gamomcemloba universali tbilisi 2016institutehist.ucoz.net/_ld/1/184_krebuli_2016-1_.pdf · tbilisi...

Dedicated!to!the!140!anniversary!of!the

birth!Academician!Ivane!Javakhishvili

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2016

2

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

ISSN 1512-3154

Studies in Modern and Contemporary History

1(18)

Publishing House `UNIVERSAL~

Tbilisi 2016

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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

ISSN 1512-3154

axali da uaxlesi

istoriis sakiTxebi

1(18)

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2016

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uak (UDC) 94(100) `15/18~ + 94(100) `1918/...~ a-984

saredaqcio kolegia: EDITORIAL BOARD: irakli gabisonia

zurab gamezardaSvili

gia gelaSvili oTar gogoliSvili

haji-murad donogo

(mahaCyalis universiteti)

SoTa vadaWkoria

guntis zemitisi

(latviis istoriis instituti)

nugzar zosiZe

vasil kaWarava

igor kveselava

vaJa kiknaZe

sulxan kupraSvili

aleqsandre mosiaSvili

uCa oqropiriZe

rimvidas petrauskasi

(vilniusis universiteti)

anjei puqSto

(vitautas didis universiteti)

gela saiTiZe

(redaqtoris moadgile)

lela saraliZe

avTandil sonRulaSvili

(redaqtori)

xaTuna qoqraSvili

(pasuxismgebeli mdivani)

dodo WumburiZe


niko javaxiSvili


sagamomcemlo sabWo: irina arabiZe, lela miqiaSvili, Sorena murusiZe, mzia tyavaSvili.

PUBLISHING COUNCIL: Irina Arabidze, Lela Mikiashvili, Shorena Murusidze, Mzia Tkavashvili.

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2016

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E–mail: universal@internet. ge

Irakli Gabisonia Zurab Gamezardashvili Gia Gelashvili Otar Gogolishvili Hadji-Murad Donogo (University of Makhachkala) Shota Vadachkoria Guntis Zemītis (Institut of History of Latvia) Nugzar Zosidze Vasil Kacharava Igor Kveselava Vazha Kiknadze Sulkhan Kuprashvili Aleksandre Mosiashvili Ucha Okropiridze Rimvydas Petrauskas (Vilnius University) Andžej Pukšto (Vytautas Magnus University) Gela Saitidze (Deputy editor) Lela Saralidze Avtandil Songulashvili (Editor) Khatuna Kokrashvili (Executive secretary) Dodo Chumburidze (Deputy editor) Niko Javakhishvili (Deputy editor)

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S i n a a r s i

Contents avTandil sonRulaSvili................................................................11 ivane javaxiSvili da Tbilisi saxelmwifo universitetis profesor-maswavlebelTa Semadgenloba 1918-1921 wlebSi

Avtandil Songulashvili Ivane Javakhishvili and Tbilisi State University Composition of Professors in 1918-1921 niko javaxiSvili ...............................................................................21 sankt-peterburgis universitetSi ivane javaxiSvilis moRvaweobis istoriidan

Niko Javakhishvili From the History of Ivane Javakhishvili’s Activity at Saint-Petersburg University

T h e H i s t o r y o f t h e G e o r g i a daviT javaxiSvili ............................................................................36 samefo taxtis memkvidre ufliswuli — vaxtang

(`kargi~) bagrationi

David Javakhishvili The Prince Vakhtang (“Kargi”) Bagrationi – the Inheritor of the Royal Throne lela miqiaSvili ................................................................................46 qarTl-kaxeTis mefeTa legitimaciis sakiTxi da ruseTis faqtori (XVIII s-is II naxevari)

Lela Mikiashvili The Legitimacy of the Kings of Kartli and Kakheti and the Factor of Russia (The Second Half of the 18th Century) xaTuna qoqraSvili............................................................................63 Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi ruseTis politikis

istoriisTvis (XIX saukune)

Khatuna Kokrashvili For The History of the Russian Policy in the Shida Kartli Highland (XIX century)

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dodo WumburiZe.................................................................................82 nikoloz baraTaSvilis politikuri orientacia da

`saflavi mefis iraklisa~

Dodo Chumburidze Understanding Nikoloz Baratashvili’s Political Vision („The Tomb of King Irakli“) gela saiTiZe ........................................................................................106 `Rirseuli mamuliSvili, RirseulTa Soris~,

(al. yifSiZis (fronelis) gardacvalebidan 100 wlis gamo)

Gela Saitidze „A Noble and Worthy Patriot“ (to mark 100 years since the death of Alexander Kipshidze (Proneli)) zviad tyeSelaSvili .........................................................................120 samecniero progresis socialuri konteqsti

TergdaleulTa publicistur naazrevSi Zviad Tkeshelashvili Tergdaleulebi about the Social Importance of Scientific Progress SoTa vadaWkoria.................................................................................129 erTxel kidev saqarTvelos interpartiuli

sabWos Seqmnis drois dazustebisaTvis

Shota Vadachkoria To Clarify Once Again the Date of Creation of an Inter Party Committee nugzar zosiZe, guguli kukulaZe...............................................142 `sedai mileTelTa“ baTumis olqSi saqmianobis

zogierTi ucnobi detali

Nugzar Zosidze, Guguli Kukuladze Some Unknown Details of`Sedai Mileti“ Activities in the Area of Batumi

aleqsandre mosiaSvili...................................................................150 qarTvel wvevamdelTa mdgomareoba 1989-1990 wlebSi

Aleksandre Mosiashvili Conditions of Georgian Selectees in 1989-90’s

G e o r g i a a n d t h e W o r l d

mzia tyavaSvili..................................................................................156 ruseTis samxreTis laSqroba (1722) da saqarTvelo

Mzia Tkavashvili Russia’s Southern March (1722) and its Result to Further Development of the Georgian State

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oTar gogoliSvili...........................................................................174 ruseT-osmaleTis 1828-1829 wlebis omi da aWara

Otar Gogolishvili Russian – The Ottoman Empire War (1828-1829) and Adjara

T h e H i s t o r y o f t h e W o r l d

arCil CaCxiani ....................................................................................183 generali mustafa qemali da `anatolieli protestantebi~ _ winaaRmdegobis moZraobis dasawyisi

Archil Chachkhiani General Mustafa Kemal and the „Anatolian Protestants“ – Beginning of the Resistance Movement

F r o m t h e H i s t o r y o f t h e G e o r g i a n E m i g r a t i o n

lela saraliZe....................................................................................205 qarTveli politikuri emigraciis damokidebuleba

meore msoflio omSi monawile qveynebisadmi

Lela Saralidze The Georgian Political Immigrants Attitude Towards the Countries Involved in World War II

T h e P o l i t i c a l P o r t r a i t s

avTandil sonRulaSvili................................................................222 nikita xruSCovis politikuri portretisaTvis

Avtandil Songulashvili Political Portrait of Nikita Khrushchev

R e l i g i o n . H i s t o r y o f t h e C h u r c h

nino RambaSiZe.....................................................................................243 eklesiisa da xalxuri sarwmunoebis urTierToba saek-

lesio krebebis da istoriuli dokumentebis mixedviT

Nino Ghambashidze Relations of Church and the Folk Religion According to the Georgian Church Councils and Some Historical Documents

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irina arabiZe .......................................................................................257 agraruli reformis asaxva saqarTvelos eklesia-

monastrebis mdgomareobaze (1917-1920 ww.)

Irina Arabidze Agrarian Reform and Georgian Churches and Monasteries (1917-1920) maia amirgulaSvili..........................................................................268 religiis faqtori kavkasiur konfliqtebSi

Maia Amirgulashvili Factors of Religion in the Caucasian Conflicts arqimandriti miqael (zaza) ejibiSvili ...................................274 saqarTvelos eklesia kaTolikos-patriarqis

ilia II-is aRsaydrebis periodSi

Archimandrite Michael (Zaza) Ejibishvili The Ortodox Church of Georgia in Catholicos-Patriarch Ilia II Entronization Period

S o u r c e S t u d y

gia gelaSvili .....................................................................................286 gotfrid mercbaxeri afxazebisa da osebis Sesaxeb

Gia Gelashvili Gottfried Merzbacher (1843-1926) about Abkhasians and Ossetians

E d u c a t i o n a n d C u l t u r e

igor kveselava....................................................................................326 msoflio saganmanaTleblo sistemis Teoriuli da

praqtikuli aspeqtebi da saqarTvelo

Igor Kveselava The Theoretical and Practical Aspects of World Educational System and Georgia zviad tyeSelaSvili .........................................................................338 xelovnebisa da mecnierebis, rogorc kulturuli

qmedebis problema

Zviad Tkeshelashvili The Problem of Art and Science as Cultural Action

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C r i t i c i s m a n d B i b l i o g r a p h y

avTandil sonRulaSvili................................................................348 qarTuli istoriografiis mniSvnelovani SenaZeni

(nino maisuraZe, „qarTuli tradiciuli musika da

erovnuli cnobiereba“)

Avtandil Songulashvili The Significant Acquisition of the Georgian Historiography (Nino Maisuradze, The Georgian Traditional Music and National Awareness)

C o n g r a t u l a t i o n

profesori niko javaxiSvili latviis sagareo

saqmeTa saministros sapatio sigeliT

dajildovda......................................................................................354 Professor Niko Javakhishvili was Awarded with the Honorary Diploma of the Ministry of the Foreign Affairs of Latvia

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krebuli gamodis weliwadSi orjer krebulis saredaqcio kolegia xelmZRvanelobs ka-

noniT presis Sesaxeb. gamoqveynebuli masalebis sizuste-ze da Sinaarsze pasuxismgebelia avtori.

redaqciis misamarTi: ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis insti-

tuti, axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofileba Tbilisi, petre meliqiSvilis q. № 10, III sarTuli telefoni: 2 93 41 37

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istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane

javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxel-

mwifo universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis

istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis axa-

li da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis

gamge, profesori

ivane javaxiSvili da Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis profesor-maswavlebelTa

Semadgenloba 1918-1921 wlebSi

saqarTveloSi, rogorc sxva ganapira koloniur mxareebSi,

carizmi yvelanairad zRudavda ganaTlebis kerebs, raTa xal-

xi sibnelesa da uvicobaSi hyoloda. qarTveli inteligencii-

saTvis SezRuduli iyo ara marto formirebis baza, aramed

samoRvaweo asparezi. umaRlesi saswavlebeli ar arsebobda,

saSualo skolebis qseli metad viwro iyo da xalxis moTxov-

nilebas ver akmayofilebda. ruseTSi kursdamTavrebul qar-

Tvel axalgazrdebs mTavrobis samsaxurSi Znelad da sagange-

bo SerCeviT Rebulobdnen. ase rom qarTveli inteligencia

upiratesad pedagogiur moRvaweobas eweoda, Tavisufali

profesiiT iyo Semofargluli [1, 334].

miuxedavad mcdelobisa, qarTvelma sazogadoebam ver

SeZlo umaRlesi saswavleblis dafuZneba mefis ruseTis dros.

garkveuli perspeqtiva Seiqmna, mxolod 1917 wlis Tebervlis

movlenebis Semdeg. 1917 wlis gazafxulze quTaisSi Camodis

maSin peterburgis universitetis docenti ivane javaxiSvili.

mas ganzraxuli hqonda TbilisSi qarTuli universitetis da-

arseba. quTaisis sazogadoeba am gabedul, TiTqmis fantasti-

kur iniciativas aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda. Seiqmna saTanado ko-

miteti, romlis mdivnad dainiSna a. janeliZe. moiwvies TaTbi-

ri momavali universitetis gaxsnasTan dakavSirebiT. sxdomas

eswrebodnen universitetis momavali TanamSromlebi: i. yifSi-

Ze, a. razmaZe, a. xaraZe, S. nucubiZe, g. axvlediani, d. uznaZe

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da sxv. aq imsjeles momavali universitetis struqturis Se-

saxeb [2, 115-116].

es is periodia, rodesac ruseTSi gamoCnda wiTeli babTe-

bi, romelic mkerdze hqondaT maRali, burJuaziul-libera-

luri inteligenciis warmomadgenlebs. Tumca es niSani yo-

velTvis rodi adasturebda maT revolucionerobas [3, 97].

zogierT inteligents miaCnda, rom mkerdze mimagrebuli wi-

Teli babTis gareSe quCaSi gasvla saSiSi iyo. saSualo feni-

dan gamosuli inteligencia marTalia uaryofiTad Sexvda re-

volucias, magram Cqarobdnen daedasturebinaT revolucii-

saTvis erTguleba babTiT da yvelas gasagonad ewodebinaT Ca-

mogdebuli mefisaTvis `n i k o l a S k a~, xolo dedoflisaT-

vis `s a S k a~ [3, 99].

1917 wlis 3 oqtombers gaixsna qarTuli universitetis sa-

zogadoebis pirveli saerTo kreba. am faqtma saerTod farTo

gamoZaxili hpova ucxoeTSi. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom krebas Ta-

visive surviliT eswreboda amerikeli profesori r o s i [4, 1].

universitetis ZiriTadi debulebani qarTveli inteli-

genciis saxeliT ak. Cxenkelma warudgina ruseTis saxalxo ga-

naTlebis saministros dasamtkiceblad. magram ruseTSi sab-

WoTa reJimis damkvidrebam kavSiri gawyvita Tbilissa da pe-

terburgs Soris. `wiTelma~ komisrebma bunebrivia aRniSnul

sakiTxze reagireba ar moaxdines.

amierkavkasiis komisariatis Seqmnis Semdeg, xelisufle-

bis am organom 1917 wlis 2 dekembers daamtkica universite-

tis debuleba. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis

Semdeg erovnulma xelisuflebam jerovani yuradReba miaqcia

saqarTvelos `alma-maters~ [5, 1].

Tu ara ivane javaxiSvili, saqarTveloSi universiteti

sabWoTa reJimis damyarebis Semdgom daarsdeboda da eris mo-

Ralate qarTvel bolSevik-komunistebs miecemodaT wonadi

argumenti maTi keTilmyoflobisa saqarTvelosaTvis. Tu ma-

vanTaTvis dRes es sacilobeli gaxda, samagierod kargad uw-

yodnen Cvenma imdroindelma gamoCenilma moRvaweebma [6, 96].

universitetis daarseba-dafuZnebis saqmeSi ivane javaxiS-

vilis Rvawli iseTive didi da gadamwyveti xasiaTisaa, ro-

gorc qarTuli istoriografiis axali etapis SeqmnaSi [6, 97].

kadrebis sakiTxis gadawyvetaze jer kidev yuradReba ga-

amaxvila 1917 wlis 3 oqtombers gaxsnilma qarTuli universi-

13

tetis sazogadoebis pirvelma saerTo krebam. am saqmis orga-

nizacia daevala novorosiis universitetis docents p. meliqiS-

vils, petrogradis universitetis docents _ iv. javaxiSvils da

moskovis universitetis docents andria razmaZes [4, 6a].

1918 wlis 25 ianvars presaSi gamoqveynda universitetis

maswavlebelTa pirveli Semadgenloba: reqtori damsaxurebu-

li profesori petre meliqiSvili, sibrZnismetyvelebis fa-

kultetis dekani profesori ivane javaxiSvili, mdivani: prof.

ioseb yifSiZe, profesorebi: andria benaSvili, korneli keke-

liZe, dimitri uznaZe, filipe gogiCaiSvili. profesorTa mo-

adgileebi: andria razmaZe, svimon avaliani, Salva nucubiZe,

giorgi axvlediani, akaki SaniZe. mecnier xelmZRvanelebi: eq-

vTime TayaiSvili, iustine abulaZe. leqtorebi: elisabed or-

beliani (franguli ena), artur laisti da ilia yifSiZe (ger-

manuli ena), vanda RambaSiZisa (inglisuri ena) [7].

universitetis profesorTa pirveli Semadgenlobis mi-

xedviT advilad davaskvniT, rom Cveni axlad daarsebuli

umaRlesi saswavlebeli Tavisi doniT Tamamad gauswordeboda

ukve Camoyalibebul, didi tradiciebis mqone universitetebs.

profesorTa Semadgenloba, mcire gamonaklisiT, `axalgaz-

rduli~ iyo _ iv. javaxiSvili 42 wlisa, k. kekeliZe _ 39-isa, a.

SaniZe, g. axvlediani, S. nucubiZe, i. yifSiZe, g. CubinaSvili _

ocdaaTisa an ori-sami wliT metisa, a. razmaZe _ ocdarvisa.

TviT eqvTimec am dros mxolod 55-isa iyo [8, 8].

1918 wlis 26 ianvars universitetis gaxsnis dRes saprog-

ramo sityviT mimarTa sazogadoebas petre meliqiSvilma: `Tqve-

no uwmindesobav, batonebo. sazogado samecniero kvleva Ziebis

garda Cveni universitetis mTavars mizans Cveni qveynis mecnie-

ruli Seswvala Seadgens. vin ar icis, rom ukve karga xania, rac

evropiel mecnierTa gulisyuri am sagnisken iyo mipyrobili.

mxolod Cveni enebis TaviseburebiT aixsneba, rom maT enaTmec-

nierebis am dargis siZnele jerovnad ver sZlies. vin ar icis,

raodenaT sagulisxmoa Cveni qveynis warsulica da nivTieri

kulturac, romelTa mravalricxovani Zeglebi Cvens samSob-

los amkoben da mnaxvelTa Tvals akvirveben. arc gasakurvelia

rom Cveni universitetis arsebobas safuZveli swored huma-

nur-mecnierebaTa dargis mowyobiT edeba.

magram marto am mxriv xom ar aris sayuradRebo Cveni

turfa saqarTvelo. misi buneba mimzidvelia mecnierisaTvis

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ara marto Tavisi garegani silamaziT, aramed im saidumloe-

biT, romelTac samsea misi guli. CvenSi magaliTad bevri ise-

Ti mcenare Senaxulia, exlac cocxlobs da xarobs, romelnic

evropaSi didixania gaqrnen ukvaloT. maSasadame Cveni qveynis

bunebmecnierisaTvis cocxali wignia, romelSic mravalsauku-

novani warsulis amokiTxva SeiZleba. metad mdidaria Cveni

samSoblo agreTve samkurnalo wylebiT, romelTac didi mniS-

vneloba aqvT gankurnebaSi. magram mometebuli maTgani sakma-

risaT mecnierulaT Seswavlili ar aris, arc Semadgenlobis

mxriv, arc moqmedebis mxriv. ai, aqac ramodeni samecniero sa-

muSavo aris qimikosebisaTvis da mkurnalebisaTvis. kidev bev-

ri ram iTqmis, magram esec kmara.

is mxurvale siyvaruli mecnierebisadmi, romelsac yove-

li Cvengani, am did saqmis ganxorcielebis monawileTagani

gamsWvalulia da is aRtaceba, romelic qarTul sazogadoebas

etyoba, imis Tavdebia, rom Cveni universiteti warmatebis

gzas daadgeba, rom igi dRegrZeli iqneba da momavalSi ayvav-

deba. imedi maqvs, rom amas Cveni universitetis studentebic

TavianT mxne da nayofier muSaobiT xels Seuwyoben da moem-

zadebian momavali muSaobisaTvis Cven sayvareli samSoblos

sakeTildReod~ [9, 6-9].

universitetis gaxsnam da damoukideblobis aRdgenam di-

di gamoxmaureba hpova saqarTveloSi. saxelmwifo aparatisa

da mTeli cxovrebis `gaqarTulebam~ bunebrivad miizida xal-

xi dedaqalaqisaken. TbilisSi iseve, rogorc mTel respubli-

kaSi, didi aRfrTovaneba igrZnoboda. qarTveli xalxis winaSe

axali da rTuli, xSirad jer kidev gamoucnobi amocanebi id-

ga, magram saerTo enTuziazmisaTvis siZneleebi TiTqos arc

arsebobdnen. mTavari is iyo, rom xalxi Tavisi bedis patro-

nad grZnobda Tavs da yvela cdilobda saerTo saqmeSi raime

wvlili Seetana [10, 127].

saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWosa da saqarTvelos respub-

likis 1918 wlis 3 seqtembris kanonis Tanaxmad qarTuli uni-

versiteti gamocxadda saxelmwifo universitetad da ewoda

`tfilisis saxelmwifo universiteti~. universitetis materi-

aluri uzrunvelyofisaTvis saxelmwifo biujetidan gamoiyo

saWiro Tanxa [11, 57].

universitetSi profesoroba da kerZo docentoba SeeZ-

loT mxolod im mecnierebs, romelTac universitetis moZ-

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RvarT-moZRvrobis samecniero xarisxi hqondaT, an ucxoeTis

romelime universitetis magistris Tu doqtoris xarisxi

hqonda miniWebuli. amave dros diplomi da disertacia saTa-

nado fakultetis mier unda yofiliyo ganxiluli.

mecniers, romelsac ruseTis umaRles skolaSi uxaris-

xod profesoroba an docentoba hqonda mopovebuli, Tbili-

sis universitetis gamgeobas da profesorTa sabWos gansakuT-

rebul SemTxvevaSi SeeZloT misi profesorad mowveva.

visac ruseTis erT-erT universitetSi samecniero xaris-

xisaTvis mxolod samagistro gamocda hqonda Cabarebuli,

vidre disertacias daicavda profesoris moadgiled an mova-

leobis aRmasruleblad iTvleboda.

universitets ufleba hqonda samecniero xarisxisaTvis

universitetTan datovebuli saTanado gamocdis Semdeg moZ-

RvarT-moZRvrobis samecniero xarisxiT aReWurva. profesor-

Ta sabWo uflebamosili iyo gansakuTrebuli Rvawlis mqone

pirovnebisaTvis disertaciis dacvis gareSe mieniWebina moZ-

RvarT-moZRvrobis an doqtoris xarisxi.

universitetis gamgeoba yovelwliurad ganaTlebis mi-

nistrs ugzavnida leqciebis nusxas. profesorTa, kerZo do-

centebis, mecnier xelmZRvanelTa, leqtorebis, laborantebi-

sa da asistentebis monacemebs, maTi ganaTlebisa da samecnie-

ro cenzis cnobebs [11, 58-60]. universitetis profesorTa

korpusSi Sedioda 33 kaci, laborant-asistentad iricxeboda

36 muSaki [2, 48].

demokratiuli respublikis periodSi kvalificiuri in-

teligenciis naklebobas Semdegi garemoebac ganapirobebda:

damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde umaRlesi ganaTlebis dip-

lomi pirovnebas saxelmwifo samsaxurSi Sesasvlelad sWirde-

boda, xolo sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis mTavari niWi

da unari iyo [12, 47].

saerTod, damoukideblobis wlebSi saqarTvelos daub-

runda samSoblos gareT ganaTleba miRebuli kadrebi, rom-

lebmac Tavisi codna da gamocdileba erovnuli kulturis

aRorZinebisaTvis warmarTes. qarTveli studentebi ki swav-

lobdnen rogorc ruseTis imperiis sauniversiteto qalaqebSi

(peterburgSi, moskovSi, kievSi, tomskSi, xarkovSi, dorpatSi,

odesaSi, varSavaSi, yazanSi), ise dasavleT evropaSi _ germani-

aSi (umetesad), avstriaSi, safrangeTSi, SveicariaSi. iq miiRes

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ganaTleba imaT, vinc Semdeg Cvens universitetsa da, saerTod,

mecnierebas Caudga saTaveSi _ garda TviT iv. javaxiSvilisa,

f. gogiCaiSvilma, k. kekeliZem, ak. SaniZem, i. yifSiZem, g. ax-

vledianma, d. yifSiZem, v. beriZem, s. yauxCiSvilma (ruseTSi),

dimitri uznaZem, giorgi CubinaSvilma, Salva nucubiZem, an-

dria razmaZem (ucxoeTSi), eqimebma: grigol muxaZem, aleqsan-

dre naTiSvilma, aleqsandre aladaSvilma, spiridon virsala-

Zem, svimon amirejibma, ivane TikanaZem, nikoloz kaxianma,

aleqsandre maWavarianma, gabriel RambaraSvilma, metyeve se-

leqcionerma solomon qurdianma, zooteqnikosma ilia jandi-

erma, konstantine amirejibma, agronomma iulon lomourma,

meRvineobis specialistma konstantine modebaZem da bevrma

sxvam [8, 6]. magram Tavdapirvelad Zalian mZime mdgomareoba

iyo.

universitetis xelmZRvanelobas survili hqonda gaexsna

iuridiuli fakulteti, rac Tavdapirvelad ver ganxorcoel-

da, radgan 1917-1918 wlebSi samecniero xarisxis mqone iuris-

tebi saqarTveloSi erT-ori Tu moiZebneboda [4, 4]. ufro me-

tic 1919 wels iustine abulaZem sibrZnis metyvelebis fakul-

tetis sabWos TxovniT mimarTa, raTa daeniSnaT gamocda spar-

sul enaSi, rac esaWiroeboda samecniero xarisxis mosapoveb-

lad. samwuxarod fakultetze ar aRmoCnda sparsuli enis

mcodne. amitom cdilobda i. abulaZe sazRvargareT wasvlas

dasaxelebuli sagnis Casabareblad [13, 24].

aseve, samecniero kadrebis mZime mdgomareobaze metyve-

lebs is faqti, rom 1919 wels sabunebismetyvelo fakultet-

ze zoologiaSi gamocdebis Cabareba ver moxerxda, radgan sa-

xelmwifo universitetSi da saerTod TbilisSi specialisti

aravin iyo [14, 6].

mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad universitetis gamgeobam

Seadgina im pirTa sia, romelTa mowveva erovnuli interesebi-

dan gamomdinare aucileblobas warmoadgenda. gamgeoba Txov-

niT mimarTavda ganaTlebis saministros daxmareba aRmoeCina

am problemis gadawyvetaSi. ruseTidan Camosayvan profesoeTa

Semadgenloba 1919 wlis SemodgomisaTvis Semdegi iyo: 1. gri-

gol wereTeli _ peterburgis universiteti; 2. nikoloz kaxi-

ani _ ekaterinoslavis universiteti; 3. simon amirejibi, 4.

aleqsandre aladaSvili da 5. parmen WeiSvili _ samive xarko-

vis universiteti; 6. ivane beritaSvili _ odesis universite-

17

ti; 7. didebuliZe _ odesis politeqnikumi; 8. krinicki-darax-

veliZe _ donis rostovis universiteti; 9. musxeliSvili _ pe-

terburgis universiteti; 10. d. RulaZe _ varSavis universi-

teti [15, 16, 50-51]. amave wels profesorTa sabWom botanikis

kaTedraze daamtkica akademikosi sergi navaSini [14, 29].

1919 wlis 18 ivniss universitetis profesorTa sabWom

sxdomaze, Tanaxmad sibrZnis metyvelebis fakultetis gadaw-

yvetilebisa, erTxmad daamtkica berZnuli enisa da litera-

turis kaTedraze profesorad grigol filimonis Ze wereTe-

li. universitetis `profesura~ darwmunebuli iyo, rom g. we-

reTlis universitetSi muSaoba xels Seuwyobda saqarTveloSi

umaRlesi sauniversiteto mecnierebis danergva-ganmtkicebasa

da ayvavebas. amitom TxovniT mimarTavdnen ukve cnobil mec-

niers samSobloSi dabrunebas [15, 52].

sazRvargareT codna miRebuli inteligencia gulwrfeli

aRtacebiT Sexvda universitetis gaxsnas. mravali maTgani ga-

moTqvamda survils Tavisi wvlili Seetana momavali Taobis

aRzrdaSi. magaliTad, mRvdeli emanuel vardiZe 1918 wlis Se-

modgomaze Semdegi Sinaarsis weriliT mimarTavda universite-

tis reqtors: `dabrunebuls evropidam maqvs survili vimeca-

dino da Sevswiro Cems samSoblos Cemi wvlili sazRvargareT

qveynebSi SeZenili ganaTlebisa. amisTvis gTxovT keTil ine-

boT da miboZoT Tqvenda ndobil universitetSi kaTedra ber-

Znuli enisa.

q. konstantinepols arsebuli kolejis Semdeg damimTav-

rebia q. romSi saerTaSoriso sasuliero universiteti. qar-

Tulisa da rusulis garda Seswavlili maqvs franguli, laTi-

nuri, berZnuli (Zveli Tu axali), germanuli da italiuri,

vkiTxulob ebrauls da vsaubrob osmalurs.

romis universitetSi miRebuli maqvs xarisxi baqalavreo-

bisa da licenciatobisa. imedi maqvs miapyrobT yuradRebas am

Cems Txovnas da esreT momcemT saSualebas viSromo ganaTle-

bisaTvis Cveni axalgazrdobisa~ [16, 161].

amave dros ucxoeTSi dabadebul mraval qarTvels sur-

vili gauCnda winaparTa miwaze Camosuliyo da monawileoba mi-

eRo qveynis aRmSeneblobaSi. erT-erTi aseTi aRmoCnda alepos

liceumis direqtori jelal mahir bei memarniSvili. werilSi,

romelic sibrZnis metyvelebis fakultetis dekans iv. java-

xiSvils konstantinepolidan 1919 wlis 10 marts gamougzavna

18

aRniSnavda: `me gavaTave osmaleTis umaRlesi mwerlobisa da

mecnierebis saswavlebeli 1904 wels da mas Semdgom 8 wels

maswavleblad viyavi stambolSi, mardenSi, eskiSehirSi, xolo

ukanaskneli 6 wlis ganmavlobaSi liceumis direqtorad viyavi

magneziaSi da alepoSi. rogorc saqarTvelos Svils survili

maqvs Cems qveyanas vemsaxuro, da viTarca osmaluri enis

mcodnes, gTxovT, Tu fakulteti SesaZlod dainaxavs osmalu-

ri enis leqtoroba momceT Tfilisis saxelmwifo universi-

tetSi...~ [15, 174].

aqve avRniSnavT, rom universitetis xelmZRvaneloba

mkacrad iTxovda misaRebi leqtoris monacemebs. amave dros

SeZlebisdagvarad yvela pirobas uqmnida profesor-maswav-

leblebs saleqcio muSaobaSi. magaliTad, sibrZnis metyvele-

bis fakultetis dekani 1919 wlis seqtemberSi prof. simon

avalians werilobiT mimarTavda: `vinaidan damdeg seqtembri-

saTvis leqciaTa cxrilis Sedgenaa saWiro, gTxovT gvacno-

boT _ ra kurss waikiTxavT Tqven da ramdeni saaTi geqnebaT

kviraSi. sasurvelia amasTanave vicodeT isic, Tu romel dRe-

ebSi da ra saaTebSi ufro moxerxebuli iqneba TqvenTvis leq-

ciebis wakiTxva~ [15, 71].

sainteresoa, rogor xdeboda aRniSnul periodSi kvali-

fikaciis amaRleba. universitetis sabWoze dacvis ufleba eZ-

leoda im maZiebels, romelsac Cabarebuli hqonda sadoqtoro

gamocdebi [17, 6].

1920 wels akaki SaniZem doqtoris samecniero xarisxis

mosapoveblad profesorTa sabWos warudgina disertacia _

`subieqturi prefiqsi meroe pirisa da obieqturi prefiqsi

mesame pirisa qarTul zmnaSi~. oficialur oponentebad gamo-

yofili iyvnen iv. javaxiSvili da g. axvlediani. paeqroba Sed-

ga 1920 wlis 9 maiss.

paeqrobaSi monawileoba miiRes araoficialurma oponen-

tebmac _ korneli kekeliZem da petre mirianaSvilma. es iyo

pirveli disertacia, daculi Tbilisis universitetSi [18, 13].

disertaciis dacva maSin Zlier iSviaTi iyo TbilisSi da

amitom `mTeli qalaqis~ yuradRebas ipyrobda. iseTsave sensa-

cias warmoadgenda, rogorc dRes, magaliTad, fexburTis ro-

melime pasuxsagebi matCi moyvarulTaTvis. dacvis dRes uni-

versiteti xalxiT ivseboda [10, 155]. damoukideblobis peri-

odSi mxolod ori dacva moxda, erTi a. SaniZisa da meore m.

19

winamZRvriSvilis. procedura asec xdeboda, magaliTad, ukve

sabWoTa reJimis sawyis etapze a. janeliZe icavda sadoqtoro

disertacias. mis oficialur oponentebad dainiSnen n. yifia-

ni da a. TvalWreliZe. am dros mecnieruli xarisxi arcerTs

ar hqonda da disertantis sadisertacio Sroma arcerTs ar

hqonda wakiTxuli [10, 156].

amrigad, saqarTvelos inteligencia Tavisi rolis sruli

SegnebiT da udidesi pasuxismgeblobiT moekida damoukidebe-

li erovnuli kulturis safuZvlebis Cayras. umokles xanSi

man SeZlo gamoemJRavnebina eris didi SemoqmedebiTi potenci-

ali, eCvenebina, rom qarTveli xalxi Rirsia sakuTari adgili

daimkvidros Tanamedrove civilizebul samyaroSi, da Tumca

damoukideblobis dakargvis Semdeg saqarTvelos rTuli da

mZime gzis gavla mouxda. imas, rasac safuZveli Caeyara damo-

ukideblobis dros, ukvalod ar Cauvlia. swored im wlebSia

saZiebeli fesvebi bevri sasikeTo saqmisa, romelTa ganxorci-

eleba mainc moxerxda momdevno xanaSi, didi patriotuli Se-

marTebis, Tavdadebuli Sromisa da Tavganwirvis fasad.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. a. surgulaZe, narkvevebi qarTveli inteligenciis istori-

idan, Tbilisi, 1980.

2. g. sayvareliZe, mkvdreTiT aRdgoma qarTuli skolisa

(1918-1921 ww.), Tbilisi, 1992.

3. О. Н. Знаменский, Интелигенция накануне великого октября, Ленинград, 1988.

4. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, uaxlesi istoriis centra-

luri arqivi, f. 471, anaw. 1, saq. 3

5. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo

saistorio arqivi, f. 471, anaw. 1, saq. 8.

6. g. yoranaSvili, ivane javaxiSvili (axleburad wakiTxvis

cda), Tbilisi, 1999.

7. gaz. `saqarTvelo~, 1918, 25 ianvari

8. v. beriZe, kultura da xelovneba damoukidebel saqarTve-

loSi, Tbilisi, 1992.


luri arqivi, f. 471, anaw. 1, saq. 8a.

10. a. janeliZe, mogonebebi, Tbilisi, 1988.

20

11. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi

aqtebis krebuli 1918-1921, Tbilisi, 1990.

12. r. CxeiZe, bedi pavle ingoroyvasi, Tbilisi, 1994.

13. a. sonRulaSvili, qarTuli kultura da inteligencia

1917-1937 wlebSi, Tbilisi, 2008.


luri arqivi, f. 471, anaw. 1, saq. 35.







18. S. ZiZiguri, akaki SaniZe, Tbilisi, 1987.

Avtandil Songulashvili Doctor of History, Professor, Ivane Javakishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, The Head of Department of the Modern and Contemporary History

Ivane Javakhishvili and Tbilisi State University

Composition of Professors in 1918-1921

Summary

On October 3 1917, the First General Assembly of the Georgian

University Society was opened and on December 2, the Transcaucasian Commissariat approved University regulations.

At the opening ceremony onJanuary 26, 1918, PetreMeliqishvili delivered a keynote speech. According to the law of September 3, 1918, Georgian University was declared as State University and named `Tbilisi State University”. University professors’ staff included 33 members and 36 employees were enrolled as lab-assistants.

Academician IvaneJavakhishvilimade the largest contribution to the founding of the University.

21

niko javaxiSvili

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane java-

xiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa

da eTnologiis institutis axali da uaxle-

si istoriis ganyofilebis mTavari mecnier-

TanamSromeli, profesori

sankt-peterburgis universitetSi

ivane javaxiSvilis moRvaweobis istoriidan

winamdebare statiaSi warmodgenilia didi qarTveli

mecnierisa da sazogado moRvawis, Tbilisis universitetis

damaarseblis ivane aleqsandres Ze javaxiSvilis (1876-1940)

biografiis peterburgul periodTan dakavSirebuli ramdeni-

me epizodi, romlebic dRemde an naklebad iyo cnobili, anda

ucnobi rCeboda.

aqve vaqveynebT sankt-peterburgis centralur saxelmwi-

fo saistorio arqivSi dacul ramdenime dokuments, romle-

bic Cven moviZieT da qarTul enaze vTargmneT. maTi nawili

gamoyenebuli gvaqvs monografiaSi, romelSic SeviswavleT

qarTvelTa Rvawli sankt-peterburgSi [1, 218-226], aseve sta-

tiebSi [2, 28-34; 3, 196-213], romlebic ivane javaxiSvils mi-

vuZRveniT.

* * *

1895 wels 19 wlis ivane javaxiSvilma daamTavra tfili-

sis pirveli gimnaziis sruli kursi.

sankt-peterburgis centralur saxelmwifo saistorio

arqivSi daculi dokumentidan naTeli xdeba, rom momavali

mecnieri gansakuTrebuli interesiT eufleboda humanitarul

sagnebs, kerZod, istorias da ucxo enebs _ berZnuls, laTi-

nurs, rusuls [4, 205].

ivane javaxiSvili igonebda: `gimnaziaSi swavlis dros

Cems sayvarel sagnebs berZnuli ena da mwerloba, istoria da

filosofia Seadgenda... istoriis maswavleblad d. sabin-gusi

gvyavda, ganaTlebuli pirovneba, romelic universitetSi mi-

Rebuli codniT ar kmayofildeboda da axal samecniero li-

teraturasac adevnebda Tvalyurs... klasSi amxanagebs Soris

istoriis saukeTeso mcodnes saxeli mqonda moxveWili da et-

22

yoboda, rom sabin-gusic ase fiqrobda: rodesac wamoyenebul

kiTxvaze klasSi damakmayofilebeli pasuxis gacema aravis Se-

eZlo, maSin sabin-gusi me mekiTxeboda xolme. es imiT aixsneba,

rom mTels Cems dros samecniero wignebisa da Jurnalebis

kiTxvas vandomebdi da Tanaklaselebze metad gatacebuli vi-

yavi mecnierebiT. amis wyalobiT istoriasa da humanitaruli

dargebis sferosagan sxvebze gacilebiT meti vicodi, romle-

bic Cveulebriv mxolod saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebiT kmayo-

fildebodnen~ [5, 17-18].

zemoxsenebul arqivSi daculia i. javaxiSvilis simwifis

atestati, romelic gacemulia 1895 wlis 12 ivniss. am atesta-

tidan irkveva, rom momavali mecnieri, mesame klasis CaTvliT

swavlobda tfilisis III gimnaziaSi, xolo meoTxe klasidan man

swavla gaagrZela tfilisis I gimnaziaSi [4, 205].

aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis imperiis arsebobis periodSi

gacemul rusulenovan dokumentebSi ivane javaxiSvili moxse-

niebulia, rogorc javaxovi (Джавахов), rac damaxasiaTebelia

im dros arsebuli realobisaTvis.

tfilisis I gimnaziis direqtorma l. markovma Tavis yo-

fil mowafes saukeTeso daxasiaTeba misca. rusulad daweri-

li es dokumenti daculia saqarTvelos centralur saxelmwi-

fo saistorio arqivSi [6, 124].

am daxasiaTebaSi vkiTxulobT (Targmani Cvenia): `mowafe

ivane javaxovi gaxlavT vaJi xelmokle qarTveli Tavadisa (sa-

swavleblis zedamxedvelisa). patriarqalurma ojaxma keTi-

lismyofeli gavlena iqonia Wabukze, romelic Camoayaliba

religiur, znemaRal, Tavazian da alersian adamianad. gawo-

nasworebuli xasiaTisa da zrdilobianobis gamo, man sayovel-

Tao siyvaruli daimsaxura. javaxovi dajildoebulia sauke-

Teso bunebrivi niWierebiT, xolo imavdroulad, igi Zalian

gulmodgine da Sromismoyvarea. ueWvelia, rom misgan SesaniS-

navi studenti dadgeba. gamoirCeva bunebrivi janmrTelobiT,

romelic odnav Seerya ukanasknel wlebSi gulmodgine mecadi-

neobis gamo. is bevrs kiTxulobs da kargi codniT gamoirCeva,

aseve, kargad ukravs violinoze, riTac gatacebulia. is gax-

lavT Tavisi ojaxis SesaniSnavi Svili, uzadod zrdili ymaw-

vili ara mxolod ufrosebTan damokidebulebaSi, aramed me-

gobrebis, TviT masze umcrosebis mimarTac. politikurad igi

keTilsaimedoa~.

23

1895 wlis 27 ivliss i. javaxiSvilma TxovniT mimarTa

sankt-peterburgis saimperatoro universitetis reqtors,

raTa CaericxaT aRmosavlur enaTa fakultetis somxur-qar-

Tul-sparsul ganyofilebaze [4, 1].

es Txovna dakmayofilebul iqna. aqve unda gavixsenoT,

rom imxanad, ruseTis imperiaSi arsebul universitetebSi mi-

saRebi gamocdebi ar tardeboda. umaRles saswavleblebSi

iricxebodnen axalgazrdebi, romelTac dasrulebuli hqon-

daT gimnaziis sruli kursi.

sankt-peterburgis saimperatoro universitetis aRmosav-

lur enaTa fakultetze ivane javaxiSvili oTxi (1895-1899)

wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlobda. im periodSi am fakultetis

dekanad msaxurobda gamoCenili aRmosavleTmcodne, akademi-

kosi v. rozeni. swored misi dekanobis dros moRvaweobdnen am

fakultetze cnobili mecnierebi: k. zalemani, v. vasilievi, a.

cagareli, n. mari, v. bartoldi, i. kraCkovski, v. Jukovski da

sxvebi.

ivane javaxiSvili _ sankt-peterburgis saimperatoro

universitetis sanimuSo studentad iTvleboda. swored ami-

tomac, mas Tavisi profesor-maswavleblebisagan xelSewyoba

ar moklebia.

ruseTis imperiis dedaqalaqSi gatarebuli wlebi didad

nayofieri aRmoCnda axalgazrda mecnierisaTvis, romelmac

warCinebuli swavlisaTvis sayovelTao aRiareba moipova, xo-

lo sanimuSo sadiplomo naSromisaTvis `andria mociqulisa

da wminda ninos moRvaweoba saqarTveloSi~ _ oqros medali

daimsaxura.

1899 wels i. javaxiSvilma warmatebiT Caabara damamTav-

rebeli gamocdebi da warCinebiT daamTavra sankt-peterbur-

gis saimperatoro universitetis aRmosavlur enaTa fakulte-

tis somxur-qarTuli ganyofileba.

imave wlis 20 agvistos ivane javaxiSvilis saxelze gaica I

xarisxis diplomi, romelSic aRniSnuli iyo, Tu ra sagnebi ga-

iara man universitetSi swavlis periodSi [7, 75].

sankt-peterburgis saimperatoro universitetis req-

tors SuamdgomlobiT mimarTa aRmosavlur enaTa fakultetis

dekanis movaleobis Semsrulebelma, raTa mas ivane javaxiSvi-

li saprofesorod mosamzadeblad daetovebina.

1899 wlis 22 maiss daTariRebul SuamdgomlobaSi vkiT-

24

xulobT (Targmani Cvenia): `aRmosavlur enaTa fakultets aqvs

pativi iSuamdgomlos somxur-qarTuli ganyofilebis I xaris-

xis diplomiT kursdamTavrebuli Tavadis ivane javaxovis sap-

rofesorod mosamzadeblad datovebis Sesaxeb somxuri sit-

yvierebis kaTedraze (somxur-qarTul ganyofilebaze) ama

wlis 1 ivlisidan _ ori wliT, stipendiis gareSe.

specialistis, privat-docent maris SefasebiT, javaxovma,

romelmac didi warmatebiT Seiswavla somxuri ena, imavdrou-

lad, araerTxel warmoaCina Tavisi gaTviTcnobiereba qarTve-

lologiis dargSi da mxurvale miswrafeba gamoimuSavos mkac-

ri samecniero midgoma armenistikis sakiTxebisadmi.

javaxovis naSromi, dajildoebuli wleuls oqros med-

liT, warmoadgens naTel magaliTs misi kritikuli gonebisa

da codnisa, Tu rogor unda mivudgeT samecniero sakiTxebs

erovnul mikerZoebaTa gareSe. rusul enas igi srulyofilad

flobs. oTxwliani kursis ganmavlobaSi javaxovi ismenda ase-

ve leqciebs filologiur fakultetze, kerZod, xelovnebis

istoriaSi, swavlobda siriul enas da cdilobda Seevso Tavi-

si aRmosavleTmcodneobiTi da zogadi ganaTleba leqciebze

rekomendebuli wignebiT~ [7, 1].

imave wlis 23 maiss, sankt-peterburgis saimperatoro

universitetis eqimma gasca cnoba, romlis Tanaxmadac am

umaRlesi saswavleblis aRmosavlur enaTa fakultetis kur-

sdamTavrebul ivane javaxiSvils xels uwyobda janmrTeloba,

raTa igi saprofesorod mosamzadeblad daetovebinaT [7, 6].

imave wlis 25 maiss qalaq sankt-peterburgis gubernato-

ris uwyebaSi Semavalma sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisa da

wesrigis dacvis ganyofilebis ufrosma werilobiT (grifiT _

`saidumlod”) acnoba sankt-peterburgis saimperatoro unive-

rsitetis reqtors, rom am umaRlesi saswavleblis kursdam-

Tavrebul Tavad ivane aleqsandres Ze javaxovze gasca `ke-

Tilsaimedoobis cnoba~, vinaidan Tavis uwyebaSi xsenebul pi-

rovnebaze ar gaaCnda araviTari makomprometirebeli info-

rmacia politikuri TvalsazrisiT [7, 7].

yovelive zemoTqmulis Semdeg, sankt-peterburgis saimpe-

ratoro universitetis reqtorma daakmayofila aRmosavlur

enaTa fakultetis dekanatis zemoxsenebuli Suamdgomloba da

ivane javaxiSvili saprofesorod mosamzadeblad datova.

1900 wlis 1 ianvridan ivane javaxiSvils daeniSna samagis-

25

tro stipendia, romelic Seadgenda TveSi 50 maneTs oqroTi.

es stipendia mecniers 1902 wlis 1 ivlisamde, anu orweliwad-

naxevris ganmavlobaSi eZleoda. im droisaTvis, erTi adamiani-

saTvis, es savsebiT sakmaris Tanxas warmoadgenda.

1903 wlis 1 ianvars ivane javaxiSvili airCies sankt-pete-

rburgis saimperatoro universitetis privat-docentad. am

Tanamdebobaze is 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi moRvaweobda. Tviur

xelfasad mas ganusazRvres 100 maneTi oqroTi, rac im droi-

saTvis saSualo xelfass warmoadgenda.

ivane javaxiSvils saocrad Tbili urTierToba akavSire-

bda Tavis bebiasTan _ sofio CerqeziSvilTan, romelic Svi-

liSvils moferebiT `vanos~ eZaxda. aqve davsZenT, rom ivane

javaxiSvilis deda sofio aTanases asuli vaxvaxiSvili dedis

naadrevad gardacvalebis gamo, _ 5 wlis asakSi daoblda. daq-

vrivebulma mamamisma meored iqorwina da colad moiyvana so-

fio CerqeziSvili, asuli garekaxeTis sofel ToxliaurSi

mcxovrebi Tavadisa ediSer CerqeziSvilisa. sofio CerqeziS-

vilma WeSmaritad sanaqebo dedoba gauwia Tavis gers _ sofio

vaxvaxiSvils. is qvelmoqmedebiT gamoirCeoda da TelavSi wa-

mowyebul mraval sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi monawileobda.

misi saxli (sadac daibada ivane javaxiSvilis deda), mdebare-

obda Telavis centrSi, Zveli Teatrisa da axali baRis SuaSi.

es saxli gadaqceuli iyo literaturul salonad, romelsac

sxvadasxva dros stumrobdnen: ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli,

aleqsandre yazbegi, vaJa-fSavela da sxvebi...

sofio CerqeziSvilis gansakuTrebulad Tbili urTierTo-

ba ivane javaxiSvilTan dasturdeba bebia sofios mier SviliS-

vilTan gagzavnili werilebidan. es werilebi, romlebic inaxeba

k. kekeliZis saxelobis saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnul cen-

trSi dacul ivane javaxiSvilis fondSi [8, #1782-1786], Seis-

wavles da gamoaqveynes profesorma giorgi javaxiSvilma da ma-

rine gogbaiZem [9, 39-43]. am werilebs SemoklebiT gTavazobT.

1900 wlis 5 marts gagzavnil werilSi bebia sofio sankt-

peterburgSi myof Tavis saamayo SviliSvils werda: `Cemo si-

xarulo, Svilo vano! Tu RmerTi maRirsebs Sens naxvas tkbi-

lad dagikocni lamaz Tvalebs, RmerTsa vTxov Sens bedniers

cxovrebas. genacvale, Svilo, rogora xar am arev-darevis

dros. amaswinaT werili mogwere da Cemi kartiCkac gamogig-

zavne. mgoni miiRebdi.

26

vano, ra aris Svilo, erTxel dedaSenis samSobloc moi-

gono. imedi maqvs. am gazafxuls mainc moxval CemTan da gama-

xareb. vici, momikiTxav, kargaTa var, Seni mamac kargad aris.

xSirad aris CemTan, imis Skolac kargad mimdinareobs, Zalian

kargaT miiRes. ar vici, Cemi kiko (igulisxmeba ivane javaxiSvi-

lis biZa _ nikoloz vaxvaxiSvili _ n. j.) mand aris, Tu wamo-

vida, veRar gavige ra, an misi saqme rogor gaTavda. esec imisi

bedi, rom xelmwifes SenTvis aRar scalian. am buntaobas sxva-

gan vCiodiT da Telavelebmac mibaZes, orjer airivnen, magram

Cqara damSviddnen. bolo ar vici ras mogvitans.

Svilo, netavi wamoxvide, gamaerido, mec gamaxaro...

vano, ormoc CurCxelas gigzavni, oci _ Sen, Tu kiko mand

aris, aTi _ kikos da aTi _ daTas (igulisxmeba iv. javaxiSvi-

lis Zma _ n. j.)...

Svilo, wigni mamwere, Senis kargi ambiT gagvaxare...

Cemo Svilo, iyav bednieraT, rusis qali ki ar momgvaro,

qarTveli bevria (xazgasma Cvenia _ n. j.)... bevrs gakoceb... Seni

naxvis monatre bebia sofio vaxvaxovisa~ [8, #1782].

am werilidan aSkarad igrZnoba mosiyvarule bebiis si-

darbaisle, patriotizmi da faqizi damokidebuleba SviliSvi-

lisadmi.

imave werilSi bebia SviliSvils atyobinebda Tavisi siZis

_ aleqsandre ivanes Ze javaxiSvilis (1844-1912) samsaxurebriv

ambavs: `Seni mamac kargad aris. xSirad aris CemTan, imis Sko-

lac kargad mimdinareobs, Zalian kargaT miiRes~ [8, #1782].

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom ivane javaxiSvilis mama _ aleq-

sandre iyo Ze titularuli mrCevlisa ivane dimitris Ze java-

xiSvilisa. aleqsandrem daamTavra tfilisis gimnazia. iyo sa-

moqalaqo mrCeveli, romelic sxvadasxva dros msaxurobda:

TelavSi (maswavleblad), TbilisSi, gorisa da siRnaRis maz-

rebSi (pedagog-inspeqtorad). dajildoebuli iyo wm. anas II da

III xarisxis da wm. stanislavis II da III xarisxis ordenebiT [10].

sofio bebias werilebs misi sayvareli SviliSvili _ `va-

noc~ werda. es Cans sofio vaxvaxiSvilisas 1901 wlis 5 marts

gagzavnili sapasuxo werilidan: `Cemo sicocxlev, Svilo vano!

Cems sayvarelsa da saxsovar lamaz Tvalebs tkbilad dagi-

kocni. RmerTsa vTxov Sens sixaruliT naxvas. Seni wigni mivi-

Re, didad gamaxara... ase mgonia, dedaSvilobam, TvaliT gnaxe.

aRar mindoda werilisTvis Tvali momeSorebina...

27

vano, bodiSs mwer uwignobaze, me darwmunebuli var Tu

dro geqneboda ar damiviwyebdi. Seni swavla-ganaTleba yvela-

ze metad sasiamovnoa CemTvis. moxaruli var, Tavic momwons,

rom aseTi SviliSvili myavs. mosvlas mwer, Cems sixaruls saz-

Rvari aRar aqvs. male gaiaros am Tveebma. imedi maqvs Sens pa-

tiosan sityvas aRasruleb. Seni Wirime Svilo, kidev gamaxare

Senis kargi ambiT. Seni mama aq aris, amisma naxvam didaT gama-

xara... Cemma dam ninom siyvaruliT bevri gakoca. mec kidev ga-

koceb. Seni bebia _ sofio vaxvaxiSvili~ [8, #1783].

