No. 2

Jul-Dec 2014

pp. 5-9

107 Gandhi and Permanent Baldoon Dhingra Special Issue

Revolution Vol. 9, No. 2

Jul-Dec 2014

pp. 10-15

108 Walden’s Man of Science Walter Harding Special Issue

Vol. 9, No. 2

Jul-Dec 2014

pp. 31-34



55


109 Iswara Allah Tere Nam N. C. Sinha Special Issue

Vol. 9, No. 2

Jul-Dec 2014

pp. 35-37

110 A Profile of Renewed Shyamalesh Das Special Issue

Evaluation Vol. 9, No. 2

Jul-Dec 2014

pp. 63-64

111 Gandhian Approach Pratik Ghosh Special Issue

to Rural Development Vol. 9, No. 2

Through a Museum in Jul-Dec 2014

India pp. 65-72

112 This is Absurd Rajindar Sachar Vol. 10, No. 1

Mr. Prime Minister! Apr-Jun 2014

pp. 6-8

113 A Tribute to Prof. Jahar Sen Vol. 10, No. l

Late Narayan Desai Apr-Jun 2014

pp. 9-10

114 South Africa-Making of Dr. Debabrata Das Vol. 10, No. l

Gandhian Way Apr-Jun 2014

pp. 27-31

115 A Document on Tagore- — Vol. 10, No. 2

Gandhi Correspondence July-Sept 2015

pp. 4-6

116 Toleration In Islam Rezaul Karim Vol. l0, No. 2

July-Sept 2015

pp. 7-11

117 Gram Swaraj Sisir Sanyal Vol. 10, No. 2

July-Sept 2015

pp. 12-25

118 Document Gandhi-Bose — Vol. 10, No. 3

Correspondence Oct-Dec 2015

pp. 8-11

119 Document on Gandhi’s — Vol. 10, No. 3

Tribute to Netaji Oct-Dec 20l5

p. 12


Appeal for Commuting Oct-Dec 2015

Death Sentence on Bhagat pp. 13-15

Singh and Two Others


56



Letter to Herr Hitler Oct-Dec 2015

p. 16

122 Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Ashgar Ali Engineer Vol. 10, No. 3

and His Concept of Unity Oct-Dec 2015

of Religion pp. 17-22

123 Contemporary Ecologism and Tapan Kumar Vol. 10, No. 3

the Relevance of Tagore Chattopadhyay Oct-Dec 2015

pp. 23-30

124 Gandhi Understands Women Millie Graham Polak Vol. 10, No. 4

Jan-March 2016

pp. 15-18

125 Museum and Community Pratik Ghosh Vol. 10, No. 4

Participation : A Case Study Jan-March 2016

of Community Participation pp. 19-29

Initiatives at Gandhi Memorial

Museum, Barrackpore


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