1906 wels ivane javaxiSvilma jvari daiwera imdroindeli

qarTuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi yvelaze warCinebuli ojaxis

warmomadgenelze _ anastasia jambakur-orbelianze (1884-1968),

romelic iyo asuli iuristisa da sazogado moRvawisa niko-

loz (kola) vaxtangis Ze orbelianisa (1845-1925) da nino niko-

lozis asul TumaniSvilisa (1850-1939). imavdroulad, anastasia

gaxldaT sulxan-saba orbelianis Zmis vaxuSti orbelianis pir-

dapiri, rigiT meeqvse STamomavali. anastasias didi papa (papis

mama) iyo sagarejos mouravi, polkovniki vaxtang dimitris Ze

orbeliani, romelsac colad hyavda Tekla batoniSvili (1776-

1846), asuli mefe erekle II-isa. maTi vaJi iyo cnobili poeti,

general-leitenanti vaxtang vaxtangis Ze orbeliani (1812-1890),

romelic anastasias papa (mamis mama) gaxldaT.

bebia sofiom SviliSvils arCevani mouwona da ase miulo-

ca: `guliT gilocav, Svilo, Sens daniSvnas, kargi colis moy-

vanas. RmerTma ise gabednieros, rogorc Seni survili iyos.

vano, SenTvis unda gamomegzavna CurCxela, magram ver mo-

vaxerxe, Sens magivrad Sens daniSnuls gavugzavne~ [8, #1784].

zemoT moyvanili werilebidan Cans, rom didi mecnieri-

saTvis sasurveli nobaTi yofila CurCxelebi, rasac bebia

sistematurad ugzavnida.

1908 wlis dasawyisSi, privat-docent ivane javaxiSvilis

iniciativiT, sankt-peterburgis saimperatoro universitetSi

dafuZnda qarTuli samecniero wre, romlis wesdebac univer-

sitetis sabWom imave wlis 3 marts daamtkica. wesdebaSi, ro-

melic daculia sankt-peterburgis centralur saxelmwifo

saistorio arqivSi, aRniSnuli iyo, rom am samecniero wris

mizans warmoadgenda XVIII-XIX saukuneebis saqarTvelos isto-

riisa da literaturis Seswavla [11, 14-15].

marTalia, zemoxsenebul wesdebaSi oficialurad ase iyo

28

gacxadebuli am samecniero wris daniSnuleba, magram mis rea-

lur mizans warmoadgenda mzadeba qarTuli universitetis

daarsebisaTvis. wris xelmZRvaneli ivane javaxiSvili mzrun-

velobas iCenda am gaerTianebis wevrebisadmi, romelTac miu-

xedavad Tavisi SezRuduli finansuri SesaZleblobisa, xSirad

iwvevda Tavis binaSi da umaspinZldeboda.

amasTan dakavSirebiT sayuradRebo cnobas gvawvdis am

wris erT-erTi wevrTagani, momavalSi gamoCenili mecnieri,

qarTuli eTnologiuri skolis fuZemdebeli, akademikosi gi-

orgi Citaia (1890-1986), romelic igonebda: `ivane javaxiSvili

qarTvel studentebs yvelaze sapatio leqtorad, kerpad mig-

vaCnda. misi leqciebi da seminarebi Zalzed did auditorias

ikrebda. igi gaxldaT erTaderTi leqtori universitetis

mTel profesuraSi, romelic uuflebobis miuxedavad, leqci-

ebs erovnul enaze kiTxulobda. igi dReniadag iRvwoda qar-

Tuli mecnierebis asaRorZineblad da am miznis misaRwevad

mTel Tavis ZalRones da niWs ar iSurebda... qarTvel studen-

tTa samecniero wris wevrebi maSin gamalebiT vmuSaobdiT

qarTuli perioduli presis bibliografiis Sedgenaze. wris

gamgeoba yovel or kviraSi erTxel ikribeboda ivane javaxiS-

vilis binaze wris samuSaobis mosagvareblad. yovelTvis,

sxdomis damTavrebisas, sufra iSleboda CvenTvis. marTalia,

sufra ar iyo mdidruli, radgan batoni ivane Tavisi ojaxis

wevrebiT xelmokled cxovrobda, magram es CvenTvis didi pa-

tivi iyo. ivane javaxiSvilis xelmokleoba iqidanac Canda, rom

igi peterburgis susxian zamTarSi sazafxulo paltoTi dadi-

oda~ [12, 26-33].

didi mecnieris asuli naTela javaxiSvili (1908-1983)

igonebda: `me peterburgSi davibade. iq mama, deda da me 1915

wlamde martoebi vcxovrobdiT... maxsovs, xSirad modiodnen

mamasTan ioseb da daviT yifSiZeebi, akaki SaniZe, ioseb anTaZe,

nino lomouri. me Zalian miyvarda maTi Sekrebebi, Tumca, ra-

sakvirvelia, maTi saubris Sinaarsi CemTvis gaugebari iyo. ma-

mas dawesebuli hqonda, rom mere aucileblad unda gamaspinZ-

leboda da maSin mec viRebdi monawileobas... vicodi, rom maT

qarTulad unda esaubraT da Tuki vinme wamoiwyebda rusulad

laparaks, me vambobdi: _ `qarTulad, batonebo, qarTulad!~

rogorc Semdeg mivxvdi, es Sekrebebi qarTuli samecniero

wris seminarebi iyo da amitomac iyo aucilebeli qarTulad

29

metyveleba... `universiteti saqarTveloSi~ _ xSirad gaismoda

amgvari sityvebi.

kviraSi erTxel stumrad mivdiodiT niko maris ojaxSi...

weliwadSi orjer movdiodiT TbilisSi. kargad maxsovs,

ra sixaruli iyo peterburgis simartoviT Tavmobezrebuli

mTeli Cveni ojaxisaTvis saqarTveloSi wamosvlis drois mo-

axloeba. ukanasknel wuTamde mamas sul saqmeebi hqonda xolme

da yovelTvis bolo dros mivdiodiT sadgurSi. deda Relav-

da, rom dagvagviandeboda. bargi yovelTvis bevri gvqonda,

radgan marto mamas wignebi da samuSao 2-3 dawnuli (Cemodnis

msgavsi) kalaTiT migvqonda xolme. amitom, sadgurze yovel-

Tvis gvacilebdnen ioseb yifSiZe, akaki SaniZe da elene Cija-

vaZe _ biZaCem daTas sacole... Tbilisidan peterburgSi was-

vlas samiveni Zalian ganvicdidiT. me Tumca patara viyavi,

magram kargad vgrZnobdi, rogor umZimdaT Cems mSoblebs es

wuTebi~ [13, 6-8].

emigraciaSi gaxiznuli cnobili politikuri da sazoga-

do moRvawe Salva amirejibi SeniSnavda: `javaxianT gvari uZ-

velesia saqarTveloSi... is ekuTvnoda saqarTvelos feodalu-

ri aristokratiis wres. es gvarebi droTa trialSi xan maR-

ldebodnen, xan qveiTdebodnen, magram ucvleli rCeboda fun-

qcia, niWiereba da gamZleoba, romlis meoxebiT, Tavis qveyanas

mudam aZlevdnen iseT adamianebs, romlebsac mavani istoriu-

li epoqa moiTxovda. meoce saukuneSi es feniqseburi ganaxle-

ba Zveli gvaris niWierebisa, ra Tqma unda, sxva saxiT da sxva

dargSi, swored ivane javaxiSvilis pirovnebaSi ganmeorda...

misi mokrZaleba, moTmineba, momWirneoba midioda iqamdis,

rom peterburgSi cxovrebis dros, roca ukve col-Svili

hyavda, mamis daxmarebaze uari Tqva da mxolod privat-do-

centis aradidi jamagiriT cxovrobda. diliT is gamodioda

karSi ori SauriT jibeSi. es iyo tramvais fuli. misi piradi

siamovneba misma samecniero Rvawlma Seiwira~ [14, 67-80].

1911 wels moulodnelad gardaicvala ivane javaxiSvilis

umcrosi Zma _ daviT (daTa) javaxiSvili, romelic sankt-pe-

terburgis universitetis dasrulebis Semdeg, imave saswav-

leblis safinanso samarTlis kaTedraze saprofesorod mo-

samzadeblad datoves.

privat-docentma ivane javaxiSvilma reqtoris saxelze

dawera Semdegi Txovna (Targmani Cvenia):

30

`mis aRmatebulebas, sankt-peterburgis

saimperatoro universitetis baton reqtors

privat-docent ivane aleqsandres Ze javaxovis

T x o v n a

ama wlis 14 noembers, operaciis Semdeg naadrevad garda-

icvala Cemi Zma, daviT aleqsandres Ze javaxiSvili, romelic

datovebuli iyo sankt-peterburgis universitetis safinanso

samarTlis kaTedraze.

uecrad Tavs damtydari saSineli ubedurebiT daTrgunu-

li, vTxov Tqvens aRmatebulebas, momces Svebuleba, raTa

gardacvlili Zmis cxedari gadavasveno samSobloSi, Tbilisis

guberniis goris mazris sofel xovleSi dasakrZalavad~ [4, 71].

peterburgSi myofi ivane javaxiSvili didad ganicdida

Tavis col-SvilTan droebiT daSorebasac, rac Cans misi we-

rilebidan.

1909 wlis 22 seqtembers mecnieri saqarTveloSi myof Ta-

vis meuRles werda: „sul imaze vfiqrob, roca Tqven aq meyo-

lebiT da samive erTmaneTs siyvarulSi CavexutebiT. oh, ra

bednieri viqmnebi maSin, roca Cveni mercxali me da Sen mog-

vexveva!~ [15, 32].

1915 wlis 21 noembers ivane javaxiSvili saqarTveloSi

myof meuRles auwyebda: „erTi kviraa rac Sengan werili ar

mimiRia da Sengan ganebivrebuls Seni werilebis lodinSi gu-

li miwyaldeba da arafris xalisi ara maqvs!... muSaobac aRar

mexaliseba da ar mesiamovneba~ [15, 33].

cnobilia, rom I msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg, qarTuli

sazogadoebriobis mniSvnelovani nawili TanaugrZnobda ger-

maniis imperias da imedi hqonda, rom am qveynis gamarjvebis

SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda saqarTvelos saxelmwifo-

ebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena. am mizniT, dasavleT evro-

paSi moRvawe qarTvelma moRvaweeebma mWidro kavSiri daamya-

res germaniis mesveurebTan [16, 6-7].

aRniSnul periodSi sankt-peterburgis saimperatoro

universitetis privat-docentma ivane javaxiSvilma konfiden-

cialuri urTierToba daamyara germaniis imperiis xelisuf-

lebasTan.

1916 wels ivane javaxiSvili Cavida im droisaTvis neit-

raluri saxelmwifos _ SvedeTis samefos dedaqalaq stok-

31

holmSi, sadac saidumlod Sexvda iq akreditebul germaniis

imperiis sagangebo da sruluflebian elCs. es faqti warmoad-

gens friad sayuradRebo, Tumca naklebadcnobil furcels

mecnieris biografiidan, romelic imavdroulad diplomatias

ukavSirdeba. amis damadasturebeli dokumenti daculia sa-

qarTvelos erovnul arqivSi, kerZod, centralur saxelmwifo

saistorio arqivSi [17, 11-12]. am dokumentis arsebobis Sesaxeb

pirvelma aRniSna profesorma malxaz sioriZem [18, 4].

tfilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis ufrosma, polkovnikma

ivane iosebis Ze pastriulinma ivane javaxiSvilis zemoxsene-

buli vizitis Sesaxeb maleve Seatyobina kavkasiis mefisnac-

vlis kancelarias. saTanado dokumentSi pastriulini aRniS-

navda (Targmani Cvenia): `poloneTisaTvis avtonomiis boZebis

Semdeg, sakiTxma saqarTvelos avtonomiis Sesaxeb mtkiced mo-

ikida fexi qarTuli sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilis go-

nebaSi. es sakiTxi ganixileba rogorc presaSi, agreTve kerZo

TaTbirebze socialist-federalistebisa da social-demokra-

tebis monawileobiT. maT Tavadi grigol nikolozis Ze diasa-

miZe xelmZRvanelobs. is gaxlavT upartio da mxolod aerTia-

nebs aRniSnul TaTbirebs.

ama wlis 20 noembers, tfilisSi, zemoxsenebuli diasamiZis

iniciativiT, qarTvelma kaTolikeebma gadaixades panaSvidi ax-

ladgardacvlili poloneli mwerlisa senkeviCisa (aq igulis-

xmeba nobelianti mwerali henrik senkeviCi, romelic aRniSnuli

wlis 15 noembers, 70 wlis asakSi gardaicvala _ n. j.). am panaS-

vidze misuli qarTvelebi polonelebs ulocavdnen avtonomiis

miRebas, xolo polonelebi qarTvelebs usurvebdnen, rom ase-

Ti avtonomia saqarTvelosac male moepovebina.

arsebobs cnobebi, rom peterburgSi mcxovrebi qarTvele-

bic Sepyrobilni arian saqarTvelos avtonomiis ideiT da rom

iq mcxovrebma javaxovma qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis ga-

mavrcelebeli sazogadoebis mdivans samson grigolis Ze

fircxalavas romeliRac studentis xeliT gamougzavna weri-

li, romelSic naTqvamia, rom germaniis axali sagareo saqmeTa

ministri cimermani kargad icnobs qarTul sakiTxs, riTac is

friad dainteresebulia da dahpirda mis aRZvras samSvidobo

molaparakebisas.

javaxovma, TiTqosda inkognitod, imogzaura stokholmSi

da qarTul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT molaparakeba awarmoa iq

32

myof germaniis elCTan. molaparakebis Sinaarsi friad gasai-

dumloebulia. javaxovi _ istorikosia, avtonomiisa da fede-

ralizmis mxurvale damcveli, romelic sakuTar daskvnebs is-

toriul dokumentebze afuZnebs~ [17, 11-12].

aqve unda iTqvas, rom I msoflio omis periodSi berlinSi

arsebuli „saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetisa~ da ru-

seTis imperiaSi moqmedi qarTuli erovnuli Zalebis saidum-

lo Sexvedris adgils SvedeTis samefos dedaqalaqi warmoad-

genda [19, 20].

1916 wlis 30 agvistos gagzavnil werilSi ivane javaxiS-

vili Tavis qvisls _ kita abaSiZes werda:

`sayvarelo Zmao kita!..

1 enkenisTves civ ruseTisaken gavemgzavrebi... ukuRmar-

Tobaa, rom Cvens qveyanaSi sakuTari umaRlesi saswavlebeli

ara gvaqvs da dampals da civs peterburgis sibneleSi unda

visxdeT... Cveni guli da goneba ki samSoblo qveynisa da bune-

bisaken moiwevdes~ [2, 210].

1917 wlis TebervalSi ruseTSi momxdari revoluciisa da

imperiis damxobis Semdeg, ivane javaxiSvili darwmunda, rom

dadga dro qarTuli umaRlesi saswavleblis Seqmnisa da sa-

qarTvelos erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisa.

11 marts ruseTis dedaqalaqSi myofi ivane javaxiSvili

kita abaSiZes werda: `aq yriloba gvqonda da politikuri av-

tonomia erTmxriv social-demokratebis mierac iyo miRebu-

li... karlo CxeiZec yvela Cvens azrs emxroba~ [20, 92].

aqve davsZenT, rom social-demokratiuli partiis menSe-

vikuri frTis erT-erTi lideri _ nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZe

(1864-1926) imxanad Tavmjdomareobda petrogradis muSaTa da

jariskacTa deputatebis sabWos droebiT aRmasrulebel ko-

mitets, xolo Semdeg saTaveSi Caudga sruliad ruseTis cen-

tralur aRmasrulebel komitets. amdenad, is faqtobrivad

xelmZRvanelobda am qveynis umaRles sakanonmdeblo organos

[21, 243].

23 marts ivane javaxiSvili kita abaSiZes auwyebda: `poli-

tikuri uflebebis aRdgenisaTvis metad didi brZola dag-

vWirdeba da isic vin icis, miviRebT rames Tu ara?~ [5, 184].

imave TveSi didi mecnieri Tavis meuRles werda: `mogi-

locavT nikolozis damxobas. netavi saboloo da mkvidri ga-

modges es revolucia... axla gabeduli moqmedebebisa da po-

33

litikur-erovnuli Semoqmedebis droa da Tu Cvenma erma saa-

miso niWi da unari gamoiCina, maSin ara gviWirs ra~ [5, 184].

1917 wlis aprilSi ivane javaxiSvili samSobloSi dabrun-

da.

arsebobs cnoba, rom imdroindeli qarTuli sazogadoe-

bis garkveuli nawilis msgavsad, ivane javaxiSvilic skeptiku-

rad iyo ganwyobili ruseTis politikur cxovrebaSi aqtiur-

ad Cabmuli qarTveli social-demokratebis (rogorc menSevi-

kebis, aseve bolSevikebis) mimarT.

spiridon kedias meuRlis _ sofio CijavaZis memuarebSi

daculi cnobis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli ivane

javaxiSvilisaTvis megobrebs ukiTxavT, Tu ra azrisa iyo im

qarTvelebis Sesaxeb, romlebic imxanad momxdari `ruseTis

revoluciis pirvel rigebSi iyvnen~. amaze ivane javaxiSvils

upasuxia: `Zvirad daujdeba saqarTvelos maTi pampulaobao~

[22, 271].

aqve unda iTqvas, rom qarTvel social-demokratTa jan-

saRad moazrovne nawilma, romelTa Sorisac iyo cnobili

moRvawe akaki Cxenkeli, didi Tanadgoma gauwia ivane javaxiS-

vils qarTuli universitetis daarsebis sakiTxSi.

aseTia ramdenime naklebad cnobili da ucnobi faqti iva-

ne javaxiSvilis mowafeobisa da sankt-peterburgSi swavla-

moRvaweobis istoriidan.


1. H. Джавахишвили, Санкт-Петербург – центр русско-грузинских

взаимоотношений (1703-2003 гг.), Тбилиси, 2003. 2. niko javaxiSvili, ivane javaxiSvili, werili I, winaprebi

da naTesavebi dedis mxridan, Jurnali `istoriani~, #2

(38), Tbilisi, 2014.

3. niko javaxiSvili, ivane javaxiSvilis biografiis naklebad

cnobili da ucnobi furclebi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa

akademiis macne, istoriis arqeologiis, eTnologiisa da

xelovnebis istoriis seria, #1, Tbilisi, 2015.

4. Центральный государственный исторический архив Санкт-Петер-бурга, фонд 14, опись 3, дело № 31902.

5. sergo jorbenaZe, cxovreba da Rvawli ivane javaxiSvilisa,

Tbilisi, 1984.

34

6. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, saistorio centraluri

arqivi, fondi 422, saqme #5214.

7. Центральный государственный исторический архив Санкт-Петербурга, фонд 14, опись 2, дело № 1418.

8. k. kekeliZis saxelobis saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli

centri, ivane javaxiSvilis fondi, xelnawerebi #1782-

1786.

9. marine gogbaiZe, giorgi javaxiSvili, qalTa ganaTlebis

kerebi TelavSi, Tbilisi, 2010.

10. niko javaxiSvili, javaxiSvili aleqsandre ivanes Ze, en-

ciklopediuri leqsikoni `ivane javaxiSvili~, Tbilisi,

2002.

11. Центральный государственный исторический архив Санкт-Петербурга, фонд 569, опись 13, дело №1182.

12. giorgi Citaia, Cemi cxovrebis gzebsa da bilikebze, Tbi-

lisi, 1991.

13. naTela javaxiSvili, rac magondeba, Tbilisi, 1990.

14. Salva amirejibi, Txzulebani or tomad, Semdgeneli lali

comaia, t. II, Tbilisi, 1997.

15. sasiyvarulo baraTebi, ivane javaxiSvilis werilebi anas-

tasia jambakur-orbelianisadmi, k. kekeliZis saxelobis sa-qarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centris gamocema, al-

bomi momzadda sagamofeno proeqtis _ `sasiyvarulo bara-

Tebi~ _ mixedviT, Semdgenlebi: Tamar gegia, lela qurdaZe,

Tbilisi, 2009.

16. niko javaxiSvili, Tamar mefis ordeni (germanul-qarTuli

samxedro-politikuri aliansis istoriidan), Tbilisi, 1998.


arqivi, fondi 13, anaweri 27, saqme #4425.

18. malxaz sioriZe, ivane javaxiSvilis biografiis ucnobi

furceli, baTumis saxelmwifo universitetis saqarTve-

los istoriis kaTedris krebuli `saistorio macne~, #3,

baTumi, 1996.

19. kalistrate salia, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komi-

teti pirveli msoflio omis dros, Jurnali `bedi qar-

Tlisa~, #39-40, parizi, 1962.

20. guram yoranaSvili, ivane javaxiSvili (axleburad wakiT-

xvis cda), Tbilisi, 1999.

35

21. H. Джавахишвили, Грузинские социал-демократы в российской власти 1917 г., Материалы научной международной конференции: `Социал-демократия в Российской и мировой истории. Обобщение опыта и новые подходы~ (Москва, 21-22 апреля 2008 г.). Органи-заторы конференции: Российская Академия Наук, Отделение историко-филологических наук, Институт всеобщей истории, Центр истории мировой социал-демократии, Государственный университет гуманитарных наук, Кафедра общественно-политических движений XIX-XX вв. Москва, 2009.

22. sofio CijavaZe-kedia, nasmen-naxuli, parizi, 2002.

Niko Javakhishvili

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Javakhi-shvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Istitute of History and Ethnology, 1Chief Scientist- researcher of the Modern and Contemporary History, Professor

From the History of Ivane Javakhishvili’s Activity at Saint-Petersburg University

Summary

The article presents the unknown and little-known biography pages of

the Academician Ivane Javakhishvili (1876-1940), the great Georgian scholar and public figure, the founder of Tbilisi State University.

The article discusses some episodes of the scholar’s early years when he was a pupil and student, mainly his Saint-Petersburg’s period.

We publish several documents from the Saint-Petersburg Central State Historical Archive for the first time. These documents were personally discovered and translated into Georgian.

36

daviT javaxiSvili

istoriis doqtori, iakob gogebaSvilis

saxelobis Telavis saxelmwifo universi-

tetis asistent-profesori

samefo taxtis memkvidre ufliswuli

— vaxtang (`kargi~) bagrationi

bagrationTa samefo dinastiis kaxeTis Stos demografi-

uli ganviTarebis istoriis sakiTxebi monografiulad gvaqvs

Seswavlili [1].

zemoxsenebuli samefo dinastiis kaxeTisa da qarTlis

Stoebis demografiuli ganviTarebis istoriis sakiTxebze ga-

movaqveyneT araerTi samecniero statia, rogorc saqarTve-

loSi [2-18], aseve sazRvargareTis qveynebSi, kerZod, polo-

neTSi [19], ruseTis federaciasa (daRestani) [20] da azerbai-

janSi [21-23].

winamdebare narkvevSi moTxrobilia bagrationTa samefo

dinastiis kaxeTis Stos warmomadgenlis, mefe erekle II-is

pirveli vaJisa da samefo taxtis memkvidre ufliswulis _

vaxtang bagrationis (1742-1760) Sesaxeb. mas gamefeba ar ewera,

vinaidan 18 wlis asakSi saxadiT (yvavili) gardaicvala.

* * *

kaxeTisa da Semdeg qarTlis mefis Teimuraz II-is (1695-

1762) vaJi _ erekle II (1720-1798), 1744 wlidan mefobda kaxeTSi,

xolo mamis gardacvalebis (1762 weli) Semdeg _ gaerTianebul

qarTl-kaxeTSi.

erekle Teimurazis Zes sami coli hyavda. misi pirveli

meuRle iyo qeTevan zaalis asuli mxeiZe (igive fxeiZe), meore

_ ana zaalis asuli abaSiZe (1730-1749), xolo mesame _ darejan

kacias asuli dadiani (1734-1807) [24, nusxa # 5].

pirvelad erekle daojaxda ufliswulobis periodSi da

colad SeirTo imereTis Tavadis zaal mxeiZis asuli _ qeTe-

vani. maT jer kidev erekles kaxeTSi gamefebamde SeeZinaT ori

Svili, asuli _ rusudani da vaJi _ vaxtangi (1742-1760), rome-

lsac metsaxelad _ `kargi~ uwodes.

37

cnobili sazogado moRvawe, mwerali aleqsandre vaxtan-

gis Ze orbeliani (1802-1869), romelic dedis _ Tekla bato-

niSvilis mxridan mefe erekle II-is SviliSvili iyo, Tavis we-

rilSi `platons ioseliansa~ mogviTxrobs: `pirveli coli

iraklisa iyo imereTidgan, Tavad mxeiZis qali qeTevan, ro-

melTanac darCa Svili pirveli _ vaxtang; metis simSvenieriT

imas eZaxdnen kargs vaxtangs~ [25, 107].

1744 wlis mkaTaTveSi sparseTis mbrZanebelma nadir-Sahma

Teimuraz II daadgina qarTlis, xolo erekle II _ kaxeTis va-

lad anu gubernatorad.

XVIII saukunis istorikosi papuna orbeliani Tavis Txzu-

lebaSi `ambavni qarTlisani~ (romelSic gadmocemulia 1739-

1758 wlebis saqarTvelos istoria) mogviTxrobs: `ivlissa mo-

uvida qarTlis batonobis ambavi mefes Teimurazs, kaxeTis ba-

tonoba Zesa mefisasa ereklesa. iyo sixaruli qarTlsa da ka-

xeTsa, sixaruli uzomo~ [26, 81].

ufliswuli vaxtang (`kargi~) erekles Ze bagrationi war-

moadgenda samefo taxtis legitimur memkvidres.

vfiqrobT, sainteresoa, Tu ratom uwoda erekle II-m Ta-

vis pirmSos da samefo taxtis memkvidres _ vaxtangi da ara

Tavisi gvirgvinosani mamis saxeli _ Teimurazi. Tanac es mox-

da Teimuraz II-is mefobis periodSi.

Cveni SexedulebiT, amis mizezi iyo Semdegi: imxanad kaxe-

Tis samefo taxtze mjdomi Teimuraz II, rogorc Cans, Tavis

ufros SviliSvils moiazrebda qarTl-kaxeTis gaerTianebuli

samefo taxtis memkvidred. swored amis gamo unda ewodebinaT

kaxeTis axladdabadebuli ufliswulisaTvis saxeli im peri-

odSi ukve gardacvlili qarTlis mefe vaxtang VI-isa (1675-

1737), romelic Teimuraz II-is simamri gaxldaT. Tanac, imxanad

jer kidev cocxali iyo Teimuraz II-is meuRle, kaxeTis dedo-

fali Tamari (1696-1746), romelic vaxtang VI-is asuli gaxl-

daT. ase, rom kaxeTis samefo taxtis memkvidres saxelad Se-

urCies vaxtangi _ misi didi papis vaxtang VI-is pativsacemad.

kaxeTis mefed aRzevebuli erekle II-is meuRle qeTevan

zaalis asuli mxeiZe dedoflad iqca, Tumca, samwuxarod, misi

bedniereba didxans ar gagrZelebula.

imave wlis 1 oqtombers, sveticxovlobis dResaswaulze,

mcxeTas ewvivnen qarTlis mefe Teimuraz II da misi meuRle _ Ta-

mar dedofali. maT sazeimo ganwyoba tragikulma cnobam Caumwara.

38

papuna orbelianis zemoxsenebul TxzulebaSi vkiTxu-

lobT: `movida kaxeTidam Cafari, moitana ambavi sazareli da

yovelTa Sesawuxari: mefis erekles meuRle, dedofali kaxeTi-

sa qeTevan damarcxebuliyo. batonebs SewuxebiT yofna moaxsenes.

maSinve wamobZandnen da wabZandnen kaxeTs mefe da dedofali,

Tan iaxlnen qarTvelT darbaiselni saxleuliTurT. ra Camox-

den cxenidam, esmaT xma sagloveli da gaumJRavnes, iuwyeT,

viTa Sewuxdeboden, mefis erekles meti Ze ar esvaT da misis

SewyenisaTvis rabamsa sauravsa miecemodnen. cxedari isev dax-

vdaT, alaverds miasvenes, TiTon batonebma Telavs glova,

tirili xSirobiT, viTa wesi iyo, egre gardaixades~ [26, 88-89].

ase, rom qeTevan dedoflis gardacvalebam samefo ojaxi

friad daamwuxra. qeTevani xom maTi erTaderTi vaJis _ erek-

le II-is pirveli meuRle iyo. gansvenebuli dedofali alave-

rdis sakaTedro taZarSi dakrZales.

Teimuraz II-is samefo ojaxs nugeSad darCa dediT daob-

lebuli ufliswuli vaxtang (`kargi~).

imisaTvis, rom ganemtkicebinaT TavianTi poziciebi qar-

TlSi, gvirgvinosanma mama-Svilma Teimuraz II-m da erekle II-m

TavianTi upirvelesi memkvidris, ufliswul vaxtangisaTvis

sacoled SearCies erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani feodalis,

bagrationTa samefo dinastiis qarTlis Stos warmomadgenlis,

muxranbaton konstantine konstantines Zis (1716-1756) mSvenie-

ri garegnobis asuli _ qeTevani (1744-1808).

qeTevan muxranbatoniSvili sami wlis asakSi daniSnes uf-

liswul vaxtangze. amis gamo, qeTevans, rogorc sarZlos,

zrdida erekle II-is deda – Tamar dedofali [27, 167].

TavianTi mZaxali _ konstantine muxranbatoni saTanadod

hyavdaT dafasebuli mefeebs Teimuraz II-sa da erekle II-s. es

iqidanac Cans, rom 1748 wels mas Tbilisis mouravoba uboZes

[28, 88]. 1750 wels konstantine muxranbatonma aaSenebina Sios

ubnis galavani sofel muxranSi [28, 94].

aqve davsZenT, rom zemoxsenebuli qeTevan konstantines

asulis Zma iyo ioane muxranbatoni (1755-1800), romelic mog-

vianebiT gaxda erekle II-is siZe, vinaidan 1776 wels man co-

lad SeirTo qeTevan erekles asuli (1764-1840) [24, nusxa # 8].

erekle II didad swyalobda Tavis siZes, romelic erevnis gu-

bernatorad daadgina. mefisave gadawyvetilebiT, 1783 wlis

24 ivliss, georgievskSi dadebul mfarvelobiT traqtats ru-

39

seTsa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Soris xeli moaweres ioane

muxranbatonma da garsevan WavWavaZem. 1786 wels mefem ioane

muxranbatons uboZa qarTl-kaxeTis samefos saxlTuxucesis

Tanamdeboba, romelic aseve Tavis siZes _ Tavad daviT orbe-

lians CamoarTva [28, 154-162].

papuna orbeliani mogviTxrobs: `mefes Teimurazs mefis

erekles meti Ze ar esva da orTav mefeTa sasurveli _ vax-

tang iyo Ze mefis ereklesi, Svenieri da xelmwifobisa maTisa

sakadrisi Ze da yovlisa sikeTiTa Semkobili, asakiTa iyo mci-

re, magram amas ityoda misi mnaxveli: `axlav xelmwifoba See-

ferebao~. amas uboZes mefeTa rac qarTlSi da an kaxeTSi saba-

tonisSvilo mamuli iyo, sofelSi an cixe da alagi, agreve

aragvis erisTvis mamuli, mTliv mTa da bari saufliswulod

gauriges.

ubZanes jimSers erisTavs: `sanamdis es Cveni Svili gaiz-

debodeso, an qveynis movlas SeiZlebdeso, es Cveni Svilica da

es qveynebic SenTvis mogvibarebia, rigianis saqmiT am qveynebs

mouareo da Cvens Svils amsaxureo~. amisa Semdgomad aRaSena

cixe duSeTisa jimSer erisTavma da cdilobda Sematebasa ama

qveynebisasa. mefenic jerovnad usmendnen~ [26, 206].

zemoT damowmebuli saistorio wyarodan Cans, rom gvir-

gvinosanma mama-Svilma Teimuraz II-m da erekle II-m TavianT

memkvidres _ vaxtang batoniSvils saufliswulo mamulad

uboZes mniSvnelovani teritoria aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi

da maT Soris, aragvis saerisTavoc. vinaidan aragvis saeris-

Tavo 1743 wels gauqmda, mas ganagebda mefe Teimuraz II-is mi-

er erisTavad dadgenili Tavadi jimSer ColoyaSvili, romel-

sac aRsazrdelad miabares ufliswuli vaxtangi (`kargi~).

sagulisxmoa, rom ufliswul vaxtangs hqonda Tavisi beWe-

di, romelzedac sxvadasxva periodSi sxvadasxva warwera iyo

aRbeWdili. magaliTad, 1748-1755 wlebSi vaxtang batoniSvili

sargeblobda rvakuTxa formis beWdiT, romelzedac amotvi-

fruli iyo oTxstriqoniani mxedruli legenda: `daviTiani to-

mobiT, vaxtang var ufliswulobiT~. 1758-1759 wlebSi uflis-

wuli vaxtangi sargeblobda oTxkuTxa formis beWdiT, romel-

zedac amotvifruli iyo samstriqoniani mxedruli legenda:

`mZleT mefeTa Ze, vaxtang saxelad mZe~. 1757-1760 wlebSi vax-

tang batoniSvili sargeblobda rvakuTxa formis beWdiT, ro-

melzedac amotvifruli iyo samstriqoniani mxedruli legen-

40

da: `lomad iudas bakeTad, vaxtang iraklis nakveTad~ [29, 40].

vaxtang (`kargi~) batoniSvili ymawvilobis asakidan aqti-

urad monawileobda saxelmwifo saqmeebSi. amas adasturebs

1758 wlis 27 agvistos ganCinebaze (afciaurebisa da maTi sax-

likacebis mamulis saqmeze) 16 wlis vaxtangis mier dadebuli

Semdegi saxis rezolucia: `amaTi saCivari gavSinjeT. Cven, ba-

toniSvils aragvis erisTavs vaxtangs amisi samarTali ase

gvibZanebia...~ ganCinebas artyia oTxkuTxa formis beWedi, ro-

melzedac amotvifrulia samstriqoniani mxedruli legenda:

`mZleT mefeTa Ze, v a x t a n g saxelad mZe~ [30, 466-467].

qarTlis didSemZle feodalis konstantine muxranbato-

nis asulze daqorwinebul samefo taxtis memkvidre uflis-

wul vaxtangis saimedo momavals da gamefebas TiTqosda aRa-

raferi eRobeboda win, magram samwuxarod, gangebam sul

sxvagvarad gansaja.

ukve daojaxebuli ufliswuli vaxtangi (`kargi~) _ 18

wlis asakSi moulodnelad gardaicvala. misi daRupvis mizezi

gaxda saxadi (yvavili) [31, 204].

platon ioseliani mogviTxrobs, rom axladdaqorwinebul

ufliswul vaxtangs `Seeyara yvavili da morCenili senisagan,

wariyvanes abanod Semdgomad 40 dRisa. esreTman gaufrTxile-

belman banvaman, Seaqcia da gardaicvala Tfiliss. mefe irak-

li mieca didsa Sewuxebasa da Teimuraz mefe, mama iraklisa,

esreT Sewuxda, rom dahkra Tavi kubosa da gaitexa. daasafla-

ves mcxeTas. meSvide dResa, odes Cveulebisamebr miutires

colsa qeTevans, maSin ixila cxeni qmrisa da mtirali mivida

cxenTan da cxenisa kisersa Semoaxvia Tma Tavisa Tvisisa grZe-

li da mSvenieri~ [27, 167].

ufliswuli vaxtangi uSvilod gadaego. mis daqvrivebul

meuRles _ qeTevan konstantines asul muxranbatoniSvils,

romelic maSin sul Teqvsmetiode wlisa iyo, neba darTes,

rom samefo sasaxleSi darCeniliyo.

aleqsandre orbelianis (1802-1869) cnobiT, vaxtang (`kar-

gi~) batoniSvilis gardacvalebis gamo qarTl-kaxeTis samefo

karze `didi glova yofila da imis sikvdilisa Semdgom imisi

coli qeTevan aRar gaTxoebula, romelica sxvebTa Soris

isic peterburRSi waiyvanes da iq gardacvlili iqve daasaf-

laves~ [25, 107].

1761 wels, rodesac mefe erekle II-sa da darejan dadians

41

SeeZinaT vaJi, mas qeTevan muxranbatoniSvilis TxovniT daar-

qves misi gardacvlili meuRlis saxeli _ vaxtangi. gardacvli-

li ufrosi Zmisgan gansxvavebis mizniT, umcros vaxtang bato-

niSvils zedmet saxelad _ `almasxans~ uwodebdnen [32, 122].

qeTevan muxranbatoniSvilma iTxova nebarTva, rom uf-

liswuli vaxtangi, igive almasxani (1761-1814) TviTon aRezar-

da, razedac Tanxmoba miiRo. 1803 wels, rodesac vaxtang (al-

masxan) batoniSvili ruseTSi gadaasaxles, mas Tan wahyva misi

aRmzrdeli qeTevani. igi, rogorc samefo ojaxis rZali,

dakrZalulia sankt-peterburgSi, aleqsandre nevelis lavra-

Si, lazares sasaflaoze [31, 204].

igives iuwyeba platon ioseliani, romelic wers: `qeTevan

darCa qvrivad da Semdeg, rodesac eyola mefes iraklis Svili

mesamisa colidam, uwodes Txovisamebr qvrivisa rZlisa qeTe-

vanisa, saxeli qmrisa misisa vaxtang almasxanad wodebuli.

aman iSvila igi da scxovrebda masTan. 1803 welsa gardahyva

ruseTs da Wleqobisa seniTa gardaicvala 1808 welsa sankt-

peterburgs~ [27, 167].

amdenad, qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ojaxis naadrevad daqvri-

vebuli rZali _ qeTevan konstantines asuli muxranbatoniS-

vili (1744-1808) Seeswro ruseTis imperiis mier qarTl-kaxe-

Tis samefos gauqmebas da 1803 wlidan imperiis dedaqalaqSi

mcxovrebi, 64 wlis asakSi gardaicvala.

samefo taxtis memkvidre ufliswulis vaxtang (`kargi~)

bagrationis udrood gardacvalebis gamo, legitimuri mem-

kvidris uflebani gadavida mefe erekle II-is momdevno vaJze,

kerZod, misi meore qorwinebidan (ana abaSiZisagan) SeZenil

ufliswulze giorgize (1746-1800), romelic 1798 wlis ianvar-

Si qarTl-kaxeTis mefe gaxda.

aqve davsZenT, rom vaxtang (`kargi~) batoniSvilis gar-

dacvalebis momentSi ukve dabadebulni iyvnen misi naxevarZme-

bi, rogorc zemoxsenebuli ufliswuli giorgi, aseve uflis-

wulebi levani (1756-1781) da iuloni (1760-1816), romlebic

erekle II-s SeeZina mesame meuRlesTan _ darejan kacias asul

dadianTan (1734-1807) [1].

amrigad, mefe erekle II-is pirveli qorwinebidan (qeTevan

zaalis asul mxeiZesTan) SeZenili ufrosi vaJi _ batoniSvili

vaxtang (`kargi~) bagrationi (1742-1760) iTvleboda samefo tax-

tis memkvidre ufliswulad. misi udrood (18 wlis asakSi) gar-

42

dacvalebis gamo, samefo taxtis legitimuri memkvidris ufle-

bani gadavida mefe erekle II-is momdevno vaJze, kerZod, misi

meore qorwinebidan (ana zaalis asuli abaSiZesTan) SeZenil uf-

liswulze giorgize (1746-1800), romelic 1798-1800 wlebSi

qarTl-kaxeTSi mefobda da cnobilia saxeliT _ giorgi XII.


1. daviT javaxiSvili, bagrationTa samefo dinastiis kaxeTis

Stos demografiuli ganviTarebis istoriidan, disertacia

istoriis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad,

(xelnaweris uflebiT), 2011.

2. daviT javaxiSvili, qarTl-kaxeTis mefeTa ojaxebi da maTi

Tanamedrove STamomavlebi, samecniero SromaTa krebulSi

axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, №2, 2007.

3. daviT javaxiSvili, qarTl-kaxeTis ufliswulTa saqorwi-

no asaki, krebulSi: axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi,

№1(3), 2008.

4. daviT javaxiSvili, kaxeTis batoniSvilTa meuRleebi, kre-

bulSi: axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, №1(3), 2008.

5. daviT javaxiSvili, qarTvel mefeTa meuRleebi (bagrati-

onTa dinastiis kaxeTis Sto), krebulSi: axali da uaxlesi

istoriis sakiTxebi, №2(4), 2008.

6. daviT javaxiSvili, qarTvel mefeTa Svilebis raodenoba

(bagrationTa dinastiis kaxeTis Sto), krebulSi: axali da

uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, №2(4), 2008.

7. daviT javaxiSvili, qarTl-kaxeTis ufliswulTa STamomav-

loba (XVIII-XXI saukuneebi), krebulSi: axali da uaxlesi is-

toriis sakiTxebi, №1(5), 2009.

8. daviT javaxiSvili, ufliswulTa raodenoba qarTul same-

fo ojaxSi (bagrationTa dinastiis kaxeTis Sto), masale-

bis krebuli: `didaWaroba~, 2010 wlis 1-2 maiss, wm. tbel

abuseriZis saxelobis universiteti, 2010.

9. Давид Джавахишвили, Династические браки на службе диплома-тии (на примере кахетинской ветви царской династии Багратио-нов), Материалы международной научной конференции: `Архео-логия, этнология, фольклористика Кавказа~ (Тбилиси, 27-30 сен-

43

тября 2010 года). Организаторы конференции: `Фонд Кавказа~, Комиссия по научному сотрудничеству со странами Кавказа На-циональной Академии Наук Грузии, Тбилиси, 2011.

10. daviT javaxiSvili, eqvsi etiudi bagrationTa kaxeTis

Stos warmomadgenelTa qorwinebebis istoriidan (XVII-XVIII

saukuneebi), krebulSi: axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiT-

xebi, №2(10), 2011.

11. daviT javaxiSvili, erekle II-is meuRleebi, krebuli `qar-

Tuli wyaroTmcodneoba~, t. XIII_XIV, 2011/2012.

12. daviT javaxiSvili, mefe giorgi XII-is mSoblebi da ojaxi, kre-

bulSi: axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, №1(12), 2013.

13. Давид Джавахишвили, Восточногрузинский Царский Дом в пери-од царствования Ираклия II и Георгия XII, krebulSi: axali da

uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, №2(13), 2013.

14. daviT javaxiSvili, mefe vaxtang VI-is pirdapiri STamomav-

lebi, krebuli `qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba~, t. XV-XVI,

2013/2014.

15. daviT javaxiSvili, qarTlis mefis ieses ojaxuri garemo

da misi pirdapiri STamomavlebi, krebulSi: axali da uax-

lesi istoriis sakiTxebi, №1(14), 2014.

16. daviT javaxiSvili, qarTlis mefis baqaris pirdapiri STa-

momavlebi, krebulSi: axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxe-

bi, №1(14), 2014.

17. daviT javaxiSvili, ufliswul aleqsandre baqaris Ze bag-

rationis winaprebi da misi pirdapiri STamomavlebi, kre-

buli axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, №2(15), 2014.

18. daviT javaxiSvili, etiudebi qarTlis dedofal elene-be-

gumis cxovrebidan, krebulSi: axali da uaxlesi istoriis

sakiTxebi, №1(16), 2015.

19. Давид Джавахишвили, Эпизоды из истории восточногрузинского царства (вторая половина XVIII века), `Studia Prawnoustrojowe~, Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie, Wydział Prawa i Administracji, Olsztynie, 2014, № 26.

20. Давид Джавахишвили, Династические браки между кахетинскими Багратионами и представителями кавказской и персидской знати, Общественно-политический и культурно-исторический научный журнал `Ахульго~, Махачкала (Республика Дагестан), 2010, № 12.

44

21. Давид Джавахишвили, Из истории династических браков кахетин-ских Багратионов с представителями мусульманской знати (XVI-XVIII вв.), Сборник трудов Гянджинского государственного университета `Ученые записки~, Гянджа (Азербайджанская республика), 2010, № 2.

22. Давид Джавахишвили, Семья царя Ираклия II, Сборник трудов Гянджинского государственного университета – `Ученые запис-ки~, Гянджа (Азербайджанская республика), 2013, № 1.

23. Давид Джавахишвили, Картлийско-Кахетинский Царский дом в конце XVIII века, Материалы международной научной конферен-ции: Актуальные проблемы истории Кавказа, Гянджинский госу-дарственный университет, Гянджа (Азербайджанская республика), 15-16/X.2015.

24. bagrationebi, samecniero da kulturuli memkvidreoba,

samecniero statiebis krebuli genealogiuri nusxebi-

TurT, Tbilisi, 2003.

25. aleqsandre orbeliani, sityva mamulis trapeszed (Txzu-

lebani), Semdgeneli nino vaxania, Tbilisi, 1999.

26. papuna orbeliani, ambavni qarTlisani, teqsti daadgina, Se-

savali, leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTo elene cagareiS-

vilma, Tbilisi, 1981.

27. platon ioseliani, cxovreba giorgi mecametisa, akaki ga-

werelias Sesavali werilebiT, redaqciiTa da SeniSvnebiT,

Tbilisi, 1936.

28. saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi XVII-XIX ss., teqstebi ga-

mosacemad moamzada, gamokvlevebi, SeniSvnebi da ganmarte-

bebi daurTo avTandil ioselianma, Tbilisi, 1980.

29. ana baqraZe, masalebi qarTuli sfragistikis istoriisaT-

vis, katalogi, nawili I, Tbilisi, 1978.

30. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. IV, sasamarTlo ganCineba-

ni (XVI-XVIII ss.), teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieble-

bi daurTo isidore doliZem, Tbilisi, 1972.

31. maqsime berZniSvili, masalebi XIX saukunis pirveli naxev-

ris qarTuli sazogadoebriobis istoriisaTvis, t. II, Tbi-

lisi, 1983.

32. maqsime berZniSvili, masalebi XIX saukunis pirveli naxev-

ris qarTuli sazogadoebriobis istoriisaTvis, t. I, Tbi-

lisi, 1980.

45

David Javakhishvili Doctor of History, Assistant-Professor of Jakob Gogebashvili Telavi State University

The Prince Vakhtang (`kargi~) Bagrationi –

the Inheritor of the Royal Throne

Summary

The presented essay is about the representatives of the Bagration’s royal throne – the prince Vakhtang Bagrationi (1742-1760) who was the first son of the king Erekle II (1720-1798; in 1744-1762 – king of Kakheti, in 1762-1798 – king of Kartalino-Kakheti) from his first marriage with the princess Ketevan Mkheidze (died in 1744).

The prince Vakhtang’s nickname was `kargi~ (`good~) and he was counted as the inheritor of the royal throne, but died at the age of 18 with small-pox (variola).

Because of his death, the legitimate rights of the royal throne inheritor was handed down to the prince Giorgi/George (1746-1800) who was King of Kakheti Erekle II subsequent son from his second marriage. The prince Giorgi rained in Kartalino-Kakhetian kingdom (East Georgia) in 1798-1800 and is known as Giorgi XII.

46

lela miqiaSvili istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-siteti, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis axali da uaxle-si istoriis ganyofilebis ufrosi mecni-er-TanamSromeli

qarTl-kaxeTis mefeTa legitimaciis

sakiTxi da ruseTis faqtori

(XVIII s-is meore naxevari)

erekle II epoqa kvlavac aqtualuri ganxilvis sagania ara

mxolod mecnierTa viwro wrisaTvis, aramed _ zogadad qarTu-

li sazogadoebisTvisac; savaraudod, esoden didi interesi,

upirveles yovlisa, ganapiroba saqarTvelos sagareo politi-

kuri veqtoris ruseTze orientirebis faqtma, rasac saboloo

jamSi Sedegad mohyva qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmeba;

oraswlovani `megobruli da mfarvelobiTi~ uRlisagan gaTavi-

suflebis Semdegac ki saqarTvelo (da ara marto saqarTvelo!)

dRemde rusuli politikis msxverplad rCeba. Zalze martivi

formulirebis Tanaxmad, wlebis manZilze am borotebis mize-

zad TiTqmis upirobod iyo miCneuli erekle II da mis mier 1783

w. ruseTTan gaformebuli traqtati. sakiTxisadmi amgvari mid-

goma jer kidev XIX saukunidan iRebs saTaves (mag. amasTan da-

kavSirebiT z. WiWinaZe aqtiurad gamoxatavda XIX s-is qarTuli

inteligenciis garkveuli nawilis pozicias), xolo imas, Tu

ram ganapiroba amgvari Sexedulebebis Camoyalibeba, saintere-

sod ganmartavs l. tuxaSvili: `XIX saukunis moRvaweTa TvalSi

saxelovani erekle II `saxelgatexilia~; saqme is aris, rom im-

droindeli qarTveli nacionaluri burJuaziis azriT, am mefis

sagareo politikas mTavar Sedegad qarTuli saxelmwifoebrio-

bis dacema mohyva, amitomac nacionalisturad ganwyobili in-

teligencia cdilobda gamosavlis Ziebas. am `patriotul~ mis-

wrafebaSi yvelaze kuriozuli is iyo, rom es Zieba erTi sauku-

nis Semdeg xdeboda, rodesac didi xnis `gadabrunebuli urmis~

miRma kargad gamoCnda gza, romelzec SeeZlo am urems `gada-

ubruneblad~ gaevlo. erekle II-is aseTi kritika daiwyo gasuli

(XIX) saukunis dasasrulidan~ [1, 114-115].

47

XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, saqarTvelos imJamindeli xe-

lisuflebis mier traqtatis 200 wlisTavisadmi (1983 w.) miZ-

Rvnilma pompezurma sazeimo RonisZiebebma kvlav gaamZafres

uaryofiTi damokidebuleba traqtatis da, Sesabamisad _

erekle II-is mimarT: ruseTis imperiuli politikiT ukmayofi-

lo qarTuli sazogadoebis didi nawilisaTvis (specialistTa

viwro wris gamoklebiT) ucnobi iyo rogorc traqtatis teq-

sti (sadac saerTod ar aris saubari qarTuli saxelmwifoeb-

riobis gauqmebaze), ise is istoriul-politikuri viTareba,

romelmac faqtiurad ganapiroba msgavsi xelSekrulebis Semu-

Saveba; Sesabamisad, SemdgomSi ganviTarebuli movlenebSi, ker-

Zod, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebaSi, damnaSaved

qvecnobierad iqna aRiarebuli erekle II.

aqve oriode sityviT gvinda SevexoT 1783 wlis traq-

tats: cnobilia, rom solomon lioniZe, romelic aqtiuri po-

litikuri figura iyo erekles garemocvaSi, didi xnis manZil-

ze ruseTTan yovelgvari `mfarvelobiTi~ damokidebulebis

yvelaze Seurigebeli mowinaaRmdege gaxldaT, Tumca mogvia-

nebiT realurad Seafasa Seqmnili mdgomareoba da traqtatis

proeqtis SemuSavebis uSualo monawiled mogvevlina; sagu-

lisxmoa, rom swored mis mier iqna dawerili traqtatis rati-

ficirebuli teqsti [2, 165]; lioniZis am Rvawlze misive sit-

yvebi metyveleben _ 1801 wlis 17 TebervliT daTariRebul

mis werilSi knoringisadmi vkiTxulobT: `me umaRlesis karis

sikudilamde Cemis SeZlebiT erTguli mona vyofilvar, var da

viqnebi. pirvelad saqarTvelos traqtatiT ruseTTan SeerTe-

baSi me viyav moqmedi, da amis garda saqarTvelosa da sruli-

ad imereTis Sav zRvamde me gavakeTe traqtati (saubaria 1790

w. ivnisSi sol. lioniZis iniciativiT gaformebul dokumen-

tze `traqtati iverielTa mefeTa da mTavarTagan, damtkice-

buli qarTlisa, kaxeTisa, imerTa, odiSisa da guriisa, aRweri-

li samefosa qalaqsa Tfiliss~) da saqarTvelosa da imereTis

mefeTa, TavadTa da kaTalikoz mRvdelmTavarTagan daibeWda

da xelmoweril iqna Cemis moqmedebiT, romliTac ruseTis im-

peria umetesad gavrceldeba da isargeblebs~ [3].

aseT viTarebaSi sasurvelia gamovavlinoT is argumenti,

romelmac lioniZis Seurigebel poziciaze imoqmeda; amasTan

dakavSirebiT Zalian mokled SevexebiT XVIII s-is meore naxev-

ris qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ganviTarebul Zireul movlenebs.

48

niSandoblivia, rom erTiani saqarTvelos aRdgenis idea,

romelic mogvianebiT Teimuraz-erekles politikis qvakuTxe-

di gaxda, jer kidev vaxtangis janiSinobis periodSi ganixile-

boda safuZvlianad: vaxtangis moRvaweobis es monakveTi sa-

qarTvelos gaerTianebis ideologiuri Semzadebis xana iyo,

rac saTanadod aris dadasturebuli qarTul istoriografia-

Si [4, 29-57].

dReisaTvis sakamaTo ar aris, rom Teimurazisa da erek-

les mier iranTan mimarTebiT gatarebulma sworma politikam

Sedegi gamoiRo da 1744 wels qarTlisa da kaxeTis faqtobri-

vi gaerTianebiT dagvirgvinda, rac arsebul situaciaSi uda-

vod progresuli nabiji iyo; TumcaRa, gaerTianebuli qarTli

da kaxeTi iuridiulad kvlav calke samefoebad darCnen Tavi-

si samoxeleo aparatiT Tu sxva atributikiT, radgan nadir-

Sahma, sruliad gamiznulad, Teimurazi qarTlis, xolo erek-

le kaxeTis mefeebad daamtkica; cxadia, es ar iyo SemTxveviTi

gadawyvetileba: imxanad Sahi iZulebuli iyo Tavisi qristiani

qveSevrdomebis mimarT daTmobaze wasuliyo, Tumca imasac iT-

valiswinebda, rom Secvlil viTarebaSi maT mimarT mas sxva,

sruliad sawinaaRmdego politikis gatareba dasWirdeboda;

Sesabamisad, qarTlisa da kaxeTis gaZliereba mas mxolod gar-

kveul farglebsa da garkveul periodSi ainteresebda [4, 89-

90]. savaraudod, nadir-Sahi sxva garemoebasac uwevda anga-

riSs: es iyo reStisa (1732 w.) da ganjis (1735 w.) xelSekrule-

bebi, romelTa ZaliTac iranma (da TviT nadir-Sahmac!) qar-

Tlis taxtis memkvidred vaxtangi da misi STamomavlebi aRia-

ra (ganjis traqtatis mexuTe muxli amtkicebda reSTis xel-

Sekrulebis pirobas imis Sesaxeb, rom osmalTa batonobisagan

ganTavisuflebis Semdeg irani qarTlis samefos kvlav vaxtang

VI-s an mis memkvidreebs gadascemda); cxadia, Tavidanve umjo-

besi iyo qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefobac Teimurazs SeeTavsebi-

na da memkvidreobis sakiTxic TavisTavad gadawydeboda.

qarTl-kaxeTis gaerTianebis Teimurazisa da Tamariseuli

gegma mxolod mama-Svils Soris mefobis ganawilebas ar gu-

lisxmobda: es am rTuli procesis mxolod pirveli etapi iyo,

romelsac unda mohyoloda am aqtis iuridiulad gaformeba,

magram nadir-Sahis sicocxleSi es ver moeswro;

imisaTvis, rom obieqturad SevafasoT Teimurazisa da

erekles mmarTveloba, unda gaviTvaliswinoT qveynis SigniT

49

da mis farglebs gareT mudmivad arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi,

romelTa gadalaxvac did Zalisxmevas moiTxovda; am sakiTxebs

SevexeT Cvens mier 2015 w. momzadebul naSromSi [5], amitom

aRar SevudgebiT maT dawvrilebiT ganxilvas, mxolod zogi-

erT mniSvnelovan detals davakonkretebT:

miuxedavad imisa, rom XVIII s. 50-iani wlebisaTvis qarTli-

sa da kaxeTis samefoebma mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwies

aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis asparezze da regionis liderebad

Camoyalibdnen, kvlavac gadauWreli rCeboda lekTa TareSis

aRkveTis sakiTxi, risTvisac aucilebel pirobad Canda War-

belaqnisa da kak-eniselis dabruneba. am problemis mosagva-

reblad Teimurazma da ereklem, gaiTvaliswines ra im droi-

saTvis aRmosavleTSi arsebuli xelsayreli saerTaSoriso vi-

Tareba, gadawyvites ruseTisaTvis eTxovaT daxmareba [5]; swo-

red am mizans emsaxureboda aTanase Tbilelisa da svimon ma-

yaSvilis 1752-1754 ww. elCobis wargzavna ruseTs. Tumca, lekTa sakiTxi garkveulwilad mxolod sababi iyo,

aRniSnul elCobas kidev sxva, Zalze mniSvnelovani misia hqon-

da: qarTlisa da kaxeTis iuridiuli formiT gaerTianebisaT-

vis saWiro iyo am aqtis cnoba romelime didi saxelmwifos

mxridan; im droisaTvis aseT kandidaturebad moiazrebodnen

irani da ruseTi (am SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eni-

Weboda reStisa da ganjis xelSekrulebebis zemoT naxseneb

muxls), magram nadir-Sahis sikvdilis Semdgom iranSi Seqmnili

viTareba da paralelurad _ igive reStisa da ganjis xelSek-

rulebaTa uaRresad saxifaTo xasiaTi TavisTavad gamoricxav-

da am aqtSi mis monawileobas [6, 324-329]. Sesabamisad _ erTa-

derT SesaZlo variantad rCeboda ruseTi, rasac TavisTavad

ganapirobebda is faqti, rom qarTlis taxtis ZiriTadi pre-

tendentebi swored aq cxovrobdnen [4, 97].

Teimurazsa da erekles Seaxsenebdnen ruseTis mTavrobas,

rom isini qarTlisa da kaxeTis taxtis kanonieri memkvidreebi

iyvnen, radgan am samefoebs Tavis droze maTi uSualo winap-

rebi _ Teimuraz I da erekle I flobdnen; Sesabamisad, axlan-

deli mefeebic imperators daxmarebisaTvis mimarTavdnen ma-

Tive winaprebis mier ruseTis mefeebTan adre dadebuli Se-

Tanxmebis safuZvelze (amis damadastureblad elCebs Tan

hqondaT aleqsi mixeilis Zis sigelis teqsti, romelSic Tei-

muraz I da erekle I ara kaxeTis, aramed `mTeli iveriis mefee-

50

bad~ ixseniebian); amasTanave, am elCobis meSveobiT Teimurazi

da erekle cdilobdnen ruseTis mxridan mieRoT Teimurazis

oficialuri aRiareba qarTlis mefed da amiT imperiis mxri-

dan aRekveTaT mxardaWera vaxtang VI-is STamomavalTaTvis, ga-

eneitralebinaT opoziciurad ganwyobili qarTleli Tavadebi,

romlebic vaxtang VI-s memkvidreebis taxtze ayvanas eswra-

fodnen (qarTlSi Teimurazis gamefeba TavisTavad gulisxmob-

da, rom mis Semdeg taxtis memkvidred erekle moiazreboda,

amas ki isini ver urigdebodnen); savsebiT marTebulad migvaC-

nia g. paiWaZis Sexeduleba, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac

Teimurazisa da erekles miswrafeba mxolod piradi, viwrodi-

nastiuri interesebiT iyo nakarnaxevi, arsebiTad, is mainc

progresul xasiaTs atarebda, radgan maTi saqmianoba xels

uwyobda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefoebis gaerTianebas da

amiT saxelmwifoebriv interesebs emsaxureboda [7, 68-70].

rogorc Cans, swored 1752 w. elCobis marcxma ganapiroba

1760 wels diplomatiuri misiiT piradad Teimurazis gamgzav-

reba ruseTs, rac udavod zrdida mis mniSvnelobas. garda

amisa, Tuki ruseTis mTavroba saqarTvelosTan mimarTebiT

kvlavac Caurevlobis politikas mimarTavda, elCobis Sedege-

bis miuxedavad, misi mTavari amocana mainc miRweuli iqnebo-

da: ruseTis saimperatoro karze Teimurazis oficialuri mi-

Rebisas TavisTavad moxdeboda qarTlis mefed misi aRiareba.

am elCobebis Taobaze Cven ukve gvqonda dawvrilebiT saubari

[5], amitom mxolod aRvniSnavT, rom marTalia, elCobebs sa-

surveli Sedegi ar mohyolia, magram ruseTis interesi saqar-

Tvelosadmi odnavadac ar Senelebula; amis dasturia ruse-

Tidan sagangebod agentebis (kapitan oTar Tumanovisa da pra-

porSCik dimitri manRovis) gamogzavna, romelTac evalebodaT

samomavlod daedginaT, rogori iqneboda qarTvel mefeTa sa-

gareo orientacia. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom mefeTaTvis cnobi-

li yofila am ukanasknelTa agenturuli saqmianobis Sesaxeb,

rac naTlad metyvelebs qarTuli diplomatiuri samsaxurebis

gamarTul muSaobaze. isic niSandoblivia, rom amis Taobaze

ruseTis xelisuflebas araferi amcnes, radgan xvdebodnen,

rom gaSifruli agentebi qveyanas veRar daazaralebdnen [8, 41-93, 132-135; 4, 128-131; 9; 10].

Cven SevecdebiT gavaanalizoT erekle II-is mier gatare-

buli sagareo politika da davazustoT, marTlac enTuziaz-

51

miT iyo igi ganwyobili ruseTisadmi da brmad endoboda maT

Tu paralelurad sxva mokavSiresac eZebda (Tundac evropa-

Si?). marTlac èrTmorwmuneobis~ primitiulma politikam

ubiZga rusebis klanWebSi Tu sruliad pragmatulma politi-

kurma mizezma _ qarTlis muxranbatonTa STamomavlebis mxri-

dan mosalodnelma safrTxem? (èrTmorwmuneobis~ faqtori

aTeuli wlebis manZilze figurirebda umTavres argumentad;

sanimuSod SeiZleba davasaxeloT is, rom 1736 w. ruseTis im-

peratorisadmi miweril werilebSi Teimuraz II qristianul

sarwmunoebaze apelirebs da qveyanaSi am sarwmunoebis gadar-

Cenis aucileblobas imizezebs, raTa èrTmorwmune~ ruseTi-

sagan saTanado daxmareba miiRos. vfiqrobT, es argumenti

mxolod diplomatiuri etiketis formatSi unda ganvixiloT)

[11, 208-213].

Cven ukve gvqonda saubari imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad

Zlier dabrkolebas uqmnida erTiani samefos ideas vaxtangis

STamomavalTa qmedeba ruseTis xelisuflebasTan unisonSi

(abdula-begis, baqaris, aleqsandre baqaris Zis, paata batoniS-

vilis da a. S. moRvaweoba amis naTeli dasturia) [5]; aq niSan-

doblivia ruseTis xelisuflebis rolic: periodulad igi sa-

qarTvelos saqmeebSi `Caurevlobis~ politikas icavda, magram

es mxolod im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac es misTvis iyo momgebia-

ni an _ iZulebuli iyo iranis an TurqeTis pozicia gaeTva-

liswinebina; ZiriTadad ki, samomavlo gegmebidan gamomdinare,

rusul diplomatias cxadia, awyobda, rom qarTlis taxtis

realuri mflobelis legitimacia oficialurad ar eRiarebi-

na: am mxriv qarTul istoriografiaSi kargad aris Seswavlili

da Sefasebuli ruseTis xelisuflebis mier vaxtangis STamo-

mavalTa ostaturad gamoyenebis faqtebi erekleze zemoqmede-

bis mizniT; mTavari problema iyo, rom erekle oficialurad

ver ekurTxa qarTlis mefed (niSandoblivia, rom es man mxo-

lod 1783 wlis traqtatis gaformebis Semdeg SeZlo, rac Ri-

ad mianiSnebs ruseTis farul miznebze); sxva SemTxvevaSi am

garemoebas SesaZloa didi mniSvneloba arc hqonoda, radgan

Teimurazis gardacvalebis Semdeg erekle sakmaod mtkiced

flobda xelisuflebas qarTl-kaxeTis gaerTianebul samefoSi

da misi sazRvrebis gafarToebasac gegmavda, magram mis mier

damoukidebeli politikis gatarebas abrkolebda sakmaod se-

riozuli faqtori: vaxtangis saxliSvilebi taxtis `kanonier

52

memkvidreebad~ moiazrebdnen Tavs, ruseTis saimperatoro

karze didi pativiT sargeblobdnen, batoniSvilebadac iwode-

bodnen da qarTlis samefoze pretenziebs Riad acxadebdnen [4,

146-151]. garda amisa, aranakleb mniSvnelovania qarTlel Ta-

vadTa (yovel SemTxvevaSi _ maTi erTi nawilis) damokidebu-

leba erTiani samefos aRdgenis erekleseuli ideisadmi, rac

TvalsaCinod aris asaxuli zaal orbelianis poziciaSi; ker-

Zod, bakuninTan saubris Sesaxeb igi aRniSnavda: `marTalia, ba-

kunins uTxaro Cveni qveynis (igulisxmeba qarTlis samefo _ l.

m.) Sebralebao. iman miTxra: ar ici, xelmwife mefes erekles

uwyrebao. merme me uTxaro: Tu mefes erekles uwyreba, an

russ visme uboZos qveyana da an mefe solomonsao~ [22, 67].

Teimuraz II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1762 wlidan erekle

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos erTpirovnul da oficialurad aRia-

rebul xelisuflad iqca da umal Secvala `gardamavali peri-

odisaTvis~ damaxasiaTebeli kompromisuli politika qarTle-

li feodalebis mimarT; igi ukve `yoveli saqarTvelos~ aR-

sadgenad emzadeboda da am samzadisma socialuri sferoc mo-

icva: sagadasaxado reglamentacia, `udebis dadebis~ moxsna,

batonymuri rigis dacva, feodalebisagan saxelmwifo da same-

fo samsaxuris moTxovna, 1765 wels TelavSi gamocxadebuli

manifesti tyveobidan dabrunebulTaTvis Tavisuflebis mini-

Webis Sesaxeb da sxv. es yvelaferi mianiSnebda saxelmwifo

disciplinis oficialur ganmtkicebaze, rac feodaluri

aristokratiisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda da muxraneli bagra-

tionebis momxreTa banakSi winaaRmdegobis axali talRis ga-

momwvevi mizezic gaxda [1, 83]. es winaaRmdegoba 1765 wlisaT-

vis gadaizarda sakmaod kargad organizebul SeTqmulebaSi;

amasTan dakavSirebiT sagulisxmoa m. samsonaZis Tvalsaz-

risi, rom problemis gadawyvetis erT-erT gzad erekles esa-

xeboda qarTlis taxtis pretendentebis saqarTveloSi dabru-

neba, raTa isini sakuTari meTvalyureobis qveS hyoloda. sa-

varaudod, es faqti TavisTavad qarTlSi misi mefobis kanoni-

erebis aRiareba iqneboda: `amiTac unda aixsnas, sxva motivTa

Soris, anton kaTalikosis saswrafod dabruneba (Teimurazis

gardacvalebis Semdeg) da vaxtang VI-s ukanono vaJis _ paatas

SemoSvebac saqarTveloSi. maTTvis erekles pativi da dideba

ar dauklia. pirvelma imedebi mTlianad gaamarTla da aTeuli

wlebis manZilze misi… dasayrdeni iyo, meorem ki Tavisi pre-

53

tenziebi ver daiviwya, taxtisaTvis brZolas Tavi ar daaneba

da sastikadac daisaja. orive SemTxvevaSi erekles politika

gamarTlebuli iyo~ [4, 148]. 1772 w. ruseTSi kidev erTi elCoba gaigzavna anton kaTa-

likosisa da levan batoniSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT. amjerad

erekle ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlas da mis mfarvelobas

iTxovda. sagulisxmoa, rom mogvianebiT, 1774 wels, solomon

I-ma ruseTSi sagangebo elCad gagzavna mdivanbegi daviT kvini-

xiZe da aseve oficialuri TxovniT mimarTa eketerine II imere-

Tis samefos mfarvelobaSi miRebis Taobaze [12, 662]. orive

mefes moTxovnaze uariT upasuxes. 1772 wlis elCobis organi-

zebis winapirobebi, misi miznebi da `mTxovnelobiTi punqte-

bis~ teqsti amomwuravad aris ganxiluli da gaanalizebuli m.

samsonaZis naSromSi, amitom aq sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT [4,

184-190].

kidev erTi sagulisxmo faqti, romelic TvalnaTliv miu-

TiTebs erekles araerTgvarovan damokidebulebaze ruseTis

mimarT, es aris 1776 w. mis mier osmaleTTan wamowyebuli sai-

dumlo molaparakeba, romelmac 1777-1778 ww-Tvis ukve ofi-

cialurad dakanonebuli saxe miiRo xelSekrulebis gaforme-

bis meSveobiT [12, 681]; mkvlevarTaTvis dRemde ucnobia am

xelSekrulebis teqsti, iribi (meoradi wyaroebis) monaceme-

biT ki dasturdeba, rom garkveuli formiT erekle xonTqris

uzenaesobas aRiarebda TumcaRa, rogorc irkveva _ mxolod

formalurad. wyaroebSi araferia naTqvami imis Taobaze, Tu

ris sanacvlod gadadga mefem aseTi sarisko nabiji: cxadia,

rom am nabijiT man moimdura rogorc jer kidev oficialuri

siuzereni _ irani, ise momavali potenciuri `mfarveli~ _ ru-

seTi da rogorc Semdgomma movlenebma aCvenes _ orive maT-

ganma ar daayovna samagieros gadaxda; da mainc, mkvlevarTa

azri am faqtis Sefasebisas orad iyofa: nawili miiCnevs, rom

aRniSnuli garigebiT TurqeTi erekles axalcixis safaSos

(samcxe-saaTabagos) uTmobda da argumentad mohyavT is faqti,

rom axalcixis faSa aRniSnul saidumlo molaparakebaSi Sua-

mavlis rols asrulebda [12, 679-680; 13, 224]. Cven ufro sar-

wmunod migvaCnia mkvlevarTa meore nawilis mier gamoTqmuli

mosazrebebi, romelTa gaanalizebis Sedegad dasabuTebuli

daskvnas gvTavazobs m. samsonaZe:

`erekle iseTi politikosi ar iyo, rom amgvari ram asjer

54

gazomvisa da gansjis gareSe moemoqmeda... amiT igi didi da

problematuri sakiTxis gadawyvetas gulisxmobda.... im xanebSi

saqarTvelosa da mis garSemo qveynebSi Seqmnili istoriuli

situacia gvikarnaxebs vivaraudoT, rom qarTl-kaxeTis poli-

tikosTa mxriv daTmobebis samagierod sulTnis kari erekles

dasavleT saqarTveloze gabatonebis sanqcias aZlevda; amgva-

ri msxverpli portas SeeZlo umtkivneulod gaeRo, radgan

lixTimereTi misi gavlenidan gamosuli iyo da masze uflebe-

bis faqtobrivi aRdgenis perspeqtiva TiTqmis ar Canda [4,

205-209]. marTlac, SemdgomSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis ana-

lizi TvalnaTliv adasturebs am varauds, kerZod:

miuxedavad gasaidumloebisa, am SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb cno-

bili gaxda ruseTisTvis, iranisTvis da solomon imerTa me-

fisTvis; Sedegad, 1779 wels, erevnis saxanoSi erekles laS-

qrobisas, asparezze gamoCnda qarTlis taxtis pretendenti

aleqsandre baqaris Ze: `ruseTidan `aSvebuli~ igi irans (ker-

Zod, SirazSi) Cavida, iqidan ki solomon I-ma imereTSi Camoiy-

vana (niSandoblivia, rom am mizniT 1778 w. agvistoSi imereTi-

dan ruseTis gavliT iranSi gaigzavna elCoba besarion gabaS-

vilis (besiki) meTaurobiT. calke sakiTxia, rom maT Tan mih-

qondaT solomon mefis werili astraxanis gubernatoris sa-

xelze, sadac am ukanasknels mefe saimperatoro karze elCe-

bis gagzavnis nebarTvas sTxovs!) [12, 683; 4, 212]. aSkaraa, rom

es faqti ruseTis diplomatebisa da imerTa mefis erToblivi

`Semoqmedebis~ nayofad unda miviCnioT; gasagebia, rom solo-

mons sakmarisi safuZveli hqonda, raTa erekles axal sagareo

politikaSi misTvis mosalodneli safrTxe daenaxa, xolo rac

Seexeba ruseTis rols, esec ioli misaxvedria: jer kidev 1766

w. ruseTis mier saxelmwifo danaSaulSi braldebuli aleqsan-

dre baqaris Ze ratomRac Camoiyvanes yizlarSi (arada, mas po-

loneTSi wasvlis survili gamouTqvams!), TanxiTac uxvad moa-

marages, manamde samxedro Cini ahyares da mundiric gaxades,

rac imas niSnavda, rom igi ruseTis msaxurad da qveSevrdomad

aRar iTvleboda da Sesabamisad, _ amieridan arc ruseTi ageb-

da pasuxs mis qmedebebze. `ufro ucnauria is, rom ruseTis

moxeleebi aleqsandre baqaris Zes amis Semdegac ar akleben

yuradRebas da mfarvelobas, cxadia araoficialurad da fa-

rulad. ufro metic, TviT imperatrica ekaterine II misdami,

`dasjili~ kacis pirobaze, aSkarad zedmet yuradRebas iCenda

55

da imasac ki uwevda angariSs, Tu ra moewoneboda qveynidan

gaZevebul qarTvel batoniSvils. Znelia es ambavi imperatri-

cas gulCvilobiTa da gulkeTilobiT aixsnas... ucnauri da

gaugebari sakmarisze meti iqneba ruseTidan aleqsandre bato-

niSvilis gamoZevebis istoriaSi, Tuki im mosazrebas ar mivi-

RebT, rom misi e. w. `gamoZeveba~ sruliad garkveuli politi-

uri da diplomatiuri miznebiT iyo nakarnaxevi~ [4, 149-150].

amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa n. tarsaiZis mier jer kidev

1972 w. dafiqsirebuli poziciac: `Принимая во внимание слож-ную политическую ситуацию, невольно возникает вопрос – не был ли использован русской дипломатией в своих интересах грузинский царевич в критический 1766 год; Александр Бакарович был подходя-щим человеком для выполнения любых дипломатических поручений... наказанию в виде принудительной высылки он мог подвергнуться для отвода глаз «чтобы не был подан омбраж царю Ираклию». Во всяком случае императрица избавилась от нежелательного... человека, с дру-гой же стороны он мог быть полезным императрице и за пределами России~ [14, 111, 98-118].

am `gamoZevebas~ rom ruseTi didi xniT adre gegmavda

adasturebs sagareo saqmeTa kolegiis masalebSi daculi mox-

senebebi, romlebsac jer kidev 50-ian wlebSi agzavnida saqar-

Tvelodan kapitani Tumanovi [15, 94; 4, 150-151] marTalia, 1781

w. solomonisa da erekles SeTanxmebis (da ara Serigebis) sa-

fuZvelze aleqsandre baqaris Zem imereTi datova (raWis gziT

gadavida Crdilo kavkasiaSi, sabolood ki erekles winaaRmdeg

mokavSired gaixada darubandeli faTali-xani), magram mefeTa

Soris Zveli ndobis aRdgena veRar moxerxda [4, 223].

garda amisa, amave mizans emsaxureboda ruseTis mier

erekles kidev erTi wamowyebis _ yabardoelTa gadmosaxlebis

saqmis CaSla, rac qarTuli jaris Sevsebas isaxavda miznad;

aseve akrZala qarTl-kaxeTis mefeTa mier CrdiloeT kavkasia-

Si jarebis daqiraveba, riTac didi dartyma miayena qveynis

samxedro potencials [16, 169; 4, 215-216; 17, 114-117; 12, 683-684].

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, ruseTi moTminebiT eloda

xelsayrel situacias sakuTari gegmis xorcSesxmisaTvis. aq

ar SeiZleba ar davazustoT erTi garemoeba: dReisaTvis qar-

Tul istoriografiaSi sadavo aRar aris, rom erekle Tavi-

56

danve didad ar endoboda ruseTs da ar Cqarobda masTan kav-

Siris iuridiulad gaformebas;

evropasTan daaxloebis gzebis Zieba ucxo ar yofila

qarTuli diplomatiisaTvis: amis tradicia ukve arsebobda da

ereklec rogorc Cans am tradiciis erTguli iyo; sxva Sem-

TxvevaSi Znelad Tu aRiarebda rusi rezidenti, polkovniki

burnaSovi, rom erekle `... ни к чему однако-ж не стремится, как преобразовать народ свой по европейски» [18, 10].

evropasTan kontaqtis dasamyareblad ereklem rogorc

mosalodneli iyo, saqarTveloSi myofi kaTolike misionerebi

gamoiyena [19, 398-403]. traqtatis dadebamde ramdenime xniT

adre (1781 w. zafxulSi) man kidev erTxel scada evropisaTvis

xma miewvdina da daxmarebisaTvis ramdenime evropul saxel-

mwifos erTdroulad mimarTa (am mizniT man kaTolike misio-

ner dominikes Sesabamisi werilebi gaatana avstriis impera-

torTan, safrangeTis, sardiniisa da neapolis mefeebTan, ve-

neciis senatTan, romis papTan) [20, 62]. calke kvlevis sagania am misiis Semdgomi bedi: patri do-

menike `Sav zRvaSi daixrCo~ (patri andreasis cnobiT ki igi

konstantinopolSi moulodnelad gardaicvala); dRemde uc-

nobia, ra bedi ewia erekles werilebs. aseTive uiRblo aRmoC-

nda erekle mefis meore wargzavnilic: patri mauro veroneli,

romelic amjerad sxva gziT – ruseTze gavliT miemarTeboda

evropisaken, marTalia ruseTs gascda, magram poloneTSi q.

berdiCevSi gardaicvala (1783 w. maisSi). amjerad cnobilia we-

rilebis adresatebi da raodenoba, romelic prof. i. tabaRu-

am daadgina: erekles werilebi romis papis, avstriis impera-

toris, safrangeTis mefis, veneciis respublikis, sardiniis

mefisa da sxv. saxelze [20, 64]. niSandoblivia, rom berdiCevi-

dan mauros werilebi or polonel kapucins wauRia venaSi, pa-

pis nunciasTan da uTqvamT, rom `micvalebul patr mauros sa-

qarTvelos mefisagan bevri ram hqonia piradad (zepirad) da-

barebuli~ [19, 403].

Znelia usabuTod raimes mtkiceba, magram orive es Sem-

Txveva qarTul istoriografiaSi ukve garkveul eWvs iwvevs:

iqneb erekles wargzavnilTa sikvdili sulac ar iyo gamowve-

uli bunebrivi mizezebiT [4; 5]. visTvisac kargad aris cnobi-

li ruseTis imperiis mier politikaSi araerTgzis gamoyenebu-

57

li `meTodebi~, es versia sruliad misaRebia. miT ufro, rom

erekles, savaraudod _ sruliad gamiznulad, arc daumalavs

rus moxeleTaTvis misi es nabiji (jer erTi _ icoda, rom sa-

bolood mainc gaigebdnen: marto rainegsi rad Rirda, rome-

lic rogorc irkveva, urCevda kidec erekles am nabijis ga-

dadgmas [20, 60]; Tumca, am sakiTxebze msjeloba Sors wagviy-

vans, amitom statiis SezRuduli formatidan gamomdinare, am

Temas Semdgom naSromSi ganvixilavT).

Tumca, erekles gzavnilebma sabolood mainc CaaRwies ev-

ropamde: isini avstriis mTavrobas gadasces polonelma kapu-

cinebma _ volfgangma da hilariumma. werilebSi dafiqsirebu-

li ZiriTadi moTxovna exeba samxedro daxmarebis gawevas ori

polkis farglebSi (an ori polkisTvis gadasaxdeli Tanxis ga-

Rebas: `mudmivi ori polkis qira gviwyalobeT da gviboZeT. am

naboZebi TanxiT Cven xalxsa da jars viSoviT; `gTxovT, rom

Cvens gankargulebaSi mogvceT ori polki, raTa Cven daveuf-

loT wvrTnis wesebs da aseTi codniT evropuli sistemis wes-

ze ganvawyoT jari~... qarTlis, kaxeTisa da sxvaTa mefe erek-

le, 1782 w. 18 oqtomberi) [20, 90-91].

CvenTvis sayuradReboa frazebi ramdenime werilidan,

kerZod:

1. maurosadmi erekles sainstruqcio werili, sadac

vkiTxulobT: `Tqven kargad unda icodeT da RmerTic mowmea,

rom Tu Tqveni Txovna ar Seusrulebia xsenebul imperators

da arc sxva mefes, es saidumloa da arvin unda gaigos igi. wi-

naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, misi gamocxadeba didad saziano iqneba~

[20, 90].

2. erekles werili avstriis imperator ioseb II-sadmi: `we-

rilobiTi miTiTebani da sityvebi, iseve rogorc patri mau-

rosadmi sityvierad danabarebi Tqven zedmiwevniT dagarwmu-

nebT, Tqveno umaRlesobav, rasac is mogaxsenebT, mas yvela-

ferSi erwmuneT. am werilze bevrad adre, gasul wels, gamov-

gzavne TbilisSi myofi patri domeniko. Tqveni umaRlesobi-

saTvis mas gamovatane Cveni Txovna, rac werilSi ar iyo naxse-

nebi; sityvierad davabareT, Tu ra mniSvnelobas vaniWebdiT mas,

magram patri domeniko gzaSi gardaicvala. Cveni maSindeli da-

valeba axlandelis Sesabamisia~ [20, 104].

3. safrangeTis mefisadmi miwerili werili: `...miiReT Cve-

ni saWiro Txovna, rac werilobiT da sityvieradac gvaqvs da-

58

nabarebi am patri maurosaTvis, gulSematkivrad mousmineT

mas RvTis siyvarulisaTvis, Tqveno yovlad Sembralebelo da

saqebaro udidebulesobav. xeli gaumarTeT Cvens gaWirvebas

da Txovnas~ [20, 112]

4. werili neapolisa da siciliis mefes: `didi xania, saWi-

roeba gvaCqarebda, Segvewuxebina Cveni saTxovriT evropa...

Tqveno udidebulesobav, RvTis siyvarulisaTvis gTxovT did-

sulovnad miiRoT patri mauro. mas davavale werilobiT da

sityvieradac gadmoeca saTqmeli. gTxovT keTilganwyobiT mo-

usminoT mas, rodesac is Cvens vedrebas gadmogcemT~ [20, 113].

Cven SegviZlia mxolod vivaraudoT, ra SeiZleba zepiri

danabarebis saxiT moexsenebinaT erekles wargzavnilebs, Tum-

ca erTi ram cxadia: es uTuod ruseTisagan dafaruli unda

yofiliyo.

samwuxarod evropa upatiebeli gulgrilobiT moekida

erekles vedrebas. ruseTma ki umal Secvala Tavisi damokide-

buleba, saswrafod `daiviwya~ erekles `umaduroba~, `sakuTa-

ri interesebisadmi imperiis interesebis gamoyeneba~ da yvela

berketi aamuSava dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad, raTa erekles

ruseTis mfarvelobaSi miReba `eTxova~ [4, 222].

sainteresoa am situaciis n. berZeniSviliseuli Sefaseba:

`ruseTis mTavrobam swrafad da energiulad scada saqmis

(Secdomis) gamosworeba. man ormxrivi ieriSi miitana erekleze.

Tavadebi, aSvebuli aleqsandreebi, faTali-xani, CerqezTa

gadmosaxlebisaTvis xelis SeSla, imierkavkasiaSi jarebis da-

qiravebis SesaZleblobis mospoba erTi mxriT, xolo meore

mxriT _ agentebi mravlad amoqmedda erekles karze (`bradia-

ga~ reinegsic ki...) uxvi dapirebebiT... da ereklem miiRo is-

toriuli gadawyvetileba...~ [16, 170-171].

amrigad, ruseTTan `samegobro xelSekrulebis~ anu traq-

tatis gaformebis gadawyvetileba erekle II-s mxridan iZule-

biTi nabiji iyo.

Cven bolomde ver gaviziarebT m. samsonaZis namdvilad

marTebul daskvnas imis Taobaze, rom `ra Tqma unda aleqsan-

dre batoniSvilisa da qarTlis taxtis SenarCunebis sakiTxi

erekles mier miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi erTaderTi ar yofi-

la, magram isic cxadia, rom movlenaTa mTel kompleqsSi... am

faqtmac garkveuli roli Seasrula da erekles saimperatoro

karis mier SemoTavazebuli mfarvelobis oficialurad Txov-

59

na gadaawyvetina. es rom asea, iqidan Cans, rom qarTl-kaxeTis

karze SemuSavebul da 1782 wlis 21 dekembriT daTariRebul

Sesabamis dokumentSi qarTlis taxtisa da aleqsandre baqaris

Zis sakiTxs erT-erTi centraluri adgili ukavia. erekles mi-

er xelmoweril TxovnaSi, erTi mxriv, dasabuTebulia erekles

ojaxis kanonieri uflebebi qarTlis taxtze (`qarTli Zvela-

dac Cemi papebis samkvidro iyo da masukan nadir-Saim mamaCems

uboZa. imJamad mtrisagan gaoxrebuli da gaxarababebuli iyo.

mamaCemi da me didis Rvawlis dadebiT am qveynis aSenebas ve-

cadeniT...~), xolo meore mxriv, dasmulia aRniSnuli proble-

mis saboloo gadawyvetis sakiTxi [4, 224]; SeuZlebelia, erek-

le II-is yvelaze Seurigebelma oponentebmac ki ar aRiaron mi-

si Rvawli am sferoSi. es faqti TavisTavad metyvelebs imaze,

Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda isev da isev qarTvel-

Ta mxridan momaval safrTxes qveynis gaerTianebis saqmeSi. am

mxriv sagulisxmoa dokumentis daskvniTi nawili: `Cemi Zvel-

Tagan papebis samkvidro da Cemgan amdenis garjiT da Rvawlis

dadebiT aSenebuli qveyanaCems Svilebs da Camomavlobas ar

daekargos da ar moeSalos da sabolood ise daumtkicdesT

da yovelni Cemni Camomavalni ruseTis monarxis erTgulni mo-

nani da mosamsaxureni iyunen. da es maTis did-is Cvenze... mow-

yaleba gamocxadebuli iyos, rom uWkuos baqarisSvils aleq-

sandresaviT gamoCndes vinme, umecari xalxi ar ahyues~ [15,

195-196].

Cven SevecadeT Zalian SemWidrovebulad gangvexila

erekles mier qveynis sagareo orientaciis mimarTulebiT gan-

xorcielebuli yvela mcdeloba da saTanado Sefaseba migveca.

imas, rom ruseTi ukiduresad `rTuli~ mezobeli da partnio-

ri qveyanaa, TvalnaTliv adasturebs Tanamedrove politiku-

ri viTareba ara marto regionis, aramed mTeli msoflios mas-

StabiT. am fonze dRes sirTules aRar warmoadgens erekles

mmarTvelobis obieqturi Sefaseba im politikuri movlenebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, romelTac Cveni statiis formatidan gamom-

dinare, aRar CamovTvliT.

dabolos, saxelmwifoebriobis dakargvis Semdegac ki misi

aRdgenisaTvis mebrZol bagrationebs ar daukargavT evropu-

li orientacia, kvlavac cdiloben werilobiTi TxovnebiT mi-

apyron eropel monarqTa yuradReba ruseTis mier yvelanairi

saerTaSoriso kanonebis darRveviT ganxorcielebul saqar-

60

Tvelos aneqsias da saTanado daxmareba moipovon. amis maga-

liTia 1809 w. aleqsandre da Teimuraz batoniSvilis werile-

bi napoleon I-sadmi, [21, 51, 57]; solomon II ramdenime werili

napoleonisadmi 1810 w. [21, 68-70]. amrigad, 1783 w. traqtatis gaformeba erekles iZulebiT

mouwia da danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am saqmeSi ru-

seTis zewolaze saubrisas upirveles yovlisa unda aRiniSnos

imperiis mier qarTlis bagrationTa samefo pretenziebiT ma-

nipulireba: es garemoeba erekles yvelanairi mcdelobis miu-

xedavad, sabolood damRupveli aRmoCnda qveynis gaerTiane-

bis ideisaTvis brZolaSi. XVIII s-Si moRvawe mefes SeuZlebelia

scodnoda, rom wina saukuneebidan moyolebuli dRemde ruse-

Tis mier nebismier qveyanasTan gaformebuli oficialuri

xelSekruleba mxolod faratina qaRaldis tolfasia (da igi-

ve bedi gaiziara traqtatmac, sadac namdvilad araferia naT-

qvami samefos gauqmebis Taobaze); Tumca, amis gaTvaliswineba

sulac ar aris Zneli XXI saukunis gadmosaxedidan. aqedan ga-

momdinare, vfiqrobT, safuZvels moklebulia wlebis manZil-

ze damkvidrebuli kliSe, rom erekle mxolod niWieri samxed-

ro moRvawe iyo, magram susti politikosi da diplomati.


1. l. tuxaSvili, ruseTi da sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZ-

raoba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1983.

2. l. miqiaSvili, XVIII saukunis meore naxevrisa da XIX sauku-

nis dasawyisis qarTuli istoriografia 1783 wlis georgi-

evskis traqtatis Sesaxeb, saistorio almanaxi `klio~, #21,

Tbilisi, 2004.

3. T. enuqiZe, georgievskis traqtatis ratificirebuli teq-

stis paleografiuli Seswavlis sakiTxisaTvis, macne, is-

toriis, arqeologiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria, #3,

1983.

4. m. samsonaZe, saqarTvelos gaerTianebis problema da saga-

reo orientacia XVIII saukuneSi, Tbilisi, 1988.

5. moxseneba `erekle II da aleqsandre amilaxvari~ Cvens mier

wakiTxul iqna 2015 w. 25 noembers mecnierebisa da inova-

ciebis saerTaSoriso kvireulis `saqarTvelo _ 2015~ far-

glebSi mowyobil samecniero konferenciaze; statiis sa-

61

xiT gadacemulia dasabeWdad iv. javaxiSilis istoriisa da

eTnologiis institutis `Sromebi~, XIV-XV, 2016.

6. История Ирана с древнейших времен до конца XVIII века, издательство Ленинградского Университета, 1958.

7. g. paiWaZe, qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebis politikuri

urTierToba ruseTTan XVIII s-is 50-60-ian wlebSi, krebul-

Si: qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis sagareo politikuri is-

toriidan, Tbilisi, 1973.

8. v. maWaraZe, masalebi XVIII saukunis meore naxevris ruseT-

saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisaTvis, II, Tbilisi, 1968.

9. m. buleiSvili, qarTuli eklesiis msaxurebi ruseT-saqar-

Tvelos diplomatiur urTierTobaSi, Tbilisi, 1991.

10. al. jambakur-orbeliani, mefis iraklis drois cocota an-

bebi anu zogierTi maSindelni pirni (s. kakabaZe, werilebi

da masalebi saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis, I, Tbilisi, 1914).

11. М. Броссе, Переписка грузинских царей с российскими госуда-рями, С. Петербург, 1861.

12. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, Tbilisi, 1973.

13. o. gigineiSvili, saqarTvelo osmaleTis sagareo politi-

kaSi XVIII saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi, Tsu Sromebi, 73,

1959.

14. Н. Тарсаидзе, Исторические этюды, Тбилиси, 1972. 15. i. cincaZe, 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati, Tbilisi,

1960.

16. n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. IV,

Tbilisi, 1967. 17. T. bocvaZe, saqarTvelo-yabardos urTierTobis istorii-

dan, Tbilisi, 1963.

18. С. Бурнашев, Картина Грузии или описание политическаго состоя-ния царств карталинскаго и кахетинскаго, Тифлис, 1896.

19. m. TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris,

Tbilisi, 1904.

20. i. tabaRua, saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso arenaze XVIII sauku-

nis meore naxevarSi, Tbilisi, 1979.

21. i. tabaRua, saqarTvelo-safrangeTis urTierTobis isto-

riidan, Tbilisi, 1974.

22. iese baraTaSvilis cxovreba-anderZi, a. ioselianis gamo-

cema, Tbilisi, 1950.

62

Lela Mikiashvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, senior researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

The Legitimacy of the Kings of Kartli and Kakheti and the Factor of

Russia (The Second Half of the 18th Century)

Summary

High public interest towards Erakle II was firstly caused by pro-Russian orientation of Georgia’s foreign policy, which ultimately resulted in abolition of the Georgian statehood; for many years, Erakle II and the 1783 Treaty signed by him with Russia was almost unconditionally regarded as the cause of this wickedness.

The article analyzes Erekle II’s foreign policy to find out whether he was really enthusiastic towards Russia and trusted it blindly or was looking forother allies (at least in Europe) simultaneously. Was it the reason of a primitive `co-religionist~ policy or of a pure pragmatic politicy _ a looming threat from the descendants of the Kartlian Mukhranbatoni Royal family?

Documentary study revealed that in 1783 Erekle II was compelled to register the Treaty and Russia mainly manipulated by royal pretensions of Kartlian Bagrations. Accordingly, the established view, that the king was only a talented military leader, buta weak politician and diplomat, seems groundless.

63

xaTuna qoqraSvili

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis sa-

xelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universi-

teti, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eT-

nologiis institutis axali da uaxlesi

istoriis ganyofilebis ufrosi mecnier-

TanamSromeli

Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi ruseTis

politikis istoriisTvis (XIX saukune)

osebis migracia Sida qarTlSi. Sida qarTlis CrdiloeTiT,

mTiani da mTiswina teritoriis garkveuli nawili dRevandel

cxinvalis regions Seadgens. XIX s-Si ruseTis imperiis koloniu-

ri politikis Sedegad Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi iseTi politiku-

ri, administraciuli, demografiuli viTareba Seiqmna, romel-

mac aq mcxovrebi xalxebis erTmaneTisgan gaucxoebas da qar-

Tul-osur dapirispirebas Seuwyo xeli. warmodgenil statiaSi

SevecdebiT vuCvenoT am procesebze caristuli ruseTis saek-

lesio-samisionero da religiuri politikis gavlena, romel-

mac demografiul, administraciul politikasTan da sxva Ro-

nisZiebebTan erTad aranaklebi roli Seasrula qarTul-osu-

ri urTierTobebis formirebaze.

cnobilia, rom arqeologiuri, arqiteqturuli, epigrafi-

kuli Zeglebi, toponimuri monacemebi erTxmad adastureben,

rom Sida qarTlis mTianeTis mkvidr mosaxleobas uZvelesi dro-

idan qarTvelebi Seadgendnen [1, 125; 2, 156; 3, 167]. migraciuli,

socialur-politikuri Tu istoriuli procesebis Sedegad am

regionis teritoriaze ZirZvel qarTul mosaxleobasTan er-

Tad ebraelebi, somxebi, osebi dasaxldnen.

dokumentebze dayrdnobiT, Cans, rom XIX s-is dasawyisSi,

dRevandeli cxinvalis regionis teritoriaze ebraelebi qar-

TvelebTan erTad, Sereulad, ZiriTadad, cxinvalSi da breT-

Si cxovrobdnen, xolo somxebi ki cxinvalSi, TamaraSenSi,

dirbSi, breTSi, arcevSi da axalgorSi. ebraelebisa da somxe-

bis Sida qarTlSi gansaxleba, umeteswilad, savaWro urTierTo-

bebs emyareboda [4, 465-469]. aq mosaxle qarTvelebi, ZiriTa-

dad, marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis, ebraelebi _ iudaizmis,

64

xolo somxebi grigorianuli da kaTolikuri aRmsarebloblo-

bis mimdevarni iyvnen.

rac Sexeba osebis Sida qarTlis teritoriaze gansaxle-

bas, qarTveli istorikosebi uaryofen Tvalsazriss saqarTve-

loSi maTi uZvelesi droidan mkvidrobis Sesaxeb. osebis isto-

riuli samSoblo kavkasionis mTavari qedis gadaRma, CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi mdebareobs. XIII s-Si mezobeli tomebisa da gareSe

mtris Semosevebis Sedegad maT CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTian xeo-

bebSi daiwyes dasaxleba. es procesi gagrZelda XV s-mde.

aRsaniSnavia, rom XIII s-is bolos monRolebis mxardaWeriT

osebis erTi jgufi Sida qarTlSi SemoiWra. garkveuli xniT maT

daikaves gori da Sida qarTlis cixeebi. Tumca, XIV s-Si mefe gi-

orgi brwyinvalem SeZlo rogorc monRolebis, ise osebis qar-

Tlidan gandevna da CrdiloeT kavkasiis xeobebidan Sida qar-

TlSi Semosasvlelebis Caketva. amiT osTa migracia qarTvel me-

feTa kuTvnil teritoriebze garkveuli periodiT SeCerda.

saqarTvelos istoriul provinciaSi _ dvaleTSi, rome-

lic kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeT kalTaze, darialis xeobasa

da mamisonis uReltexils Soris mdebare e. w. nar-mamisonis

qvabulSi mdebareobda, osebis Semosaxleba XV s-is bolodan

dawyebula. istoriuli dvaleTi Sedgeboda kasris xevis, na-

ras, JRelis, zrogos, zaxas, zramagas xeobebisagan. osTa mig-

raciis procesi aq mTeli XVI s-is ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda

da XVII s-Si dasrulda osebis mier adgilobrivi qarTveluri

tomebis dvalebis asimilaciiT [5, 218; 6, 94-95]. eTnikuri da

demografiuli cvlilebebis miuxedavad, dvaleTi qarTvel me-

feTa samflobeloebis ganuyofel nawils Seadgenda. saqarTve-

loSi rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis Semdegac, es provincia

1858 wlamde saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi iyo, sanam is ruseTma ad-

ministraciulad Tergis olqs dauqvemdebara.

osTa pirveli dasaxlebebi, dRevandeli saqarTvelos te-

ritoriaze, Cndeba Trusos xeobasa (md. Tergis saTave) da

maRran-dvaleTSi (kavkasionis qeds gadmoRma, didi liaxvis sa-

TaveebTan, aseve dvalebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria). Crdilo-

eT kavkasiis xeobebidan osebis am teritoriebze dasaxleba,

specialistebis azriT, XVII s-is pirveli naxevriT TariRdeba

[6, 96; 7, 56]. cnobilia, rom XVII s-is pirvel naxevarSi Sida qar-

Tlis teritoriebi, mtris Semosevebisa da mcxovrebTa masobri-

vad barSi gadasaxlebisa gamo, qarTuli mosaxleobisgan daicala.

65

imis miuxedavad, rom Sida qarTlis mTianeTis (didi da patara

liaxvis zemo weli) qarTuli mosaxleoba istoriul-politi-

kuri viTarebis Sedegad ukve ayrili da barSi gadasaxlebulia,

xolo es teritoriebi nasoflarebiTaa mofenili, XVII s-is I

naxevarSi aq osebi jer ar Canan.

Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi, kerZod, didi da patara liax-

vis saTaveebTan, osebis migracia XVII s-is meore naxevridan iw-

yeba [5, 218-219]. XVIII s-is 30-iani wlebisTvis isini gansaxlebu-

lebi arian didi da patara liaxvis xeobebis mTian zolSi,

mdinareebis mejudis, jejoris, qsnis, Tergis saTaveebTan.

mTis zogierT sofelSi osebi darCenil qarTul mosaxleobas-

Tan erTad Tanacxovroben [7, 57; 6, 96]. vaxuSti bagrationis

rukis mixedviT, am periodisaTvis, osebiT kompaqturad dasax-

lebuli soflebi, Sida qarTlis mTiswineTsa da barSi jer ar

arsebobda [8, 69]. mkvlevari r. TofCiSvili XVIII s-is bolosaT-

vis osTa samxreTiT gansaxlebis ukidures punqtebad miiCnevs

(dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT): kudaros (md.

jejoris saTave raWaSi), gufTas (didi liaxvis xeoba), aweris-

xevis xeobis zeda nawils (patara liaxvis xeobaSi), md. meju-

dis xeobis saTaveSi or sofels, Jamurs (qsnis xeobis saTave),

Rudas (md. TeTri aragvis xeobis saTave mTiuleTSi), Trusos

(md. Tergis saTave) [6, 97]. amgvarad, XVIII s-is dasasrulisaT-

vis osebi, ZiriTadad, Sida qarTlis mTian adgilebSi iyvnen

dasaxlebulebi.

XVIII s-is bolosa da XIX s-is damdegidan ki iwyeba osebis

Sida qarTlis mTianeTidan mTiswineTisa da baris soflebSi an

nasoflarebSi Casaxleba. am periodisaTvis isini ikaveben patara

liaxvis, lexuris, mejudis da frones xeobebis mTiswineTis te-

ritoriebs. aq isini xSir SemTxvevaSi qarTul mosaxleobasTan

Sereulad saxlobdnen.

rusuli wyaro, romelic 1802 wliT TariRdeba, Seicavs

monacemebs gorisa da duSeTis mazrebis soflebis mosaxleo-

bis erovnebis da miwebis kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb. es dokumenti

osebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul Semdeg soflebs asaxelebs:

yornisi (saTavado), tbeTi (saufliswulo da saTavado), kusi-

reTi (saTavado), maCablebi (saTavado); mcire liaxvis xeobaSi

— Rvdisi, potrisi da kidev ramdenime sofeli — saxelmwifo;

maRran-dvaleTSi — Wvrivi, mRrivi da ramdenime sxva sofeli

(saxelmwifo), agreTve, saTixari (saeklesio), yulbiTi (saTava-

66

do); qsnis xeobaSi — xromis wyaro (saeklesio), ikoTi (saekle-

sio), WurTis xevi (saufliswulo), Jamuris xevi (saufliswu-

lo), cxraZmis xevi (saxelmwifo); aragvis auzSi — Trusos xeo-

ba, kopi-aCxoti, guda-osni (samive saufliswulo) [4, 465-469].

igive wyaro Seicavs cnobebs im soflebis Sesaxeb, sadac

qarTul-osuri Sereuli mosaxleoba mkvidrobda: ZveleTi (sa-

Tavado), sveri (saTavado), eredvi, qordi (saeklesio da saTa-

vado), dici (saxelmwifo da saTavado), aweris xevi (saxelmwi-

fo), Warebi (saTavado), snekvi (saTavado), beloTi (saxelmwi-

fo), sacxenisi (saeklesio), vanaTi (saxelmwifo), zardiaanT-ka-

ri (saTavado), mereTi (saTavado), karbi (saufliswulo da sa-

Tavado), arbo (saxelmwifo da saeklesio), sakorinTo (saTava-

do), kirbalo (saTavado), berSaTi (saTavado), lamis-yana (sa-

ufliswulo da saTavado) [4, 465-469].

sxvadasxva wyaroTa monacemebze dayrdnobiT, qarTveli

mecnierebi asabuTeben, rom XIX s-is pirvel naxevarSi Sida qar-

Tlis mTidan mTiswineTsa da barSi Casaxlebis procesi intensi-

urobiT ar gamoirCeoda. osebis Sida qarTlis baris soflebSi

aqtiuri Camosaxleba da maTi dasaxlkareba XIX s-is Sua wlebi-

dan iwyeba da XIX s-is bolomde grZeldeba [5, 220; 7, 58].

amgvarad, samecniero literaturaSi dasabuTebulia,

rom XVII-XVIII saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi osTa Camosaxleba, maTi

kompaqturi gansaxleba dRevandeli cxinvalis regionis teri-

toriebze moxda ara erTdroulad, aramed TandaTanobiT. es

procesi ganapiroba saqarTvelosa da centraluri kavkasionis

mTis raionebSi Seqmnilma istoriulma, socialurma da poli-

tikurma situaciam [9, 429]. qarTul samecniero literaturaSi

axsnilia, rom Sida qarTlis daclas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli

sagareo mtris Semosevebis Sedegad Sida qarTlis mosaxleo-

bis Semcirebam, qarTlis mTianeTidan ZirZveli qarTuli mo-

saxleobis barisken gadanacvlebam, erekle I-is (nazaralixani)

mier qarTlidan, ZiriTadad, qsnis saerisTavodan, kaxeTSi mosax-

leobis didi nawilis gadasaxlebam [10, 224]. gaukacrielebuli

miwebi ucxo eTnikuri jgufebis dasaxlebisTvis xelsayrel pi-

robas qmnida. muSaxelis simciris gamo, adgilobriv feodalTa

kuTvnil miwebze osebi xiznebad saxldebodnen; qarTvelTa na-

saxlarebze dasaxlebas, maT daymevebas xels qarTveli adgi-

lobrivi Tavadaznaurebic uwyobdnen [7, 56; 9, 430; 10, 276; 11,

60-61, 64]. am process XVIII saukunis istorikosi vaxuSti bag-

67

rationi ase gadmoscems: `am mTis adgilebTa Sina... raodeni

ovsni davswereT... pirvelad saxlebulan qarTvelni glexni.

SemdgomaT mepatroneTa maTTagan gardmosaxlebulan ovsni da

qarTvelni barTa Sina Camosulan, vinaTgan mterTagan bars Si-

na kacni Semcirebulan~ [8, 71]. aRsaniSnavia, rom osTa Camosax-

lebis procesi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mSvidobiani ar iyo. osebis mi-

er qarTlis soflebis darbevis, adamianebis gatacebisa da Zar-

cvis faqtebs araerTi wyaro mowmobs. qarTlis dasaxlebul

soflebs isini Tavdasxmebis gziTac ikavebdnen [9, 431].

sainteresoa, XIX s-is dasawyisisTvis cxinvalis regionSi

mobinadre osebis raodenobis Sesaxeb cnobebi da mecnierTa

mier gamoTqmuli daskvnebi. saqarTveloSi osebis gansaxlebis

arealis da maTi raodenobis gansazRvris sakiTxSi mkvlevarTa

Soris dRemde azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. osi mecnierebi, dokumen-

turi wyaroebis Taviseburi interpretaciis Sedegad, cdilo-

ben daamtkicon XVIII s-Si CrdiloeT kavkasiidan qarTlSi osTa

didi jgufis organizebuli gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb Tvalsaz-

risi [12, 201-202]. amasTanave, isini Sida qarTlSi mobinadre

osebis sakmaod maRal cifrs asaxeleben. istorikosi g. To-

goSvili Tavis erT-erT naSromSi daaskvnis, rom XVIII s-Si sa-

qarTveloSi osebis 6000 komli cxovrobda [12, 165]. mogviane-

biT gamocemul wignSi man es ricxvi gazarda da XVIII s-is meo-

re naxevrisaTvis saqarTveloSi osebis 7000-ze meti komlis

arseboba ivarauda [13, 108].

qarTveli mecnierebi uaryofen am Tvalsazriss da Tvlian,

rom XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi da XIX s-is pirvel naxevarSi osebi sa-

qarTveloSi umniSvnelo raodenobiT cxovrobdnen. istorikosi

j. gvasalia eyrdnoba 1770 wlis aRweris monacemebs da miiCnevs,

rom XVIII s-is 70-ian wlebSi qarTlSi 2860 komli osi mkvidrob-

da [7, 57]. r. TofCiSvili saistorio wyaroebisa da kameraluri

aRwerebis analizis safuZvelze, metad argumentirebulad, asa-

buTebs XVIII s-is bolosa da XIX s-is pirvel naxevrSi qarTlSi

dasaxlebuli osebis raodenobas. misi gamoTvliT, XVIII s-is bo-

los da XIX s-is dasawyisSi, saqarTvelos teritoriaze (saqar-

Tvelos istoriuli provinciis dvaleTis gamoklebiT) mosaxle

osebis raodenoba 2130 komls Seadgenda. erT ojaxSi mecnieri

saSualod 7 suls angariSobs, rac sul 14 910 adamians Sead-

gens, anu daaxloebiT 15 000-mde suls [5, 165, 169; 6, 100]. de-

mografi a. ToTaZis daangariSebiT, osebis ricxvi saqarTvelo-

68

Si 1833 wels 14 000 suli unda yofiliyo. XIX s-is Sua wlebi-

dan XIX s-is 80-90-ian wlebamde saqarTveloSi osebis ricxvi

mkveTrad izrdeba. es procesi, mecnierTa azriT, mosaxleobis

bunebrivi matebiT ver aixsneba da adasturebs kavkasionis

CrdiloeTidan osebis masobriv migracias [14, 19].

aRsaniSnavia, rom cxinvals XVIII saukunidan ukve qalaqis

statusi aqvs. XVIII s-is qarTveli istorikosi da geografi vaxuS-

ti bagrationi aRniSnavs, rom `didi liaxvis kidezed aris mcire

qalaqi cxinvali, keTil _ haerovani, msaxlobelni arian qar-

Tvelni, somexni, uriani~ [8, 76].

sainteresoa aseve, demografiuli monacemebi cxinvalis

Sesaxeb. Sida qarTlis mosaxleobis aRweris davTari, romelsac

mkvlevari a. TabuaSvili 1781 wliT aTariRebs, cxinvalSi iT-

vlis 130 komls, amasTan, zedmiwevniT zustad gadmoscems qala-

qis mosaxleobis eTnikur suraTs, romlis mixedviT, qalaqSi uc-

xovriaT mxolod qarTuli, somxuri da ebrauli eTnosis warmo-

madgenlebs [15, 15-18, 24, 36-44]. Sida qarTlis mTianeTis xeobebSi osi mosaxleobis gan-

saxlebis arealis, maTi suladobrivi da komlobrivi raode-

nobis Sesaxeb Rirebul cnobebs Seicavs, `oseTis sasuliero

komisiis~ mqadageblis arqimandrit nikifores mier 1817-1818

wlebSi Sedgenili aRweriloba, romelic mas saqarTvelos eg-

zarqos Teofilaqtes davalebiT Seusrulebia [25, 448-462].

wyaros mizani Sida qarTlSi osebiT dasaxlebul xeobebsa da

soflebSi monaTluli da mosanaTli mosaxleobis aRnusxva

iyo. unda dadgeniliyo, agreTve, romel Tavads ekuTvnoda

aRwerili xeobis an soflis miwebi. arqimandrit nikifores

moxsenebiTi baraTebi Seicaven cnobebs XIX s-is 10-ian wlebSi

aRniSnuli regionis 19 xeobis soflebSi osebis gansaxlebisa

da raodenobis Sesaxeb [25, 455-460]. saeklesio wyaroebis monacemebi, sasuliero moRvaweebis

mier Sedgenili dokumentebi, maT mier mowodebuli masalebi

angariSgasawev cnobebs Seicaven istoriuli realobis aRsad-

genad, radgan saeklesio pirebs uSualo kontaqti hqondaT

adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan, kargad icnobdnen arsebul vi-

Tarebas. vfiqrob, arqimandrit nikifores cnobebi sxvadasxva

wyaroebTan urTierTSejerebisa da analizis Sedegad daazus-

tebs an gaamyarebs qarTul istoriografiaSi arsebul mosaz-

rebebs XIX saukunis dasawyisSi Sida qarTlSi osi mosaxleobis

69

raodenobisa da gansaxlebis arealis Sesaxeb. warmodgenil

naSromSi am sakiTxs ar SevexebiT, radgan es ar aris statiis

mizani. amjerad, aRvniSnavT, rom arqimandrit nikifores mier

Sedgenil dokumentSi q. cxinvalis monacemebi Setanili ar

aris [25, 455-460]. es wyaro sxva monacemebTan erTad kidev er-

Txel adasturebs, rom XIX saukunis 10-iani wlebisTvis q.

cxinvalSi osi mosaxleoba ar aRiricxeboda. aRsaniSnavia aseve,

rom rusuli wyaroebis monacemebisa da rusi moxeleebis mier

Catarebuli aRwerebis mixedviT, mTeli XIX saukunis ganmavloba-

Si osi erovnebis ojaxebi qalaq cxinvalSi ar fiqsirdeba.

Sida qarTlSi osebis antirusuli ajanyebebi XIX s-is da-

sawyisSi. Sida qarTlis mTianeTis teritoriebi odiTganve

qarTveli feodalebis: maCablebis, amilaxvrebis, falavandiS-

vilebis da qsnis erisTavebis samflobeloebs warmoadgenda.

am teritoriebis nawili uSualod qarTl-kaxeTis samefo oja-

xis sakuTreba iyo da ufliswulebs eZleodaT. qarTvel mefe-

Ta kuTvnilebad iTvleboda istoriuli dvaleTi, romelic

kavkasiis qeds miRma mdebareobda. ruseTis mier qarTl-kaxe-

Tis samefos dapyrobis (1801 wels) Semdeg, axalma xelisufle-

bam mefesa da mis ojaxs kuTvnili miwebi CamoarTva.

am regionSi sayrdenis mosapoveblad ruseTma zogierTi

adgilobrivi feodali _ maCablebi da qsnis erisTavebi gaier-

Tgula. qsnis erisTavebs, ruseTis xelisuflebis daxmarebiT,

mefe erekle II-is mier CamorTmeuli mamulebi da yma glexebi

daubrundaT. rusuli mmarTvelobis momxre feodalebis mxar-

daWeriT da gaZlierebiT ruseTis xelisuflebam Sida qar-

TlSi dasayrdeni gaiCina da Tan isini bagrationTa samefo

saxls daupirispira.

Sida qarTlis mTis mosaxleobas mZime tvirTad daawva

rusuli reJimis mier Sewerili fuladi gadasaxadebi, saqar-

Tvelos samxedro gzis mSeneblobaze dawesebuli begara. ad-

gilobriv mosaxleobas aiZulebdnen gzebisa da xidebis mSe-

neblobasa da SekeTebas, jaris amuniciis gadatanas, sursaTi-

Ta da furaJiT rusuli jaris uzrunvelyofas.

XIX s-is dasawyisSi qarTl-kaxeTSi rusuli mmarTvelobis

damyarebas antirusuli ajanyebebi da gamosvlebi mohyva, ro-

melTac bagrationTa samefo dinastiis warmomadgenlebi xel-

mZRvanelobdnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTvel ufliswulebs gansa-

kuTrebuli mxardaWera Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi dasaxlebulma

70

osebma gauwies. isini am teritoriebze dasaxlebis Semdeg

qarTvel mefeTa qveSevrdomebad iTvlebodnen da mzad iyvnen

qarTveli ufliswulebis mxares rusebis winaaRmdeg ebrZolaT.

osebis gamosvlebi rusebis winaaRmdeg, jer kidev, 1801

wlidan daiwyo. 1802 wels qarTvelma batoniSvilebma iulonma,

farnaozma da leon iulonis Zem Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi da-

saxlebul osebTan kavSiri gaabes, ris Sedegadac 1802 wels

osebis antirusulma gamosvlam ufro mZafri xasiaTi SeiZina.

isini Tavs daesxnen rusebis jars da rusebis momxre Tava-

di maCabeli mokles. generali lazarevi aRniSnavda: `saqarTve-

los qveSevrdomi osebi waqezebulni batoniSvil iulonis mier,

rom is daxmarebas gauwevs, didad Smagoben da Tavisi batoni

maCabelic ki mokles~ [4, 58]. osebis mRelvarebis Casaqrobad,

1802 wlis TebervalSi rusulma xelisuflebam didi da patara

liaxvis da fcis xeobaSi podpolkovnik simonoviCis eqspedicia

gagzavna. man SeZlo Sida qarTlis mTianeTisa da mTiswineTis

osebis damSvideba da maT ruseTis erTgulebis fici miaRebina.

javasa da vanaTSi daaarsa sasamarTloebi, romlebsac mosamar-

Tleebad adgilobrivi qarTveli Tavadebi dauniSnes. 1802 wlis

zafxulSi iulon da farnaoz erekles Ze bagrationebi imere-

Tidan Sida qarTlis dasakaveblad daiZrnen, magram rusebma mo-

axerxes maTi gegmebis CaSla. leon batoniSvili erTxans dva-

leTSi, naris xeobaSi afarebda Tavs da iqaur mosaxleobas raz-

mavda rusebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad [12, 6].

osebis kavSiri qarTvelTa ganmaTavisuflebel moZrao-

basTan 1804 wels qarTlis mTianeTis ajanyebis drosac gamov-

linda. am ajanyebaSi mTiulebi, moxeveebi, xevsurebi, fSavlebi

da Trusos xeobis osebi, aseve Tagaurebic, monawileobdnen

[12, 7; 17, 94]. maT ajanyebas 300 osisa da qistisgan Semdgari

razmiT Tagaureli (CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi osuri Temi) osebis

winamZRoli dudarovic (dudaruki) SeuerTda [12, 7; 16, 307-

308; 17, 100-102]. maT erToblivad SeZles ruseTis jarisTvis

samxreT kavkasiaSi Semosasvlelis _ `darialis karis~ Caketva.

agvistos pirvel ricxvebSi Zlieri Setakeba ajanyebulebsa da

rusebis jars Soris lomisis mTaze moxda. lomisis dakavebas

strategiuli mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan is qsnisa da aragvis

xeobis damakavSirebel gzebsa da bilikebs akontrolebda. am

gzebiT ajanyebis gavrceleba qsnis xeobaSic iyo SesaZlebeli.

ajanyebulebs Jamuris, WurTis, mujudis xeobebis osi mosax-

71

leobac SeuerTda. mTiulebma, osebma da xevsurebma gaerTia-

nebuli ZalebiT xelisuflebis jarebs, romelsac maiori mel-

la xelmZRvanelobda, gza gadauketes da alyaSi moaqcies. mai-

orma mellam didi zaralis fasad alyas Tavi Zlivs daaRwia.

rusTa jarma poziciebi datova da lomisi ajanyebulebis xel-

Si gadavida [16, 326; 17, 115-118]. ajanyeba qsnis xeobasac moe-

do. 1804 wlis seqtemberSi mTianeTSi mosulma farnaoz bato-

niSvilma axali energia Semata ajanyebulebs. man mowodebiT

mimarTa qurTaTel (CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi osuri Temi) osebs,

rom rusis jari ar gamoetarebinaT [12, 8].

darialis xeobis Caketvis Semdeg ruseTis jarisTvis gza

rokis gadmosasvlelze rCeboda. am gziT CrdiloeT kavkasii-

dan rusuli polki Semovida, romelic javasa da roks Soris

osebma moimwyvdies da daatyveves [18, 132; 19, 94]. generalma

cicianovma, romelic am dros sparseTTan omSi iyo Cabmuli,

erevnis alya moxsna da jarebi ajanyebis Casaqrobad daZra.

miuxedavad imisa, rom javis osebma mTavrobis morCileba ikis-

res, generalma cicianovma gadawva sofeli kroJa, daangria

koSkebi, magram polkis datyvevebuli jariskacebis dabruneba

ver SeZlo. aragvis xeobaSi ajanyebulebs rusebis jarma Crdi-

loeTidan Semoutia da aiRo larsi, dariali, ananuri. qar-

Tlis mTianeTis ajanyeba damarcxda. misma meTaurebma levan

nazRaiZem da dekanozma Sio burdulma Jamuris osebTan Seafa-

res Tavi, ris gamoc rusebma es soflebi aaoxres da gadawves.

amis Semdeg meTaurebi sofel Rudas gadavidnen [16, 335].

ruseTis xelisuflebam 1807 wels epidemiis gamo mTis

soflebis baris soflebTan damakavSirebeli gzebi Caketa. mo-

saxleoba erTgvar blokadaSi aRmoCnda, produqtisa da momara-

gebis gareSe darCa. aman 1807 wels didi liaxvis xeobaSi qar-

Tveli da osi mosaxleobis erToblivi antirusuli gamosvla

gamoiwvia. xelisuflebis mier gamogzavnilma eqspediciam maior

zaicevis xelmZRvanelobiT sastikad daarbia qemertis qarTul-

osuri mosaxleoba. 1807 wels qarTveli da osi mosaxleobis an-

tirusul gamosvlas adgili hqonda, agreTve, qsnis da lexuris

xeobaSi. ruseTis xelisuflebis mier gamogzavnilma eqspedici-

am maior zaicevis meTaurobiT mRelvareba Caacxro [12, 9].

1810-1811 wlebSi samaCablos osebi leon batoniSvilis

mxardasaWerad ajanydnen. `mefis Zem aleqsandremaca waravli-

na axalcixiT Zmiswuli Tvisi leon oseTsa samaCablos Sina,

72

raTa manca Semkrebelman ovsTaman mrZos rusT. misruli leon

Seiwynares ovsTa Sekrbnen misTana~ [19, 106]. man 2000 osiT

cxinvals Seutia, magram ver aiRo. xelisuflebam osebis ajan-

yebis CasaxSobad polkovnik stalis xelmZRvanelobiT jari

gamogzavna, romelmac ierSi lomsianTxevisa da javis mimar-

TulebiT miitana. ajanyebulebi orive mimarTulebiT damar-

cxdnen. rusebi sastikad gauswordnen ajanyebulebs, dawves 20

sofeli, daangries sagvareulo koSkebi. leon batoniSvili

iZulebuli gaxda Sida qarTlis mTianeTi daetovebina da

axalcixisken wasuliyo. axalcixis gzaze mimavali leon bato-

niSvili lekebma mokles [12, 10; 20, 84-90; 21, 44].

Sida qarTlis mTianeTis osebis mRelvarebas adgili

hqonda kaxeTis ajanyebis drosac. aleqsandre erekles Ze bag-

rationma, romelic qarTl-kaxeTSi rusuli mmarTvelobis wi-

naaRmdeg brZolas ar wyvetda (1812-1813 ww.), liaxvis, Wvrivis,

geris, aragvis, mTianeTis, Trusos da sxva xeobaTa mosaxleo-

bas ajanyebisken mouwoda. osebis mimxrobiT ajanyebulebi kav-

kasiis mTavar qedze sakomunikacio gzebis gadaketvas cdi-

lobdnen. osebis didma nawilma aleqsandre erekles Zes mxari

dauWira, magram rusuli jarebis Zlieri winaaRmdegobis gamo,

iZulebuli gaxdnen brZola SeeCerebinaT [22, 63].

ruseTis xelisuflebam Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi mcxov-

rebi osebis damorCileba mTavarmarTebel paskeviCis dros

SeZlo, rodesac 1831 wels, general renenkampfis xelmZRvane-

lobiT, specialuri samxedro eqspedicia Catarda.

amrigad, XIX s-is dasawyisSi gaSlil qarTul erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas da bagrationTa dinastiis war-

momadgenlebis brZolas taxtis aRdgenisTvis Sida qarTlis

osi mosaxleoba mxars uWerda. amiT maT qarTl-kaxeTis same-

fos erTguleba daadastures. es naTlad metyvelebs, rom Si-

da qarTlis teritoriaze dasaxlebuli osi xalxi Tavs qar-

Tuli saxelmwifosa da samefos organul da ganuyofel nawi-

lad Tvlida.

Sida qarTlis mTianeTis teritoriis mimarT terminebis

`oseTisa~ da `samxreT oseTis~ damkvidrebis sakiTxisTvis. XIX

saukunis 20-iani wlebidan ruseTis xelisufleba Seecada ose-

bis mimarT politika Seecvala da rusul-osuri urTierTobe-

bis mowesrigebis axali meTodebi da xerxebi exmara, dapiris-

pirebuli antirusuli Zalisgan isini Tavis mokavSired eqcia.

73

ruseTis xelisufleba Sida qarTlis osebSi prorusuli gan-

wyobis Canergvis politikas daadga. amgvari politikis Sedegi

qarTul-osuri urTierTobebis rRveva, maT Soris dapirispi-

rebis gaRviveba da Sida qarTlis teritoriaze mcxovreb

osebSi separatistuli ganwyobis damkvidreba iyo.

XIX s-is ganmavlobaSi ruseTis xelisuflebam yvelaferi

iRona, raTa am regionSi misTvis sasurveli da xelsayreli po-

litikuri, administraciuli, demografiuli suraTi Seeqmna,

xeli Seewyo qarTul-osuri dapirispirebisa da gaucxoebisTvis.

ruseTis mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos aneqsiis Semdeg, XIX

saukunis dasawyisidanve, Sida qarTlis osi mosaxleobiT dasax-

lebuli teritoriebis aRsaniSnavad sakmaod aqtiurad mkvid-

rdeba termini _ òseTi~. am process xels rusi saxelmwifo

moxeleebi uwyobdnen. jer kidev 1802 wels, general-leitenan-

tma karl knoringma ruseTis imperatorisadmi gagzavnil patak-

Si, didi da patara liaxvis xeobebis saTaveebTan, osebiT dasax-

lebul mTian raionebs òseTi~ uwoda [23, 38; 11, 86]. SemdgomSi

sxvadasxva rusi moxeleebi am termins iyeneben ukve mdinareebis

_ qsnis, mejudis, lexuris da fcis zemowelSi osebiT dasaxle-

buli teritoriebis mimarT. XIX s-is 30-ian wlebamde rusuli

dokumentebi Sida qarTlis osebiT dasaxlebul teritoriebs

Semdegi saxelebiT ixsenieben: saqarTvelos oseTi, qarTlis

oseTi, saqarTvelos osebi, CrdiloeT qarTlis da a. S. [23, 39].

am terminis xseneba, ZiriTadad, pirad mimowerebSi, patakebsa

da araoficialur gancxadebebSi xdeboda.

Sida qarTlis teritoriebis mimarT terminis _ òseTis~

damkvidrebas saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebulad ruseTis saek-

lesio-religiurma politikam Seuwyo xeli. religiur faq-

tors ruseTis xelisufleba yovelTvis moxerxebulad iyeneb-

da mezobeli xalxebisa Tu qveynebis Tavis qveSevrdomobaSi

mosaqcevad. unda aRiniSnos, rom ruseTis imperiis kavkasiaSi

damkvidrebis politika, samxreTiT sazRvrebis gafarToebis,

mezobeli xalxebis damorCilebisa da rusifikaciis survili

moiTxovda samisionero saqmis gansakuTrebul gaaqtiurebas.

ìnorodcebis~ gasaqristianeblad misiebi igzavneboda. èr-

Tmorwmuneoba~, marTlmadideblobaze moqceva iyo is ideolo-

giuri berketi, romelsac unda ganesazRvra ama Tu im xalxis

rusuli politikuri orientacia da kursi [26, 326].

74

jer kidev, XVIII s-Si ruseTisTvis aqtualuri gaxda ose-

bis gaqristianeba da am gziT prorusuli orientaciis formi-

reba. 1745-1792 wlebSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi funqcionirebda

òseTis sasuliero komisia~, centriT mozdokSi. samisionero

sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba, romlis mizani am regionSi osebis

gaqristianeba iyo, miuTiTebda, rom ruseTis mier CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi gavlenis mosapoveblad da dasayrdenad swored es

xalxi SeirCa. XVIII s-is meore naxevarSi imperiis mier kavkasiis

koloniuri aTvisebis mimarTuleba CrdiloeT kavkasiidan sam-

xreTisken daigegma. Tumca am misiis moRvaweoba warumatebeli

aRmoCnda da `komisia~ saukunis bolos gauqmda.

qarTl-kaxeTis dapyrobisa da saqarTvelos eklesiis av-

tokefaliis gauqmebis Semdeg, ruseTma kavkasiis mTielebSi

qristianuli sarwmunoebis Setana saqarTvelos gamoyenebiT

scada. saqarTvelos eklesiis reorganizaciis Sesaxeb dosiTe-

os ficxelauris mier Sedgenili proeqti, romelsac 1814

wlis 30 agvistos imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma moawera xeli,

sxva sakiTxebTan erTad òseTis sasuliero komisiis~ aRdge-

nasac iTvaliswinebda. 1815 wlis 15 seqtembers sinodis gan-

kargulebiT aRniSnulma samisionero organizaciam moRvaweo-

ba ganaaxla. amjerad, misi centri Tbilisi gaxda [24, 54; 27,

234; 28, 27]. Seqmnili politikuri viTarebidan gamomdinare,

ruseTis mier kavkasiis aTvisebis mimarTuleba radikalurad

Seicvala _ samxreT kavkasiidan CrdiloeTisken. xelisufle-

bam osebis gaqristianebis procesi, amjerad, saqarTvelodan

daiwyo. sawyis etapze mizanSewonilad CaiTvala qarTveli sa-

suliero pirebis daxmarebiT momxdariyo kavkasiis mTielebis,

gansakuTrebiT, osebis gaqristianeba. Tumca, XIX s-is 30-iani

wlebidan ukve gamoikveTa Sida qarTlis teritoriaze moqmedi

òseTis sasuliero komisiis~ moRvaweobaSi qarTveli sasuli-

ero pirebis osi da rusi erovnebis samRvdeloebiT da misio-

nerebiT Canacvlebis tendencia. misiis funqciaSi Sedioda

Tavdapirvelad Sida qarTlis teritoriaze, xolo Semdeg kav-

kasionis CrdiloeT kalTebze dasaxlebuli osebis gaqristia-

neba. komisiis saxelwodeba igive darCa _ òseTis sasuliero

komisia~. misi saqmianoba gulisxmobda: mTielTa Soris qristi-

anobis saqadageblad misiebis gagzavnas, eklesiebis mSeneblo-

bas, skolebis gaxsnas, adgilobriv enebze saRvTismetyvelo

literaturis Targmnas. misiis funqcionirebisTvis Tavdapir-

75

velad saxelmwifom gamoyo 14750 maneTi, kazakTa aseuli da 30

gamcilebeli [29, 69]. `sasuliero komisias~ saTaveSi Caudga

arqiepiskoposi dosiTeos ficxelauri da daeqvemdebara uSua-

lod ruseTis uwmindes sinods [29, 70].

swored, am procesis paralelurad, 1814-1818 wlebSi Sida

qarTlis mTianeTSi Seiqmna saeklesio-administraciuli erTeu-

li, romelsac òseTis eparqia~ ewoda [29, 24; 30, 53-54, 56]. mas

saTaveSi Cauyenes goris arqiepiskoposi _ dosiTeos ficxelauri,

romelic amave dros òseTis sasuliero komisiis~ xelmZRvane-

lad iyo daniSnuli. òseTis eparqiis~ daarsebiT moiniSna teri-

toria, sadac unda emoqmeda òseTis sasuliero komisias~. ax-

lad aRdgenilma `komisiam~ swored am eparqiidan daiwyo osebis

gaqristianeba. termini _ òseTi~, ukve oficialuri organizaci-

is (òseTis sasuliero komisia~) saxelwodebaSi, aseve,

saeklesio-administraciuli erTeulis dasaxelebaSi, Sida qar-

Tlis mTianeTis ZirZveli teritoriebis aRsaniSnad damkvidrda.

òseTis sasuliero komisia~ XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebamde moqme-

debda. osi mosaxleobis mTiani regionidan samxreTiT Camosax-

lebasTan erTad, farTovdeboda is areali, romlis farglebSic

am organizacias unda emoqmeda [26, 328].

amgvarad, XIX s-is 10-20-iani wlebidan ruseTis saeklesio-

administraciuli da religiuri politikis wyalobiT TiTqos

Sefarulad, magram metad efeqturad xdeba terminis òseTis~

damkvidreba da damagreba saqarTvelos onomastikur velze.

saxelwodeba òseTi~ male Sida qarTlis teritoriis Crdi-

loeTi nawilis politikur-administraciul dasaxelebaSic aisa-

xa. 1843 wels oficialurad gaixsna oseTis okrugi, is daiyo sam

_ javis, patara liaxvisa da naris (istoriuli dvaleTis teri-

toria) ubnebad. amgvarad, Sida qarTlis CrdiloeT nawilSi ose-

biT kompaqturad dasaxlebul raionebs òseTi~ uwodes.

qarTul istoriografiaSi arsebuli TvalsazrisiT, ru-

seTis xelisuflebam saqarTvelos teritoriul-administra-

ciul terminologiaSi toponimi òseTi~ pirvelad, swored,

XIX s-is 40-iani wlebidan Semoitana, rodesac 1843 wels Sida

qarTlis CrdiloeT nawilSi osebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul

raionebs òseTis okrugi~ uwoda [7, 58]. Tumca realurad ir-

kveva, rom termini òseTi~ saeklesio teritoriul-adminis-

traciul leqsikonSi daaxloebiT 3 aTeuli wliT adre gaCnda,

vidre Sida qarTlis teritoriaze daarsdeboda politikur-

76

administraciuli erTeuli _ òseTis okrugi~ (1843 wels),

rodesac 1814-1818 wlebSi Sida qarTlis mTianeTis

teritoriaze arsebobda òseTis eparqia~.

amgvarad, Sida qarTlis teritoriebis mimarT termini _

òseTi~ oficialurad pirvelad ruseTis samisionero organi-

zaciisa da saeklesio-administraciuli erTeulis dasaxele-

baSi gaJRerda. am terminologiis damkvidrebas ruseTis saek-

lesio-religiurma politikam Seumzada safuZveli, xolo Sem-

deg is saqarTvelos politikur-adminisrtaciul rukaze gaC-

nda. es iyo e. w. toponimuri diversia, romelsac qarTul mi-

wa-wyalze osTa teritoriuli pretenziebisTvis niadagi unda

Seemzadebina. amgvari politika mTeli XIX-XX saukuneebis gan-

mavlobaSi grZeldeba.

1859 wels Tbilisis guberniis oseTis okrugs naris uba-

ni CamoaSores da Crdilo kavkasiaSi Seqmnil òseTis samxed-

ro okrugs~ miuerTes. Semdgom periodSi naris ubani Tergis

olqs gadaeca, 1924 wels ki CrdiloeT oseTis avtonomiur

respublikaSi Sevida. amgvarad, saqarTvelom istoriuli dva-

leTis teritoria dakarga [7, 58]. amasTanave, saxelwodebebi _

òseTis eparqia~, òseTis sasuliero komisia~, òseTis okru-

gi~ ukve gulisxmobda saqarTvelos kuTvnil teritoriaze mo-

saxle osebis TviTSegnebaSi im azris damkvidrebas, rom es mi-

webi maTi kuTvnilebaa.

Sida qarTlis teritoriebis mimarT termini `samxreT

oseTi~, pirvelad 1830 wels axsena gazeTma `tifliskie vedo-

mostim~ (`Тифлисские ведомости~) [23, 39; 32, 124]. is korespon-

dentma sakuTari iniciativiT gamoiyena. oficialurad ki

termini _ `samxreT oseTi~ XIX s-is 60-ian wlebSi `kavkasiaSi

marTlmadidebeli qristianobis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoe-

bis~ angariSSi gvxvdeba [31, 272]. es organizacia Seiqmna 1860

wels, rodesac gauqmda òseTis sasuliero komisia~, romelmac

am periodisaTvis Tavisi misia Seasrula. mis gankargulebaSi

arsebuli Tanxebi gadaeca `kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeli qris-

tianobis aRmdgenel sazogadoebas~. cnobilia, rom XIX saukunis

II naxevarSi kavkasiaSi samisionero saqmis gaaqtiurebam ruseTis

imperiisaTvis saxelmwifo mniSvneloba SeiZina, rac dakavSirebu-

li iyo kavkasiis omebis damamTavrebel etapTan. iaraRiT dap-

yrobili kavkasieli mTielebis damorCilebis, maTi rusifikaciis

procesSi qristianul religias mniSvnelovani roli unda Sees-

77

rulebina. kavkasiis mefisnacvali a. bariatinski (1856-1862),

romlis iniciativiTac Seiqmna `kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeli

qristianobis aRmdgenel sazogadoeba~, peterburgSi kavkasiis

komitetisadmi gagzavnil werilSi, asabuTebda ra kavkasiaSi

samisionero samuSaoebis gaaqtiurebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli

sazogadoebis daarsebis aucileblobas, aRniSnavda: `marTlma-

didebluri sarwmunoeba ruseTis umTavres saxalxo Zalas

warmoadgens... saWiroa rom yovelma rusma Tavisi samSoblos

sadideblad amagi dasdos da wvlili Seitanos marTlmadideb-

lobis gavrcelebis saqmeSi. Cven gvWirdeba saerTo Zalisxmeva.

rasac ver gaakeTebs erTi rusi, imas SeZlebs mTeli ruseTi~

[30, 109]. amgvarad, terminis _ `samxreT oseTi~ _ Semotana sami-

sionero-religiuri organizaciis meSveobiT iwyeba, rasac aRniS-

nuli regionis teritoriaze gatarebuli administraciul-po-

litikuri cvlilebebi amyarebs.

ruseTis administraciuli politikiT, jer kidev, XIX sa-

ukuneSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi `oseTis samxedro okrugis~, xo-

lo kavkasionis samxreTiT `oseTis okrugis~ daarsebam safuZ-

veli moumzada ukve XX saukuneSi toponimuri wyvilis _

`CrdiloeT oseTis~ da `samxreT oseTis~ gaCenas, romelic XX

saukuneSi sabWoTa xelisuflebam politikur-administraciu-

li erTeulebis saxelwodebebSi daamkvidra [23, 16].

***

amgvarad, XIX saukunis dasawyisisTvis Sida qarTlis teri-

toriaze dasaxlebuli osi xalxi Tavs qarTuli saxelmwifos

organul da ganuyofel nawilad Tvlida. ruseTis mier qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos dapyrobisa da rusuli mmarTvelobis damyare-

bis Semdeg qarTul erovnul-gamanTavisuflebel moZraobas da

bagrationTa dinastiis warmomadgenlebis brZolas taxtis aR-

dgenisTvis Sida qarTlis osi mosaxleobac uWerda mxars, amiT

isini qarTl-kaxeTis samefos qveSevrdomobasa da erTgulebas

adasturebdnen.

XIX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan ruseTis xelisuflebam am re-

gionSi osebis mimarT politika Secvala: dapirispirebuli anti-

rusuli Zalisgan scada isini Tavis mokavSired eqcia. XIX sauku-

nis II naxevridan gansakuTrebulad gaZlierda osebis migracia

Sida qarTlis teritoriaze, ramac am regionis demografiuli

suraTi sagrZnoblad Secvala.

78

XIX s-is ganmavlobaSi Sida qarTlis mTianeTsa da mTiswi-

neTSi gatarebuli ruseTis saSinao, aseve, religiuri da sa-

eklesio-administraciuli politika iTvaliswinebda saqar-

Tvelos ZirZvel teritoriaze osebis erTobis xelovnur gaZ-

lierebas, qarTul-osuri dapirispirebis inicirebas.

Sida qarTlis teritoriebis mimarT terminebis _ `oseTi~,

`samxreT oseTi~ _ SemotanaSi naTlad ikveTeba ruseTis saek-

lesio-religiuri politikis roli. Tavdapirvelad es

terminologia gaJRerda saeklesio-samisionero da religiur-

administraciuli politikis meSveobiT, rac caristuli ruse-

Tis mier am teritoriebze XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi

mimdinare politikur-administraciuli reorganizaciis pro-

cesma gaamyara.

saqarTvelos teritoriebis mimarT terminebis `oseTi~ da

`samxreT oseTi~ SemotaniT ruseTis xelisufleba xels uwyobs

Sida qarTlSi mosaxle osebis TviTSegnebaSi im azris damkvidre-

bas, rom es miwebi maTi kuTvnilebaa. es iyo e. w. toponimuri,

aseve, mentaluri diversia. rusuli politikiT, jer kidev XIX

saukuneSi mzaddeba niadagi qarTul miwebze osebis teritoriu-

li pretenziebisTvis.


1. p. zaqaraia, Sida qarTlis mTianeTis xuroTmoZRvrebis is-

toriisaTvis, wignSi: osTa sakiTxi, Tbilisi, 1996.

2. g. oTxmezuri, Sida qarTlis mTianeTis epigrafika, osTa

sakiTxi, Tbilisi, 1996. 3. k. xaraZe, Sida qarTlSi toponimTa gayalbebis winaaRmdeg,

wignSi: osTa sakiTxi, Tbilisi, 1996. 4. Акты собранные кавказской археографической комиссией, т. I, Тифлис, 1866. 5. r. TofCiSvili, saqarTveloSi osTa Camosaxlebisa da Sida

qarTlis eTnoistoriis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1997. 6. r. TofCiSvili, kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia, Tbilisi,

2007. 7. j. gvasalia, Sida qarTli da osuri problema, Tbilisi,

1997.

79

8. vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, T. lo-

mourisa da n. berZeniSvilis redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1941.

9. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, Tbilisi, 1973.

10. v. RunaSvili, qsnis saerisTavos politikuri istoria,

Tbilisi, 2007.

11. a. sonRulaSvili, `samxreT oseTi~ saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi,

2009.

12. g. TogoSvili, qarTveli da osi xalxebis urTierToba

Tbilisi, 1969.

13. История Осетии, в документах и материалах (с древнейших времен до конца XVIII века) составители: Г. Д. Тогошвили и И. И. Цховребов, т. I, Цхинвали, 1962. 14. a. ToTaZe, osebi saqarTveloSi: miTi da realoba, Tbili-

si, 2006. 15. a. TabuaSvili, Sida qarTlis mosaxleobis aRweris dav-

Trebi, XVIII saukunis II naxevari, Tbilisi, 2010.

16. Акты собранные Кавказской Археографической Комиссией, под ред. А. Берже, t. II, Тифлис, 1868. 17. v. togoniZe, qarTlis mTianeTis glexTa ajanyeba (1804 w.),

Tbilisi, 1951. 18. Ванеев З. Н., Крестьянский вопрос и крестьянское движение в Юго-осетии XIX века, Сталинир, 1956. 19. bagrat batoniSvili, axali moTxroba, Tbilisi, 1941.

20. m. tyavaSvili, osebis 1810-1811 wlebis ajanyeba leon ba-

toniSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT, krebulSi: axali da uaxle-

si istoriis sakiTxebi, 2007, #2(4).

21. m. tyavaSvili, leon iulonis Ze bagrationis politikuri

portretisTvis, krebulSi: axali da uaxlesi istoriis sa-

kiTxebi, 2007, #2(10).

22. Акты собранные Кавказской Археографической Комиссией, под ред. А. Берже, т. V, Тифлис, 1873. 23. v. iToniSvili, `samxreT oseTi~ _ centralur saqarTve-

loSi, wignSi: osTa sakiTxi, Tbilisi, 1996. 24. v. wverava, saqarTvelos saegzarqosos samisionero moRva-

weoba XIX saukuneSi, quTaisi, 2003.

25. x qoqraSvili, `oseTis sasuliero komisiis~ arqimandriti

nikifore Sida qarTlSi osebis gansaxlebis Sesaxeb (1817-

1818 ww.), axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, 2010, #1(7).

80

26. x. qoqraSvili, ruseTis saeklesio-administraciuli da

religiuri politikis istoriidan Sida qarTlis mTianeT-

Si (XIX s-is 10-20-ian wlebSi), axali da uaxlesi istoriis

sakiTxebi, 2010, #2(8).

27. e. bubulaSvili, `oseTis sasuliero komisiis~ moRvaweobis

istoriidan, krebuli: axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxe-

bi, II, 2007. 28. Обзор деятельности общества возсстановления православ-ного христианства на Кавказе за 1860-1910 гг. Тифлис, 1910. 29. История Грузинской Иерархии, с присовокуплении обраще-ния в Христианство Осетии и других Горских народов по 1-е Iенваря 1825 года, Москва, 1826.

30. Е. К. Краткий очерк истории грузинской церкви и Экзарха-та за XIX столетие, Тифлис, 1901. 31. s. lekiSvili, rodis gaCnda termini `samxreT oseTi?~ wig-

nSi: osTa sakiTxi, Tbilisi, 1996. 32. a. ToTaZe, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgen-

loba, Tbilisi, 2009.

Khatuna Kokrashvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Senior Scientist-researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

For The History of the Russian Policy in the Shida Kartli Highland

(XIX century)

Summary

In the given work we tried to show some aspects of the church-missionary and religious policy of the Tsar’s Russia in the nineteenth century which had the equal contribution in formation of the Georgia-Ossetian relations together with demographic and administrative policy and other measures as well.

In the beginning of the nineteenth century Ossetians living in Shida Kartli (Inner Kartli) considered themselves as an integral part of the Georgian state. After annexation of The Kartl-Kakheti kingdom and establishing the Russian rule the Ossetian population of Shida Kartli

81

supported as well the Georgian national-liberation movement and the fight of the Bagrationis for restoring their throne. It meant that they confirmed their allegiance and loyalty to the Kartl-Kakheti kingdom.

From the 20es of the nineteenth century the Russian government changed its policy towards Ossetians. It managed to transform confronting anti-Russian force into ally. Migration of Ossetinans became especially intensive in the second half of the nineteenth century to the territory of Shida Kartli that significantly changed the demographic picture of the region.

Officially the term Òssetia“, for denoting the territory of Shida Kartli for the first time was used by the Russian government when it named missionary organization and the church-administrative unit; when on the territory of Shida Kartli in 1814-1818 Èparchy of Ossetia“ established within the borders of which missionary society – Ècclesiastical Commission of Ossetia“ – had to carry out its missionary activity. The political-administrative reform of Tsar’s Russia strengthened the establishment of such terminology when on the territory of the highland of Shida Kartli, which was a part of the Tbilisi province, in 1843 `The District of Ossetia“ was created. In 1859 Russian government separated Nari region from `The District of Ossetia“ and reunited it with `The Military District of Ossetia“ which was created in the North Caucasus. Lately the Nar region was united with the Terg region and then, in 1924 according to the decision of the Soviet government became a part of the Autonomous Republic of Ossetia. Thus, Georgia had lost its historical region Dvaleti.

Initially, the term `South Ossetia“ in connection with Georgian lands was used in 1830 by the newspaper `Tifliskie Vedomosti“ (Tiflis Gazette), but officially it was used in the report of `The Society of Spreading Orthodox Christianity in the Caucasus“ in the 60es of the nineteenth century, which was founded after abolishment of `The Ecclesiastic Committee of Ossetia“.

Thus, the term Òssetia“ for denoting Shida Kartli territory for the first time officially was used in naming the missionary and the church-administrative unit. The grounding for establishing of this term was created by the church and religious policy of Russia which lately was firmed up by administrative policy carried out on the mentioned territory.

By putting forward into circulation the terms Òssetia“ and `South Ossetia“ for denoting Georgian territories, the government of Russia promoted embedding in the mentality of Ossetians that these lands belong to them. This was so called toponymic diversion with the help of which, the policy of the Tsar’s Russia in the nineteen century made a foundation for the Ossetians to have claim on the territories belonging to Georgia.

82

dodo WumburiZe


javaxiSvils saxelobis Tbilisis saxel-

mwifo universiteti, istoriisa da eTno-

logiis instituti, axali da uaxlesi is-

toriis ganyofilebis mTavari mecnier-Ta-

namSromeli

nikoloz baraTaSvilis politikuri orientacia da

`saflavi mefis iraklisa~

XIX s. -is I naxevris qarTul sazogadoebaSi iyvnen gamor-

Ceuli patriotebi, jansaRi erovnuli Tvalsazrisis mqone

adamianebi. am moRvaweTa Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili uWi-

ravs nikoloz baraTaSvils. mis politikur xedvas didi xania

aramarto qarTveli, ucxoeli mecnierebic swavloben da afa-

seben. qarTul literaTuraTmcodneobasa da istoriografia-

Si is miCneulia, sxva qarTvel romantikosTa msgavsad, `gaore-

bulad~ moazrovne, rusuli orientaciis mqone poetad. amasve

imeoreben ucxoeli mkvlevrebi. mis am orientacias ukavSire-

ben leqss _ `saflavi mefis iraklisa~.

nikoloz baraTaSvilis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

ideebi ukavSirdeba 1832 wlis SeTqmulebas, mis iseT progre-

sulad moazrovne nawils, romlis xelmZRvaneli solomon do-

daSvili iyo. poet vaxtang orbelians uTqvams: `nikoloz ba-

raTaSvili gamoiwurTna solomon dodaSvilTan da polonel

profesorebTan Seigno man mamuliSviluri mimarTuleba. Tu

solomon dodaSvili ar yofiliyos, maSin SeZleba arc niko-

loz baraTaSvili ar yofiliyos. nik. baraTaSvili iyo wminda

sanTeli, romelic saqarTvelos siyvaruliT qarTveli eris

winaSe iwvoda~ [1, 15].

zaqaria WiWinaZe baraTaSvilisadmi miZRvnil werilSi ix-

senebs 85 wlis Tbiliseli mwignobris _ grigorievis naambobs:

nikolozi solomon dodaSvilTan, polonel profesorebTan

da filadelfos kiknaZesTan megobrobda, `mamac ki xSirad et-

yoda xolme, rom solomon dodaSvilsa da kiknaZe bers Tavi

gaanebe, Torem Sen gaiTokebio~ [2, 13].

gadmocemebisa da asakovani xalxis naambobze dayrdnobiT,

zaqaria WiWinaZe werda, rom nikolozi solomon dodaSvilma,

83

rogorc misi azrebisa da fiqrebis kargad mcodnem, `farul

sazogadoebaSic~ Seiyvana. nikolozi masTan yoveldRe daiare-

bodao rogorc saxlSi, ise `tfilisis uwyebanSi~, stambaSi da

yvelgan, sadac dodaSvili iqnebodao. aman ki mis poezias nam-

dvili mamuliSviluri kilo SesZinao. is ori kviriTac daupa-

timrebiaT dodaSvilTan siaxlovis gamo [2, 17]. solomon do-

daSvili Tamami azrebis gadacemas Tavis moswavleebTan ar

erideboda. magaliTad, 1828 wlis 6 ivniss, keTilSobilTa sas-

wavleblis sajaro gamocdaze man warmoTqva sityva, sadac iyo

erekles droindeli politikis, zogadad monarqiis kritika,

saqarTvelos erovnuli daqveiTebis axsna. oratorma gamoxata

Tavisi simpaTia respublikuri wyobilebisadmi, rac am viTare-

baSi warmoudgeneli siTamame gaxldaT [3, 115].

marTlac, baraTaSvilis erovnuli da respublikuri ide-

ebi, misi maswavleblisa da sulieri moZRvrisganaa Sesis-

xlxorcebuli, im kacisagan, romlis Cvenebac SeTqmulebis mo-

nawileTagan yvelaze gabedulad amxelda xelisuflebis sisas-

tikes, qarTveli xalxis Cagvrisa da damonebis faqtebs.

baraTaSvili XIX saukunis I naxevris saqarTvelos sazoga-

doebis erTaderTi warmomadgenelia, romelic ukompromisod

icavs samSoblos damoukideblobisa da Tavisuflebis ideas.

is araa e. w. `gaorebuli romantikosi~. erovnul sakiTxSi misi

pozicia erTiania da garkveuli.

miuxedavad mcire argumentebisa, baraTaSvilis politi-

kur orientaciasac, iseve rogorc sxva romantikosebisas, ru-

seTs ukavSireben. `saflavi mefis iraklisa~ aris is leqsi,

romliTac keTdeba daskvna misi avtoris politikuri azrov-

nebis, kerZod, misi rusuli orientaciis Sesaxeb. vfiqrob,

arc ise advilia amgvari cnobiereba miawero, _ poema `bedi

qarTlisas~, lirikuli teqstebis _ `fiqrni mtkvris piras~,

`meranisa~ da `sumbuli da mwiri~-s avtors. aqedan `fiqrni

mtkvris piras…~ TiTqos neitraluri Cans politikuri kon-

teqstisagan, magram es, erTi SexedviT. ufro Rrmad Tu Cave-

ZiebiT, masSi daxatuli boroti mefis saxiT rusi imperatore-

bis aluzia-metaforac ki SeiZleba davinaxoT, `romelT umaR-

les arc vinRa aris da winaSe arcvin aRudges, SfoTven da

drtvinven da ityvian: `rodis iqneba is samefoca Cveni iyos

da aRiZvrian imav miwisTvis, rac dRes Tu xval TviTve arian~.

filologi mkvlevrebi am leqsis analizisas swored amaze mia-

84

niSneben: `istoriuli TvalsazrisiT masSi saqarTvelosadmi

mtrulad ganwyobili mravali qveynis pirveli piri _ iranis

Sahebi da ruseTis imperatorebi SeiZleba moviazroT. esaa

aluzia-metafora da masSi sityva-miniSnebiT amoicnoba kon-

kretuli saxe~ [4, 61].

mkvlevari pavle ingoroyva am miniSneba-simbolos er-

TmniSvnelovnad akavSirebs ruseTis imperator nikoloz I_Tan.

poets, zogadad, albaT, ruseTis imperatorebi hyada mxedve-

lobaSi, romelTac saqarTvelo daipyres da isedac grandio-

zul qveyanas miamates am patara qveynis istoriuli miwa-wya-

li, Tumca, poets konkretulad mravali saxe erTSi _ Tana-

medrove imperatorSi SeeZlo ganesaxierebina. mecnieri bara-

TaSvilis gansakuTrebul agresiaze saubrobs nikoloz I-is mi-

marT, raSic udavod sworia. am `palkinad~ wodebul mefes,

romelmac Tavisi eris saukeTeso Svilebi ar daindo (dekab-

ristebi), CaaxSo poloneTis ajanyeba, 1832 wlis qarTvel pat-

riotTa SeTqmuleba, nikoloz baraTaSvili sworedac rom

`borot mefed~ gaiazrebda. mecnieri baraTaSvils qarTuli

evropeizmisa da erovnul-patriotuli lirikis damwyebad mi-

iCnevs. moaqvs misi cxovrebidan da Semoqmedebidan magaliTebi,

riTac askvnis mis Seurigeblobas ruseTis batonobasTan,

xsnis politikurad saxifaTo azrebs, rasac xelisuflebasTan

misi diskomforti unda mohyoloda. pavle ingoroyvas azriT,

mravalmniSvnelovania gasavrceleblad gaTvaliswinebul leq-

sis dedanSi poetis mier xazgasmuli sityvebi _ `rodis iqneba

is samefoca Cveni iyos~. aseve xazgasmulia sxva leqsSi (`Zia

grigols~) sityvebi: `Ziav, yabaxi, samSoblo Seni, wagarTo avis

enisa geslman, satrfoni misni Semogareni gardaxvewilsa da-

gixSo etlman~. baraTaSvili 15 wlis gimnaziis mowafe iyo da

SeTqmulebis marcxma, saukeTeso maswavleblebis, megobrebisa

da naTesavebis dasjam masze uaRresad imoqmeda, `avi enis ges-

lSi~ is iase falavandiSvils gulisxmobs, SeTqmulebis gam-

cems, gardaxvewilSi ki grigol orbeliansa da sxva gadasax-

lebul da dapatimrebul SeTqmulebis monawileebs [5, 105-112].

SurisZiebis mizniT, man epigramebic dauwera xelisuflebis

maSindel warmomadgenlebs, maT Soris iases Zmas _ niko fala-

vandiSvils, or megobarTan erTad fostiT gaugzavna erTi

aseTi satiruli teqsti, rac gaarkvies da poeti moralurad

mZimed dasajes. daundobeli mama, oRond Svili ar gaericxaT

85

saswavleblidan, gimnaziidan saxlamde, xalxis Tvalwin scemda

(Tu, sxva TvalsazrisiT, poets scemdnen da mama aqezebda _

ufro magrad daartyiTo, deda ki ivedreboda _ apatieTo),

rac emociuri poetisTvis albaT, umZimesi sasjeli iyo; leq-

sSi _ `fiqrni mtkvris piras~ gamotovebulia (specialurad)

politikurad saxifaTo taepebi; leqsi daiwera 1837 wels, ru-

seTis imperatoris _ nikoloz I-is saqarTveloSi Camosvlis

Semdeg, am stumrobas ki baraTaSvilze arcTu sasiamovno STa-

beWdileba unda daetovebina: imperators is Sexvda 11 oqtom-

bers, Tbilisis Tavadaznaurobis mier gamarTul balze, sadac

imyofebodnen misi uaxloesi megobari qalebi, maT Soris mai-

ko orbeliani. SemdegSi gavrcelebuli (maT Soris presaSic,

mag. J. `russki arxiv~-Si 1904 w., #1) Wori imperatorsa da ma-

iko orbelianze, Wori rom yofiliyo da meti araferi, esec

ki `cxovlad~ imoqmedebda poetze, visi sulieri megobari,

uaxloesi megobris sacole da mesaidumle iyo es mSvenieri

qali.

ar viciT, ramdenad sasiamovno iyo poetisTvis imperato-

ris gamorCeuli yuradReba, rodesac is mwkrividan gaiyvana

da uTxra, rom misi `ordinarec~-i gaxdeboda. marTalia, is

Svili iyo am balis momwyobi sazogadoebis meTauris _ Tbili-

sis mazris Tavadaznaurobis marSlisa da aRmosavleT saqar-

Tvelos marSlis pirveli moadgilis _ meliton baraTaSvilis,

romelic rusulis kargad codnis gamo mefis Tarjimnobasac

iTavsebda, magram Zlevamosili imperatoris es rCeuli yu-

radReba axali qarTuli samosis (yvelas ecmeboda), an misi ga-

regnuli monacemebis gamo cota Zneli gasagebia. imperators

qarTuli sazogadoebis ganwyoba aucileblad Seswavlili eq-

neboda im saidumlo policiis wyalobiT, romelic kavkasiaSi

(TbilisSi) 1831 wels Seiqmna, miTumetes, 32 wlis ambebis Sem-

deg da miTumetes, baraTaSvilis gimnaziis periodis `Tavgada-

savlebis~ Semdeg.

baraTaSvils rom arafrad Caugdia arc umaRlesi stum-

ris qaTinauri, arc is medali, romelic imperatorma gadasca,

esec kargad viciT, man mxolod 3 wlis Semdeg `gamoaCina~ im-

peratoris samaxsovro jildo, rodesac samsaxurSi, forma-

lurad Sedgenil siaSi Sesatanad waradgina.

ingoroyvas miaCnia, rom poetma imperatoris wasvlis Sem-

deg dawera poeturi Sedevri _ `fiqrni mtkvris piras~, sadac

86

boroti mefe daupirispira keTils, anu rusi imperatori sa-

kuTar papas _ erekle II-s. SesaZloa, leqsi imperatoris stum-

robamdec daweriliyo (imperatori Semodgomaze, oqtomberSi

stumrobda saqarTvelos), vinaidan masze mxolod daweris we-

lia miTiTebuli da ara ufro zusti dro. es verafers Sec-

vlis. mas manamdec hqonda miRebuli sakmao impulsi imperato-

ris winaaRmdeg gansawyobad.

marTalia, nikoloz I-is stumrobam iseTi zar-zeimiT Cai-

ara, gakvirvebuli Tavad stumaric ki darCa _ `rogor unda

uyvardes mefe am xalxs, rom amdeni borotebis Semdeg, ase Se-

megebneno~, _ gakvirvebiT dawera dRiurSi. Tumca, amis Semde-

gac ar Sewyvetila qarTuli sazogadoebis siZulvili rusi

moxeleebisadmi, rusuli politikisadmi, ar Sewyvetila dava

imaze, Tu ratom Cavarda saqarTvelo am dReSi, swori iyo Tu

ara erekle mefis ganazraxi, rusuli orientacia ramdenad ga-

marTlebuli aRmoCnda.

am Temaze dawera nikoloz baraTaSvilma 1839 wels, 22

wlis asakSi, poema _ `bedi qarTlisa~, sazogadoebis mier das-

mul kiTxvebs gasca sakuTari pasuxi.

cnobili kritikosi guram asaTiani miiCnevs, rom `arsebi-

Tad aq saqme exeba ara erekle meorisa da solomon lioniZis

poziciebis istoriul siswores, aramed axal epoqaSi, me-19

saukunis I naxevarSi, 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis damarcxebis Sem-

deg erovnuli cxovrebisa da moqmedebisaTvis realurad Se-

saZlebeli, mizanSewonili gzis amorCevas~. kritikosi fiq-

robs, rom erekle mefes mis brZen mrCevelze meti SorsmWvre-

telobiT aqvs danaxuli istoriuli bedisweris garduvaloba

(`magram amao iyo yoveli~).

poemas ori laitmotivi gasdevs: bedisweris garduvalo-

bisa da adamianis bednierebis, aucileblobisa da Tavisufle-

bis Widili. kritikosi eTanxmeba im azrs, rom `aris momentebi,

rodesac meore sawyisi imdenad gaZlierebulia, ise intensiu-

rad JRers, rom CvenTvis TiTqmis eWvmiutaneli xdeba misi

upiratesoba~. amas is solomonisa da sofios dialogiTa da

bolos, lirikuli gmiris monologiT varaudobs [6, 200-209].

namdvilad, es sawyisi _ Tavisuflebis ideali _ imar-

jvebs poemaSi, is bedisweras ver amarcxebs, magram adamianis

srulfasovnebisa da zneobrivi idealis gamarjvebad ki iqceva.

baraTaSvilis damokidebuleba am Rirebulebisadmi oraz-

87

rovani ki ara, rogorc sabWoTa kritikosebi werdnen, pirda-

piria, Tamami: Tavisufleba da damoukidebeli saxelmwifoeb-

rioba aris erTaderTi Seucvleli Rirebuleba, adamianisTvis

bednierebis, qmnadobis, siyvarulisa da sikeTis momtani. mona

ver iqneba bednieri, verc zneobrivad srulyofili da verc

materialuri keTildReobis gonivrulad momxmarebeli, Tuki

aseTi ram eqneba. qarTvelebs, baraTaSvilis azriT, `arad mi-

aCniT ubedureba, Tu aqvT Tvis WerqveS Tavisufleba~.

man daufaravad Seaqo mefe erekles mrCeveli, `solomon

brZeni~, romelic poemaSi swored damoukideblobisa da Tavi-

suflebis apologias ganasaxierebs, erekle ki qveynis gadar-

Cenas ruseTis `safarvels qveSe~ xedavs. es xedva im epoqis

gaTvaliswinebiT, swori iqneboda poetisTvis, magram `samefos

gadacema~, rasac erekles baraTaSvili aTqmevinebs, uadgilo

da istoriulad ararsebuli. am SemTxvevaSi erovnuli prob-

lematika marTlac modernizebulia, ereklesa da misi msaju-

lis kamaTi axal realobas asaxavs: ara ruseTis mfarvelobis,

aramed damoukidebeli saxelmwifos yofna-aryofnis proble-

mas.

rodesac poeti SemdegSi momxdar movlenas _ samefos

dapyrobas ruseTis mier, miawers erekle II-s, TiTqos mas sur-

da Tavisi memkvidreobis (anu taxtis) gadacema rusT xelmwi-

fisaTvis (`mas minda mivce memkvidreoba da man mosces qarTls

keTildReoba~), rogor gvgonia, ar icoda baraTaSvilma, rom

es ase ar iyo? realur istoriaSi is Cvenze naklebad iyo gac-

nobierebuli?.. ra Tqma unda, ara! arc erekles da arc mis

naklebad gonier memkvidre giorgi XII-s es ar ndomia. orive

maTgani qristiani, erTmorwmune qveynis samxedro da kultu-

rul kavSirebze fiqrobda. iqneb poetma es sakiTxi imitom

warmoadgina ase, ufro metad rom gamoekveTa Tavisi saTqme-

li: man ara marto daicva Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis

idea, eWvi gamoTqva erTmorwmuneobis gamo ruseTis sikeTeSi,

aramed ar dafara Tavisi aRSfoTebac Tanamedrove moRalate-

ebis, ruseTumeebis, erovnuli interesebis aradCamgdebi Tana-

memamuleebis mimarT. sxva konteqsti am striqonebs ar gaaCni-

aT: `hoi, dedano, marad netarno, kurTxeva Tqvenda tkbilsaxso-

varno... ra iqneboda, rom CvenTa dedaT, sulica Tqveni gamohyo-

lodaT? vinRa hyavs gulis Sematkivari mamuls asuli axla

Tqvengvari? qarman Crdilosman yvelaze pirvel gardaucvala

88

maT guli cxovel! `jani gahvardes aw Svilsac, mamuls, oRond

vaamoT Cvens sakuTar guls, ris qarTveloba, ra qarTveloba! mi-

Tom ras gvavnebs ucxo tomoba?~

`Tavisufleba baraTaSvilis poemaSi qalis xmiT metyve-

lebs, _ wers guram asaTiani, _ mxatvruli gaazrebis Tvalsaz-

risiT amas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs ara mxolod imis ga-

mo, rom nawarmoebis musikalur kompoziciaSi aq, am xerxiT

miRweulia kulminaciuri wertili, _ umaRlesi tonaloba...

kidev ufro mniSvnelovani isaa, rom saTno sofios xma avto-

risaTvis TviT bunebis xmaa, _ adamianis WeSmariti, Tandayo-

lili, daumaxinjebeli bunebis wrfeli RaRadisi, mSvenieri

qarTveli qalis es maRali, saTnoebiT ganwmendili xma ro-

gorc sagangaSo zarebis rekva, erTi wuTiT TiTqos ukvalod

axSobs yvela sxva xmas~ [6, 203].

mkvlevars srul kontrastad miaCnia poemis finali,

mkacr sinamdvilesTan dabrunebis, istoriuli bedisweris

garduvalobis Tema (`magram amao iyo yoveli~). vfiqrob, es

iyo swored is bedisadmi daumorCileblobisa da sakuTari Ta-

vis ganwirvis suliskveTeba, zneobrivi Rirebulebebis, upir-

velesad, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebis samyaros dasacavad,

baraTaSviliseul gzis ZiebaSi rom aisaxa. misi Tavisuflebis

ideali mkacr sinamdviles Seejaxa, magram danebebas rodi api-

rebda.

gimnaziaSi swavlisas baraTaSvilma Targmna tacitusis is-

toriuli Txzuleba _ `agrikolas cxovreba~. tacitusi impe-

riis erTgul mxedarTmTavars _ agrikolas romaeli jariska-

cebisadmi aTqmevinebs, rom rvawliani omis dasasruls respub-

lika kmayofili darCeboda maTi namoqmedariT. agrikola sit-

yva `respublikas~ ver ityoda imitom, rom es sityva ukve is-

toriis kuTvnileba iyo romis imperiaSi. es tacitusis survi-

liT iTqva. baraTaSvilic legitimist solomon lioniZes war-

moaTqmevinebs monarqiisa da monarqis sawinaaRmdego sityvebs,

saidanac SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom solomon dodaSvilis

sayvareli mowafe imdroisaTvis mowinave am ideologiis er-

Tguli iyo. man Tavis sayvarel gmirsac es idea miawera, ri-

Tac Tanamedrove progresuli mkiTxveli kidev ufro metad

ganawyo solomon lioniZis mxareze dasadgomad.

erTi sityviT, swori erovnuli koncefcia, Tavisuflebi-

sa da damoukideblobis ideisadmi erTguleba, rusuli orien-

89

taciis da, zogadad, monobisa da koloniuri xvedris miuReb-

loba am nawarmoebs udides mniSvnelobas aZlevs da XIX sauku-

nis qarTul mwerlobaSi uaRresad aqtualur am ideologias

dasabams udebs. amasve wers didi qarTveli mecnieri pavle in-

goroyva: `baraTaSvilis poemas _ `bedi qarTlisa~ _ ganuzome-

li gavlena hqonda XIX saukunis qarTul literaturaze. mom-

devno epoqis qarTuli mwerloba isev da isev ubrundeba `axa-

li qarTlis~ im saWirboroto sakiTxebs, romelnic aseTis

simwvaviT, aseTis gabedulebiT, aseTis tragikuli simkveTri-

Ta da pirdapirobiT aRZra poetma. XIX saukunis qarTuli

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ideologia aq pou-

lobs Tavis dasayrdens, aqedan gamodis, izrdeba, miemarTeba axa-

li idealebisaken~ [5, 178].

akaki gawerelias sityvebiT, poema `bedi qarTlisa~ da

leqsi `sumbuli da mwiric~ amtkicebs, rom `nikoloz baraTaS-

vilisTvis Tavisufleba arsebobis umaRlesi forma iyo~.

akaki gawerelia erovnuli Tavisuflebis ideuri rkali-

dan amovardnilad miiCnevs leqsebs _ `saflavi mefis irakli-

sa~ da `omi qarTvel Tavadaznaur-glexTa~... misi azriT, `pir-

veli leqsi TiTqos `galiaSi tyveobasTan~ Serigebas qadagebs,

xolo meore _ monarqiuli sulis militarizms amarTlebs.~

gawereliam, baraTaSvilis kritikosTagan yvelaze kargad ico-

da kavkasiuri omic da is impulsebic, rac masSi monawile qar-

Tvelebs amoZravebdaT. miuxedavad amisa, mas mainc milita-

rizmisken mowodebad moeCvena baraTaSvilis leqsi. vfiqrob,

am daskvnaSi es SesaniSnavi mecnieri cdeboda da Tavadve gamo-

aswora es Tvalsazrisi naSromis bolos am leqsis Zireuli

ganxilvisas.

guram asaTianic amowmebs, rom baraTaSvilis Semoqmede-

bis mTvari ideali Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis apo-

logiaa. amasTanave, kritikosi arc imas iviwyebs, rom poetis

Semoqmedebis mTavari ideali ar yalibdeba da viTardeba

sworxazovnad. is evoluciurad miemarTeba da sruldeba ru-

suli orientaciis, anu erekleseuli gadawyvetilebis gamar-

TlebiT. es, guram asaTianis TqmiT, aris `realuri moqmedebis

programa~. `poema `bedi qarTlisa~, _ wers igi, _ preludiaa

nikoloz baraTaSvilis lirikuli Semoqmedebisa. am nawarmoe-

bidan iwyeba daZabuli, Tavdaviwyebuli Zieba, romelic poetis

filosofiur lirikaSi rTuli evoluciis gziT warimarTeba.

90

es aris Zieba ara mxolod WeSmaritebis, ara mxolod idealis,

aramed realuri moqmedebis programisac. TavisTavad cxadia,

rom aq pirvel planze dgas nacionaluri moqmedebis sakiTxic.

rom poetis msoflmxedvelobrivi evolucia swor sibrtyeze ar

gaSlila, amas naTlad mowmobs misi winaaRmdegobrivi Sinaarsi,

kerZod, is ukiduresobani, romlebic erTsa da imave wels (1842)

daweril or leqsSi gamomJRavnda. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs `saflavi

mefis iraklisa~ da `sumbuli da mwiri~ [6, 209].

marTlac, baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi, epoqisa da poetis

cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis kargad mcodnisaTvis, sruliad

anaqronizmad aRiqmeba leqsi _ `saflavi mefis iraklisa~, masSi

gamoTqmuli poetis politikuri Tvalsazrisi da paTosi. am

leqss TiTqmis yvela kritikosi, maT Soris yvelaze dakvirve-

buli analitikosebic, erTxmad miiCneven poetis rusuli ori-

entaciisaTvis mimxrobad, erekles `naanderZevis~ gamarTle-

bad [7].

is faqti ki, rom erTdroulad Seiqmna ori ideurad gan-

sxvavebuli leqsi _ `sumbuli da mwiri…~ da `saflavi mefis

iraklisa~ `gaorebuli romantikosis~ SemoqmedebiT meTodad

CaiTvala.

am kritikosebidan, isev ingoroyvas gamovarCevT, romel-

sac sabWoTa periodis mecnierebs Soris yvelaze metad Ses-

wevda gabeduleba simarTle eTqva, daemsxvria stereotipuli

azrovneba. leqsis ganxilvis Semdeg sainteresoa misi daskvne-

bi: 1. `amrigad, n. baraTaSvili am leqsSi _ `saflavi mefis

iraklisa~ _ iziarebs erele mefis anderZ-naamags; poeti fiq-

robs, rom saqarTvelos ruseTTan daaxloeba iyo istoriu-

lad garduvali aqti da erTaderTi swori gza Seqmnili gamo-

uvali mdgomareobidan~... 2. `leqsi `saflavi mefis iraklisa~

sruliadac ar niSnavs, n. baraTaSvilis mier raime Serigebas

mis mdgomareobasTan, rac saqarTvelos Seuqmna caristulma

TviTmpyrobelobam. baraTaSvilisaTvis ucxoa kompromisi~.

3. mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom `politikuri azri leqsisa igivea,

rac mocemulia ilias cnobil anderZSi: `mas nuRar vstiriT,

rac damarxula, rac uwyalos dros xeliT danTqmula, movik-

laT warsul droebzed dardi, Cven unda vsdioT axla sxva

varskvlavs, Cven unda Cveni vSvaT myoobadi, Cven unda miv-

sceT momavali xalxs~.

Tu pirvel daskvnas ganvixilavT, unda iTqvas, rom erek-

91

les `anderZ-naamagi~ ki iyo ruseTTan daaxloeba, magram es ar

ganxorcielebula da baraTaSvilis drois politikuri rea-

loba sxva, ruseTisgan dapyrobili, mis guberniebad qceuli

saqarTvelo iyo, rac erekles arc uanderZebia da, albaT,

arc fiqrad gauvlia.

meore daskvnasac ver daveTanxmebiT: Tu baraTaSvilma

erekles anderZis Sesrulebad CaTvala ruseTis dampyroblu-

ri qmedeba, is realoba, rac mis dros iyo, rac aRwera da moi-

wona leqsSi _ `saflavi mefis iraklisa~, _ veRar vityviT,

rom is ar Serigebia arsebul politikur viTarebas, rom mas

ar SeuZlia kompromisi `caristul TviTmpyrobelobasTan~.

baraTaSvilis epoqas, amdroindel sazogadoebriv azrsa da

Tavad poetis pirovnebas Tu kargad vicnobT, ar SeiZleba vi-

fiqroT, rom baraTaSvilma ar icoda ra surda erekles, ra

miiRes misma memkvidreebma.

mesame, baraTaSvilis mier epoqis politikuri viTarebis

aseTi Sefaseba (leqsSi `saflavi~...) ver iqneba verc ilias

cnobili anderZis tolfardi, sadac is warsuliT gvemas am-

jobinebs momavlisaTvis brZolas.

miuxedavad amisa, pavle ingoroyvaseul SefasebebSi aris

is marcvali, rac baraTaSvilis poetur da adamianur bunebas

kargad xsnis da gvaxedebs realobaSi, ra SeiZleboda egulis-

xma poets mis amgvar `amovardnil~ da sxva dros gamovlenili

Tvalsazrisidan sruliad gansxvavebuli poeturi logikiT

leqsSi _ `saflavi mefis iraklisa~.

rogorc vTqviT, es leqsi poets 1842 wels aqvs dawerili

[8, 123].

amave wels daiwera poetis ori SesaniSnavi qmnileba: Ta-

visuflebis baraTaSviliseuli Cveuli apologiiT ganmsWva-

luli, qarTuli poeturi Sedevri `merani~ da amave ideiT gaJ-

RenTili _ `sumbuli da mwiri~.

ra Tqma unda, leqsi `saflavi mefis iraklisa~amovardni-

lia ara marto baraTaSvilis lirikuli poeziisaTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi ostatobis CarCodan,

aramed im erovnul-ideuri msoflmxedvelobidan, rac am didi

poetisa da moqalaqisaTvis iyo niSandoblivi. guram asaTiani

erT sainterso azrsac ayalibebs am leqsze: rom is dawerilia

poetisTvis uCveulo oduri stiliT da rom es poeturi forma,

romelic organuli iyo misi ufrosi Tanamokalmis _ grigol

92

orbeliansTvis, `aSkarad araorganuli aRmoCnda baraTaSvilis

lirikuli bunebisaTvis~ [6, 210].

am stilsac, vfiqrobT, baraTaSvilma specialurad mimarTa

am leqsisaTvis.

amasTanave vityviT, rom tyuian is avtorebi, romlebic

leqsebis rigiTobas aweseben da `saflavi mefis iraklisa~ mi-

aCniaT am wels daweril leqsebs Soris bolo leqsad. bara-

TaSvilis leqsebs mxolod wlebi aqvT miwerili, aq dasaxele-

buli sami leqsidan mxolod `merans~ aqvs miwerili Tve _ ap-

rili, rac zustdeba leqsTan erTad grigol orbelianTan

gagzavnili werilis TariRiT. Tavisuflad SeiZleba vifiq-

roT, rom es leqsi danarCenebze adrec daiwera. Tumca amas

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ara aqvs, magram rogorc Cans, zogi

avtori imisTvis iyenebs leqsebis daweris rigiTobas, rom am

leqsiT iTqvas, poeti sabolood rogor mivida `marTal~ das-

kvnamde, rogor daamarcxa adrindeli meryeoba, rodesac so-

lomon lioniZis Tvalsazriss uWerda mxars. am leqsiT miawe-

ren poets rusul politikur orientaciaze gadasvlas, rac

gansakuTrebiT ase sWirdebaT dRevandel ruseTumeebs.

filologi-mkvlevari avTandil nikoleiSvilic `sumbuli

da mwiris~ ganxilvis Semdeg, rodesac gadadis am leqsze, gu-

laxdili gaocebiT SeniSnavs: `magram, ragind ucnauradac da

Znelad asaxsnel movlenadac ar unda gveCvenos, imave 1842 wels

n. baraTaSvili `sumbuli da mwirisagan~ diametrulad gansxva-

vebuli erovnuli TvalTaxedvis gamomxatvel meore leqssac

wers: _ saflavi mefis iraklisa~, romelSic erekles mier miRe-

buli gadawyvetileba saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb

poeturi xotbis sagnadaa qceuli. mkvlevari sworad SeniSnavs

_ diametrulad sawinaaRmdego erovnuli TvalTaxedva imave

wels daweril leqsSi, (iqneb ufro adrec), marTlac ucnauri

da Znelad asaxsnelia. Cemi azriT, ramdenime TveSi erovnuli

TvalTaxedva iseT did poetsa da moazrovnes, rogoric baraTaS-

vilia, ar SeiZleba Seecvalos.

miTumetes, imave 1842 wlis 2 maiss, poets grigol orbelia-

nisadmi miweril werilSi imgvari gabeduli da saxifaTo poli-

tikuri mosazrebebi Cauweria, rom petre umikaSvils misi gadmo-

werac ver gaubedavs da gamotovebuli striqonebi daSifruli

saxiT CauniSnavs (teqstSi, gadmosaweradac SeuZlebeli, 21-sit-

yviani frazaa gamotovebuli) [9, 75].

93

zogierTi Tanamedrove mkvlevari Tu publicisti kidev

ufro Sors midis da leqss _ `saflavi mefis iraklisa~ _ 1843

wliT aTariRebs. publicisti Teimuraz mirianaSvili amas ake-

Tebs mxolod erTaderTi mizniT: gvaCvenos, rom yrmobaSi

meryevi poziciis poeti `sikvdilamde erTi wliT adre~ (?) mi-

vida `swor~ daskvnamde: saqarTvelosTvis erTaderT misaReb

politikur orientaciad aRiara ruseTi da erekles `naander-

Zebi~ gaamarTla [10, 82]. sinamdvileSi leqsi, rogorc sayo-

velTaodaa cnobili, 1842 welsaa dawerili, baraTaSvili 1845

wels gardaicvala, axalgazrda, 27-28 wlisa, asakiT `dabrZe-

nebis~ xani ar hqonia (Tumca `moxucebuloba gonebisai~ yo-

velTvis axasiaTebda). poeti nikoloz I-Tanac ukve iyo piris-

pir Sexvedrili, misgan micemuli rusuli medali araTu axla,

`bedi qarTlisas~ daweris drosac ukve miRebuli hqonda, mag-

ram mainc dawera is, rasac fiqrobda, arc sxva jildo, arc

samsaxuri, sazogadoebrivi Tu raime wamaxalisebeli movlena

1842 wlamde arc mis da arc saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi ar mom-

xdara, voroncovis mmarTvelobac ki ar dawyebula, rom qvey-

nis momavalsa da sakuTar cxovrebaze meti imedebi gasCenoda.

baraTaSvils, sxva `gaorebuli romantikosebiviT~, arc

araferi hqonda dasakargi, rom gafrTxileboda. maS, ras unda

Seecvala ase radikalurad poetis Tvalsazrisi, gaugebaria

da met CaRrmavebas saWiroebs. `gaorebuli~ buneba, `evoluci-

uri azrovneba~ Tu a. S., qarTuli kritikis argumentebi am

movlenas ufro konkretulad ver axsnis.

yvelaze ufro swori damokidebuleba baraTaSvilis Se-

moqmedebidan amovardnili am leqsis saTqmelisadi akaki baq-

raZem gamoxata. misi azriT, leqsis strofi _ `Tayvans vscem

Sensa naanderZebs winaswarad Tqmuls... da vsWamT nayofsa mis-

gan tkbilsa aw Senni Zeni~ _ aris ironia, moCvenebiTi kmayofi-

leba, sevda da guldawyvetiloba XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qar-

Tvel mefeTa moRvaweobis SedegiT. Tu amas ar davinaxavT,

akaki baqraZis azriT, `Cven erT-erT udides qarTvel poetsa da

moazrovnes TviTneburad mivawerT uborotes azrs _ saqarTve-

los Tavisuflebis dakargviT gaxarebas. n. baraTaSvilis poezia-

Si arsebobs sruli, SeuzRudavi, universaluri Tavsufleba. es

Tavisufleba, bunebrivia, erovnulsac gulisxmobs. sxvagvarad

warmoudgenelia. amitom, zemore moxmobili striqonebi mxo-

lod ironiaa. sxvanairad misi wakiTxva Secdomac aris da n. bara-

94

TaSvilis damcireba-dakninebac~ [11, 222-223]. ra Tqma unda, asea.

Tumca, es saTqmeli arc ironiulad da arc seriozulad bara-

TaSvils ar ekuTvnis. poetis garkveuli mware ironia ki, bara-

TaSvilis pirovnebas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, leqsSi gamoxatuli

Tvalsazrisisadmi, ar SeiZleba gamoiricxos.

baraTaSvils leqsi `saflavi mefis iraklisa~ miZRvnili

aqvs mixeil petres Ze barataevisadmi. miZRvnas poeti yovel-

Tvis gansakuTrebul datvirTvas aZlevda. es leqsi poets mis-

Tvis albomSi Cauweria (misive TxovniT) sxva leqsTan erTad _

`kniaz barataevis azrfeSazed~. am ukanasknelSi poets azar-

feSis ganwyobileba aqvs gamoxatuli sul mokle sami taepiT:

`amavseb RviniT,

agavseb lxiniT,

Sesvi? gaamos~!

e. i. am miniaturuli leqsis lirikuli gmiri azarfeSaa,

is nivTi, romelsac leqsi eZRvneba.

meore leqsi ufro vrcelia da misi Tavdapirveli saTau-

ri, rogorc nikoloz baraTaSvilis werilSia mocemuli, yo-

fila `saflavi iveriisa~. pirvelad dabeWdila J. `ciskarSi~,

1860 wlis ivlisSi, 210-e gverdze, odnav Secvlili saxiT da

saxelad `saflavi mefis iraklisa~ darqmevia. pavle ingoroy-

vas komentariT, leqsis dedani grigol orbelians gadaucia

petre umikaSvilisTvis 1873 wels, umikaSvils gadmouweria igi

da `ciskris~ variantsa da Tavis gadmoweril teqsts Soris

gansxvavebani aRuniSnavs Tavisi biblioTekis `ciskris~ nabeWd

egzemplarSi~ [9, 79].

Tu `warweris~ lirikuli gmiri azarfeSaa, meore leqsSi

leqsis lirikuli gmiri poeti ki ar aris, leqsi im kacis po-

litikur-msoflmxedvelobriv pozicias gamoxatavs, visac is

eZRvneba. `saflavi mefis iraklisas~ lirikuli gmiri mixeil

petres Ze barataevia. amas gvafiqrebinebs rogorc leqsSi mo-

cemuli erovnuli TvalTaxedvis diametruli gansxvavebulo-

ba poetis sxva teqstebisagan, aseve leqsis stili da miZRvni-

li nawarmoebebis Taviseburi gaazreba baraTaSvilis poeziaSi.

aviRoT TiTqmis imave dros dawerili `merani~, romelic eZ-

Rvneba poetis biZas, Samilis mier datyvevebul ilia orbeli-

ans (`merani~ daiwera aprilSi, `saflavi mefis iraklisa, Cveni

varaudiT, mais-ivnisSia dawerili, rac baraTaSvilis weri-

liTve dgindeba, romelsac axlavs es leqsic da sadac lapa-

95

rakia leqsis adresatis peterburgSi gamgzavrebaze, mixeil

barataevis gamgzavrebis TariRi ki sxva wyaroebiTaa cnobili).

`meranis~ Sesaxeb poeti grigol orbelianisadmi gagzavnil

vrcel werilSi, 1842 wlis 2 maiss werda, am faqtze, ilias

datyvevebasa da Samilze saubrobda da politikurad saxifa-

To azrebsac gamoTqvamda, romelic cenzuramde amouRiaT Ta-

vad gamomcemlebs, leqssze ki is ambobda: `ai, ras fiqrobs poe-

ti ilikos magivrad: `mirbis, mimafrens ugzoukvlod Cemi mera-

ni... (motanilia mTeli leqsi)... ar vici, es leqsi rogor mogewo-

neba, aq ki bevri cremli, tyuili da marTali, dainTxa amis wakiT-

xvaze. rasakvirvelia, imitom, rom amas ambobs ilia tyveobaSi da

ara me~. poetis amgvari damokidebuleba miZRvniTi teqstisadmi

aSkarad gveubneba, rom `saflavi mefis iraklisac~ igives imeo-

rebs, gamoxatavs mixeil barataevis ideur-politikur mrwamss.

vin iyo mixeil barataevi?

is iyo warmoSobiT qarTveli, vaxtang VI-is amalaSi myofi,

ruseTSi gadaxvewili qarTveli aristokratis _ melqisedek

baraTaSvilis STamomavali, garusebuli mecnieri, romelic

sxva mis msgavs qarTvel emigrantTa STamomavlebTan erTad,

iyo mgznebare damcveli im politikisa, rac ruseTma gaatara

saqarTvelos mimarT.

rusi saxelmwifo moRvawe, istorikosi da numizmati mixe-

il barataevi daibada 1784 wlis 25 ianvars, simbirskSi. mamami-

si mefisnnacvali [namestniki] iyo simbirskSi. deda mixeilisa

iyo nikalai Coglokovis asuli aleqsandra Coglokova. es

gvaric qarTuli warmoSobis garusebul ojaxs ekuTvnoda,

romelic ruseTis imperator elisabed petres asulis mem-

kvidreebad racxddnen Tavs (dedis mxridan) da erTi maTgani,

totlebenis dros erekles winaaRmdeg amboxebas, mis taxti-

dan Camogdebasa da samefos dapyrobasac ki gegmavda [12, 1891].

mixeil barataevs hyavda ori vaJi da eqvsi qaliSvili. mi-

si vaJebi iyvnen mixeil da aleqsi barataevebi, qaliSvilebi:

elizaveta, aleqsandra, ekaterina, ana, sofia da adelaida.

SviliSvili _ sergei mixailis Ze barataevi (1861-1930) iyo ru-

seTis dumis I mowvevis deputati simbirskis olqidan.

rac Seexeba leqsis adresatsa da lirikul gmirs _ mixe-

il barataevs, is iyo moqmedi saxelmwifo mrCeveli (deistvi-

telni statski sovetniki), simbirskis TavadaznaurTa winam-

ZRoli, samxedro Cinebis mqone, qarTuli numizmatikis pirve-

96

li mkvlevari. misi papa _ melqisedeki gahyva ruseTSi vaxtang

VI_s, 1837 wels sabolood dasaxlda ruseTSi, ymebi da mamu-

lebi miiRo simbirskSi. man mTeli Tavisi sicocxle ruseTis

samsaxurSi gaatara da `nadvorni sovetnikis~ titulic miiRo.

aseve didi samxedro da samoqalaqo Tanamdebobebi eWiraT

melqisedekis vaJebs (oTxi vaJi hyavda), Tavad mixeilis mama ki

_ petre melqisedekis Ze barataevi iyo general-poruCiki da

simbirskis guberniis mefisnacvali. kidev melqisedekis orma

vaJma miiRo ruseTis sxvadasxva guberniis gubernatoroba.

petre barataevis erTaderTi Svili iyo mixeili, romelic ase-

ve did Tanamdebobebs ikavebda da uerTgulesi iyo ruseTis

saxelmwifosi.

mixeil barataevis biografiis detalebs, simbirskSi arse-

bul baraTaSvilebis mamulis _ barataevkasa da sxva biogra-

fiul wvrilmanebs dainteresebuli mkiTxveli gaecnoba Salva

gozaliSvilis wigniT [13]. marTalia, wignis analitikuri nawi-

li sabWoTa koniunqturas pasuxobs, magram faqtologiuri ma-

sala Zalze sainteresoa da naTlad gvaCvenebs am ori adamia-

nis _ Soreuli naTesavebis, siaxloves. isini sulierad mxo-

lod erTi ramiT SeiZleba damTxveodnen erTmaneTs: mecniere-

bisadmi, istoriuli warsulisa da siZveleebisadmi siyvaru-

liT, samSoblos bedisa da misi momavlisadmi interesiT. sam-

Soblos baraTaSvili gulidan, centridan uyurebda, ruseTis

namdvili moqalaqe da `deistvitelni sovetniki~ ki imperiis

centridan xedavda da afasebda im realobas, rac saqarTve-

los `ruseTTan SeerTebam~ moitana. baraTaSvili Tanamedrove

cnobierebis saxelmwifoebriv mowyobas, respublikur da li-

beralur ideebs TanaugrZnobda, ukve asakovani da rusi sazo-

gadoebrivi moRvawe (`kniaz gruzinskogo proisxoJdenia~) im-

periuli cnobierebis, saqarTveloSi arsebuli realobis

`mSvidobad~, samoTxisebur viTarebad, anu `meranis~ avtorisa-

gan sruliad sawinaaRmdegod Semfasebeli iyo.

mixeil barataevis samxedro Cinebi 1798 wels daiwyo ub-

ralo iunkris poziciiT saartilerio batalionSi da 1809

wels dasrulda Stabs-rotmistris CiniT; 1815-1820 wlebSi

iyo simbirskis mazris TavadaznaurTa winamZRoli; 1820 wli-

dan ki simbirskis guberniis TavadaznaurTa winamZRoli gaxda.

1826 wlis 17 Tebervals mixeil petres Ze barataevi daa-

kaves simbirskSi dekabristebTan kavSiriSi eWvmitanilis sta-

97

tusiT. 3 marts gadaiyvanes sankt-peterburgSi, sadac mTavar

StabSi moaTavses. male gairkva, rom mas araviTari kavSiri ar

hqonda dekabristebTan da umaRlesi brZanebiT patimrobidan

ganTavisuflda. amave wels gaxda saxelmwifo mrCeveli. 1835

wels muSaoba daiwyo Sinagan saqmeTa saninistroSi, 1838 wels

moqmedi saxelmwifo mrCeveli gaxda, momdevno wels jer fi-

nansTa saministroSi gadavida, Semdeg ki kavkasiis sabaJo ol-

qSi. es dawesebuleba TbilisSi iyo da barataevi TbilisSi Ca-

modis, ecnoba aqaur numizmatikur nimuSebs, qarTuli monete-

bis unikalur koleqcias adgens da rusul da frangul enebze

wers naSroms _ `qarTuli samefos numizmatikuri faqtebi~.

miuxedavad uamravi Secdomisa da uzustobisa, rac naSromSi

iyo, mas mainc garkveuli mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan es qar-

Tuli numizmatikis Seswavlis pirveli cda iyo.

TbilisSi Camosuli mixeil barataevi daaxlovebia masze

10 wliT umcros melitons, mis ojaxs, vaJs. radgan didi niWi

daunaxavs axalgazrda nikolozSi, Sehyvarebia igi da bevrjer

rCevasac ekiTxeboda, azrs uziarebda Tavis samecniero kvle-

vebis dros, masTan erTad dadioda im literaturul Sekre-

bebze, romelic Tbilisur ojaxebSi imarTeboda da romlis

suli da guli nikolozi iyo. sxva qarTvel da rus mkvlevreb-

Tan erTad, cnobili poeti giorgi leoniZec aRniSnavs am

faqts baraTaSvilisadmi miZRnil werilSi. ver daveTanxmebiT

mis erT Sefasebas: `calke aRsaniSnavia n. baraTaSvilisa da mi-

si wris urTierToba cnobil dekabrist m. barataevTan (bara-

TaSvili). mix. baraTaSvili iyo mecnieri, poeti, saqarTvelos

didi patrioti da misi yofna TbilisSi usaTuod kulturul

movlenas warmoadgenda~ [14, 28].

mixeil barataevi ar yofila dekabristi, amaze mcire eW-

vic rom yofiliyo, mas ganTavisuflebisTanave `taini sovet-

nikobas~ aravin miscemda, dekabristebTan TanamSromlobas

ruseTis maSindeli xelisufleba ase advilad aravis hpatiob-

da. is verc `saqarTvelos didi patrioti~ iqneboda am sityve-

bis iseTi gagebiT, rogorc amas maSindeli patrioti qarTve-

lebi (elizbar erisTavi, solomon dodaSvili, aleqsandre

orbeliani, nikoloz baraTaSvili da sxv) gaiazrebdnen. miuxe-

davad amisa, barataevi ganaTlebuli adamiani da im drois pi-

robaze progresulad moazrovnec unda yofiliyo, dekabris-

tebis TanamgrZnobad, albaT, amitomac miiCnies. nikoloz ba-

98

raTaSvilTan misi megobrobis Zafebic advilad gaibmoda im

interesTa damTxvevis wyalobiT, rac axalgazrda da asakovan

Tanamogvareebs Zveli istoriis Seswavlisadmi hqondaT.

baraTaSvili grigol orbelianisadmi gagzavnil erT we-

rilSi mis Sesaxeb wers kidec, `istoriuli saqarTvelos cno-

baTa didi maragiT~ datvirTuli wavida tfilisidan peter-

burgso~ (werili VIII, 2012).

saqarTveloSi yofnis ramdenime weliwadSi, ra Tqma unda,

mixeil barataevi CaerTveboda Tbilisis sazogadoebriv cxov-

rebaSi. mas axlo kontaqti eqneboda (rac kargad Cans sxvadas-

xva wyarodan) Soreul naTesav Tu ubralod mogvare baraTaS-

vilebTan, gansakuTrebiT melitonTan, romelsac Tanamdebob-

rivadac mowinave pozicia ekava. pavle ingoroyvac aRniSnavs

am faqts da wers: `cnobili mecnieri mixeil baraTaevi, avto-

ri monumentaluri naSromisa _ `Нумизматические факты Грузин-ского царства~ erT werilSi, romelic mimarTulia poetis mami-

sadmi, wers: metismetad gamaxarebda Cveni saerTo sayvareli

nikoloz melitonis Ze, Tu igi Seavsebda Tavisi uxvi codniT

da niWiT Tavisi moxuci papis (e. i. TviT mixeil baraTaevis)

pirvel naSroms~ [15, 294]. ingoroyva aqve imasac aRniSnavs, rom megobroba damyare-

bula poetsa da istorikos-numizmat mixeil baraTaevs Soris,

rasac baraTaSvilis am dargisadmi didi siyvarulic ganapiro-

bebda. saqarTvelos siZveleebiT peterburgSi Casuli mixeili,

Tavis naSromis gamocemasTan erTad, mecnierebaTa akademiaSi

dakavSrebia garkveul wreebs da SeuTavazebia _ qarTuli xel-

nawerebis nusxis Sedgenisa da aslebis gadaRebis organizeba ni-

koloz baraTaSvilisTvis miendoT. 1842 wels, sanam peter-

burgs wavidoda, mixeil baraTaevs TbilisSi Camosuli peter-

burgis mecnierebaTa akademiis TanamSromeli iuli friCec ga-

ucvnia poetisTvis. 1843 wlis 13 ianvars, peterburgSi Casuli

friCe, akademiaSi wardgenil moxsenebaSi werda: `erTma qar-

Tvelma poetma, romlis gacnobis SesaZleblobac me TbilisSi

mqonda, Tanxmoba ganacxada, Tu es akademiisTvis sasurveli iq-

neba, pirvelad daemzadebina nusxa misTvis cnobili xelnawere-

bisa da Semdeg, imis mixedviT, rasac akademia amoirCevda, daem-

zadebia maTi pirebi. veSurebi, vacnobo es akademias~ [16, 147].

ucnobi axalgazrda poetisTvis aseTi rTuli davalebis

micemis Sesaxeb sakiTxis dasma peterburgis akademiaSi mixeil

99

baraTaevis damsaxurebad miiCneva [13, 66].

mkvlevari gozaliSvili Tvlis, rom mixeil baraTaevi ma-

Sin jer kidev sruliad ucnob da axalgazrda poets daus-

wreblad gaacnobda peterburgSi moRvawe did qarTvelolo-

gebs: daviT CubinaSvils, mari broses, Teimuraz bagrations,

misi usazRvro ganswavlulobis Sesaxeb is miscemda informa-

cias am adamianebs da maTi rekomendaciiTac miiRebdnen isini

baraTaSvilisTvis aseT sapasuxismgeblo davalebis micemis ga-

dawyvetilebas.

yvelasagan mitovebul baraTaSvils ufrosi adamianis,

didi moxelisa da Soreuli naTesavis aseTi yuradReba uTuod

pativiscemasa da mowiwebas aRuZravda mis mimarT. imeds Causa-

xavda pirad da sazogadoebricv cxovrebaSi sruliad xelmo-

carul axalgazrdas. amas daemateboda usaTuod isic, rom

zogjer mixeili leqsebsac werda, ra Tqma unda rusulad

(qarTuli ar icoda, Tumca erTi leqsis bolos ucdia da qar-

Tulad dauweria sityvebi: didad davalebuli T. mixail bara-

Taevi). misi ori leqsia cnobili, romelTac is aleqsandre

WavWavaZesa da mis asuls _ ninos uZRvnis. mwerlobisadmi in-

teresebic maT Soris manZils Seamcirebda. ar SeiZleboda am

adamianebs kamaTic ar hqonodaT im sakiTxze, rac aRelvebda

maSindel sazogadoebas, _ ruseTis orientaciis Temaze. Tum-

ca, garkveuli pativiscemis gamo, poets SesaZloa `Seewynare-

bina~ ruseTidan Camosuli mecnieri-naTesavis azrebi, oRond

ise ara, rom sakuTari principebi daerRvia. baraTaSvilis

Zalze principulobas erovnul sakiTxSi xom mravali avtori

araerTgzis adasturebs. rodesac albomSi miZRvnil leqss

uwerda, baraTaSvili swored am adamianis Tvalsazriss gamo-

xatavda (mas uTxovia leqsis Cawera)... is iyo (sxvebTan erTad,

sxvadasxva dros) ruseTSi gadaxvewili adamiani, romelic sam-

SobloSi dabrunda. misi msgavsi qarTvelebis `cxoveli, trfi-

alebiT aRsavse guli iyo, rac `udnobs yinulsa CrdiloeTsa

gancecxlebuli~. amasve aRniSnavs cnobili mecnieris _ Salva

gozaliSvilis mixeil baraTaSvilisadmi miZRvnili naSromi-

saTvis epigrafad baraTaSvilis striqonebis wamZRvareba:

`Jam-viTarebiT gardaxvewilT SenT SvilT midamo /moaqvT ma-

mulSi ganaTleba da xma saamo, /maTi cxoveli, trfialebiT

aRsavse suli /udnobs yinulsa CrdiloeTsa gancecxlebuli~

[13, 3].

100

aqve davsZenT, rom Tavisi saqmeebis gamo moucleli mixe-

il barataevi, 1842 wlis ivlisis Semdeg, aRarc TbilisSi dab-

runebula, arc es dapireba Seusrulebia, (baraTaSvilisTvis

samecniero davalebis micema, raSic, albaT garkveul anazRa-

urebasac miiRebda finansurad ase gaWirvebuli poeti), bara-

TaSvilis sicocxleSi arc melitonis ojaxi moukiTxavs, ro-

melic umwares dReebs ganicdida, gamouval mdgomareobaSi Ca-

vardnili genialuri poeti da moazrovne ki iZulebuli iyo

lukma-puris mopovebisTvis misTvis Seuferebeli saqmeebi eke-

Tebina, yovelgvar samuSaoze daTanxmebuliyo.

leqsis lirikuli gmiri, baraTaSvili rom alaparakebs

gansxvavebuli poeturi odis stiliT da im mxatvrul-gamom-

saxvelobiTi xerxebiT, rac baraTaSvilis Rrmad filosofiu-

ri poeziis saerTo Tvisebidan simartiviTa da ubraloebiT

amovardnilia da gamorCeuli, saubrobs im sikeTeebze, rac

ruseTma moitana saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebisTvis, uamisod

samSobloSic ver Camovidoda aqedan avbedobiT gadaxvewili

qarTvelis STamomavali, rusi samxedro piri, mecnieri, sazo-

gado moRvawe. is xedavs im realobas, rac baraTaSvils ar da-

unaxavs, sxvagan, baraTaSvilis arcerT leqsSi rom ar Cans.

sxvagvarad, ulogikoa erTdroulad werdes didi poeti `bedi

qarTlisas~ (mis variantebs 1844 wlamde amuSavebda), `merans~,

`saflavi mefis iraklisas~, `sumbulsa da mwirs~, pirad we-

rilSi generali biZisadmi iseT politikurad saxifaTo sit-

yvebs, romlis gadmowerisac ki SeeSinda petre umikaSvils.

Tuki aseTi mSvidoba da samoTxiseburi netareba moitana ru-

seTma da baraTaSvilma samSoblos TavisuflebiT gaixara, ris

gamoc Turme `saflavi mefis iraklisa~dawera, raRa aRelveb-

da imavdroulad, romel da vis tyveobas gulisxmobda `sum-

buli da mwiriT~, ra surda eTqva `meraniT~?.. ratom, ris gamo

Seecvala ramdenime TveSi Tu kviraSic (Tu jer Seecvala, Sem-

deg isev Zvel Sexedulebas daubrunda?) erovnul-politiku-

ri Tvalsazrisi XIX saukunis I naxevris saqarTveloSi am uda-

vod yvelaze did qarTvel moazrovnes!.. nuTu is aseTi merye-

vi pirovneba iyo! amas xom misi Semoqmedebis mkvlevrebi sru-

lad gamoricxaven! didi niWi, saqarTvelos erovnul movleneb-

Si mudmivi CarTuloba, pirdapiroba cxovrebaSi, azris gamoxat-

vaSi gabeduleba da siTaTamame, bolos axalgazrdobac, baraTaS-

vilis maqsimalizmsa da erovnul-politikuri mrwamsis uryevad

101

dacvis garantad unda miviCnioT.

`saflavi iveriisao~, dauweria poets leqsis saTaurad I

variantSi. ruseTi marTlac gamodga iveriis saflavi, iqneb

poeti am misTvis uCveulo SefasebaSi am erTi fraziT itoveb-

da sakuTar emociur ganwyobas da midgomas im problemisadmi,

rasac leqsi exeba!

im mraval avtorTa Soris, romelTac vasaxelebT (an ver

vasaxelebT) unda gamovyo merab RaRaniZis werili _ `ras gvauw-

yebs dRes nikoloz baraTaSvilis `saflavi mefis iraklisa~ [17,

317-323]. veTanxmebi avtoris mosazrebas, rom es leqsi ver ga-

modgeba imis Sesafaseblad, Tu rogori `jansaRi da swori~

pozicia eWira poets saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis sakiT-

xSi im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom leqsi amas ar gamoxatavs,

poetis rusuli orientaciis sademonstraciod igi ver gamod-

geba; meorec, leqsi mxatvrulad dabali xarisxisaa baraTaSvi-

lis poeturi Sedevrebis fonze; mesame, leqsSi mocemulia

erekles im survilis ganxorcieleba, rac qarTvel mefesa da

eris bedze mzrunvels unda hqonoda ruseTTan kavSiris dam-

yarebis sanacvlod: mSvidobiani cxovrebis, ganaTlebisa da

kulturis aRorZineba, samoqalaqo urTierTobebis gabma. leq-

sis SefasebaSi amgvari koncefcia misaRebia, Tumca ver dave-

Tanxmebi mkvlevars Semdeg mosazrebebSi: 1. `bedi qarTlisa~

erekleseul orientacias `gaorebulad~ ar afasebs: poetis-

Tvis eris Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba, didi winaprisad-

mi mowiwebis miuxedavad, am poemis mixedviT, erTmniSvnelova-

ni da ualternativoa; 2. rusi istorikosebic ki ver malaven

realobas da baraTaSvilma, albaT, kargad icoda ra `mSvido-

biani samoqalaqo mmarTveloba~ sufevda XIX s-s 40-ian wlebam-

de saqarTveloSi; 3. ruseTs ver moemadliereboda `Segnebuli,

moazrovne, qarTulad mofiqrali qarTveli~ imisaTvis, rac

ar iyo, Tu ar CavTvliT, garusebuli qarTvelebis (`taini so-

vetnikebis~) xSirad araerovnuli misiiT ganxorcielebul sa-

moqalaqo-kulturul vizitebs, an rusi swavlulebis dainte-

resebas qarTuli siZveleebis SeswavliT.

baraTaSvili rusul-qarTuli urTierTobis im nayofze

laparakobda, rasac mxolod misi leqsis adresati da liriku-

li gmiri xedavda. es iyo kulturul-saganmanaTleblo da su-

lieri urTierTobebi, rac CaTvala merab RaRaniZem leqsis

mTavar saTqmelad.

102

aqve imasac vityvi, rom 1844 wels dawerili `Zrwode kav-

kaso~!, `CeCen-daRestnelTa omi~, romelsac miabamen xolme

`saflavi mefis iraklisas~ da poetis rusuli orientaciis ga-

mosaxatavad moaqvT, sul sxva ramea. zeviTac vTqvi da aqac

gavimeoreb: kavkasiis omSi saqarTvelos aseTi enTuziazmiT

Cabma istoriulma warsulma ganapiroba, qarTvel `Tavad-azna-

ur-glexTa~ Tavganwirvam samamulo omis xasiaTi miiRo. omSi

Tavis dadebiT daRestnelebisagan saukuneTa manZilze Seviw-

roebul da aoxrebuli saqarTvelos Svilebs winaparTa sis-

xlis aReba swyurodaT. am leqsSi araferia ruseTze, arc me-

feSi (pirvel variantSi mefe iyo, Semdeg Casworda imperato-

rad, amjerad yvela gamocema `mefes~ wers), arc ruseTis xel-

mwife igulisxmeba, ereklezea laparaki, romelic cidan eZaxis

da amxnevebs qarTvel mebrZolebs.

amrigad: baraTaSvili aris yvelaze Tanmimdevruli erov-

nuli cnobierebis poeti da moazrovne XIX saukuns I naxevris

qarTul sazogadoebaSi, is gmobs ruseTis koloniur-dam-

pyroblur politikas, xotbas asxams da qarTul mwerlobaSi

amkvidrebs TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis im ideas, romelmac

SemdegSi srulad hpova asaxva TergdaleulTa SemoqmedebaSi.

yvela misi nawarmoebi ganmsWvalulia erTiani suliskveTebiT,

Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis idealis erTgulebiT. is

aris ilia WavWavaZis erovnuli mrwamsis matarebeli, misi wi-

namorbedi, rogorc es axalgazrda akakim SeniSna jer kidev

60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi J. `ciskarSi~ gamoqveynebul recen-

ziaSi, romelic kirile lorTqifaniZis mier peterburgSi ga-

mocemuli krebulis _ `Cangis~ recenzirebas warmoadgenda.

`saflavi mefis iraklisa~ ar aris misi politikuri da erov-

nuli mrwamsis gamoxatuleba, mas arc xarki gadauxdia Tana-

medroveobisaTvis am leqsiT, arc erekles anderZad CauTvlia

ruseTis mier mitacebuli saqarTvelos bedi, arc is bednie-

reba daunaxavs Tavis Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi, rac leqsSi

asaxa. is im kacis Tvalsazrisia, visac miuZRvna poetma es

leqsi da sakuTari TxovniT, albomSi Cauwera. albomSi Cawera

kidev ufro met intimurobas aniWebs leqss, saSualebas gvaZ-

levs vifiqroT, rom masSi gamoxatuli Tvalsazrisi, emocia

da gancda, baraTaSvilis poeturi memkvidreobis Sefasebisas

ver ganzogaddeba da, miTumetes, ver iqceva iseT gadamwyvet

argumentad, rac baraTaSvilis erovnul-politikuri mrwamsis

103

ganmsazRvrelad gamodgeba.


1. zaqaria WiWinaZe, solomon dodaSvili da nikoloz bara-

TaSvili (gamocemis adgili da weli miTiTebuli ar aris).

2. zaqaria WiWinaZe, `solomon dodaSvili da nikoloz bara-

TaSvili `faruli sazogadoebis~ winaSe da nik. baraTaSvi-

lis poeziis ideis aRorZineba qarTul mwerlobaSi~

(gamocemis adgili da weli miTiTebuli ar aris).

3. akaki gawerelia, rCeuli nawerebi, II tomi, Tbilisi, 1965.

4. nestan sulava, nikoloz baraTaSvilis `fiqrni mtkvris pi-

ras~ _ literaturuli da saRvTismetyvelo paradigmebi,

krebulSi _ nikoloz baraTaSvili, SoTa rusTavelis saxe-

lobis qarTuli literaturis instituti, Tbilisi, 2006.

5. pavle ingoroyva, nikoloz baraTaSvili, wignSi _ `qresto-

maTiuli kritika XIX saukune~, Tbilisi, 2003.

6. guram asaTiani, nikoloz baraTaSvili, TxzulebaTa oT-

xtomeuli, II tomi, Tbilisi, 1998. 7. iona meunargia, cxovreba da poezia n. baraTaSvilisa, Tbi-

lisi, 1954; romanoz fancxava, xomleli, J `kvali~, 1896,

##22, 24; 1897, ## 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9; ioseb bocvaZe, niko-

loz baraTaSvili da XIX saukunis qarTuli presa~, Tbili-

si, 1968; geronti qiqoZe, etiudebi da portretebi, Tbili-

si, 1958; akaki gawerelia, rCeuli nawerebi, t. II, Tbilisi,

1965; levan ebanoiZe, nikoloz baraTaSvili da erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis zogierTi sakiTxi saqar-

TveloSi, Tbilisi, 1968.

8. nikoloz baraTaSvili, Txzulebani, dadgenili pavle in-

goroyvas mier, Tbilisi, 1968.

9. nikoloz baraTaSvili, poezia, werilebi, Tbilisi, 2012.

10. Teimuraz mirianaSvili, simarTle saqarTvelo-ruseTis

urTierTobaze, wignSi: ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobani,

istoria da Tanamedroveoba, Tbilisi, 2015.

11. akaki baqraZe, niko nikolaZe, gamomcemloba `nakaduli~,

1989.

12. p. cxviloeli (polievqtos karbelaSvili), general-maiori

gotlibe genrixis Ze grafi totlebeni da irakli mefe,

gazeTi `iveria~ # 11, 1891.

104

13. Salva gozaliSvili, mixeil baraTaSvili, Tbilisi, 1987. 14. giorgi leoniZe, nikoloz baraTaSvili (mokle biografia)

wignSi: nikoloz baraTaSvili, Txzulebani, Tbilisi, 1945.

15. pavle ingoroyva, TxzulebaTa krebuli 7 tomad, tomi I,

Tbilisi, 1963.

16. mixeil Ciqovani, axali saarqivo masalebi, `literaturuli

Ziebani~, t. III, 1946.

17. merab RaRaniZe, ras gvauwyebs dRes nikoloz baraTaSvilis

`saflavi mefis iraklisa~, rezume, krebuli: qarTuli ro-

mantizmi, nacionaluri da internacionaluri sazRvrebi,

Tbilisi, 2012.

Dodo Chumburidze Doctor of Historical Sciencies, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhisvli Institute of History and Ethnology, Main Scientist-researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Understanding Nikoloz Baratashvili’s Political Vision

(„The Tomb of King Irakli“)

This paper examines Georgian and foreign researcher’s views on Nikoloz Baratashvili’s national vision and political orientation.

Despite a significant lack of evidence, Nikoloz Baratashvili’s political orientation, just like those of other Romanticists, is thought to be towards Russia. His poem „The Tomb of King Irakli“ is considered to be a proof of the author’s orientation towards Russia. The purpose of the paper is to prove this view totally wrong using relevant arguments and to demonstrate that Nikoloz Baratashvili is the most consistently nationally-minded poet and a thinker in the first half of XIX century Georgia (and not „disoriented and confused“). In his lyrical and epistolary works, Nikoloz Baratashvili condemns the colonial-aggressive policy of Russia and praises the idea of fighting for freedom and eventually introduces it in the Georgian literature, the idea which was further and fully developed in the works of the „Tergdaleulebi“. All of his works are inspired by the spirit of unity, strong commitment to the ideal of freedom and independence. He nurtures the national creed of Ilia Chavchavadze – he is Ilia’s predecessor – as young Akaki Tsereteli noted as early as in the beginning of 60s. The poem „The

105

Tomb of King Irakli“ does not express the poet’s political or national creed, it expresses the view of the person the poem was dedicated to and of the person, who asked him to write the poem in his notebook, and the poet did. This person was Nikoloz Baratashvili’s distant relative and a descendant of a Georgian prince serving King Vakhtang VI - a Russified Georgian - Mikhail Barataev, who served as the Head of Customs in the Caucasus and stayed in Tbilisi for a few years (1837-1842). He was a friend of Nikoloz Baratashvili’s father and knew his family well enough; he was well aware of the poet’s gift and Nikoloz helped him learn much about Georgian culture; he was particularly interested in the field of numismatics and even wrote a book about it later. When he was leaving for Russia, he asked the poet to write a poem in his notebook; this fact attaches even more intimacy to the poem and gives us the reason to think that the view, emotion and feeling expressed in this poem cannot be generalized to characterize Nikoloz Baratashvili’s poetry, and furthermore, cannot be used as an argument to judge Nikoloz Baratashvili’s national-political creed. That can be substantiated by the fact that in Nikoloz Baratashvili’s poems dedicated to different persons, the lyrical character is not the poet, but the persons the poems were dedicated to („Merani“, „An inscription in Azarpesha“, etc.).

106

gela saiTiZe




saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis in-

stitutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis gan-

yofilebis mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli

`Rirseuli mamuliSvili, RirseulTa Soris~,

(al. yifSiZis (fronelis) gardacvalebidan 100 wlis gamo)

samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebul mamuliSvilTa ar daviwyeba,

erT-erTi upirvelesi Tvisebaa Cveni xalxisa, vinaidan wina-

parTa naRvaw-namoqmedaris gaxsenebis gareSe, xom SeuZlebeli

gaxdeba erovnulobis SenarCuneba da samomavlo perspeqtiva-

ze fiqri. aq, sxva mraval faqtorTa Soris, saWiroa, im droi-

sa da sivrcis gaTvaliswineba, romelSic amaTuim pirovnebas

uxdeboda cxovreba da moRvaweoba. es ki SesaZlebels gaxdis:

yvelas damsaxurebisamebr miezRos _ principis ganxorciele-

bas.

am gadasaxedidan Tu davakvirdebiT aleqsandre Tevdo-

res Ze yifSiZis (fronelis) mier ganvlil cxovrebis gzas,

TvalnaTliv davinaxavT, rom igi amaod ar damSvrala da Tavi-

si niWi da unari, mSobeli qveynis sasikeTo saqmeebis keTebaSi

dauxarjavs.

al. yifSiZe daibada 1862 wlis 19 ianvars, goris mazris

sofel wverSi, Raribi mRvdlis ojaxSi. goris sasuliero

saswavleblis damTavrebis Semdeg, swavla ganagrZo Tbilisis

sasuliero seminariaSi. imdroindeli saimperatoro kanonebis

Tanaxmad, sasuliero saswavleblebis kursdamTavrebulebs,

ufleba ar hqondaT umaRles saero saswavleblebSi ganeg-

rZoT swavla. 1882 wlis aprilSi, roca al. yifSiZe seminariis

damamTavrebel klasSi imyofeboda, kanoni Seicvala da semina-

riis kursdamTavrebulebs umaRles saswavlebelSi Sesvlis

ufleba miecaT. simwifis atestatis misaRebad man gamocdebi

Tbilisis meore klasikur gimnaziaSi Caabara da 1884 wels

xarkovis universitetis istoria-filologiis fakultetis

studenti gaxda. rogorc gimnaziis kursdamTavrebuls TveSi

25 maneTi stipendia daeniSna im pirobiT, rom universitetis

dasrulebis Semdeg ganaTlebis uwyebaSi daiwyebda samsaxurs.

107

magram, 1888 wels, roca al. yifSiZe samSobloSi dabrunda da

valdebulebis Sesabamisad maswavlebloba moindoma, kavkasiis

saswavlo olqis maSindelma mzrunvelma ianovskim amis saSua-

leba ar misca. amitom iZulebuli iyo saxelmwifo samsaxuri

moeZebna. ase moxvda igi Tbilisis sagubernio sammarTvelos

saqmeTa mmarTvelad, xolo Semdeg sxvadasxva dros muSaobda

saglexo saqmeTa sakrebuloSi, saxazino palataSi, momrigebel

Suamavlad axalcixeSi; 1905 wlis revoluciis dros ki al.

yifSiZe, rogorc xalxis kargi mcnobi da gulSematkivari kav-

kasiis mTavrobis mier daniSnul iqna quTaisis gubernatoris -

al. staroselskis moadgiled, vice-gubernatorad. `maTis

mcdelobiT pirvel rigSi gauqmebul iqna samxedro wesebi da

meti gasaqani mieca xalxis Tavisufal moZraobas~, magram male

generalma alixanov-avarskim isini daapatimra da TbilisSi ga-

agzavna. staroselski peterburgSi gauSves, xolo al. yifSiZe

metexis cixeSi Casves, cota mogvianebiT igi samsaxuridan

ùpensiod da umundirod~ daiTxoves [22].

1907 wlidan al. yifSiZe samsaxurs iwyebs Tbilisis gu-

berniis Tavad-aznaurTa deputatTa sakrebulosTan arsebul

saadgilmamulo komisiis mdivnad, sadac sicocxlis bolomde

agrZelebda saqmianobas...

al. yifSiZem samwerlo saqmianoba, jer kidev seminariaSi

swavlis dros daiwyo korespondenciebis beWdva gaz. `droeba-

Si~, 1884 wels andria RulaZis yovelTviur saymawvilo Jur-

nal `nobaTSi~ Tavisi pirveli moTxroba dabeWda glexTa

cxovrebidan; amave xanebSi mas piradad gaecno ilia WavWavaZe,

romelmac am axalgazrdaSi didi energia dainaxa. aqedan moyo-

lebuli al. yifSiZe Tavis werilebs aqveynebda s. mesxis `dro-

ebaSi~... ruseTidan dabrunebuli sistematurad TanamSrom-

lobda periodul gamocemebSi: 1889 wlidan igi mudmivi Tanam-

Sromeli gaxda ilias ìveriisa~, sadac xSirad xelmouwerel

meTaur werilebsac ki aTavsebdao, _ rogorc i. mansvetaSvi-

lis mogonebebSia aRniSnuli [24, 269]. ìveriis~ garda al. yif-

SiZe aqtiurad TanamSromlobda iseT gamocemebSi, rogoric

iyo gazeTebi _ `cnobis furceli~, `megobari~, `saqarTvelo~;

Jurnalebi `moambe~, èri~, `klde~... amasTan Jurn. `kldisa~ da

gazeT `saqarTvelos~ erT-erTi damfuZnebeli da misi sare-

daqcio kolegiis wevric gaxldaT. misi umTavresi fsevdoni-

108

mebi iyo: àl. froneli~, `Terg daleuli~, àn-fari~, àravin~

da sxv.

al. yifSiZe (froneli) aqtiuri TanamSromeli iyo: qar-

TvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis,

saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis, qar-

Tuli sameurneo sazogadoebis, saadgilmamulo komisiis, ase-

ve araerTi saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebis... Tavisi rwmeniT igi

zomieri liberalizmis warmomadgeneli iyo, rogorc politi-

kur, ise socialur sakiTxebSi... Tumca, misTvis yvelaze um-

Tavresi samSoblo qveynis interesebis gulwrfeli samsaxuri

iyo; samoqmedo devizi ki: `siyvaruli moyvasisa, moyvasisaTvis

Tavgamodebuli zrunva, uyvedrebeli patiosnebis da sanatre-

li zneobis TvisebiT gatareba cxovrebisa da amiT magaliTis

micema yovelisaTvis~ [13].

al. yifSiZe (froneli) Tavisi arc Tu xangrZlivi cxov-

rebis manZilze, rogorc mwerali, publicisti da istorikosi,

nayofier SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobas eweoda. garda aTeulo-

biT sagazeTo da saJurnalo statiisa da werilisa, mis kalams

ekuTvnis calke wignebad dastambuli sayuradRebo gamokvle-

vebi saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnografiis sakiTxebze. maT

Sorisaa: `mTiuleTi - 1804 weli~ (Tb., 1896 w.) àmboxeba kaxe-

Tisa - 1812 w.~ (Tb., 1907 w.), `mTis arwivi, Samili~ (Tb., 1914 w.),

`didebuli mesxeTi~ (gori, 1914 w.) da sxva [1; 2; 3; 4].

aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela aq CamoTvlili gamokvleva

dRemde inarCunebs maRal sandoobas da samagaliTod rCeba am

sakiTxebze momuSave yoveli mkvlevarisaTvis. es, albaT, imi-

Tacaa ganpirobebuli, rom al. yifSiZes pirvels mieca saSua-

leba Tbilisis sagubernio sammarTvelo sakrebulos mdivnad

muSaobis dros, uSualo Sexeba hqonoda am dawesebulebis ar-

qivSi dacul masalebTan, romlebic ruseTTan saqarTvelos

SeerTebis, qarTveli glexkacobis mdgomareobis, kavkasiis

xalxebs Soris urTierTobis sakiTxebs Sexebodnen da sxv.

al. yifSiZe (fronelis) am mimarTulebiT gaweuli saqmi-

anoba maRal doneze aqvs Sefasebuli mis Tanamedrove did

qarTvel mecniersa da sazogado moRvawes eqvT. TayaiSvils,

romelic wers `sazogadoebrivi samsaxuri, samSoblosTvis

sargeblobis motana al. yifSiZem daiwyo dRidan universite-

tis gaTavebisa. is gaxda mudmivi TanamSromeli gazeT ìverii-

sa~, romlis redaqtori da gamomcemeli iyo ilia WavWavaZe. am

109

dros is ganicdida ilias zegavlenas: gaRrmavda misi patrio-

tuli grZnoba, SemuSavda msubuqi qarTuli ena da Seudga pub-

licisturi statiebis weras. amave dros is daewafa saistorio

masalebis Seswavlas. nametnavad mas ainteresebda ukanaskneli

xana Cveni istoriisa, ruseTTan SeerTebis sakiTxi da pirveli

dro ruseTis mmarTvelobisa saqarTveloSi. mis kalams ekuT-

vnis ramdenime kargi eniT dawerili gamokvleva da populiari

broSura am xanis Sesaxeb. magram didi Secdoma iqneba Tu Ta-

vis Rvawlad al. yifSiZisa es dargi miviCnieT misi Sromisa.

ara, misi Tavi Rvawli aris praqtikuli muSaoba saqarTvelos

keTildReobisaTvis...

man kargad Seiswavla glexTa sakiTxi da daniSnul iqna

momrigebel Suamavlad axalcixis mazraSi. aq man Semoikriba iq

myofi qarTveli Zalebi, SeakavSira SeukavSirebelni da gaaCa-

Ra qarTuli sakulturo saqmeebi. yvelas kargad mogexsenebaT

Tu rogor CamorCenilia Zveli mesxeTi da javaxeTi sxva sa-

qarTvelos nawilebs erovnuls SegnebaSi da sakulto saqmeeb-

Si. al. yifSiZem ganaaxla da ganagrZo is Sroma, romelic da-

amkvidra anna besarionis asulma musxeliSvilisam pirveli

qarTuli skolis daarsebiT axalcixeSi. mas Semdeg, rac aleq-

sandrem dastova axalcixe, axalcixis da axalqalaqis mazris

qarTvelebi xSirad modiodnen masTan da rCevas kiTxavdnen sa-

zogado da kerZo saqmeebis Sesaxeb da maTi xelmZRvaneli da

mrCeveli yovelTvis aleqsandre iyo~ [21, #137].

winamdebare werilSi al. fronelis mravalferovan Se-

moqmedebaze saubars aRar gavagrZeleb da mokled mivuTi-

TebT imaze, Tu ra adgili eTmoba mesxeTis Temas mis Semoqme-

debaSi.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, al. fronels TiTqmis xuTi

weli (1900-1905) mouwia axalcixisa da axalqalaqis mazrebis

momrigebel mosamarTled samsaxuri. Tavisi pirdapiri mova-

leobis garda, man imTaviTve didi daintereseba gamoiCina am

kuTxis mimarT da Tavisi STabeWdilebebis gaziareba daiwyo

qarTuli perioduli gamocemebisaTvis. upirvelesi, rac mis

mamuliSvilur suliskveTebaze damTrgunvelad moqmedebda, am

istoriuli mxaris ukiduresi socialur-ekonomikuri da kul-

turul-saganmanaTleblo mdgomareoba iyo, rasac aqauri qar-

Tveli mosaxleobis dabeCaveba-gadagvarebis gzaze dayeneba

gamoewvia. rusifikatoruli politikis gamo, sikvdilis piram-

110

de iyo miyvanili mSobliuri qarTuli ena; Seuwynarebloba da

gautanloba damkvidrebuliyo sxvadasxva sarwmunoebis mqone

qarTvelTa Soris, rac Tavis mxriv xels uwyobda ucxotomel-

Ta maspinZlad gaxdomis realurad ganxorcielebis saqmes...

im xanebSi, roca al. yifSiZe (froneli) axalcixeSi Tavi-

si samsaxureobrivi movaleobis aRsrulebas Seudga, TbilisSi

erTi metad saintereso wigni daibeWda saTauriT: «Кавказские этюды, Изследование и заметки Е. Г. Вейденбаума». gazeTi `cno-

bis furceli~ operatiulad gamoexmaura am faqts da gamoaq-

veyna recenzia, saTauriT: `sayuradRebo wigni~, romlis avto-

ri àravin~, igive al. yifSiZe iyo. recenzenti maRal Sefase-

bas aZlevda xsenebul gamocemas da aRniSnavda: wigni, rome-

lic mogzauruli narkvevebis krebuls warmoadgens da Tema-

turad mravalferovania, qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis saintere-

soa imiT, rom cnobili rusi moxele da mwerali did adgils

uTmobs baTumidan-arTvinamde mcxovreb mahmadiani qarTvele-

bis yofa-cxovrebis aRweras da araerT mosazrebas gamoTqvams

mTel rig saWirboroto sakiTxebze; rom es ucxotomeli kaci

èrTi saukeTeso, gonieri da dakvirvebuli mcodne kavkasiis

sxvadasxva tomTa istoriisa da etnografiisa~, obieqturad

afasebs iq arsebul sinamdviles da gonivrul rCevebs aZlevs

ruseTis xelisuflebas, Tu ra unda iRonos man 1878 wlis

omiT SemoerTebuli am mxaris SemomtkicebisaTvis. al. yifSi-

Ze ìziarebda wignis avtoris azrs imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom

am sakiTxis mogvarebaSi umniSvnelovanesi rolis Sesruleba

SeeZlo qarTuli enis gamoyenebas adgilobriv mcxovrebleb-

Tan urTierTobisas [18].

recenzenti gansakuTrebiT gamoyofda e. veidenbaumis im

mosazrebas, rom mTels am mxareSi aucilebeli iyo òficia-

lur enad qarTuli gamxdariyo~, da marTebulad miaCnda, am

moTxovnisadmi gakeTebuli misive ganmartebac: `qarTulis da-

viwyeba maSin daiwyo, roca osmaleTis mflobelobis dros,

mTavrobis moxeleobam xalxs osmalurad dauwyo laparaki da

zizRiT uyurebda qarTuls, rogorc aramuslimanurs enas...

TviT saxelwodeba `qarTuli~, sasircxvilod Seiqmna... amitom

qarTuli enis aRdgena, ganaxlebas xalxis mexsierebaSi jer ki-

dev mTlad ar Camqralis mogonebas saqarTvelos erTobisas,

da, maSasadame, mkvidrni zneobriv saqarTvelosaken daiwyeben

111

ltolvas, ise rogorc axla miltvian osmaleTisaken, romel-

Tanac maT ena da sarwmunoeba aerTebT. garda amisa, isic unda

viqonioT saxeSi, rom xalxis warmodgeniT da gonebiT osma-

luri ena da muslimanoba ganuyrelia da erTsa da imavesa

hniSnavs, ise rogorc qarTuli ena da qristianobaa ganuyreli

xalxis gonebaSi~. gamomdinare aqedan, e. veidenbaums miaCnda:

rom qarTuli enis aRdgeniT gawydeboda da moispoboda erTi

im kavSirTagani, romlebic mkvidrebs samuslimano ideasTan

aerTianebdaT... `me mxolod is msurs, _ aRniSnavda igi, roca

mTavrobis moxeleebi xalxTan zepirad Tu werilobiT saqmis

daWeras moindomeben maT qarTulad elaparakon da es savse-

biT sakmarisi iqneba. qarTulis daviwyeba Tu imis gamo moxda,

rom osmalos batonobis dros saWiro aRar iyo am enis xmare-

ba, exla iolad aRsdgeba igi, roca mkvidri qarTuls moismens

da gaigonebs Tavis ufrosebisagan. rac unda moxdes, Tavis

droze qarTulidan rusulze gadasvla ufro advili iqneba,

rogorc qristianuli enidan qristianulze, vidre osmaluri-

dan rusulze, radgan es ori ena xalxis TvalSi sareligio

ideas warmoadgens~-o.

recenzenti kidev agrZelebs e. veidenbaumis mosazreba-

Ta citirebas, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom qarTuli ena yvela-

ze wmindad da xelSeuxeblad Senaxulia im adgilebSi, sadac

osmaleTis mTavroba am qveyanas adgilobrivi begebis meSveo-

biT ganagebda da rom es faqti damamtkicebeli iyo imisa, Tu

ra didi mniSvneloba da gavlena hqonda xalxze im enas, ro-

melzedac moxeleni (am SemTxvevaSi begebi _ g. s.) laparakob-

dnen. es mniSvnelovani saqme sifrTxiliT da, rac SeiZleba ma-

le unda ganxorcielebuliyo, vinaidan osmaluri ena metisme-

tad swrafad vrceldebao... e. veidenbaumi, es Wkviani da dak-

virvebuli rusi moxele, TviTmpyrobelur xelisuflebas af-

rTxilebda, rom aRar gaemeorebina is Secdoma, romelic man

1829 wels axalcixis mazraSi Sesvlis dros Caidina, roca ar

icoda, an daiviwya, rom mazraSi bevri gamahmadianebuli qar-

Tveli cxovrobda da radgan isini osmalebad CaTvales, lapa-

rakic osmaluri dauwyes. Sedegic male miviReT: qarTuli ena

ukvalod gaqra da mas Semdeg Cvenc iZulebuli varT, osma-

leTTan omis dros, SiSis qveS viyvneT _ vai Tu Cvenma mosaz-

Rvre gamahmadianebulma xalxma gviRalatoso~ [18].

112

wignis recenzenti àravin~ (al. yifSiZe) e. veidenbaumis

am mosazrebas aseT komentars ukeTebs: `sityva-sityviT moyva-

nils adgils bevri ganmarteba aRar esaWiroeba. deda-azri ise

naTelia, ise mkafio, da saxelmwifo saWiroebis SegnebiT ga-

moTqmuli, rom ukeTesis survili umaduroba iqneboda. samwu-

xaroa is, rom rac Soridan mosulma kacma ase garkveviT Seig-

no, Cven dResac ar Segvignia igio~ da Tavis mxriv umatebda _

àxalcixis mazraSi qarTuli ena nel-nela hqreba. aq mxolod

erTs SevniSnavT: sabednierod jer kidev hfeTqavs samesxeTos

ena awyuridan dawyebuli mtkvris Seyoleba aspinZamde da

focxovis Seyoleba benaramde. qoblianma ki savsebiT daiviwya

Cvens dros qarTuli enao, rogorc batoni veidenbaumi brZa-

nebs. enis daviwyebas da qarTveli~ saxelis gaTaxsirebas ex-

lac didad vumarTavT xels, roca awyuris skolis maswavleb-

lebad yirimidan iweren ymawvil kacebs, romlebic ise sdevni-

an qarTul gvarebs, rogorc mSieri mglebi pirutyvsa... da Tu

aqamdisin qarTuli sruliad ar mospobila, amisi madlierni

axalcixeli ebraelebisa unda viyvneT~-o, _ daaskvnida recen-

zenti [18].

aRsaniSnavia, rom axalcixeli ebraelebis damsaxurebaze

qarTuli enis dacva-SenarCunebis saqmeSi, igive àravin~ (al.

yifSiZe) ufro adre gamoqveynebul erT-erT werilSic gulis-

tkiviliT miuTiTebda: àqauri qarTveloba gaTaTrebulia~,

anu aq vinc mahmadis rjuls aRiarebs, yvela TaTaria. Seuc-

vliaT gvarebi, maSin roca aqaur ebraelobis gvarebs jer ki-

dev qarTulad swereno~ da ixsenebda faqts, romelic aq,

axalcixeSi, jarSi gasawvevi ebraelebis mier ficis miRebis

dros momxdara da, romlis Semswre TviTon yofila: èbraeli

axalgazrdebi rabinma daafica... gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT

vucqerodi ebraelebis mier ficis miRebas. TovliviT gaTeT-

rebulma moxucma rabinma, gaSala ra ebraulad dawerili fi-

cis qaRaldi, daiwyo sityva-sitvad kiTxva ficisa, mSvenieris

uzado unaklulo qarTulis eniTa. mis naTqvams mkafiod imeo-

rebdnen ficis mimRebni. jariskacTa gamosawvev siaSi aqaurni

ebraelni ise arian aRniSnulni, viTomc maTi samSoblo ena eb-

rauli iyos. axalcixis uriebma imdenadve ician ebrauli,

ramdenadac am striqonebis damwerma arabuli. maTi RviZli da

samSoblo ena namdvili qarTulia, egeni rom axalcixis mazra-

Si ar yofiliyvnen, mgoni saxsenebelic ar yofiliyo qarTve-

113

lisa. ase iwereba, batonebo, istoria... es siebi darCeba isto-

riul dokumentad, Cauvardeba SemdegSi visme axirebul isto-

rikoss, an imisTana publicists da migvdgebian da tyavs gag-

vaZroben. Cven vamtkicebT, rom axalcixeSi ebraelebi ebrau-

lad laparakobdneno da istoriuli sabuTnic, oficialurad

Semowmebuli, amas mowmobeno. modi maSin amisTana axirebul

istorikoss, an publicists daumtkice, rom yvela es tyuilia.

ebraelebis Sesaxeb Secdoma siebSi, rogorc gviTxres, ganzrax

ar mosvliaT, ufro gulubryvilobis mizezia. ebraelebis ena,

maS ra unda iyves, Tu ara ebaraulio. aRar gamourkveviaT da

CauweriaT: samSoblo ena ebraulio!~ [19].

ebraul Temaze al. froneli mogvianebiT daweril ga-

mokvlevaSi _ `didebuli mesxeTi~ amaxvilebs yuradRebas da

miuTiTebs, rom ùxsovari droidan dabinavebulan ebraelebi

axalcixes, qarTuli ieri, zne da Cveuleba SeuTvisebiaT da

aRar Ralatoben arc erTsa da arc meores, Tumca oras weli-

wadze mets qarTvelebTan erTad osmaleTis batonobas icav-

dnen... qarTuli enis Senaxva-patronobaSi ebraelebs didi Rvaw-

li miuZRviT da eseTi misi samsaxuri arasodes ar unda dagvaviw-

ydes. dRevandel axalcixes Tu kidev qarTuli ieri cotaTi

mainc Senaxuli aqvs, es ebraelobis wyalobaa~ [4, 129].

mesxeTze mzrunvel da misi Wirvaramis gamziarebel qar-

Tvel moRvaweTa Soris al. fronelis moxsenieba, pirvel yov-

lisa, ganpirobebulia misi Rirebuli naSromis _ `didebuli

mesxeTi~, romlisTvisac Tedo saxokias sityvebiT rom vTqvaT:

ìq Tavisi TvaliT naxuli da gagonili daudvia safuZvlad~

da Tanamedroveebs daanaxva am `Tvalgadauwvdeneli da usaz-

Rvro sasaflaos Semzaravi~ suraTi, aramed momaval TaobaTa.

Tedo saxokias TqmiT: àleqsandre yifSiZis nawerebSi mkafiod,

xazgasmiT iyo gatarebuli: siyvaruli Tavisi erisa da qveyni-

sa, siZulvili misi mtrebisa da avis mdomTa, qadageba im azri-

sa, rom qarTvelebs _ naswavlsa Tu uswavlels, qalsa Tu kacs,

didsa Tu pataras _ Seegno, Seesisxlxorcebina is WeSmariteba,

rom qarTveli warmoudgenelia uteritoriod, umiwawylod,

rom qarTveli mama-papur adgils, mis winaparTa wminda sis-

xliT gapoxierebuls, unda ebRauWebodes TavgadakvliT, xma-

lamoRebuli kriWaSi unda edges yvelas, vinc moindomebs qve-

Sidan gamoacalos es teritoria da boganod, moxetialed ga-

uSvas da mis naCixarze axla TviTon iparpaSos~ [4, 13].

114

`orma garemoebam gamabedina am krebulis dabeWdva: pir-

vel isaa, rom qarTulma yoveldRiurma presam samarTlianad

didi yuradReba miapyro mesxeTs. ese igi samxreT saqarTve-

los, am mSvenier kuTxes dRes upireben mokveTas, mowyvetas...

asea Tu ise, samxreT saqarTvelo, anu mesxeTi, mowyvetili sa-

qarTvelos, meCvidmete saukunis dasawyisSi, SemoerTebuli

kvlav mecxramete saukuneSi, sadReiso saWirboroto sagnad

Seiqmna.

meore garemoeba isaa, rom gamahmadianebuli qarTveli

Tavis istoriul `saxes~ poulobs da sajarod acxadebs, rom,

miuxedavad rjulisa, mec igive qarTveli var. rogoricaa

RviZli qarTveli qristianio... Tumca gamahmadianebulma qar-

Tvelma piri ibruna samSoblosken, magram piradad Cven, mesxe-

Tis dRevandeli viTareba Zveleburad guls gviwyalebs... er-

TaderTi sababi da mizezi am krebulis dabeWdvisa swored

isaa, rom moagonos qarTvels _ droa, vifiqroT da vizrunoT

samSoblos im kuTxeze, romelmac gvaCuqa kanonmdebelni: beqa

da aRbuRa, Seudarebeli SoTa, RvTismetyvelni: eqvTime da

giorgi da netari mama grigol xanZTeli, es sakvirvelni mna-

Tobi qarTul sinasi~ [4, 4].

cnobili qarTveli moRvawe, daviT vaCnaZe maRal Sefa-

sebas aZlevda al. fronelis istoriul narkvevebs, da gansa-

kuTrebiT gamohyofda mis `didebul mesxeTs~, romelSic `sa-

ucxovo feradebiT, codniT da eniT aRwerilia qarTvel mah-

madianTa warsuli da awmyo; masSi gaismoda patriot iverie-

lis sayviris xma: `Svela Cagrul qarTvel Zmebs!~ da amis Sem-

deg al. yifSiZes Tavisi sicocxlis ukanasknel dReebamde

qarTveli mahmadianebis damcvelTa pirvel rigebSi vxedavdiT

[21, #136].

swored mSobeli qveynisa da xalxis bediRbalze gamudme-

bulma fiqrma da Seusvenebelma saqmianobam gamoiwvia misi ud-

roo gardacvaleba. samsaxuridan _ Tbilisis guberniis Ta-

vad-aznaurTa sakrebulodan dabrunebuls, Tavisi saxlis win

(yazbegis q. 37) uecrad guli wauvida da... gaTavda. es moxda

1916 wlis 16 ivniss.

meore dRes 12 saaTze, Tavad-aznaurTa sakrebuloSi ga-

marTul TaTbirze, romelsac T-di konst. afxazi uZRveboda

al. yifSiZis dakrZalvis organizaciul sakiTxze imsjeles da

daadgines, rom al. yifSiZis gamosveneba moxdeboda binidan,

115

xolo Semdgom belinskisa da olRas quCebis, veris daRmarTi-

sa da kiroCnis quCis, bolos ki mixeilis prospeqtis gavliT

didubis qarTvel moRvaweTa panTeonamde waasvenebdnen da 21

ivniss iq dakrZalavdnen. wesrigis dacvisaTvis arCeul iqna

mcire komisia: daviT vaCnaZis, sandro SanSiaSvilisa da iro-

dion sonRulaSvilis SemadgenlobiT.

didubis eklesiaSi sityva warmoTqva taZris winamZRvar-

ma dekanozma i. mirianaSvilma, xolo panaSvidi gadaixada go-

ris episkoposma antonma (giorgaZem), arqimandrit nazaris

(leJavas) da qarTveli samRvdeloebis TanamwirvelobiT. ga-

lobda filarmoniuli sazogadoebisa da didubis taZris gun-

debi.

dakrZalvas eswrebodnen: qarTl-kaxeTis mazrebis Tavad-

aznaurTa winamZRolebi, Tbilisis guberniis Tavad-aznaurTa

marSali konst. afxazi, sxvadasxva organizaciebisa da sazoga-

doebebis warmomadgenlebi, presis TanamSromlebi, mravali pa-

tivmcemeli saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan.

sityvebi warmosTqves: sp. kediam, ia ekalaZem (i. cinca-

Zes), dekanozma xaxutaSvilma, mahmadian qarTvelTa warmomad-

genelma baxSi-beg maCabelma da sxvebma.

wakiTxuli iqna aTeulobiT samZimris depeSa, romelTa

Soris bevri iyo mesxeT-javaxeTidan, rogorc organizaciebi-

dan, ise kerZo pirebidan. magaliTad, axalcixis saqvelmoqme-

do sazogadoebis Tavmjdomaris elisabed korickis depeSaSi

naTqvami iyo: axalcixs saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoeba da misi

skolis mowafeni dastirian udrood gardacvalebul al. yif-

SiZis Zvirfas cxedars da Rrmad damwuxrebulni hglovoben

mas. misi saxiT dagvekarga patroni _ sazogado moRvawe da

mwerali, simarTlis damcveli da xalxis megobari. dakrZalva-

ze dasaswreblad gamogzavnilia deputacia~ [23].

aRsaniSnavia, rom al. yifSiZis Rvawlis dafasebisa da

piradi pativiscemis niSnad, axalcixidan warmogzavnili 10-ze

meti deputacia eswreboda. maT Soris iyvnen: axalcixis saq-

velmoqmedo sazogadoebisagan (xel-li mRvdeli kandelaki),

axalcixis qarTveli sazogadoebisagan (xel-li iv. beTanaSvi-

li), axalcixis mazris begebisagan (xel-li zia-beg SarabCiSvi-

li (meRviniSvili), qoblianis sazogadoebis glexebisagan (xel-

li omar ibrahim-oRli yifiani), axalcixis kooperatiuli sa-

zogadoeba `mesxeTisagan~ (xel-li v. baRoSvili), qarTuli saq-

116

velmoqmedo sazogadoebis axalcixis ganyofilebisagan (xel-

li, dekanozi d. xaxutaSvili), qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis

gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis axalcixis ganyofilebisa da

axalcixel qarTvelebisa (xel-li studenti s. didimamiSvili),

mesxeTis qarTvel mahmadianTa sazogadoebisaken (xel-li bax-

Si-beg maCabeli) da sxv. calke depeSebi iyo gamogzavnili

axalcixeSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis _ korinTelis, gegiSvilis,

aleliSvilis, durgliSvilis, lomsaZis, iv merabiSvilis, s.

tisiSvilis... mier.

damswre sazogadoebis yuradReba miipyro baxSi-beg ma-

Cablis sityvam: `CvenTvis Zvirfaso da marad saxsovaro aleq-

sandre Tevdores Zev!

Cven gamogvagzavnes mesxeTis da javaxeTis qarTvelma

mahmadianebma, raTa mogiZRvnaT Cveni siyvaruli megobarsa da

maswavlebels damwuxrebuli Cveni gulis salami. Sen agvixile

Tvali, Sen dagvanaxe Cveni samSoblo, Cveni RviZli Zmani da

Segvayvare igini. Sen STagvagone movaleoba Cvengan daviwye-

bul saqarTvelos winaSe da vecdebiT Rirseulad aRvasru-

loT igi Segnebul qarTvelTa daxmarebiT. imedi gvaqvs, qar-

Tuli kulturuli dawesebulebani da kerZo pirni, ganagrZo-

ben Sens saqmes da dagviarseben qarTvel mahmadianebs qarTul

skolebs, saxelosnoebs, dagvibruneben Cvens deda enas... da

gamococxlebuli, ayvavebuli mesxeTi da javaxeTi Tavis mad-

lier gulzed aRagebs saukuno Zegls dauviwyar aleqsandre

Tevdores Ze yifSiZisas!

exla ki guldamwvarni geTxovebiT. Seni mSobeli miwa,

romelic Sen ase uzomod giyvarda, mSobliuri siyvaruliT

Cagikravs gulSi. ganisvene Rirseulo mamuliSvilo Rirseul-

Ta Soris! mSvidobiT Zvirfaso Zmao!~

aseve didi pativiscema da madlierebis grZnoba iyo gac-

xadebuli glexis efrema sonRulaSvilis werilSi, romelic im

dReebSi daibeWda: `didebul mamuliSvilsa da qarTveli xal-

xis moamage aleqsandre Tevdores Ze yifSiZis sikvdilma Zli-

er dagvaRona. igi Tavisi keTil-sindisieri muSaobiT da xal-

xis siyvaruliT mTeli eris siamaye Seiqmna, metadre glex-ka-

cobisa, romelTa gulis pasuxi keTildReobisaTvis, kerZod,

ki Cven diRmis sazogadoebis amxanagobiTa `wodoreTis~ da

`veZisis~, romlis mecadineobiT mSvenieri diRmis xeoba Tavis

tyiT, saxnav-saZovriT ucxoTa xelSi ar Caagdo da Segvagnebi-

117

na Tavisi brZnuli darigebiT uTuod SegveZina da igi dRes

Cven xelTaa _ 2.000 desetinaze meti q. Tbilisis zurgze mik-

ruli mamuli, riTac didaT vamayobT da Tvalcremliani vigo-

nebT mis SaravandediT mosil wminda saxes. vxdebiT ra monawi-

leni moulodneli mwuxarebisa nacvlad gvirgvinebisa var-

dgenT xuT Tuman fuls mTeli glexkacobis saTayvanebeli al.

yifSiZis saxelobis dasaarsebel fondis sasargeblod~ [21,

#140].

al. yifSiZe (fronelis) pirovnuli portreti da mamu-

liSviluri Rvawli STambeWdavadaa daxatuli ek. gabaSvilis

sityvebSi: `al. yifSiZe iyo mnaTobi varskvlavi saqarTvelos

brwyinvale mzis _ ilias Tanamgzavrad Sobili, aRzrdili da

Tanaziari yovel imis saqmeTa da azrTa ganxorcielebaSi... ena mSvenieri, literaturuli stili mtkice da oqrosa-

viT gamoWedili, vaJkacoba uzado, simxneve Seuferxebeli da

mravalmxrivi, zneoba maRali da wrfeli, yovel orpirobas da

or azrovnebas moklebuli, xasiaTi amayi da Seudarebeli,

rwmena mkvidri da Seuryeveli, sarwmunoebad qceuli samSob-

los siyvaruli da misi samsaxuri _ ai, ragvari moqalaqe iyo

es uebro da SesaniSnavi kaci, jerad Warmagi da janRoniT sav-

se...~ [21, #136]

aseT mamuliSvilTa saxelebs ki arasdros daviwyeba ar

uweriaT. es mcire werilic amitom daiwera...


1. al. froneli, mTiuleTi - 1804 weli, tfilisi, 1896.

2. al. froneli, amboxeba kaxeTisa (1812 w.), tfilisi, 1907.

3. al. froneli, mTis arwivi, Samili, tfilisi, 1914.

4. al. froneli, didebuli mesxeTi, gori, 1914.

5. al. yifSiZe (froneli), didebuli mesxeTi. T. saxokias Se-

savali, gamomcemloba `marixi~, Tbilisi, 1991.

6. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, tomi 10, Tbilisi, 1986.

7. qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogado-

eba TanamedroveTa mogonebebSi, Semdgeneli leila nani-

taSvili, Tbilisi, 2004.

8. Кавказские этюды, изследования и заметки Е. Г. Вейденбаума, Тифлис, 1900.

118

9. gela saiTiZe, Jurnali `klde~ (1912-1915), Tbilisi, 2003.

10. iakob mansvetaSvili, mogonebani, tfilisi, 1936.

11. al. sigua, werilebi da portretebi, Tbilisi, 1977.

12. sofrom mgalobliSvili, mogonebani, tfilisi, 1939.

13. Tedo saxokia, Cemi saukunis adamianebi, Tbilisi, 1984.

14. Salva gozaliSvili, al. yifSiZe (froneli), krebulSi: sa-

xalxo ganaTlebis qarTveli moRvaweebi da saxalxo

maswavleblebi, Tbilisi, 1968.

15. Ан-пари∗, Грузинские хизани и идеология хизанства, Тифлис, 1913.

16. gaz. `droeba~ (1884-1885 ww.).

17. gaz. `iveria~ (1888-1905 ww.).

18. gaz. `cnobis furceli~, 1901, #1442, 26 aprili.

19. gaz. `cnobis furceli~, 1900, #1332, 19 dekemberi.

20. gaz. `saqarTvelo~, 1916, #134, 17 ivnisi.

21. gaz. `saqarTvelo~, 1916, #135, 17 ivnisi; #136, 18, ivnisi;

#137, 19 ivnisi; #138, 21 ivnisi; #140, 24, ivnisi.

22.`saxalxo furceli~, #602, 1916, 18 ivnisi.

23. gaz. `saxalxo furceli~, 1916, #604, 21 ivnisi.

Gela Saitidze Doctor of Historical Sciencies, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhisvli Institute of History and Ethnology, Main Scientist-researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

„A Noble and Worthy Patriot“

(to mark 100 years since the death of Alexander Kipshidze (Proneli))

Summary

The document concerns lesser-known episodes of the life and work of Alexander Kipshidze. Alexander Kipshidze (Proneli) (1862-1916) had a successful creative career as a writer, a publicist, a historian and a public

∗ aleqsandre yifSiZis (al. froneli) erT-erTi fsevdonimi.

119

figure. Alexander Kipshidze was a member of the Society for Dissemination of Literacy among Georgians, the Georgian Historical and Ethnographic Society, the Agricultural and Industrial Society of Georgia, the National Land Commission of Georgia, as well as a member of a number of charitable associations. Besides dosens of newspaper and magazine articles and letters, most of which were published under various pseudonyms (“Al. Proneli”, “Terg Daleuli” “An-Pari” Aravin”, etc.), he is the author of important essays on the aspects of history and ethnography of Georgia, including: ”Mtiuleti - 1804 “ (Tbilisi, 1896) “Kakheti Uprising – 1812” (Tbilisi, 1907), “Shamil, the Eagle of the Caucasus” (Tbilisi, 1914), “Glorious Meskheti” (Gori, 1914), etc.

120

zviad tyeSelaSvili

istoriis doqtori, saerTaSoriso asocia-

cia `s-o-s bavSvTa sofeli~, axalgazrdu-

li saxlis pedagogi, Tamar mefis saxelo-

bis universitetis profesori

samecniero progresis socialuri konteqsti

TergdaleulTa publicistur naazrevSi

ilia WavWavaZisa da misi Taobis mizani qarTveli xalxis

erovnuli cnobierebis gaRrmaveba, `misi cxovrebis gaumjobe-

seba~ iyo. am miznis misaRwev gzaze mecnierebasa da ganaTle-

bas gamorCeuli roli miekuTvneboda. ganaTlebis maRali

standarti samecniero progress ganapirobebda, amas ki gansa-

kuTrebuli socialuri konteqsti hqonda. Tergdaleul moR-

vaweTa mowinave warmomadgenlebi am konteqsts TavianT nawe-

rebSi farTod aSuqebdnen da xalxSi mis gavrceleba-propagan-

das eweodnen.

sainteresoa ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, iakob goge-

baSvilis, niko nikolaZisa da sergei mesxis Sexedulebebi sa-

mecniero progresis, ganaTlebisa da kulturuli winsvlis

socialuri aspeqtebis Sesaxeb, maTi Teoriuli Tvalsazrisi

da praqtikuli moRvaweobis Sedegebi qarTveli eris Rirseu-

li momavlis uzrunvelsayofad. TergdaleulTa Sexedule-

biT, xalxis ganaTleba, kulturul-saganmanaTleblo dawese-

bulebebisa da organizacebis Seqmna (skolebi, Teatri, stambe-

bi, biblioTekebi, Jurnal-gazeTebi) atarebda socialur kon-

teqsts da gamiznuli iyo politikuri da socialur-ekonomi-

kuri problemebis mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebisaTvis.

ilias aRafrTovanebda winamZRvrianTkaris qarTuli sa-

meurneo skola, sadac axalgazrdebi soflis meurneobaSi

`Cveni qveynisaTvis agre saWiro~ axali samecniero meTodebisa

da codnis danergvas swavlobdnen [1, 577]. mwerlis azriT, im

mwvave socialuri problemebis mogvareba, rac ase awuxebda

Tanamedrove qarTvelobas, axlgazrdebs mxolod codna-ga-

naTlebis miRebiTa da misi aqtiurad gamoyenebiT SeeZlo.

`codna, swavla-ganaTleba, _ werda igi, _ dauSreteli wyaroa

rogorc kacad myofobisaTvis, isec Tavis sarCenad, qonebisa

da sarCos mosapoveblad. rasac mcodne kaci erT saaTSi moia-

121

magebs, imas ucodinari moandomebs oTx-xuT saaTs. SesaZloa

kacs simdidre Tvalwin edos da vera hxedavdes ucodinrobiT

da an hxedavdes da ar icodes, rogor da ra gziT aiRos da

Sin Seitanos, mcodne kaci ki qvasac wyals gamoadens, simdid-

ris wyaros iq amoaxeTqebs, saca ucodinars sizmarSic ar mo-

eCveneba~ (`isev ganaTlebis sakiTxebze~). statiaSi kidev er-

Txel amaxvilebda yuradRebas im faqtze, ratom mdidrdebod-

nen saqarTveloSi mosuli ucxoelebi, qarTveli ki siRaribeSi

cxovrobda. mixvedriloba, gagebuloba da codna, _ ai, ra aZ-

levda maT upiratesobas. qarTveli am iaraRiT unda dapiris-

pireboda maT, radgan `sxva veraferi gausworebs oms codnasa,

Tu ar isev codna, sxva veraferi gvixsnis siRaribisagan, Tu

ar is xerxi, is unari, is Zal-Rone, romelsac marto codna da

swavla-ganaTleba iZleva~[1,625].

ilia WavWavaZe mxolod qarTveli eris ganaTlebisa da

samecniero miRwevebis gaTavisebis aucileblobas ki ar qada-

gebda, ers im katastrofaze mianiSnebda, rac mas gaunaTleb-

lobis, mecnierul-teqnikuri SeuiaraReblobis SemTxvevaSi

eloda. `uzarmazari Txrilia Cven, qarTvelebis win da ainun-

Siac ar mogvdis. am Txrilis piras vdgevarT da sakmarisia xe-

li gvkran da Sig gadaviCexebiT deda-budianad. orbi, arwivic

ki veRar gvipovis, veRar daswvdeba Cvens Zvlebs, rom gamox-

ran, gamoswiwknon, iseTi Rrmaa es Txrili, iseTi uZiro~ (`ra

giTxraT,riT gagaxaroT~) [1, 681]. didi mwerlis am sityvebs

Rrma konteqsti gaaCnia da, samwuxarod, dRevandeli saqar-

Tvelos erT-erT mniSvnelovan problemadac moiazreba.

ilias uyvarda xatovani magaliTebiT Tavisi Teoriuli

naazrevis gamyareba, misi argumentebi yovelTvis damajerebe-

li da STambeWdavia. is bevrs fiqrobda qveynis gadarCenis

problemebze, saamiso gzebic daZebnili hqonda, magram xalxis

asyolieblad saWiro iyo meti damarwmunebeli magaliTebi

msoflios sxvadasxva mowinave qveynis gamocdilebidan. ganaT-

lebisa da mecnieruli miRwevebis misabaZ magaliTad is germa-

nias asaxelebda, romelic 1870 wels Camoyalibda erTian sa-

xelmwifod da oci wlis Semdeg evropaSi vaWroba-mrewvelo-

bis dargis wamyvan qveynad iqca: gaaswro safrangeTs da mxo-

lod ingliss CamorCeboda. ilias azriT, 1870 wels germaniis

armiam ki ar daamarcxa safrangeTi, aramed `germaniis skolis

maswavlebelma~ [1, 697]. germaniis aseTma warmatebam da mokle

122

droSi dawinaurebam ingliselebi daainteresa, maT specialu-

ri komisia Seqmnes im mizezebis dasadgenad, ramac germaniis

uswrafesi progresi ganapiroba. ilia `iveriis~ saSualebiT

acnobda am komisiis daskvnas Tavis mkiTxvels da msgavs prob-

lemaze afiqrebda. mwerali ocnebobda msgavsi suraTis saqar-

TveloSi gadmotanaze, rac, upirvelesad, bevri profesiis sa-

fuZvlian swavlebas, teqnikuri miRwevebis gacnobasa da praq-

tikaSi danergvas gulisxmobda. yvelaze mniSvnelovani mwer-

lisTvis iyo _ TviTrwmena Caenerga qarTvelebisaTvis, gaeqar-

wylebina qveyanaSi damkvidrebuli azri, rom qarTveli kaci

vaWroba-mrewvelobis ucodinaria, TiTqos es saqme gansakuT-

rebul niWs moiTxovda, rac mxolod saqarTveloSi mcxovreb

somxebs xelewifebodaT. am azrs ilia `cru azrs~ uwodebda

da magaliTad germaneli ebraelebi mohyavda. isinic adre amas

amtkicebdnen, `magram dro da Jamma daamtkica, rom es ase ar

aris da germanelma cota ar iyos frTa Seakveca am tyuilad

gaberil Tavmowonebaso~ [1, 700]. erovnuli nihilizmis winaaR-

mdeg mebrZoli mwerali amiT cdilobda somexi CarC-vaWrebis

xelSi Cavardnili, gaRatakebuli qarTvelobis gadarCenas, mis

sulier gamxnevebasa da gaaqtiurebas.

akaki wereTelic swavla-aRzrdasa da mecnierebis miRwe-

vebis aTvisebas Tvlida xalxis materialuri winsvlis, erov-

nuli grZnobebisa da patriotizmis arsebobis pirobad. 1910

wels Jurnal `jejilis~ daarsebis oci wlisTavis zeimze isic

ixsenebda prusiis dawinaurebis magaliTs da, ilia WavWavaZis

msgavsad, am winsvlas germanuli skolis maswavleblebis dam-

saxurebad miiCnevda [2, 207].

Tergdaleuli niko nikolaZe sazogadoebis bednierebas

codnasa da bunebis kanonebis gamokvleva-SeswavlaSi xedavda.

ai, ras werda is Jurnal `krebulis~ saprogramo werilSi:

`krebuls iseTive mizani aqvs, rogorc unda hqondes Tavs si-

cocxleSi yovel patiosan da xeirian kacs, ese igi Tavisi sa-

zogadoebis bedniereba. Jurnalma unda SeZlos da sazgadoe-

bis yvela wevrs uCvenos ganviTarebis swori gza, romlis sa-

SualebiTac iqneba SesaZlebeli maTi sxeulisa da gonebis Za-

lis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi realizeba~.

nikolaZes aucileblobad miaCnda `sazogadoebrivi mec-

nierebis arsis gageba~, romelic bunebis kanons avsebs da mis

nawils warmoadgens. `Cven gvaklia es codna, ufro metic, Cven

123

araferi gagvegeba am codnisa~, _ ambobda igi. mas surda axali

JurnaliT sazogadoebisTvis gaecno bunebis kanonTa arsSi

Cawvdomis `moxerxebuli gza~ da mecnierebis miRwevebi, Seeyva-

rebina mkiTxvelebisTvis Sroma da swavla, Caenerga da aRe-

zarda maTSi patiosani xasiaTi, SeeZulebina `is moqmedebani,

romelic bolos uRebs sazogadoebis erTobasa da warmatebas~

[3, 393, 401]. nikolaZe rogorc gazeT `droebaSi~, aseve Jur-

nal `krebulSi~ teqnikuri ganaTlebis aucileblobas amtki-

cebda da evropuli cxovrebis magaliTebi mohqonda, rogor

iyenebdnen evropis qveynebis mcxovrebni teqnikur codnas re-

alur cxovrebaSi [3, 407].

did qarTvel ganmanaTlebelsa da pedagogs _ iakob goge-

baSvils miaCnda, rom `codna da ganaTleba imdenad saWiroa

erisaTvis, rogorc haeri sicocxlisaTvis~.

misi azriT, `ganaTleba _ swori gza aris aRTqmis qveyni-

saken~. erovnul skolas, gogebaSvili udides mniSvnelobas

aniWebda erovnuli identobis, socialuri problemebis gadaw-

yvetis, eris TavisTavadobis SenarCunebaSi. „mTavari Zala, _

werda igi, _ romelic gamarjvebas aniWebs ers saarsebo brZo-

laSi, aris codna, ganaTleba. yoveli eri miiswrafvis bednie-

rebisaken da scdilobs sxvebze adre mivides aRTqmis qveyana-

Si. magram am gulis wadils miewevian mxolod isini, visac gza-

kvali aRTqmis qveynisa cxadad da savsebiT gaTvaliswinebuli

aqvs, visac win miuZRvis da gzas unaTebs CiraRdani codnisa,

rogorc Zvels ebraelebs miuZRoda win cecxlis sveti da uC-

venebda swors gzas palestinisaken“ [3, 230-231].

ra iyo iakob gogebaSvilisTvis erovnuli skola? profe-

sor giorgi TvziSvilis azriT, iakob gogebaSvils erovnuli

skola, „saxalxo ganaTleba miaCnda saqarTvelos nacionalur-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis erT-erT mowinave frontad,

skola am frontis cixe-simagred, xolo maswavlebloba _ meb-

rZolTa armiis mowinave razmad“ [4,168].

erovnul skolas, Tavisi programebiT, unda aRezarda da

ganeviTrebina erSi eTnoistoriuli da eTnokulturuli tra-

diciebi, humanizmi da kacTmoyvareoba. maSinac ki, rodesac

iakob gogebaSvili Cioda Tanamedrove qarTvelebis arasakma-

ris erovnul interesebze, iqve umatebda, rom qarTvel ers

saukeTeso Tvisebac hqonda: ar surda momavali sxva eris xar-

jze Seeqmna, daeCagra, daemcirebina vinme. qarTveli eri, didi

124

pedagogis azriT, yvelaze humanuri eri iyo mTel msoflioSi:

„rac man dedamiwis zurgze Tavi Seiswavla, _ werda igi, _ mis

devizad Tavis dReSi ar yofila qelva, daTrgunva, dabriyveba,

damonaveba, miwasTan gasworeba romelime erisa. Cveni eris

xmali mRelvarebda mxolod Tavis Tavisuflebis dacvisaTvis

da damoukideblobis mouspoblobisaTvis“ [4, 362].

didi qarTveli pedagogis, iakob gogebaSvilis socia-

lur-politikuri koncefcia Tavidanve ganuxrelad emsaxure-

boda qarTveli xalxis erovnuli da socialuri ganTavisuf-

lebis diad amocanas, romlis ganxorcieleba mas mxolod sa-

Tanadod ganaTlebuli da mcodne adamianebis mier warmoedgi-

na [5,102].

socialuri Tu erovnuli? es kiTxva ismeboda sazogado-

ebis winaSe XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan da kamaTis saganic

xdeboda: erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel brZolaSi romeli unda

yofiliyo prioritetuli: socialuri sakiTxebis mogvareba

Tu eris koloniuri uRlisagan ganTavisufleba. marTalia, am

mxriv yvelas sakuTari mosazreba hqonda, magram yvela maTga-

ni marTali iyo imdenad, ramdenadac socialuric da erovnu-

li sakiTxebis mogvarebac sabolood qarTveli eris gaZlie-

reba-winsvlisTvis iyo aucilebeli. gogebaSvilsac es sakiTxi

ase esmoda.

erovnuli problemebis gadaWra mas socialuri proble-

mebis mogvarebis gareSe ver warmoedgina. misi azriT, am or

mimarTulebas Soris mWidro kavSiria. am kavSirs is origina-

lurad asabuTebda gazeT „iveriaSi“ 1882 wels. gazeTis „Sina-

ur mimoxilvaSi“ werda: „diaR, kargi ram gaxlavT erovnulis

principis damyareba yovels sferoSi, magram marto es ar aris

sakmarisi qveynis dayenebisaTvis warmatebisa da bednierebis

gzaze. Tu mometebulad ara, amodenadve mainc saWiroa zrunva

socialurs cvlilebebzed, xalxis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis

gaumjobesebazed... ekonomiurad ayvaveba qveynisa xdeba Seur-

yevels burjad erovnuli aRorZinebisa. am saxiT es ori deda-

boZi xalxis cxovrebisa erTmaneTs mxars aZleven, xelixels

arian gadabmulni da maTi dacalkeveba da gayra xeirs ar da-

ayris arc calke pirsa da arc sazogadoebas“ [4, 381].

gogebaSvili ganixilavda inteligenciis damokidebule-

bas am sakiTxebisadmi da gulistkiviliT aRniSnavda, rom Cven-

Si socialur-ekonomikur sakiTxebs naklebi yuradReba eqceo-

125

da, radgan ufro mtkivneulad erovnuli problema idga.

„erovnuli mxare Cvenis arsebobisa ufro Zlier gvtkioda,

gvaRonebda, vidre socialuri, _ werda mogvianebiT Tavisi

cxovrebis ganvlil periodze. _ ... da naTqvamia, rom rac uf-

ro metad stkiva kacs, imazed ufro xSirad sCivis, xSirad Ra-

Radebso“.

1905 wels daweril werilSi _„udidesi dRis varmebi“ _

gogebaSvili ayenebda socialur programas. nivTieri uTanas-

worobis pirobebSi eris ganviTareba SeuZleblad miaCnda. is

kvlav imeorebda irlandiis Sesaxeb 1881 wels daweril we-

rilSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom saxelmwifos unda gamoes-

yida mamulebi, qarxnebi da fabrikebi da sakuTrebaSi gadaeca

glexebisa da muSebisaTvis im pirobiT, rom maT nel-nela, Se-

RavaTiani pirobebiT gamoesyidaT isini saxelmwifosagan. didi

ganaTlebiT, mecnieruli miRwevebis aTvisebiT unda aemoqme-

debina mrewveloba, vaWroba, bankebi, es ganaviTarebda qveyanas,

miscemda gadarCenis, winsvlis saSualebas. maSin, 80-ian wlebSi

es azri maqsimumi iyo, dRes ki minimumad gveCvenebao, _ mimar-

Tavda mkiTxvels. „marto socialuri cvlileba ar aris sakma-

risi Cveni qveynis ayvavebisaTvis, friad saWirod migvaCnia ag-

reTve erovnuli Tavisufleba, nacionalizmi. Cven darwmune-

bulni varT, rom socializms erovnuli principis gareSe ar

ZaluZs aaRorZinos qveyana. agreTve uZluria nacionalizmi

usocializmod... nacionalizmi koleqtiuri pirovnebis ko-

leqtiuri Tavisuflebaa, da rogorc kerZo piri ver ganvi-

Tardeba, ver gaifurCqneba, Tu mis pirovnebas da Tavisebure-

bas farTo gza ar eqna gaxsnili, ise eri daiCagreba, Tu mis

erovnebas ar mieniWeba sruli Tavisufleba, ar mieniWeba:

erovnuli samarTali, erovnuli skola, erovnuli gamgeoba,

erovnuli TviTmmarTveloba. amitom, vinc gaiZaxis: Zirs av-

tonomia da gaumarjos marto socializmso, _ aclis xalxs

keTildReobis erTs mTvars boZsa da stovebs mas mxolod me-

ore mTvari boZis amara... jer kacobrioba ar moswrebia imis-

Tana magaliTs, rom ers eRalatebios erovnuli gzisaTvis, ga-

dascdenodes mas da ar wasuliyos ukan, ar gadaSenebuliyos.

nacionalizmi, xelixelCakidebuli socializmTan, gaxlavT

orpiri iaraRi, romelic erTi piriTac ukafavs xalxs gzas

bednierebisaken da meore piriTac~... [5, 50].

126

evolucia Tu revolucia? XX saukunis dasawyisSi, qveya-

naSi revoluciuri sitauaciis gamwvavebis Jams, bevri progre-

sulad moazrovne adamiani dadga revoluciis mxareze. maT

surdaT xalxs brZoliT mieRo Sedegi: Tavisufleba da mSvidi

momavlis garantia.

gogebaSvili, rogorc humanisti adamiani, idga evoluci-

is, ganTlebis, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mSvidobiani gardaq-

mnebisa da reformebis gziT qveynis ganviTarebis mxareze.

xalxTa keTildReobis mopovebisaTvis iakobi yovelgvari re-

viluciis da sisxlisRvris winaaRmdegi iyo. igi iziarebda

„msoflio evoluciis sayovelTao ganviTarebis Teorias“,

romlis mixedviTac „msoflio istoria warmoadgens msvlelo-

bas martividan rTulisaken, monobidan Tavisuflebisa da Ta-

nasworobisaken, biwierebidan saTnoebisaken, umecrebidan sib-

rZnisaken, mxecobidan adamianobisaken, tanjvidan lxenisaken,

jojoxeTidan samoTxisaken. es msvleloba usrulidan sruli-

saken aris friad neli, xSirad tortmanebs, Seferxdeba xolme,

xan kvalsac auqcevs, magram amasTan erTad igi aris Seupovari

da mimarTulebas, gzas mas veraferi daakargvinebs“ [6, 282].

igive azrs anviTarebda statiaSi _ „raodenoba da warma-

teba yovelgvars saswavlebelSi rusebisa, qarTvelebisa da

somxebisa“ (1898 weli) [7, 170].

gogebaSvili iziarebda sazogadoebrivi klasebisa da wo-

debaTa TandaTanobiT gardaqmnis ideasac. is werda: „aseT yo-

faSi Cavardnil Tavadaznaurobas dReni daTvlili hqonia

yvelgan da CvenSiac igi axlo momavalSi gaxdeba msxverpli ub-

ralo evoluciisa, an sicocxles SeirCens imiT, rom mSromeli

xalxis Tanaswor da Rirseul moZmed gardaiqceva“ [8, 185].

sainteresoa sergei mesxisa da misi redaqtorobiT gamo-

mavali gazeT `droebis~ Tvalsazrisi mecnierebisa da ganaT-

lebis sakiTxebze, am sferos socialur konteqstze. werilSi

_ `visi bralia?~ mesxi akritikebda im rus specialistebs,

romlebic kavkasiis xalxebs, maT Soris qarTvelebs, uvic, ga-

unaTlebel da uintereso adamianebad miiCnevdnen. sameurneo

sazogadoebis yrilobaze gamosul oratorebs da, upirvele-

sad, am sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare remerts sergei mesxi ara-

obieqturobasa da uvicobaSi adanaSaulebda da werda: `mecni-

eri meurneebi, pedagogebi da eqimebi erTxmad amtkicebdnen,

rom am xalxis umecrebisagan Cvens mecadineobasa da Sromas

127

yovels axal saqmeSi uangariSo da Znelad dasamorCilebeli

dabrkoleba uxvdeba winao. am sityvebs xsenebulni mecnierni

yovelTvis Semdeg winadadebas dasZineben: `Tumca Cven amisTa-

na Znelad SesamuSavebel niadagze, amisTana umecar xalxSi

vmoqmedebT, magram mainc bevri ram gavakeTeTo~ [9, 134].

mesxi eTanxmeboda imaSi, rom bevri adamiani gaunaTlebe-

li iyo da eWvis TvaliT uyurebda yovel axal azrsa da saq-

mes, magram amis erT-erT mizezad imasac Tvlida, rom mecnie-

reba da ganaTleba xalxamde ver midioda, maT Soris saerTo

ena ver iZebneboda. mecnierebi ise rTulad saubrodnen, rom

xalxs amis gageba da praqtikulad gamoyeneba uWirda. gansa-

kuTrebiT es araqarTvel swavlulebsa da sxva enaze Seqmnil

naSromebs exeboda. amave Temis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda

sergei mesxis publicisturi kamaTi nikolaZesa da vasil pet-

riaSvilTan. mesxi mecnierebasa da ganaTlebas erovnul da

socialur konteqstSi ganixilavda da saWirod Tvlida qar-

Tvel mecnierTa samSobloSi moRvaweobas, nikolaZe ki samec-

niero asparezs imdroindel saqarTveloSi ver xedavda da

qarTvel mecnierTa ruseTSi moRvaweobas normalur movlenad

miiCnevda.

am mcire magaliTebidanac Cans Tu ra seriozulad uyu-

rebdnen Tergdaleulebi qveynis socialuri viTarebis gamos-

worebisa da ekonomikuri winsvlis saqmeSi ganaTlebisa da

mecnierebis CarTvas, ra didi iyo samecniero progresisa da

saganmanaTlo sferos socialuri konteqsti maT publicis-

tur naazrevSi.


1. ilia WavWavaZe, Txzulebani, Tbilisi, 1984.

2. akaki wereTeli, ucnobi publicistika, SoTa rusTavelis

qarTuli literaturis instituti, Tbilisi, 2010.

3. niko nikolaZe, Txzulebani, t. I, Tbilisi, 1960.

4. iakob gogebaSvili, Txzulebani, tomi II, Tbilisi, 1940.

5. giorgi TavziSvili, iakob gogebaSvili, Tbilisi, 1952.

6. varlam qajaia, marad cocxali memkvidreoba, Tbilisi, 1990.

7. iakob gogebaSvili, Txzulebani, tomi III, Tbilisi, 1954.

8. iakob gogebaSvili, Txzulebani, tomi IV, Tbilisi, 1955.

9. sergei mesxi, Txzulebani, t. II, Tblisi, 1963.

128

Zviad Tkeshelashvili Doctor of History, SOS Children`s Village YF2, educator, professor of King Tamar Univercity of the Georgian Patriarchate

Tergdaleulebi about the Social Importance of Scientific Progress

Summary

This paper examines Ilia Chavchavadze’s, Akaki Tsereteli’s, Iakob

Gogebashvili’s, Niko Nikoladze’s and Sergei Meskhi’s views on the social aspects of scientific progress, education and cultural advancement. Several of their theoretical standpoints and the influence of their practical heritage on securing a decent future for the Georgian Nation are considered. According to the viewpoint of the ‘Tergdaleulebi’ the endeavours such as educating people, establishing cultural and educational institutions (schools, theatre houses, printing houses, libraries), publishing magazines and newspapers had social context and served the purpose of peaceful resolution of political and socio-economic problems.

129

SoTa vadaWkoria




istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis axa-

li da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis

mTavari mecier-TanamSromeli

erTxel kidev saqarTvelos interpartiuli sabWos

Seqmnis drois dazustebisaTvis

erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis Seqmnis sakiTxTan dakavSi-

rebiT gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas saqarTvelos erovnuli

interpartiuli sabWos Seqmnis dazustebuli formiT dadge-

nis faqti iZens. aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, Cems mier

1998 wels dabeWdil naSromSi _ `politikuri partiebi da sa-

qarTvelos pirveli erovnuli yriloba (1917)~ saarqivo doku-

mentebze dayrdnobiT dasabuTebuli formiTaa dadgenili sa-

qarTvelos erovnuli interpartiuli sabWos Seqmnis dro da

ricxvi. iqve garkveviTaa miTiTebuli, rom es politikuri or-

gano Seiqmna ara 1917 wlis aprilis dasawyisSi, aramed 1917 wlis

25 agvistos. es mtkicebuleba, kidev ufro gamyarebuli iqna

Cemi avtorobiT 2001, 2003, 2006 da 2008 wlebSi gamoqveynebul

wignebSi. iqve kategoriuli formiT davsvi sakiTxi: Cems mier

dadgenil faqtTan mimarTebaSi Tuki vinme eWvs Seitanda, Ta-

visi poziciis dasacavad Sesabamisi saarqivo masalebi warmo-

edgina. oficialurad gacxaedebuli aseTi moTxovnis miuxeda-

vad, zemoaRniSnuli mtkicebulebis gamabaTilebeli arcerTi

saxeobis saarqivo dokumenti Cems oponentebs dRemde ar dau-

beWdavs. miuxedavad amisa, adre gamoTqmuli tyuilis popula-

rizacias, yovelgvari dasabuTebis gareSe isini dResac jiu-

tad agrZeleben. mxedvelobaSi maqvs m. vaCnaZisa da v. guru-

lis avtorobiT 2014 wels wignad dbeWdili `saqarTvelos is-

toria XIX-XX saukuneebi~. CemTvis saintereso sakiTxTan da-

kavSirebiT masSi vkiTxulobT: `TbilisSi 1917 wlis aprilidan

funqcionirebas iwyebs erovnuli xelisuflebis organos Cana-

saxi _ `saqarTvelos erovnuli interpartiuli sabWo~ (Tav-

mjdomare akaki Cxenkeli)~ (gv. 161). xolo imave wignis 347-e

gverdze, ZiriTadi TariRebis CamonaTvalSi aRniSnuli sakiT-

130

xi Semdegi formulirebiTaa warmodgenili: `1917 wlis apri-

li- Seiqmna saqarTvelos erovnuli interpartiuli sabWo~.

Znelia ekamaTo iseT adamianebs, romlebic politikuri parti-

ebis interpartiul krebasa da sakanonmdeblo organos _ `sa-

qarTvelos erovnul interpartiul sabWos~ Soris sxvaobas

rom ver akeTeben. dasabuTebuli formiT dadgenil faqts, mi-

zanmimarTulad gverds uvlian da maTi mxridan sazogadoebi-

sadmi SeTavazebul tyuils simarTled asaReben. 17 wlis wi-

naT Cems mier garkveuli sakiTxis ignorirebidan gamomndinare,

Tu ramdenad marTebulia dRevandeli mkvaxe SeZaxili, Tavad

mkiTxveli darwmundeba, roca qvemoT motanil dokumentur

masalasa da mis analizs gaecnoba.

Tebervlis revoluciis Semdgom etapze ruseTSi ganviTa-

rebulma movlenebma, saqarTveloSi moqmedi politikuri par-

tiebis saerTo platformis SemuSavebisa da maTi gaerTianebis

aucilebloba daayena dRis wesrigSi. am mimarTulebiT pirve-

li qmediTi nabiji 1917 wlis aprilis dasawyisSi gadaidga,

roca saqarTvelos politikuri partiebis liderTa iniciati-

viT, qarTuli pirveli interpartiuli kreba iqna mowveuli.

krebas mxolod socialist-revolucionerebi da bolSevikebi

ar daswrebia. rogorc saarqivo masalebidanaa cnobili, am

krebis msvlelobas social-demokratTa erT-erTi lideri ak.

Cxenkeli Tavmjdomareobda. miuxedavad imisa, rom krebam po-

litikur partiaTa Soris konsesusis miRweva SesaZleblad scno,

raime konkretuli gadawyvetileba ar miuRia. amitom, igive sa-

kiTxi qarTuli meore interpartiuli krebis (1917 wlis 16 apri-

li) msjelobis sagani gaxada. krebis muSaobaSi monawileobdnen:

erovnul-demokratebi, socialist-federalistebi da social-

demokratebi. Tavmjdomared isev ak. Cxenkeli iqna arCeuli,

xolo mdivnad p. sayvareliZe. imave sxdomis stenografiuli

angariSidan irkveva, rom mTel rig sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi

partiebs Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebidan gamomdinare, politi-

kuri organos Seqmnis aucilebloba m. maCabelma kategoriuli

formiT daayena. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, imave sxdomis sa-

oqmo CanawerebSi vkiTxulobT: `saWiroa exlave daarsdes raime

saerTo organo, erovnuli komiteti an sainformacio biuro,

rom saWiroebis dros vicodeT sad wavideT~. miuxedavad amisa,

sakiTxis moumzadeblobis gamo, imve sxdomaze SeuZlebeli gaxda

politikuri partiebis gamaerTianebeli organos Seqmna da kon-

131

sesusze dafuZnebuli platformis SemuSaveba. aRniSnulis gaT-

valiswinebidan gamomdinare, misi gadawyveta mesame interparti-

uli krebisTvis iqna gadadebuli. saarqivo masalebiT dastur-

deba, rom politikuri partiebis mesame interpartiuli kreba

1917 wlis 3 agvistos gaimarTa. winamorbedi krebebisagan gansx-

vavebiT, misma monawileebma dRis wesrigSi mdgomi problemi-

sadmi praqtikuli midgomis TvalsazrisiT, meti principulo-

ba gamoiCines. partiaTa Soris kordinaciis damyarebis, adgi-

lobrivi saqmeebis gaZRolis da ukeT mowesrigebis mizniT, sa-

erTo erovnuli centris daarsebisa da miRebuli dadgenile-

bebis yvela politikuri partiebisaTvis savaldebulod ga-

mocxadebis aucilebloba moiTxoves. am krebis sxdomis ste-

nografiul angariSSi dadasturebuli faqtebisadmi yuradRe-

bis miqceva da misi analizi, principulad ayenebs sakiTxs: Tuki

interpartiuli organo _ interpartiuli sabWos saxiT 1917

wlis aprilSi arsebobda, maSin ra saWiro iyo 1917 wlis 3 agvis-

tos interpartiuli krebis mier miRebul dadgenilebaSi #2

muxliT iseTi formulirebis Cadeba, sadac xazgasmiTaa miTiTe-

buli: `axlo momavalSi mowveuli iqnas meore TaTbiri _ kreba

saerTo interpartiuli organos dasaarseblad da mTavari or-

ganizaciuli sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad~. am amonaweriT aSkarad

dasturdeba, rom 1917 wlis 3 agvistosaTvis politikuri par-

tiebis bazaze Seqmnili interpartiuli organo ar arsebobda

da mis dafuZnebas axlo momavalSi mosawvevad gaTvaliswine-

bul interpartiul krebaze gegmavdnen. imave dokumentis mi-

xedviT, krebis mier miRebuli dadgenilebis mesame muxliT,

partiaTa SemTanxmebeli organos saxiT ara saerTo erovnuli

centris, aramed saxelwodebiT qarTveli eris interpartiuli

saimformacio biuros Seqmna iqna mizanSewonilad miCneuli.

amasTan dakavSirebiT miRebul dadgenilebaSi vkiTxulobT: um-

jobesia `daerqvas saerTo erovnul centrs saxelad qarTveli

eris interpartiuli sainformacio biuro. am saerovno inter-

partiul biuros daniSnuleba dawvrilebiT ganxiluli iqnes

Semdeg krebaze. saerTod ki interpartiuli biuro SeTanxmebiT

gamodis qarTveli eris sazogado sakiTxebSi~. 1917 wlis 3 agvis-

tos krebis stenografiuli angariSis monacemebis mixedviT, sa-

xeze gvaqvs ara saqarTvelos interpartiuli sabWo, aramed sa-

xelwodebiT _ `interpartiuli sainformacio biuros~ Seqmnis

idea. igive dikumenti gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imiTac iqcevs,

132

rom masSi konkretuladaa dasaxelebuli is politikuri parti-

ebi, romlebsac interpartiul sainformacio biuroSi gaerTia-

nebis ufleba mieca. esenia: social-demokratebi, socialist-fe-

deralistebi, socialist-revolucionerebi, erovnul-demok-

ratebi da bolSevikebi. aRniSnul organoSi, zemoT dasaxelebu-

li politikuri partiebi Tanabari raodenobis wevrebiT unda

yofiliyvnen warmodgenili. aRniSnulma krebam im politikur

partiaTa raodenoba daafiqsira, romlebsac saqarTvelos erov-

nuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRsadgenad erToblivad unda emoq-

meda da am mxriv, TiToeul maTgans gansakuTrebuli pasuxism-

gebloba daakisra. meore mxriv, imave sxdomaze principulad da-

isva sakiTxi, raTa axladSeqmnili organo _ interpartiuli sa-

informacio organo sruluflebian erovnul sabWod, erovnuli

mTavrobis organod unda gamoecxadebinaT. survilisda miuxe-

davad, politikur partiaTa moumzadeblobis gamo, misi praq-

tikulad ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli gaxda. miTumetes, inter-

partiuli sainformacio biuro jer kidev samarTlebrivad

dadasturebuli da gaformebuli ar iyo. es sakiTxi, rogorc

saarqivo masalebidan irkveva, momdevno krebis msjelobisa da

gadawyvetis sagani gaxda. rac Seexeba erovnuli saxelmwifos

aRsadgenad erovnuli sabWos rols, sakanonmdeblo uflebe-

biT aRWurvili aseTi organos mniSvneloba politikuri par-

tiebis liderebs kargad hqondaT gacnobierebuli, magram er-

Tiani platformis ararseboba da politikuri partiebis Sina-

gani moumzadebloba, am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi aSkarad iCenda

Tavs. arsebuli winaaRmdegobis dasaZlevad, winaswari samza-

disis aucilebloba garduvali xdeboda. am faqtoris gaTva-

liswinebidan gamomdinare, momavali krebisaTvis ak. Cxenkels

Sesavali sityvis momzadeba, xolo n. Jordaniasa da ak. Cxen-

kels, Tanamedrove politikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb _ er-

Toblivi moxsenebis gakeTeba daevala.

Cems mier motanili faqtebi da misi analizi safuZvels

maZlevs ganvacxado: is mkvlevrebi, romlebic zemoT CamoT-

vlili oTxi politikuri partiebis warmomadgenlebis bazaze

mowveuli interpartiuli krebis mier miRebuli dadgenilebe-

bis safuZvelze Seqmnili pirveli erovnuli politikuri or-

ganos _ interpartiuli sainformacio biuros arsebobis uar-

yofas cdiloben, am qmedebiT, saarqivo dokumentebis mizanmi-

marTulad ignorirebas axdenen da istoriis falsifikacias

133

ewevian. maTi es qmedeba, winaswargamiznulad unda CaiTvalos,

radgan am politikuri organos mier miRebul dadgenilebas-

Tanaa dakavSirebuli mogvianebiT saqarTvelos erovnuli in-

terpartiuli sabWos Seqmna. am fonze, oTxi politikuri par-

tiis warmomadgenlebis bazaze 20 kaciani politikuri organos

_ interpartiuli sainformacio biuros arsebobis mizanmimar-

Tulad `gaqrobis~ mcdeloba, zogierT Cems kolegas saqar-

Tvelos erovnuli interpartiuli sabWos aprilis dasawyisSi

Seqmnilad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb mSrali gancxadebis gakeTebis

SesaZleblobas aZlevs. roca sakanonmdeblo organos Canasa-

xis dadgenilebis ignorirebas axdenen, an mis `gabaTilebas~

romelime politikuri moRvawis mier sibereSi dawerili memu-

aruli literaturidan amonaridiT cdiloben, es ubralod,

sakanonmdeblo organos saqmianobisa da mis mier miRebuli sa-

marTlebrivi aqtebis mniSvnelobis srulfasovnad vergacno-

bierebiT da saistorio wyaroTa Soris klasifikaciis verga-

keTebiT aris ganpirobebuli. kidev kargi, aseTi adamianebi

Suasaukuneebis an antikuri epoqis istoriis sakiTxebze ar

muSaoben, Torem, advili warmosadgenia im epoqis istoriis

falsificirebas ra doneze moaxdendnen.

saarqivo masalebidan irkveva, rom 1917 wlis 12 agvistos

mowveuli iqna qarTveli eris interpartiuli sainformacio

biuros damfuZnebeli kreba, romlis muSaobaSi monawileobd-

nen: n. Jordania, s. jiblaZe, n. ramiSvili, al. lomTaTiZe,

p. sayvareliZe, k. mesxi, s. kedia, g. gvazava, d. vaCnaZe, g. veSa-

peli, g. rcxilaZe, a. papava, a. jajanaSvili da m. sayvareliZe.

krebis Tavmjdomared n. Jordania airCies, xolo mdivnad

p. sayvareliZe. krebis dadgenilebiT interpartiul sainfor-

macio biuroSi xuTi politikuri partia waradgines. kerZod:

social- demokratebi, socialist-federalistebi, socia-

list-revolucionerebi, erovnul-demokratebi da bolSevike-

bi. am ukanasknelebma aRniSnul organoSi TanamSromlobaze

uari ganacxades. rogorc masalebis Sesawvlidan irkveva, Ti-

Toeul politikur partias interpartiul sainformacio biu-

roSi xuT-xuTi wevri unda gaegzavna, romlebic biuros srul

Semadgenlobad, anu plenumad CaiTvleboda. rac Seexeba in-

terpartiuli sainformacio biuros aRmasrulebel organos _

prezidiums, zemoT CamoTvlili politikuri partiebidan mas-

Si mxolod TiTo warmomadgenels irCevdnen. imave krebis dad-

134

genilebiT, interpartiuli sainformacio biuros uflebamova-

leoba iqna gansazRvruli. amasTan dakavSirebiT dokumentSi

vkiTxulobT: `qarTveli eris interpartiuli biuro daarsebui-

la qarTveli xalxis yvela politikur, ekonomikur da kultu-

rul-sazogadoebriv saWiroebaTa gasaZRolad da dasakmayofi-

leblad. eris yvela mTavar saWirboroto sakiTxebs arkvevs da

swyvets interpartiuli biuro. misi dadgenilebani sisruleSi

moyavs prezidiums. interpatiuli biuros da misi prezidiumis

dawvrilebiTi funqciebi da xasiaTi sabolood Camoyalibdeba

da ganxorcieldeba partiul-politikuri muSaobis procesSi.

prezidiumSi SeTanxmeba sadao sakiTxebSi ar SeiZleba CaiTva-

los interpartiul SeTanxmebad. iq dasmuli sadao sakiTxebi

prezidiumis gadawyvetilebiT da daskvniT gadaecema plenums

gansaxilvelad, TviT qarTvelTa interpartiul biuroSi _ ple-

numSi _ SeTanxmeba niSnavs saqarTvelos interpartuil SeTanx-

mebas. plenumis SeTanxmebuli dadgenileba ama Tu im sakiTxze

asasrulebeli da savalodebuloa. qarTvelTa interpatiuli bi-

uros da mis prezidiums yavs mudmivi Tavmjdomare da mdivani~.

es dokumenti imis damadasturebelia, rom saqarTvelos po-

litikurma partiebma, zepartiulobis interesebi ukana plan-

ze gadaitanes, eris saWirboroto sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad

erTiani Zalisxmevis gza airCies da konsesuss dafuZnebuli

politikuri platformis SesamuSaveblad mtkice nabiji ga-

dadges. meore mxriv, aRniSnuli amonaweri aSkarad adasturebs,

rom saqarTvelos erovnuli interpartiuli sabWos saxiT, aseTi

organo 1917 wliss 12 agvistosac ar arsebobda.

axlad Seqmnil politkiur organos _ interpartiul sa-

informacio biurios, ramdenadac qarTveli eris samomavlo

interesebis gadawyveta daakisres, misi organizaciuli srul-

yofisa da funqciebis gafarToebis sakiTxi _ politikur par-

tiaTa winaSe mTeli principulobiT daisva. amis Sesaxeb sagan-

gebod imsjela qarTvelTa interpatiuli sainformacio biuros

prezidiumis 1917 wls 21 agvistos sxdomam, romlis dadgenile-

biTac qarTvelTa interpartiul sainformacio biuros saxel-

wodeba Seucvales da saqarTvelos erovnuli interpartiuli

sabWo uwodes, xolo biuros prezidiums aRmasrulebeli komi-

teti. amasTan dakavSirebiT dasaxelebul dokumentSi vkiTxu-

lobT: `qarTul interpartiul sainformacio biuros daerqvas

saqarTvelos erovnuli interpartiuli sabWo, xolo biuros

135

prezidiums aRmasrulebeli komiteti~. imave dokumentis mixed-

viT, axladSeqmnil organosTan sainformacio, samxedro, saSi-

nao, sagareo saqmeTa da sxva seqciebi Seiqmna, romlebsac saTave-

Si prezidiumis wevrebi Cauyenes. imave krebis dadgenilebiT,

prezidiumis mudmiv Tavmjdomared akaki Cxenkeli daamtkices,

mis moadgiled giorgi lasxiSvili, xolo xazinadarad konstan-

tine mesxi. aRniSnuli faqti imaze migvaniSnebs, rom axladSeq-

mnilma organom sakanonmdeblo funqciebi SeiZina. Cems mier mo-

tanili faqtebi safuZvels maZlevs, mTeli pasuxismgeblobiT

ganvacxado, rom saqarTvelos erovnuli interpartiuli sab-

Wos Seqmnis drois ganmsazRvrelad zogierTi Cemi kolegis mi-

er gamocxadebuli aprilis Tve Secdomas warmoadgens. amis

safuZvels zemoaRniSnul dokumentebTan erTad, interparti-

uli sainformacio biuros 1917 wlis 21 agvistos sxdomis oq-

mi maZlevs, romelic imave wlis 25 agvistos interpartiuli

sainformacio biuros sxdomam daamtkica da momdxari faqti

samarTlebriv CarCoSi moaqcia. aq erT niuanss unda mivaqci-

oT yuradReba; interpartiuli sainformacio biuros krebis,

an misi prezidiumis yoveli dadgenileba ZalaSi mas Semdeg Se-

dioda, roca momdevno krebaze, wina krebis oqmis teqsts mo-

ismendnen da daamtkicebdnen. marTalia 25 agvistos kreba

qarTvelTa interpartiuli sainformacio biuros saxeliT ga-

ixsna, magram mas Semdeg, rac 21 agvistos dadgenileba iqna

damtkicebuli, krebam faqtobrivad interpartiuli sabWos

saxelwodeba SeiZina. swored amitom iyo, krebis mdivanma p.

sayvareliZem imave sxdomis oqmze Semdegi saxis minaweri rom

gaakeTa: `es oqmi daamtkica saq. erovnulma interpartiulma

sabWom 25 agvistos sxdomaze _ ix. s. e. i. sabWos oqmi _ mdiva-

ni p. sayvareliZe~. isic angariSgasawevia, rom 25 agsitos Sem-

deg mowveuli yvela krebebis oqmebi _ saqarTvelos interpar-

tiuli sabWos saxeliTaa gaformebuli. Cems mier mopovebuli

saarqivo masalebis mixedviT, 1917 wlis aprilidan imave wlis

noembris CaTvliT mowveuli krebebis Tanmimdevroba da misi sa-

xelwodeba aseT suraTs iZleva:

1) 1917 wlis aprilis pirveli ricxvebi _ qarTuli pirve-

li interpartiuli kreba (oqmi ar uwarmoebia)

2) 1917 wlis 16 aprili _ qarTuli meore interpartiuli

krebis oqmi;

136

3) 1917 wlis 3 agvisto _ qarTvelTa mesame interpartiu-

li krebis oqmi;

4) 1917 wlis 12 agvisto _ qarTveli eris interpartiuli

sainformacio biuros sxdomis oqmi # 1;





qarTvelTa interpartiuli biuros prezidiumis sxdomis

oqmebis saxelwodeba:

1) 1917 wlis 16 agvisto _ qarTvelTa interpartiuli bi-

uros prezidiumis sxdomis oqmi # 1;

2) 1917 wlis 18 agvisto _ qarTvelTa interpartiuli bi-

uros prezidiumis sxdomis oqmi # 2;

3)1917 wlis 21 agvisto _ qarTvelTa interpartiuli biu-

ros prezidiumis sxdomis oqmi # 3;

saqarTvelos erovnuli interpartiuli sabWos dRiurebi:

1) 1917 wlis 28 agvisto _ saqarTvelos erovnuli inter-

partiuli sabWos sxdomis dRiuri # 1 (oqmi dakargulia);


partiuli sabWos sxdomis dRiuri # 2;

3) 1917 wlis 2 seqtemberi _ saqarTvelos erovnuli in-

terpartiuli sabWos sxdomis dRiuri # 3


terpartiuli sabWos sxdomis dRiuri # 4;



6) 1917 wlis 16 enkenisTve (seqtemberi) _ saqarTvelos

erovnuli interpartiuli sabWos sxdomis dRiuri # 6;

7) 1917 wlis 23 enkenisTve (seqtemberi) _ saqarTvelos

erovnuli interpartiuli sabWos sxdomis dRiuri # 7;

8) 1917 wlis 15 oqtomberi _ saqarTvelos erovnuli in-




137



11) 1917 wlis 3 noemberi _ saqarTvelos erovnuli in-






saqarTvelos interpartiuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komi-

tetis sxdomis dRiurebi:


partiuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis sxdomis dRiuri;


terpartiuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis sxdomis dRi-

uri;



uri;



uri;



uri;



uri;



uri;



uri;



uri;


138


uri;



uri;



uri;



uri;



uri;



uri;


terpartiuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis asxdomis

dRiuri;


terpartiuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis asxdomis

dRiuri;



uri;



uri;



uri;

Cems mier motanili monacemebis Semdeg, uflebas vitoveb,

raTa samecniero literaturis, `sakiTxavi wignebisa~ da sko-

lis saxelmZRvaneloebis im avtorebs, romlebic sijiutes

iCenen da zemoaRniSnuli faqtebis ignorirebidan gamomdinare

qarTul pirvel interpartiul krebas _ interpartiul sab-

Wod acxadeben, Sevaxseno: 1) interpartiuli sabWo, politi-

139

kur partiaTa gaerTianebul krebaze arCeuli politikuri

organo iyo da pirvel interpartiul krebasTan misi identi-

ficireba yovlad dauSvebelia; 2) saarqivo masalebiT dadas-

turebulia, rom politikur partiaTa interpartiulma krebam

mxolod 1917 wlis 12 agvistos airCia pirveli politikuri or-

gano saxelwodebiT _ interpartiuli sainformacio biuro;

3) Tuki interpartiuli sabWo marTlac aprilis dasawyisSi

Seiqmna, maSin riT axsnian, pirveli qarTuli politikuri or-

ganos _ interpartiuli sainformacio biuros saxelwodebiT _

1917 wlis 12 agvistodan 25 agvistomde oficialurad funqcio-

nirebis faqts? da imave wlis 25 agvistodan (da ara aprilis da-

sawyisidan) saqarTvelos erovnuli interpartiuli sabWos sa-

xelwodebiT Catarebul krebebze miRebuli dokumentebis arse-

bobas? 4) Tuki saqarTvelos erovnuli interpartiuli sabWo

1917 wlis aprilis dasawyisSi Seiqmna, es faqti ratom maSinve

ar gaaxmovanes da saqarTvelos daba-qalaqebSi arsebul poli-

tikur organizaciebs ar acnobes? pasuxi unda gaeces kiTxvas

_ Tu ram ganapiroba aseTi nabijis mxolod 4 Tvis Semdeg ga-

dadgma. mxedvelobaSi maqvs saqarTvelos erovnuli interpar-

tiuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis 1917 wlis 28 agvistos

sxdomis dadgenileba _ dauyovnebliv ecnobebinaT provinciebSi

arsebuli politikuri organizaciebisaTvis am organos 1917

wlis 25 agvistos Seqmnisa da misi qvemdebare ganyofilebebis re-

gionebSi daarsebis aucilebloba. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT do-

kumentSi vkiTxulobT: `dauyovnebliv unda ecnobos saqarTve-

los sxvadasxva daba-qalaqebis politikur organizaciebs...

erovnuli interpartiuli sabWos daarseba da misi ganyofile-

bebis... mowyobis aucilebloba yvela adgilobriv centrSi. daC-

qardes saq. erov. interpart. sabWos oficialuri gamosvla sa-

zogadoebis winaSe da saerTo deklaraciis gamocxadeba~.

zemoT motanil faqtebze dafuZnebiT CamoTvlil kiT-

xvebze, sijiutis gzaze damdgari zogierTi Cemi kolega sanam

damajerebel pasuxs ar gascems, saqarTvelos erovnuli in-

terpartiuli sabWos Seqmnis konkretul drod _ 1917 wlis 25

agvisto unda aRiaros. rac Seexeba zemoaRniSnuli interpar-

tiuli sainformacio biuros 1917 wlis 21 agvistos dadgenile-

bis mniSvnelobas, igi imaSiac mdgomareobs, rom man axlad Seqm-

nili organos _ saqarTvelos interpartiuli sabWos Semadgen-

loba oTxi politikuri partiis aT-aTi warmomadgenliT (40 ka-

140

ciT) gansazRvra. saqarTvelos erovnuli interpartiul sabWoSi

arCeuli iqnen: social-demokratiuli partiidan (menSevikebi _

n. Jordania, a. Cxenkeli, n. ramiSvili, al. lomTaTiZe, e. gegeWko-

ri, s. jiblaZe, àlionis~ jgufidan _ p. sayvareliZe, p. qavTaraZe,

k. qavTaraZe, n. qarcivaZe, iv. gomarTeli, l. Sengelaia. socia-

list-revolucionerTa partiidan _ i. gobeCia, k. mesxi, i. Cerqe-

ziSvili, g. naTaZe, n. CigogiZe, m. gavaSeli, d. kaCauri. socia-

list-federalistTa partiidan _ g. lasxiSvili, d. uznaZe,

S. mesxiSvili, i. gedevaniSvili, g. rcxilaZe, S. miqelaZe, i. bara-

TaSvili, s. fircxelava, qr. raWveliSvili, S. dadiani. erovnul-

demokratiuli partiidan _ g. Juruli, g. gvazava, S. amirejibi,

d. vaCnaZe, sp. kedia, i. maWavariani, r. ivanicki (ingilo), gr. veSa-

peli, g. qiqoZe, S. qarumiZe. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos erovnuli

interpartiuli sabWos aRmasrulebel komitets, mis Semadgen-

lobaSi Seyvanili iqnen: ak. Cxenkeli, n. Jordania, g. lasxiSvili,

g. rcxilaZe, g. gvazava, n. qarcivaZe, p. sayvareliZe da sxvebi. am

istoriul faqtTan dakavSirebiT, qarTulma social-demokra-

tiam Tavisi dadebiTi pozicia gazeT èrTobaSi~ 1917 wlis 12

seqtembers gamoqveynebul werilSi èrovnuli interpatiuli

sabWo~ _ oficialurad daadastura. man axlad Seqmnil poli-

tikur organos, saqarTvelos politikur partiaTa SemTanx-

mebluri centri uwoda, xolo mis ZiriTad amocanad, qarTve-

li xalxis politikur-ekonomikuri, kulturul-sazogadoeb-

rivi da saerTaSoriso saWiroebaTa sakiTxebis gaZRolasTan

erTad, adgilobriv erTa Tanxmobis mogvarebis aucileblo-

bac miiCnia. imis gasarkvevad Tu ra ZiriTad mizans isaxavda

saqarTvelos erovnuli interpartiuli sabWo, amasTan dakav-

SirebiT Cemi yuradReba orma saarqivo dokumentma miiqcia.

pirvel maTganSi, romelic zogadi xasiaTisaa, axlad Seqmnili

organos ZiriTad miznad revoluciis, qarTveli xalxis poli-

tikur-ekonomikuri, kulturul-sazogadoebrivi, erTa saer-

TaSoriso Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis dacva iyo miCneu-

li. rac Seexeba meore dokuments, mas ak. Cxenkeli, n. Jorda-

nia, s. mdivani da S. amirejibi awerdnen xels. igi met konkre-

tulobas Seicavda da muxlobrivad ayalibebda im ZiriTad mi-

znebs, romlis Sesasruleblad es organo unda yofiliyo mo-

wodebuli. amasTan dakavSirebiT dokumentSi vkiTxulobT:

èrovnuli interpartiuli sabWo miznad isaxavs: 1) saxelmwi-

foebrivi Zalauflebis gadasvla mxolod revoluciuri de-

141

mokratiis xelSi; 2) kontrrevoluciasTan medgari brZola; 3)

respublikis aRiareba, dadasturdeba da dacva; 4) damfuZnebe-

li krebis saCqarod mowveva; 5) erTa TviTgamorkvevis ufle-

bis aRiareba. Tavisufal ruseTSi Tavisufali erebi. erTa

uflebebis aRiareba da maTTan SeTanxmebiT moqmedeba. revo-

luciuri mTavrobis SeTanxmebiT erovnuli sakiTxis sabolo-

od gadaWra damfuZnebel krebaze; 6) warmomadgenlobis Tanx-

mobiTi da erTiani gamosvla.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, dabejiTebiT SemiZ-

lia ganvacxado, rom 4 politikuri partiis (social-demokra-

tebi (menSevikebi), erovnul-demokratebi, socialist-federa-

listebi, socialist-revolucionerebi) bazaze 1917 wlis 25 ag-

vistos Seqmnili 40-kaciani saqarTvelos erovnuli interparti-

uli sabWos saxiT, saqme gvaqvs qveynis sakanonmdeblo organos

CanasaxTan. is adamianebi romlebic interpartiul krebasa da

sakanonmdeblo uflebebiT aRWurvil politikur organos So-

ris gansxvavebas ver axdenen _ maTi problemaa. amitom, saqarTve-

los erovnuli interpartiuli sabWos SeqmnasTan mimarTebaSi,

Cems mier zemoT motanili utyuari mtkicebulebebis Semdeg, vi-

sac ra moesurveba ise ilaparakos da weros, pirs veravis avubam

da qaRaldic aitans.

Shota Vadachkoria Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Java-khishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Ja-vakhishvili Institute of History and Ethno-logy, Chief scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

To Clarify Once Again the Date of Creation

of an Inter Party Committee

Summary

With the help of the archive materials it is stated that on the basis of the four acting political parties (Social Democrats (Mensheviks), National Democrats, Social-Federalists, Social-Revolutionists) national inter party committee was created not in the beginning of April, 1917, but in August, 25, the same year. The committee was consisted of 40 members and it obtained legislative functions.

142

nugzar zosiZe

istoriiis doqtori, baTumis SoTa

rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo

universiteti

guguli kukulaZe

baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelo-

bis saxelmwifo universitetis do-

qtoranti

`sedai mileTelTa“ baTumis olqSi saqmianobis

zogierTi ucnobi detali

sedai mileTelTa saqmianobis Sesaxeb qarTul istoriog-

rafiaSi bevri daiwera, Tu ra politikur platformaze id-

gnen isini, ra mrwamsisani iyvnen da rogori iyo maTi damoki-

debuleba baTumis olqis saqarTvelosTan dabrunebis dros.

vidre gagacnobdeT Cvens xelT arsebul friad saintereso

da specialistTa viwro wrisaTvis cnobil, magram istoriis am

periodiT dainteresebul farTe sazogadoebisaTvis aqamde uc-

nob saarqivo saqmes _ `sedai mileTis masalebi“, aRvniSnavT,

rom es Canaweri 126 gverdis moculobiTaa warmodgenili. misi

dedani inaxeba baTumis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi, xolo

Cvens xelT arsebuli masala, gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis

bolos, Suaxevis raionSi gadmomces da warmoadgens dedanis

asls. masSi daculia q. niJaraZis, m. qaTamaZis, s. maneliSvilisa

da i. qaTamaZis mogonebebi. igi Cauweria aWaris saxelmwifo mu-

zeumis mecnier-muSaks al. qaTamaZes 1940 wlis 16 maiss. masala

maRalprofesionaluri doniTaa Cawerili da Seicavs 1918-1920

wlebis samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-poli-

tikuri cxovrebis amsaxvel bevr mniSvnelovan cnobas. aRniSnu-

li saqme 126 gverdisgan Sedgeba. igi dawerilia gakruli xeliT,

zogierTi adgilis amokiTxva Wirs, Tumc SesaZlebelia.

cxadia, rogorc yvela mogonebas, masac gaaCnia avtorise-

uli da mTxrobelTa subieqtivizmis calkeuli naklovanebebi,

amitom mizanSewonilad miviCnieT, vidre al. qTamaZis am mogo-

nebebze visaubrebT, mokled ganvixiloT Tu ra mdgomareoba

iyo imJamindel samuslimano saqarTveloSi _ kerZod aWaraSi

da ras warmoadgenda es sazogadoeba.

143

1918 wlis bolos, rodesac osmaleTis saokupacio nawi-

lebi mTlianad gavidnen aWaris da samxreT saqarTvelos yve-

la teritoriidan, adgilobriv administraciul soflebSi

darCnen mola-xojebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli uamravi adami-

ani, romlebic zogni sakuTari instinqtiTa da momavlis ime-

diT emzadebodnen am kuTxis (aWaris) da saukeTeso variantiT,

mTliani samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos deda samSoblodan

kvlav mosakveTad. qarTuli erovnuli orientaciis damcvel-

TaTvis gansakuTrebiT saSiS Zalas warmoadgenda `sedai mile-

Ti“ da mogvianebiT Seqmnili e. w. `islamuri kavSiri“. Cveni

ganxilvis sagans warmoadgens `sedai mileTi“.

maT Soris, vinc gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda da antiqar-

Tuli saqmianobiT gamoirCeoda, sedai mileTis politikuri

dajgufeba iyo. amierkavkasiaSi osmaleTis eqspansiis Sedegad,

sakmaod gaaqtiurda panTurquli da panislamuri samsaxurebis

saqmianoba. muslimi mosaxleobis SecdomaSi Seyvanis mizniT,

ardahanis, yarsis, arTvinis da baTumis proTurquli organi-

zaciebi Seiqmna. maT osmaleTSi damkvidrebuli panTurquli

moZraobis mesveurebi xelmZRvanelobdnen. am mimarTulebiT

gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda osmaluri partia „erToba da

progresi“. swored, maTi xelSewyobiT saqarTveloSi kidev sa-

mi organizacia Seiqmna. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda

yarsis sabWo. es sabWo, miTiTebebs Rebulobda osmaluri par-

tia „iTTixadisa“ da azerbaijaneli musavatelebisgan. serveT

begis xelmZRvanelobiT, isini miznad isaxavdnen SeeqmnaT e. w.

„samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis islamuri respublika“. qarTuli

jarebis damajerebelma gamarjvebam yarsis sabWos didi dar-

tyma miayena da 1919 wlis aprilis Semdeg, is faqtiurad dai-

Sala. misma nawilma gadmoinacvla baTumis olqSi da sedai mi-

leTis saqmianobaSi Caeba. baTumSi Turqul enovani gazeTis

„sedai mileTis“ gamoSveba daiwyes [2].

baTumis olqSi moqmedi sedai mileTis organizacia Tavi-

si SemadgenlobiT yarsis dajgufebisgan gansxvavdeboda. aq

ufro metad Tavi moiyares baqos musavaturma da somxeTis

daSnakurma elementebma. ra Tqma unda, saerTo xelmZRvanelo-

bas osmaleTis agentura eweoda. gazeT `samuslimano saqar-

Tvelos“ ganmartebiT, aWaris sedai mileTis razms umTavre-

sad somxeTisa da azerbaijanis agentebi, denikinelebi, osma-

lo oficrebi da maTTan erTad SecdomaSi Sesuli adgilob-

144

riv muslimTa nawili Seadgendnen, romelTac ematebodnen sa-

qarTvelos sxva kuTxeebidan gadmoxvewili saeWvo warsulis

mqone pirebi, yaCaRuri bandebi vinme baikoz-oRlis meTauro-

biT [3]. aqve isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom adgilobrivi muslimi

sedai mileTlebi TavianT moqmedebas xsnidnen religiuri faq-

toriT. islamisa da RvTis siyvaruliT aseTi adamianebi Zala-

uneburad sedai mileTis gavlenis qveS eqceodnen [4, 97]. maT

did nawils warmoadgenda zeda da saSualo fenis sociumi (be-

gebi, aRebi, molebi, xojebi, vaWrebi). Tu rodis Seiqmna es

partia, amaze istorikosTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. al.

qaTamaZis respodentTa azriT, es partia ingliselTa batono-

bis periodSi Camoyalibda [1, 19]. Turqi istorikosi s. esin

dai Tavis wignSi `nacionaluri organizaciebi“, `sedai mile-

Tis“ Seqmnis drod 1918 wels miiCnevs [5, 88]. profesori

e. mesxia realobasTan axlos miiCnevs istorikos x. axvledia-

nis mosazrebas, rom es organizacia TurqTa eqspansiis dros,

qarTuli erovnuli orientaciis `samuslimano saqarTvelos

ganmaTavisuflebel komitetTan“ Tanadroulad unda Camoya-

libebuliyo [6, 40; 7, 80]. Cven viziarebT zemoaRniSnul mosaz-

rebas da damatebiT gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom sedai mileTis ide-

uri Camoyalibeba gacilebiT adre daiwyo.

1917 wlis 19-20 oqtombers, axalcixeSi panTurqistTa

Tavyriloba gaimarTa. Turqi, qurTi, azerbaijaneli delega-

tebis xmis micemiT, gamoitanes dadgenileba axalcixis mazris

Tbilisis guberniidan CamoSorebaze. es qveyanaSi Sinapoliti-

kuri ganxeTqilebis aSkara mcdeloba iyo [4, 90]. panTurqiste-

bi amaze ar SeCerdnen da miiRes dadgenileba axali saxelmwi-

fos Seqmnis Taobaze yarsis, baTumisa, ardahanis olqebisa da

axalcixe-axalqalaqis mazrebis damatebiT [8, 7-8]. qarTvelTa-

gan am antierovnul saqmeSi monawileobdnen axalcixe-focxo-

vis begebis erTi nawili serveT beg aTabegovis, omer faiyisa

da amierkavkasiis seimis wevr pepinovis xelmZRvanelobiT. sa-

bolood, cxadia, maT ver miaRwies raime realur Sedegs da es

saqmianoba, romelic aqedan iRebs saTaves, Tu ara kidev ufro

adreuli periodidan, warmoadgenda im mosamzadebel ideur

baziss, razec mogvianebiT `sedai mileTi“ da masSi Semavali

sxvadasxva juris mimarTulebebi daefuZna.

al. qaTamaZis mier Caweril mogonebebSi gadmocemulia

qarTvel muslimTa mcire nawilis (sedai mileTelTa) antiqar-

145

Tuli qmedebani. Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom isini ar ga-

moxatavdnen qarTuli sazogadoebis didi nawilis politikur

mrwamss. am statiaSi, ramodenime iseT detalze gavamaxvilebT

yuradRebas, romelic naklebad cnobilia.

aRniSnuli saqmidan irkveva, rom osmalebis aWaraSi Se-

mosvlis dros (1918 wlis aprilSi), qobuleTis soflebSi se-

dai mileTelebs, qarTuli jarisaTvis, Tofis srola autexi-

aT. sofel wyavrokaSi qarTuli skolis kedelze gaukravT

gancxadeba, rom maswavleblebs im dResve daetovebinaT sofe-

li, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sicocxles gamoasalmebdnen. sazo-

gadoebis progresuli nawili maswavleblebs gamoesarCla. sa-

gangebod Seikriba aTamde kaci (q. noRaideli, s. romanaZe, i.

wulukiZe, i. qaTamaZe, x. noRaideli da sxva) da es maswavleb-

lebi saswrafod guriis sofel lixaurSi gadauyvaniaT [1, 4-6].

am masalidan aseve irkveva, rom sofel oCxamurTan osma-

luri orientaciis xalxs `boga“ gaumarTavT. am qmedebas xel-

mZRvanelobda m. jinWaraZe. mas Tan axldnen: wyavrokeli e. xa-

xutaiSvili, m. xaxutaiSvili, q. veruliZe (xoja), i. gogitiZe da

sxv. rodesac diliT qarTuli javSnosani matarebeli baTumis

olqSi Semodioda, igi Cavardnila oCxamurTan mowyobil bogaSi,

romlisTvisac cecxli gauxsniaT sedai mileTelTa razmebs.

qarTulma jarma sofel muxaestatemde mosvla moaxerxa. sedai

mileTelebi ki xalxSi iZaxdnen: `nu geSiniaT Turqebi movlen

maleo“. meore dRes ficxeli omi gamarTula qarTvelebsa da

osmalebs Soris. osmalebs zarbaznebi da tyviamfrqvevebi gamo-

uyenebiaT (tyviamfrqvevebi osmalebs daudgamT dursun gerke-

lianis ezoSi). meore dRes osmalebs 60 000-iani damxmare razmi

mosvliaT (Cveni azriT, dasaxelebuli raodenoba gazviadebu-

lia da realobas ar Seesabameba). qarTvelebi iZulebuli gam-

xdaran Coloqamde daexiaT. sanam brZola daiwyeboda ColoqTan

erT-erT sedai mileTels iskander romanaZes dautrabaxia, rom

Cemi biZis mokvlisaTvis ori kacis moWril Tavs amovitan sax-

lSio da xuT-eqvs kacTan erTad daniT xelSi wasula Coloqi-

saken. roca Coloqs miuaxlovdnen, iq Casafrebulma qarTuli

jaris nawilebma dauZaxes: `gel buraia“! (buraya gel! _ Turqu-

lad niSnavs: modi aq). iskanders isini Turqebi gonebia da misu-

la maTTan. qarTvelebs moRalate iskanderi da misi mxleblebi

sicocxles gamousalmebiaT [1, 6-7].

1918 wlis april-maisSi, ColoqTan mdgar qarTul jarTan

146

osmalebma ramdenime brZola awarmoes, magram uSedegod. mar-

to erT dRes qarTvelebma maT 2500 jariskaci dauxoces. miu-

xedavad amisa, osmalebma mainc moaxerxes ozurgeTSi Sesvla.

samwuxarod, sedai mileTelTa erT nawils ozurgeTis sofle-

bis Zarcva dauwyia. erT dResac maT ozurgeTidan `taWkebiT

boWkebi da didi boTlebi“ mohqondaT. erTi boTli aryiT yo-

fila savse. ukan dabrunebulebs es boTli gatexiaT. sedai mi-

leTeli jariskacebi `daemxvnen miwaze da daqceuli arayi

sul Sesves, alokes miwa“. amis Semxedvare osmalebs uTqvamT,

rom eseni gurjebi yofilan. garkveulma uTanxmoebam iCina

Tavi maT Soris. amieridan, osmalebi undoblobis TvaliT

uyurebdnen sedai mileTelebs. erT dResac sofel leRvas

mcxovrebs _ mamul seferTelaZes askeris mokvla daabrales.

bawriT Camoiyvanes da sofel wyavrokaSi tyeSi xeze miakres.

erTi kvira dabmuli yoliaT Turme. sedai mileTelebic ar ak-

lebdnen osmalebs xels. magaliTad, wyavrokelma arif mela-

medoRls erTi osmalo askeri dauWeria Tavis bostanSi, rome-

lic yurZensa da siminds Seeqceoda da warudgenia igi sof-

lis `ufrosebisaTvis“. am ukanasknelebs askerisaTvis asi jo-

xis dakvra miusjiaT, romlis Sedegadac askers iqve daulevia

suli. sofel xucubnel murad samkacoRlis TviTon mouklavs

osmalo askeri yurZnis SeWmisTvis da Semdeg didi xnis ganmav-

lobaSi tyisTvis Seufarebia Tavi. yovelive es imis momaswav-

lebeli iyo, rom osmalebsa da sedai mileTelebs Soris ur-

TierTobaSi bzari gaCnda.

swored am dros, gaaqtiurebulan qarTuli sazogadoebis

progresuli Zalebi, romlis birTvsac warmoadgenda `samus-

limano saqarTvelos ganmanTavisuflebeli komiteti“. maT

ozurgeTis soflebidan qobuleTSi SemoutaniaT proklamaci-

ebi, sadac saaSkaraoze iyo gamotanili osmalTa antiqarTuli

qmedebebi [1, 7-9].

1920 wlis aprilis TveSi inglissa da saqarTvelos Soris,

baTumis sakiTxis gamo, viTareba daiZaba. amas daemata isic,

rom martis dasawyisSi n. Jordaniam ingliselebTan SeTanxme-

bis gareSe daiwyo qarTuli jarebis baTumis olqis mimarTu-

lebiT gadasrola.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikisaTvis baTumis

olqis SemoerTeba umTavresi amocana iyo. qarTuli jari cdi-

lobda samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi Sesvlas, rogorc na-

147

taneb-qobuleTis, aseve axalcixis mxridan. natanebTan ingli-

selebma SeaCeres igi, magram samxreTiT qarTulma jarma arta-

nujisa da artaanis nawilis dakaveba moaxerxa. jaris nawili

xuloSic iqna Seyvanili. qarTuli mosaxleoba sixaruliT Sex-

vda am faqts. Tumc, ramdenadme gansxvavebulad Sexvdnen aR-

niSnuls `sedai mileTelebi“. samwuxarod, isini xels uSlid-

nen qarTul jars qobuleT-baTumis mimarTulebiT gadaadgi-

lebaSi. sofel dagvis mkvidr _ mamud qaTamaZis TqmiT, imis

gamo, rom qarTvelTa mxares iyo igi, Tanasoflelebi, romel-

Ta didi nawili `sedai mileTis“ wevrebi iyvnen aRar esalme-

boda mas, gauCeres wisqvilic. Semdeg sedai mileTelebma mo-

iwvies saerTo kreba da mamuds uTxres ficiT daemtkicebina,

rom maT mxareze gadavidoda. igive ganmeorda meore dResac.

am daJinebulma moTxovnam, romelsac daemata moxuci dedis

avadmyofoba, mamudi aiZula daeficebina maT erTgulebaze da

gadasuliyo maT mxares.

1920 wlis ivnisSi, roca qarTuli jari qobuleTs miuax-

lovda, sedai mileTelTa erTi nawili maTTan mivida da uT-

xres baTumis olqSi ar Semosuliyvnen, meore nawili ki ingli-

selebTan mivida da moaxsena maT qarTvelTa moaxloebis amba-

vi. ingliselebma qarTvelTa jari aiZules ukan daexia da mu-

xaestateSi gamagrebuliyo.

muxaestatesTan Tavi moiyara sedai mileTelTa 500 kaci-

anma razmma, romlis danaxvis Semdegac qarTulma jarma erTi

kilometriT ukan daixia, raTa Tavidan aecilebina ZmaTaSoris

sisxlisRvra. rogorc masalebidan irkveva, sedai mileTelTa

am jars samxedro wvrTnebs utarebda Suqri mJavanaZe. igi gax-

ldaT Zveli muhajiri, romelic 1918 wels osmal askerebs Se-

mohyva qobuleTSi da darCenila iq.

qarTuli jari Sevida muxaestateSi, magram ingliselebi-

sa da sedai mileTelebTan uTanabro brZolebis Sedegad, iZu-

lebuli gaxda isev ukan dabrunebliyo [1, 15-19].

sabolood ki, saqarTvelos jaris sardlobam swori taq-

tikiTa da manevriT, baTumis olqSi jarebis Seyvana moaxerxa.

amasTan dakavSirebiT osmaluri orientaciis qeskin zades,

romelic sedai mileTelTa erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli iyo qobu-

leTSi didi kreba mouwvevia. mas am krebaze ganucxadebia: `Cven

TurqeTi unda SemoviyvnoT aWaraSi...“ amis Semdeg sedai mileTe-

lebi Sekrebilan muxaestateSi, sadac gadiodnen samxedro

148

wvrTnebs, vinme mevlud romanaZis xelmZRvanelobiT. igic osma-

lebs Semoyolia aWaraSi 1918 wels da aq darCenila [1, 20-21].

Cven xelT arsebuli saqme qronologiurad ramdenadme

areulia. aq, saubaria, agreTve, osmalTa aWaraSi Semosvlaze,

rogor Caenacvla maT ingliselebi da denikinelebi. ra pozi-

cia eWiraT sedai mileTelebs. detaluradaa saubari qeskin

zades antiqarTul qmedebebze. bolos ki, saubaria aWaris

mejlisis Camoyalibebaze da mis mier 1919 wlis 31 agvistos

miRebul istoriul gadawyvetilebaze _ `aWaris saqarTvelos-

Tan SeerTebis“ Sesaxeb [1, 114].

agreTve irkveva, rom amis sawinaaRmdegod sedai mile-

TelTa erTma jgufma, mTeli aWaris soflebSi moawyo morwmu-

ne xalxis ficis miReba, rom isini, rogorc muslimanebi, osma-

leTis Semosvlis momxreni iqnebodnen da ar uRalatebdnen

mas. am saqmeSi (ficisa da erTgulebis miRebaSi) Caerien – xo-

jebi, molebi, aRebi, begebi da xalxSi saqarTvelos Semosvlis

sawinaaRmdego agitacias eweodnen [1, 114]. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom religiuri momenti (aWarelTa muslimoba), osmalTaTvis

iyo erTgvari safuZveli, romlis ukanac imaleboda politi-

kuri zraxvani... xolo `sedai mileTis“ partia ki, osmalebis-

Tvis misi aRsrulebis erT-erTi iaraRi iyo.

aRniSnul saqmeSi sxva saintereso ambebicaa moTxrobi-

li, romelic erTgvarad avsebs da amdidrebs baTumis olqSi

1918-1920 wlebSi mimdinare movlenebs.


1. `sedai mileTis“ masalebi, baTumi, 1940.

2. gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika“, № 223, 1919.

3. gazeTi `samuslimano saqarTvelo“, №375, 1920.

4. n. zosiZe, politikuri situacia da erovnul-ganmaTavisuf-

lebeli moZraoba aWaraSi 1918-1920 wlebSi, baTumi, 1995.

5. s. esin dai, nacionaluri organizaciebi (Turqul enaze),

erzrumi, 1991.

6. x. axvlediani, sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyareba aWaraSi,

baTumi, 1971.

7. e. mesxia, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriidan, ba-

Tumi, 1997.

8. damfuZnebeli kreba, stenografiuli angariSi, 1919 weli,

sesia I, me-7 sxdoma.

149

Nugzar Zosidze Doctor of History, Shota Rustaveli Batumi State University

Guguli Kukuladze

Doctoral Student of the Shota Rustaveli Batumi State University

Some Unknown Details of

`Sedai Mileti“ Activities in the Area of Batumi Much have been written about the activities of `Sedai Mileti“ in

Georgian historiography, particularly, what political platform they were on, what they believed and what was their attitude during the return of Batumi district to Georgia.

Before we present the most interesting articles about `Sedai Mileti“, which is well known and available to a narrow circle of specialists, I would like to say that this record is presented on 126 pages. The original is kept in the historical museum of Batumi and the material, which I have, it was given me from Shuakevi district at the end of the last century 90s.

The memories of Q. Nizharadze, M. Katamadze, S. Manelishvili and I. Katamadze were written on it. It was written by A. Katamadze on 16th May of 1940. It consisted of 126 pages and was written by hand. Some of them are difficult to read, but it is possible. The political grouping of `Sedai Mileti“ was the most active and was distinguished with the anti-Georgian activities. The activity of Pan-Turkish and Pan-islamic services intensified as the result of Ottoman expansion in Transcaucasia. The organization of `Sedai Mileti“ in Batumi with its composition differed from Kars grouping. Armenian Dashnakur and Bako Musavatur elements gathered. The Ottoman agents led the general management. The newspaper `Muslim Georgia“ provided an explanation on Adjarian `Sedai Mileti“ squad that it consisted of Armenian and Azerbaijani agents, Denikilenls, Ottoman officers and the local Muslims who were deluded, the individuals with a dubious past and the criminal gangs. It should also be noted that local Muslim – `Sedaimiletlebi“ explained their activites with religious factors. Islam and God's love people were influenced by `Sedai Mileti“.

150

aleqsandre mosiaSvili

iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis asocirebuli profesori

qarTvel wvevamdelTa mdgomareoba

1989-1990 wlebSi

qarTveli eris istoria savsea mtris SemosevebiT. mom-

xduri garda aoxreba-awiokebisa kidev sxva mravali saxiTac

ayenebda mZlavr dartymebs qarTvelTa winaprebs. am mxriv aq

minda gamovyo erT-erTi maTgani, kerZod, e. w. samxedro bega-

ra. ra unda yofiliyo samxedro begaris mizezi an mizani? ro-

gorc cnobilia, araerTgzis momxdara iseTi mtris Semoseva

saqarTveloSi, romelTac ara mxolod saqarTvelos dapyroba

ainteresebdaT, aramed masStaburi dapyrobebi amoZravebdaT.

aseT SemTxvevaSi, rasakvirvelia, maT sWirdebodaT meomarTa

ricxobrivi simravle. miTumetes, rom qarTvelebi odiTganve

karg mebrZolebad iTvlebodnen. Semdeg, rodesac xdeboda ma-

Ti wayvana Soreul, xangrZliv da momqancvel brZolebSi, amiT

mteri erTgvarad Tavsac izRvevda, rom maT mier warmoebuli

dapyrobiTi omebis dros ar darCeniliyo saqarTveloSi is Za-

la, romelic TavisuflebisTvis brZolis cecxls daanTebda

[1] _ es erTi da meorec, amave dros qarTvel meomrebTan er-

Tad samxedro warmatebebsac xSirad aRwevdnen xolme dam-

pyroblebi.

ase xdeboda sxvadasxva epoqaSi. ase xdeboda ruseTis im-

periis pirobebSic. TviT saqarTvelos erovnuli gmiri qai-

xosro (qaquca) ColoyaSvilic ase ibrZoda pirveli msoflio

omis dros dampyrobelTa droSis qveS. arc meore msoflio

omis dros ukiTxavs vinmes qarTvelebisTvis, hqondaT Tu ara

germaniis winaaRmdeg omSi monawileobis miRebis survili.

qarTveli wvevamdelebi verc sxva mraval saomar kampanias

gadaurCnen evropasa Tu aziaSi. jer marto rad Rirs 1979 wels

sabWoTa jarebis avRaneTis teritoriaze Sesvlis gaxseneba da

iqidan araerTi gardacvlili jariskacis Camosveneba, Tu gana-

xevrebuli janmrTelobis mqone mebrZolebis dabruneba.

rogorc cnobilia, 1921 wels ruseTis mier saqarTvelos

151

mimarT ganxorcielebuli aneqsiisa da okupaciis Semdeg 1922

wlis miwuruls Seiqmna e. w. sabWoTa kavSiri, romlis xelmZRva-

nelobamac meore msoflio omis Semdeg nel-nela daiwyo sam-

xedro bazebis mSenebloba sxvadasxva gasabWoebuli respubli-

kebisa Tu socialisturi banakis wevri qveynebis teritoriaze.

samxedro bazebi ZiriTadad ganTavsda im qveynebis teri-

toriebze, romelTac marTavdnen kremls daqvemdebarebuli

marionetuli reJimebi. amiT dampyrobeli Zala Tavis Tavs er-

Tgvarad damSvidebis saSualebas aZlevda, radganac im qveyne-

bis teritoriebze dislocirebuli sajariso SenaerTebi saWi-

roebis SemTxvevaSi umal gadaiqceodnen sadamsjelo eqspedi-

ciebad. amasTanave, amave bazebidan xdeboda sxva danarCeni,

maTTvis strategiulad mniSvnelovani teritoriebis kontro-

lic. aseT pirobebSi xvdebodnen qarTveli wvevamdelebi Sua

aziaSi, aRmosavleT evropaSi, cimbirSi da a. S.

am yvelafers, rasakvirvelia, Tavisi sxva gaTvlebic hqon-

da. kerZod, aq unda momxdariyo qarTvelebis integrireba sxva

e. w. sabWoTa xalxebTan. aq Taviseburad unda dawyebuliyo da

daiwyo kidec erTgvarad asimilaciis procesi, radgan swored

Cem mier naxsenebi sabWoTa armiis rigebSi sxvadasxva sabWoTa

respublikaSi samsaxuris Sedegad araerTma qarTvelma axalgaz-

rdam SeirTo ucxotomeli (rac mTavaria `sabWoTa moqalaqe”)

qali colad. sabWoTa jarSi samsaxuris pirobebSive eufle-

bodnen qarTvelebi rusul enas, romeli enis gamoyenebiTac

maT ukve SeeZloT maSindeli sabWoTa qveynis yvela respubli-

kaSi Casvla da xalxebTan urTierToba, aq SeiZleba yofiliyo

saqmiani urTierTobebic, megobrulic, dasveneba-garToba, da-

naTesaveba-daaxloveba da a. S. amave dros im Sua aziur sicxe

papanaqebaSi, Tu cimbirul yinvebSi maT awrTobdnen sabWoTa

jariskacebad. awrTobdnen imisTvis, rom uZlieresi armia hyo-

lodaT da danarCeni msofliosaTvis SiSis zari daecaT; rom

aRar gasWirvebodaT brZolis warmoeba arc avRaneTis terito-

riaze da arc fineTis dasapyrobad zamTris pirobebSi, rac

sxva SemTxvevaSi veeberTela msxverplis fasad ujdebodaT.

unda aRiniSnos erTi garemoebac, kerZod, sabWoTa samxed-

ro bazebze konfliqtebic xSirad xdeboda, maT Soris erovnul

niadagzec, magram samxedro xelmZRvaneloba mainc axerxebda si-

tuaciis kontrols. konfliqtebis mizezi xSirad xdeboda erTi

sagulisxmo garemoeba _ sabWoTa armiaSi xom rusebTan erTad

152

msaxurobdnen modernizebuli imperiis SemadgenlobaSi moqceu-

li ganviTarebis sruliad sxvadasxva safexurze mdgomi xalxebis

Svilebi, romelTaganac xSir SemTxvevaSi dabali kulturis ga-

movlineba metad gamaRizianebeli iyo bunebiT amayi qarTvele-

bisTvis. gaTvlac erTgvarad am sakiTxze iyo gakeTebuli. rom

zustad aq momxdariyo maTi daaxloveba-integrireba da erTian

Zlier sabWoTa adamianebad Camoyalibeba. 18-20 weli adamianis

cxovrebaSi is asakia, rodesac gonebac absoluturad saRi aqvs,

aqvs kargi aTvisebis unaric da adviladac SeiZleba sxvisi gav-

lenis qveS moeqces amave dros. miT umetes im dros, roca is

ori wlis manZilze dampyroblis samxedro reJimis zewolis qveS

imyofeba. aseT jariskacebs zogierT SemTxvevaSi sakuTari xal-

xis winaaRmdegac ki iyenebdnen.

magram me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos da 90-iani

wlebis dasawyisSi mdgomareoba Seicvala. e. w. sabWoTa kavSir-

Si gamocxadebulma sityvis Tavisuflebam qarTvel xalxs

protestis xmamaRla gamoTqmis saSualebac misca. 1989 wlis

aprilis Tbilisis tragikuli movlenebis Semdeg sabWoTa sam-

xedro bazebzec mdgomareoba garTulda. gaxSirda konfliq-

tebi qarTvel da araqarTvel (ZiriTadad erovnebiT rus) sam-

xedroebs Soris. ris Sedegadac aTeulobiT qarTveli axal-

gazrdis nawamebi gvami iqna gadmosvenebuli samSobloSi. am

mdgomareobam, rasakvirvelia, qarTveli xalxis aRSfoTeba ga-

moiwvia. 1989 wlis 26 maisis Ramidan TbilisSi ukve daiwyo

qarTvel wvevamdelTa saprotesto aqcia qarTuli politiku-

ri partiebis iniciativiT da mxardaWeriT. aqciidanve maSin-

deli skkp ck mdivnis, ssrk umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris mi-

xeil gorbaCovis saxelze gagzavnil iqna mimarTva, romelSic

ewera : `Cven, 1989 wlis 26 maisis saxalxo manifestaciis mona-

wileni, vacxadebT, rom saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi datriale-

buli aprilis tragediis Semdeg Zalze gamwvavda erTaSorisi

urTierTobani saqarTvelos ssr sazRvrebs gareT myof sam-

xedro nawilebSi, gaxSirda erovnul niadagze jariskacTa

diskriminaciis SemTxvevebi, aris msxverplic.

viTvaliswinebT ra am garemoebebs, wvevamdelTa, maTi

mSoblebisa da respublikis sazogadeobis daJinebiTi moTxov-

niT, gTxovT, rom saqarTvelTvelos wvevamdelebs mieceT sa-

Sualeba _ samxedro samsaxuri moixadon saqarTvelos ssr-s

farglebSi~ [2].

153

am moTxovnis miuxedavad erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel

moZraobaSi Cabmul qarTul politikur partiebs Soris arse-

bobda Taviseburi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba. nawili pirdapir aye-

nebda saqarTvelos sruli politikuri damoukideblobis aR-

dgenis moTxovnas da Sesabamisad, isini mizanSeuwonlad

Tvlidnen sabWoTa armiis rigebSi Tundac saqarTvelos teri-

toriaze dislocirebul sabWoTa samxedro SenaerTebSi qar-

Tveli wvevamdelebis gawvevas, maT miaCndaT, rom mxolod da-

moukidebeli saqarTvelos pirobebSi unda Camoyalibebuliyo

regularuli qarTuli jari da swored iq unda emsaxuraT

qarTvel axalgazrdebs.

sainteresoa, 1990 wlis 15 maiss cxum-afxazeTis erovnu-

li komitetis mier Catarebuli mitingis rezoluciac. mitin-

gze dadga Semdegi moTxovnebi: `1. dauyonebliv Sewydes 1949

wlis 12 agvistos Jenevis konveciis uxeSi darRveva kremlis

marioneti saqarTvelos e. w. mTavrobisa da e. w. ssrk samxed-

ro komisariatis mier; 2. e. w saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesma sab-

Wom, rogorc uSualo Sedegma wiTeli jarebis mier ganxorci-

elebuli samxedro intervenciisa da aneqsiis Sedegad Seq-

mnilma saokupacio xelisuflebis organom, gamoacxados

TviTlikvidacia; 3. saokupacio sabWoTa jarebma datovon sa-

qarTvelos teritoria; 4. saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa imperiis

urTierTobis erTaderT safuZvlad aRiarebul iqnas rsfsr

da saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas Soris 1920 wlis 7

maiss dadebuli xelSekruleba. 5. aRsdges saqarTvelos erov-

nuli saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba~ [3].

ultimatumi gaigzavna e. w. afxazeTis assr samxedro ko-

misris polkovnik Wkaduas saxelze, cxum-afxazeTis erovnuli

komitetis mier. sadac, aseve, iTxovdnen samxedro gawvevis

ganxorcielebis Sewyvetas sabWoTa samxedro armiis rigebSi.

iTxovdnen imasac, rom arsebul samxedro komisariats moexdi-

na TviTlikvidacia, an dislocirebisaTvis SeerCia teritoria

rsfsr-s teritoriaze. cxum-afxazeTis erovnuli komiteti

mxolod 26 maisamde aZlevda vadas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi

permanentuli saprotesto aqciebis seriis ganxorcielebiT

imuqreboda [4].

aseT viTarebaSi qarTuli sazogadoeba erTgvarad dabne-

uli Canda. maTTvis gasagebi iyo qveyanaSi arsebuli mdgomare-

oba da iq mimdinare procesebi. rasakvirvelia, survilic didi

154

iyo imis, rom maT Svilebs Tu ojaxis wevrebs emsaxuraT sa-

qarTveloSi, magram uWirdaT gageba imisa, Tu sad iyo garan-

tia imisa, rom Tu wvevamdeli ar gamocxaddeboda Sesabamisi

uwyebis safuZvelze arsebul samxedro komisariatSi, riT ai-

cilebda is Tavidan e. w. dezertirobis muxliT gasamarTle-

bas sabWoTa kanonmdeblobis mixedviT. amitom, nawili wvevam-

delebisa mainc midioda sabWoTa armiis rigebSi samsaxurisaT-

vis, nawili ki _ uerTdeboda qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavi-

suflebeli moZraobis mier organizebul saprotesto aqciebs

da swored am xalxis garemocvaSi grZnobda Tavs daculad.

rogorc cnobilia, 1990 wlis 28 oqtombers saqarTvelo-

Si Catarebulma pirvelma mravalpartiulma arCevnebma arse-

buli komunisturi reJimi erovnuli xelisuflebiT Caanacvla.

axalma mTavrobam miiRo Sesabamisi kanoni savaldebuli sam-

xedro samsaxuris Sesaxeb, romelSic ewera: `SeCerebul iqnas

saqarTvelos respublikis teritoriaze savaldebulo samxed-

ro samsaxuris Sesaxeb ssr kavSiris kanonis moqmedeba. saqar-

TveloSi mcxovrebi axalgazrdebi aRar gaiwvion sabWoTa ar-

miis rigebSi~ [5].

mas Semdeg daiwyo da Camoyalibda qarTuli SeiaraRebuli

Zalebi, romelSi samsaxuric TiToeuli qarTveli wvevamde-

lisTvis saamayo da sapatio saqmea...… da dRes, qarTuli Seia-

raRebuli Zalebi aRWurvili da gawvrTnilia NATO-s saerTa-

Soriso standartebis Sesabamisad. misi pirdapiri daniSnule-

baa qveynis sazRvrebis dacva da amave dros qarTuli samxed-

ro SenaerTebi monawileoben saerTaSoriso samSvidobo sam-

xedro misiebSic.

amgvarad, me-20 saukunis 80-90-iani wlebis mijnaze qar-

Tvel wvevamdelTa arsebuli mdgomareoba Secvlas moiTxovda.

sabWoTa samxedro bazebze arsebuli mdgomareoba TandaTan

gausaZlisi xdeboda. ruseTis imperiuli Zalebi maqsimalurad

cdilobdnen qarTveli xalxis gaRizianebas da moTminebidan

gamoyvanas, riTic surdaT konfliqtis sxvadasxva kerebis ga-

Cena. miuxedavad amisa, qarTvelma xalxma gamoiCina keTilgo-

niereba da miiRo Sesabamisad iseTi gadawyvetilebebi, romel-

Ta meSveobiTac aRar mieca dampyrobel Zalas axali konfliq-

tebis gamowvevis saSualeba, romliTac is SeZlebda saqarTve-

los damoukideblobisaken swrafvis droebiT Seferxebas an

samudamod SeCerebas.

155


1. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II, Tbilisi, 1973.

2. gazeTi `qarTuli qronika~, 30, V. 1989.

3. gazeTi `samreklo~, #4(6), 1990.

4. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis dokumenturi masalebi, t.

1, Tbilisi, 2011.

5. gazeTi `axalgazrda iverieli~, 17 noemberi 1990.

Aleksandre Mosiashvili Associate Proffesor at the Faculty of Humanities of Iakob Gogebashvili Telavi State University

Conditions of Georgian Selectees in 1989-90’s

Summary After tragical events of Tbilisi at April 1989 conditions of Georgian

selectees and militaries complicated. On the military bases of the Soviet army, started discrimination, punishment, humiliation of Georgian militaries. The reason of that was victims in tens. After 9 April’s night when Soviet government barbarously killed peaceful protesters andhunger strikes, their only thought was how to provoke Georgian people. At that time Georgian national liberation movement did his best. In Georgia was widely spread protest movementwhich slowed call up process of Georgian selectees in Soviet army. Soon after the first multiparty electionsat 28 October 1990, national government wholly changed call up process accordingly Georgian people’s interests. They started to form armed forces, that helped to solve problems and formed perfect democratic country.

156

mzia tyavaSvili





istoriis ganyofilebis mecnier-Tanam-

Sromeli

ruseTis samxreTis laSqroba (1722)

da saqarTvelo

ruseTis aqtiuri politika kaspiispireTSi XVI saukunis

meore naxevridan iwyeba da ukavSirdeba 1556 wels ivane mris-

xanis mier astraxanis saxanos dapyrobas, rac mniSvnelovani

movlena iyo ruseTis, kavkasiis, mcire Tu Sua aziisa da max-

lobeli aRmosavleTis istoriaSi.

umniSvnelovanesi strategiuli punqtis _ astraxanis _

SeerTebiT moskovis samTavrom gasasvleli moipova kaspiis

zRvaze, ramac mas am regionSi mimdinare politikur da eko-

nomikur procesebSi Carevis SesaZlebloba misca.

samxreTiT teritoriuli gafarTovebisTvis xelsayreli

viTareba ruseTs 1578-1590 wlebis osmaleT-sparseTis omis

dros daudga. am dros kavkasiel mflobelebTan diplomatiu-

ri molaparakebebiT ruseTma Crdilo kavkasiaSi, kerZod ki,

strategiulad mniSvnelovan adgilze _ mdinare Tergis kaspi-

is zRvasTan SesarTavTan rusuli cixe-qalaq terki aaSena

(1589 wels) [7, 143; 12, 14, 20, 38, 57]. am RonisZiebiT man kon-

trolis qveS moaqcia Crdilo kavkasiaze gamavali savaWro-

satranzito gza da Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiis saxanoebi,

riTac maTze osmaleTis politikuri gavlena Seasusta.

ruseTs Sorsmimavali gegmebic hqonda, rac darubandis

gasasvlels ukavSirdeboda. gamouval mdgomareobaSi myofma

sparseTis Sahma xudabendem 1586 wels, osmalebis winaaRmdeg

samxedro daxmarebis sanacvlod, ruseTs darubandis, Semaxasa

da baqos daTmoba aRuTqva [12, 42; 11, 49, 51]. ruseTis qveSev-

rdomebma sparselebTan erTad darubandTan marTlac ibrZo-

les, Tumca warumateblad.

157

1590 wels, sparseTsa da osmaleTs Soris q. stambolSi

dadebuli zavis mixedviT, mTeli kavkasia da maT Soris daru-

bandic osmalebis xelSi gadavida, ris Semdegac rusma elCebma

aqtiuri moqmedeba daiwyes abas I-isgan xudabendes danapireb-

ze _ darubandis ruseTisTvis gadacemaze _ werilobiTi Tan-

xmobis misaRebad, Tumca uSedegod. axali Sahi maT pasuxobda,

rom is ruseTs darubandTan erTad baqosa da giliansac da-

uTmobda, Tuki rusuli jari darubands osmalebisgan gaanTa-

visuflebda [11, 51; 12, 564].

XVI saukunis 80-ian wlebSi daiwyo ruseTisa da kaxeTis

samefos intensiuri diplomatiuri urTierTobebi. kaxeTis

politikur wreebSi fiqrobdnen, rom swored ruseTi iyo is

Zala, romelsac aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTvis dilemad qceu-

li daRestnis sakiTxis mogvareba SeeZlo. qarTuli mxaris-

Tvis da saerTod, marTlmadidebluri samyarosTvis, gaizarda

moskovis samTavros religiuri datvirTvac, romelic osma-

lebis batonobisgan Tavisufali erTaderTi qristianuli qve-

yana iyo am periodSi. kaxeTis mefisTvis umniSvnelovanes sa-

kiTxs warmoadgenda jaris cecxlsasroli iaraRiT SeiaraReba

da zarbaznis xelosnebis kaxeTSi gamogzavna, rasac gamudme-

biT iTxovda moskovis mefisgan [12, 240].

sparseTis taxtze asuli uZlieresi mmarTvelis Sah-abas

I-is (1587-1626) dros qveyanam dakarguli teritoriebi daib-

runa, ruseTi ki am regionSi pasiur rols dasjerda da poli-

tikur procesebSi Careva Sesaferisi droisTvis gadado.

XVIII saukunis 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aRmosavleT kav-

kasiis sakiTxma ruseTis politikur gegmebSi kvlav daikava

mniSvnelovani adgili, rac sparseTis dasustebis gamo misi

teritoriebis SesaZlo daSla-gadanawilebas ukavSirdeboda.

XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan sparseTis mdgomareobis uki-

duresobamde garTuleba erTis mxriv, avRanelTa ajanyebebiT,

meores mxriv, sparseTis CrdiloeT provinciebze daRestnel-

Ta bolomouRebeli TavdasxmebiT iyo gamowveuli.

avRanelebis brZola sparseTis winaaRmdeg XVIII saukunis

20-ian wlebSi Tvisobrivad axal etapze gadavida. Tu aqamde

avRanelebi sefianTa batonobisagan sakuTari qveynis ganTavi-

suflebisTvis ibrZodnen, axla isini sparseTis teritoriis

xelSi Cagdebas isaxavdnen miznad. avRanelebma 1722 wlis 8

marts ispahanidan 25 kilometris moSorebiT sofel giulna-

158

badTan gaanadgures sparselTa armia da alya Semoartyes is-

pahans [3, 64-65].

XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi urTules mdgomareobaSi myofi

sparseTi ajanyebul avRanelebs qarTvelTa xeliT ebrZoda. am

kargad gaTvlili da veragi gegmiT Sahis kari ramdenime saq-

mes erTdroulad agvarebda: asustebda rogorc avRanelTa,

ise qarTvelTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas da

faqtiurad uzrunvelyofda qarTl-kaxeTis sparseTisadmi

morCilebas. qveyana, romlis mefe, warCinebulTa umetesoba

da saukeTeso meomrebi sparseTis Sahis mZevlebi iyvnen da

samSoblosgan moSorebiT, avRanelebTan dausrulebel brZo-

laSi iyvnen Cabmulni, ra Tqma unda, separatizmze arc ifiq-

rebda da sparseTis mefis nebis usityvo Semsrulebeli xde-

boda. avRaneTSi qarTvelebis yofna uaryofiTad aisaxeboda

saqarTvelos samxedro potencialzec, radganac avRanelebs

upirispirdebodnen yvelaze brZolisunariani da gamorCeuli

qarTveli meomrebi,

avRanelebTan brZolas Seewirnen qarTlis mefeebi: gior-

gi XI (1703-1709), qaixosro (1709-1711) da usaxelo qarTvel me-

omarTa mTeli Taobebi.

amave periodSi amierkavkasiisa da sparseTis CrdiloeTi

provinciebis mTel rig dasaxlebul punqtebSi daRestnelTa

marbieli razmebi iyvnen `Camsxdrebi~ da sistematiurad arbev-

dnen mosaxleobas. daRestnelTa mier arCeuli brZolis taq-

tikis gamo, maTTan brZola did sirTuleebs ukavSirdeboda.

`lekianoba~ umZimesi tragedia iyo sparseTisTvis, romelic

`aryevda mis Zlierebas da scemda Sahis avtoritets~ [3, 62].

lekTa sakiTxis mogvarebaSi qarTvelTa da sparselTa intere-

sebi erTmaneTs emTxveoda.

avRanelTa msgavsad daRestnis sakiTxis mogvarebasac

sparseTis saxelmwifo qarTvelTa meSveobiT cdilobda. pir-

velisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac qarTvel-avRanTa dapirispirebis

inspiratori sparseTi iyo (radganac qarTvelebsa da avRane-

lebs araferi hqondaT gasayofi), meore SemTxvevas uSualo

kavSiri hqonda qarTul saxelmwifosTan, romlis ZirZveli

kuTxe _ War-belaqani _ avar-waxurelebs hqondaT mitacebuli

da daRestnelTa Tavdasxmebis placdarmad iyo qceuli. aRmo-

savleT saqarTvelos mesveurebi araerTxel Seecadnen dakar-

gulis dabrunebas [10, 263], Tumca, kaxeTSi Camosaxlebuli da-

159

Restnelebis mcirericxovnobis miuxedavad, qarTvelebis yve-

la cda marcxiT damTavrda, radganac avarel-waxurelTa mier

dakavebul teritorias mTeli daRestani icavda da saWiroe-

bis SemTxvevaSi War-belaqnelTa rigebi ganuzomlad izrdebo-

da. daRestnelebi, romlebic TavianT samSobloSi samkvdro-

sasicocxlod iyvnen erTmaneTTan gadakidebulni, War-belaq-

nis sakiTxSi erTiandebodnen da sisxlis ukanasknel wveTamde

icavdnen qarTvelebis daudevrobiT xelSi Cagdebul monapo-

vars _ amierkavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis mdidar

provinciebze Tavdasxmis saukeTeso placdarms, erTgvar Sua-

ledur rgols, TavSesafars, sadac samSoblodan saZarcvavad

momavalni Tu ukan, sakuTar miwa-wyalze naZarcviT datvir-

Tulni, rTuli da momqancveli gzis Tu brZolis Semdeg isve-

nebdnen da Zalas ikrebdnen. es teritoria maTTvis barSi ga-

mozamTrebis SesaZleblobac iyo, rac zamTris periodSi Tav-

dasxmebsac niSnavda. es ki amZimebda amierkavkasiis mosaxleo-

bis mdgomareobas.

1716 wels qarTlis mefed (gurjistanis valad) damtkice-

buli vaxtang VI, Sahma tradiciisamebr jer avRanelTa winaaR-

mdeg sabrZolvelad gagzavna, Semdgom ki, 1719 wels, avRaneT-

Si erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis minelebis Semdeg,

savaraudod, daRestnelTa sakiTxis mosagvareblad, qarTlSi

daabruna. vaxtang VI kaxeTis mefe daviT imam-yuli xanTan

(1703-1722) kavSirSi Seecada daRestnelTa Tavdasxmebis aRkve-

Tas. 1720 wels vaxtangma War-belaqnis dasamorCileblad ka-

xeTSi gagzavna sabaraTianos laSqari erasti yaflaniSvilis

(orbelianis) meTaurobiT, Tumca kaxeTis mefem ver gabeda

War-belaqanze Tavdasxma. rogorc Cans, igi xelsayrel mo-

ments eloda lekebze ieriSisTvis, Tumca ar iyo ra darwmune-

buli qarTvelTa gamarjvebaSi, sifrTxile gamoiCina da War-

belaqnis sakiTxis mogvareba momavlisTvis gadado. sami Tvis

lodinis Semdeg qarTlis jarma kaxeTi ubrZolvelad datova

[8, 410]. qarTveli politikosebisTvis aSkara iyo, rom yoveli

damarcxeba daRestnelTa gamarjvebas da gaZlierebas niSnav-

da, rac War-belaqnis dabrunebas sul ufro aZnelebda.

1720 wlis zamTarSi lekebis winaaRmdeg ukve sparseTis

Sahma gagzavna Sirvanis beglarbegi. kaxTa mefe saqmeSi arc am-

jerad gaeria. cxadia, is gamarjvebaSi darwmunebuli ar iyo

da SiSobda, damarcxeba Sahs misTvis ar daebralebina. Warele-

160

bi sparselebs Tavs daesxnen da mTeli jari amowyvites. mok-

les beglarbegic [3, 63; 8, 410]. es mianiSnebs imas, rom qarTl-

kaxeTis politikuri wreebi realurad afasebdnen arsebul vi-

Tarebas _ maTTvis War-belaqani sakmaod saxifaTo mezobeli

iyo da misi damarcxeba advil saqmes ar warmoadgenda.

1721 wels vaxtang VI sparseTis Sahis mier oficialurad

iqna daniSnuli samxreT azerbeijanis spasalarad. Sahma vax-

tangs Warze laSqroba daavala. vaxtangi didi laSqriT gae-

marTa ganjis saxanosken, sadac adgilobrivi suniti mosaxle-

obis xelSewyobiT lekTa mravalricxovani razmebi iyo ganla-

gebuli. `qarTvelebma Seuties mters zegamSi, SamqorSi, bar-

daSi, WarSi da TiTqmis yvelgan sastikad daamarcxes isini. Se-

Sinebulma lekebma azerbeijanuli provinciebidan ukan daixi-

es da War-belaqanSi ganlagdnen. maT vaxtangsa da sparseTis

Sahs morCileba aRuTqves. qarTvel mefes gadawyvetili hqon-

da ara marto gaereka moTareSe razmebi, aramed aRekveTa Ta-

reSis SesaZlebloba da War-belaqani (TavdamsxmelTa mTavari

placdarmi) daepyro. vaxtangs am saqmeSi mxars uWerdnen da

exmarebodnen somexi meomrebi [8, 411-412]. daRestnelTa Tare-

Sis aRkveTas sparseTisTvisac udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda,

Tumca Sahis karze eSinodaT qarTl-kaxeTis gaZlierebis, rac,

maTi azriT, qarTvelTa mier aRmosavleT kaxeTis xelaxal Se-

erTebas mohyveboda [2, 329]. rogorc Cans, amiT aixsneboda,

rom Sahma vaxtangs daRestnelTa winaaRmdeg laSqroba moaS-

levina da TbilisSi dabruneba swored im momentSi ubrZana,

rodesac qarTvelTa gamarjveba eWvs ar iwvevda [8, 412; 3, 64].

Sahis aseT politikas mZime Sedegebi mohyva TviT sparse-

TisTvis. daRestnelTa Tavdasxmebi gaZlierda da politikuri

Seferiloba miiRo. 1721 wlis 7 agvistos daRestnelebma qa-

laqi Semaxia aiRes, aaoxres igi da osmaleTis morCileba gamo-

acxades. es SemTxveviTi sulac ar iyo. osmaleTSi sparseTTan

omisTvis emzadebodnen, ramac ruseTis Cabma aRniSnul kon-

fliqtSi, daaCqara.

petre I-is reformebis Semdeg gaZlierebulma ruseTma

1721 wels Svidwliani omi daamTavra da niStadis zavi dado.

petre I-is brZanebiT, qveyanaSi samxreTis laSqrobisTvis mza-

deba daiwyo. ruseTis politikuri wreebisTvis gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovani iyo sparseTis gavlenis sferoSi Semavali kas-

piis zRvis dasavleTi sanapiro, romlis dapyrobac ruseTis

161

uaxloes politikur gegmebSi Sedioda. 1721-1722 wlebis zam-

TarSi volgispireTis qalaqebSi kaspiispireTis flotis mSe-

nebloba mimdinareobda. petre I laSqrobis dawyebas 1723 wlis

zafxulSi fiqrobda, Tumca sparseTSi Seqmnili umZimesi viTa-

rebis gamo (1722 wlis martSi avRanelebma ispahans alya Semo-

artyes, osmalebi ki sparseTSi SesaWrelad emzadebodnen),

procesebi daCqarda da jarebis astraxanSi Sekreba 1722 wlis

18 ivlisisTvis daiTqva. samxreTis laSqrobis sababad qalaq

SemaxaSi myofi ruseTis moqalaqeebis (vaWrebis) dacva da da-

Restneli mflobelebis: daud-begisa da surxai-xanis dasja

iqna gamocxadebuli, romlebmac 1721 wels SemaxaSi myofi ru-

si vaWrebi gaZarcves da daxoces [6, 22].

laSqrobis mzadebis procesSi ruseTSi did mniSvnelobas

aniWebdnen mokavSireebis sakiTxs, romelTa Soris qarTlis me-

fe vaxtang VI-ec moiazreboda. vaxtangsa da petre I-s Soris

intensiurad mimdinareobda molaparakebebi, romelic sparse-

Tis winaaRmdeg erToblivi laSqrobis organizebas iTvaliswi-

nebda. 1721 wlis noemberSi vaxtangi ukve ruseTis samefo

kars laSqrobis mzadyofnis Sesaxeb acnobebda. vaxtang VI ime-

dovnebda, rom ruseTis daxmarebiT saqarTvelos sparselTa

batonobisagan gaanTavisuflebda, daRestnis sakiTxs moagva-

rebda da osmaleTis mier mitacebul samxreT saqarTvelos

teritoriebs daibrunebda.

ruseTTan samxedro kavSiris damyarebis sakiTxi qarTlis

samefo darbazis sxdomaze iqna ganxiluli. didebulTa nawili

am kavSiris winaaRmdegi iyo, radganac amas SesaZloa sparseTi-

sa da osmaleTis gaRizianeba mohyoloda, rac saqarTvelos

saxifaTod Semoubrundeboda [14, 137]. vaxtang VI am mosazre-

bas ar iziarebda. is fiqrobda, rom Seqmnil urTules viTare-

baSi amierkavkasiaSi ruseTis laSqrobisas petre I-Tan mokavSi-

reoba erTaderTi swori gadawyvetileba iyo [4, 382].

ruseTTan molaparakebis periodSi vaxtangs osmaleTidan

acnobes, rom osmaleTis sulTani mas sparseTze laSqrobaSi

daxmarebas sTxovda, sanacvlod ki mTel saqarTveloSi game-

febas hpirdeboda. qarTlis mefem am SeTavazebaze uari Tqva

da yvelaferi petre I-s Seatyobina [1, 82].

1722 wlis martSi, maSin rodesac avRanelebma alya Semo-

artyes ispahans [3, 64-65], sparseTis gvardiis mTavarsardlo-

ba Sahma baqar vaxtangis Zes daavala. baqari ruseTTan kavSi-

162

ris winaaRmdegi iyo. man maisSi jari Seyara da sparseTis mi-

saSveleblad gaemarTa. aRniSnuli laSqroba vaxtangis brZane-

biT SeCerda [3, 65].

amis Semdeg Sahma vaxtangs lekTagan Sewuxebuli ganjele-

bis daxmareba daavala. vaxtang VI ganjisken daiZra. vaxtangis

laSqris Samqors misvlisTanave lekebma datoves ganja. 1722

wlis maisSi vaxtangi ganjidan TbilisSi dabrunda.

zemoT moyvanili faqtebi (vaxtangis mier osmaleTisTvis

mokavSireobaze uaris Tqma, ispahanis misaSveleblad qarTvel-

Ta laSqrobis CaSla da ganjaSi myofi lekebis winaaRmdeg ga-

laSqreba) miuTiTebs vaxtangis saxelmwifoebriv kursze. mra-

vali istorikosi momdevno periodSi saqarTveloSi Seqmnili

umZimesi mdgomareobis mizezad vaxtang VI-is mier sparseTisa

da osmaleTisTvis zurgis Seqcevas miiCnevs. Secdomad uT-

vlidnen qarTvel mefes aRniSnul politikur gadawyvetile-

bas Tanamedrovenic. Cven am mosazrebas ar viziarebT da vax-

tang VI-is saqciels Semdeg axsnas vuZebniT: vaxtangisTvis os-

malebisa da sparselebisgan SeTavazebuli mefoba ki ar iyo

mTavari, aramed umZimesi mdgomareobidan qveynis gamoyvana.

bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva: osmaleTis batonobis pirobebSi SeZ-

lebda ki qarTlis mefe vaxtang VI qveynis umTavresi proble-

mis _ daRestnis sakiTxis mogvarebas? cxadia, rom osmaleTi,

romelic mokavSireobisTvis vaxtangs gamefebas hpirdeboda,

am periodSi daRestnis sakiTxis mogvarebas, politikuri ne-

bis SemTxvevaSic, ver SeZlebda. miTumetes, rom is muslimuri

sarwmunoebis erTidaigive mimdinareobisadmi (sunizmi) kuT-

vnilebis gamo, iyo daRestnelebis mxardamWeri da wamqezebe-

li. Tu osmalebi gaimarjvebdnen, kavkasiaSi damyardeboda

portas SeuzRudavi batonoba, yvelaze ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,

qarTl-kaxeTis mimarT osmaleTis keTilganwyoba gagrZelde-

boda qarTvelebis srul morCilebamde, lekebi ufro gaZli-

erdebodnen, rac movlenebis Semdgomma ganviTarebamac daa-

dastura _ 1727 wels osmaleTma War-belaqans damoukidebeli

politikuri erTeulis statusi mianiWa. aseT viTarebaSi qar-

Tlis mefe vaxtang VI albaT, bevrs verafers Secvlida. es

kargad icoda vaxtangma da sulTnis am winadadebas ar daTan-

xmda. qarTlis mefe arc ispahanSi avRanelebisgan alyaSemor-

tymul Sahs daexmara da gasakviric araferia. sparseTis ga-

marjvebis SemTxvevaSi, aSkaraa, rom qarTvelebs isev avRaneT-

163

Si brZola elodaT; warsulis gamocdilebam gamoaCina, rom

sparseTs daRestnis sakiTxis mogvareba romc SeZleboda, ami-

si survili ar hqonda, radganac qarTvelebis gaZlierebis

eSinoda. misTvis gacilebiT sasurveli iyo gamudmebiT erTma-

neTTan moqiSpe qarTvelebi da daRestnelebi.

rac Seexeba 1722 wlis maisSi ganjaSi `Camsxdari~ lekebis

winaaRmdeg galaSqrebas, es qarTl-kaxeTis samefos intereseb-

Sic Sedioda da vaxtangmac, Sahis es brZaneba Seasrula _

sparselTa jari, romelsac vaxtangi xelmZRvanelobda, marTa-

lia, ver gadawyvetda daRestnis sakiTxs, magram daasustebda

mainc mas.

aSkaraa, rom rogorc ki politikurma viTarebam misca Se-

saZlebloba, vaxtang VI-m maSinve daiwyo damoukidebeli poli-

tikis gatareba, romlis drosac mxolod qveynis interesebs

iTvaliswinebda. misi mosazrebebi, romelic qarTl-kaxeTis

momavals ukavSirdeba, gansxvavdeboda qveynis politikuri

elitis saxelmwifoebrivi Sexedulebebisgan. mocemul momen-

tSi mesame ZalasTan, am SemTxvevaSi ruseTTan kavSiri, vaxtan-

gisTvis is SesaZlebloba iyo, romelic umZimes mdgomareobaSi

myof qveyanas aucileblad unda gamoeyenebina. vaxtangis dak-

virvebiT, saqarTvelos uaxloes momavalSi osmaleTisa da

sparseTisTvis zurgi imitom ki ar unda eqcia, rom isini sa-

qarTvelos istoriuli mtrebi iyvnen, aramed imitom, rom isi-

ni, survilis SemTxvevaSic, ver gadaWridnen im sakiTxs, rome-

lic saqarTvelosTvis sasicocxlod aucilebeli iyo. tradi-

ciulad, qarTul politikur wreebSi gabatonebuli Sexedu-

lebiT, daRestnis sakiTxis mogvareba mxolod CrdiloeTidan

da ruseTis saSualebiT iyo SesaZlebeli. aRniSnul mosazre-

bas, rogorc Cans, vaxtangic iziarebda. Seqmnili politikuri

situaciac am ideis ganxorcielebisTvis Sesaferisi Canda. ru-

seTze orientacia ar niSnavda mxolod erTmorwmuneobis gamo

gakeTebul arCevans (rac istorikosTa mier wina planzea wa-

moweuli qarTuli saxelmwifos rusuli orientaciis mizeze-

bis gansazRvrisas, _ Tumca religiuri faqtori, ra Tqma un-

da, mniSvnelovani iyo), _ arc siZlieres da osmaleTTan da

sparseTTan SedarebiT sufTa warsuls saqarTvelosTan urTi-

erTobaSi, es niSnavda saqarTvelosa da ruseTis interesTa

Tanxvedras daRestnis sakiTxSi _ qarTl-kaxeTs daRestnis

mxridan Tavdasxmebis aRkveTa surda, ruseTs ki, romelic uk-

164

ve gaumezoblda daRestans, misi teritoriis dapyroba. ruse-

Tis daRestanTan omSi Cabma saqarTvelos amosunTqvis da am

saukunovani problemis gadaWris SesaZleblobas miscemda.

vaxtang VI-m kargad icoda, rom is ver Secvlida ruseTis sa-

xelmwifoebriv kurss da koreqtirebas ver Seitanda mis geg-

mebSi, petre I mxolod saqarTvelos interesebisTvis ar ib-

rZolebda, magram cdilobda Zlieri qveynis mier warmoebul

politikaSi moenaxa gadakveTis wertili, romelic misi sam-

SoblosTvis iqneboda sasargeblo. safuZvelSive arasworia

istorikosTa mtkiceba qarTvelebis mier rusebis kavkasiaSi

Semoyvanisa da kaxeTis ruseTTan urTierTobis damyarebis

Semdgom daRestnelTa Tavdasxmebis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb. da-

RestnelTa sakiTxis mougvareblobas mohyva ruseTis mefisad-

mi kaxeTis mefis saCivrebi Samxlis mtruli moqmedebebis Sesa-

xeb da ara piriqiT. politikur ugunurebadaa miCneuli qar-

Tvelebis brZola daRestnelebis winaaRmdeg. am mosazrebebis

fonze, ra Sefaseba SeiZleba mieces daRestnelTa bolomou-

Rebel TareSs saqarTveloSi XVI saukunis meore naxevridan

moyolebuli. Tu ara es Tavdasxmebi, qarTveli mefeebi xom

arasdros ifiqrebdnen kavkasieli mezoblebis winaaRmdeg rai-

me saxis sabrZolo operaciis Catarebaze. maT amisi arc sur-

vili hqondaT da bunebrivi zRudis _ kavkasionis gamo, arc

SesaZlebloba.

swored am mizezebis gamo gaxda vaxtang VI petre I-is mo-

kavSire da daTanxmda mis SeTavazebas rusebis laSqrobis mo-

mentSi Tavisi jariT ganjasTan dabanakebuliyo da osmalebsa

da daRestnelebisTvis gza gadaeketa [14, 75-76]. am konkre-

tul SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs daemTxva petre I-isa da sparseTis

Sahis interesebi _ es ukanasknelic sparseTis CrdiloeTi

provinciebis daRestnelTa da osmalTa Tavdasxmebisgan dac-

vis mizniT vaxtangis ganjasTan dabanakebas iTxovda. Tumca

ruseTis mizans am SemTxvevaSi Cvens mier ukve dasaxelebul

amocanasTan erTad Seadgenda vaxtangis jaris ruseTis laS-

qarTan SeerTeba, rac derbentis samxreTiT nizabadTan, ro-

gorc rusebi mas uwodeben `nizovoisTan~, unda momxdariyo.

gegmis mixedviT, derbentis dakavebis Semdeg ruseTis jars

gza samxreTis mimarTulebiT unda gaegrZelebina da xelSi

unda Caegdo baqo.

ruseTis armia qalaq derbentTan 23 agvistos mivida.

165

derbentelebma qalaqis uomrad Cabarebis gadawyvetileba mii-

Res. qalaqis naibi imam yuli beki petres gamoegeba, qalaqis

gasaRebi da wigni `derbent-name~ miarTva. rusebs sazeimo dax-

vedra mouwyes qalaqis mcxovreblebma. petre I arc moeloda

da gakvirvebulic iyo derbentelebis gulwrfeli zeimiT [13,

53]. ruseTis jari qalaqTan dabanakda. imperatori derbentis

xanis saxlSi daabinaves.

vaxtang VI ganjasTan 1722 wlis agvistos miwurulidan

idga. ruseTis jars darubandidan winsvla aRar gaugrZele-

bia. laSqrobis Sewyvetis oficialur mizezad kaspiis zRvaze

amovardnili qariSxali dasaxelda, ris Sedegadac gemebis na-

wili dazianda da sakvebi gafuWda. petre I-ma armias ukan dab-

runeba ubrZana. darubandSi rusuli garnizoni Cadga. rusuli

armiisTvis ukan mimavali gza gacilebiT rTuli da saxifaTo

iyo. Tabasaranis, yaitaRis, utemiSisa da tarkis mosaxleoba

rusebTan SebrZolebas aSkarad ver bedavda, magram mtrobasac

aRar malavda.

1722 wlis Semodgomaze ruseTis jari astraxanSi dabrun-

da. petre I 1723 wlis gazafxulze axal laSqrobas gegmavda

kaspiispireTSi [3, 78].

rusebma dakavebul teritoriaze Tavisi poziciebis ga-

samyareblad kaspiispireTis mniSvnelovan cixe-simagreebSi Ta-

vianTi garnizonebi Caayenes. Crdilo kavkasiaSi ki, mdinare

solaRze axali cixe-simagris aSeneba daiwyes.

1722 wlis 12 oqtombers Sahma sulTan huseinma veRar

SeZlo dedaqalaqis dacva da avRanelebs danebda. sparseTis

taxtis memkvidre _ Sah-Tamazi qveynis CrdiloeT raionebs

afarebda Tavs. man vaxtang VI-s jari sTxova, Tumca am ukanas-

knelma daxmarebisgan Tavi Seikava [8, 417].

vaxtangi ganjidan TbilisSi odnav mogvianebiT dabrunda.

igi petre I-is elC podporuCik tolstois 24 noembers Sexvda

da mzadyofna gamoTqva ruseTis mier momdevno wlisTvis da-

gegmil samxreTis laSqrobaSi monawileobis miRebaze. man rus

elCebs acnoba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Seqmnili umZimesi

sagareo politikuri viTarebis Sesaxeb da ruseTis erTi dana-

yofis saqarTveloSi Semoyvana moiTxova, romelsac sparsele-

bis an osmalebis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenebda, romlebic 1722-1723

wlebSi qarTlSi SemosaWrelad emzadebodnen. sparseTs saTa-

veSi Caudga axali Sahi _ Tahmaspi (Sah-Tamazi). mas kargad ax-

166

sovda sparseTis Znelbedobis dros vaxtangis umoqmedoba,

amitom vaxtangs qarTli CamoarTva da kaxeTis mefe konstan-

tine II-s gadasca [8, 419]. 1723 wlis 4 maiss Tbilisi sparse-

lebs danebda. damarcxebuli vaxtangi iZulebuli gaxda go-

risTvis Seefarebina Tavi, Tumca goric male datova da cxin-

valSi gadavida [8, 419-420].

petre I-is ukan daxevis Semdeg aRmosavleT saqarTveloze

Tavdasasxmelad emzadebodnen osmalebic. arzrumis faSam vax-

tangs SemouTvala, rom osmaleTis sulTnis Zalaufleba ec-

no. sagangebod mowveul darbazis sxdomaze qarTlis warCine-

bulebma osmaleTis winadadebaze daTanxmebas dauWires mxari.

vaxtangi molaparakebis gaaWianurebas cdilobda [8, 420], Tum-

ca osmalebi drois dakargvas ar apirebdnen. isini Tbiliss

1723 wlis ivnisSi moadgnen. kaxTa mefe konstantinem ubrZol-

velad daTmo qalaqi, ris Semdegac osmalebi mTel qveyanaSi

gabatondnen.

1723 wels rusebma kvlav ilaSqres kaspiispireTSi da 23

ivliss baqo daikaves, ris Semdegac kaspiispireTis dasavleTi

nawili rusebis xelSi aRmoCnda [3, 84].

1723 wlis 12 seqtembers dadebul iqna ruseT-sparseTis

xelSekruleba, romlis ZaliTac ruseTma kontroli daamyara:

darubandze, baqoze, gilianze, mazanderanze, astrabadze, Tum-

ca rusebs astrabadi da mazandarani ar daukavebiaT [3, 84].

osmalebi metad SeaSfoTa rusebis kaspiispireTSi gabato-

nebam. maT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos axali ZaliT Seuties.

sulTani petre I-s kategoriulad sTxovda, rom kaspiispire-

Tis cixe-simagreebidan Tavisi jarebi gaeyvana. ruseTi mixvda

viTarebis mTel seriozulobas da imaSic darwmunda, rom aR-

niSnul periodSi ruseTs ar Seswevda unari kavkasiaSi samxed-

ro ZaliT Tavisi poziciebi SeenarCunebina da osmaleTs mo-

laparakebaze daTanxmda.

1724 wlis 12 ivliss konstantinepolSi ruseT-osmaleTis

SeTanxmeba gaformda, romlis Tanaxmad, osmaleTi cnobda ru-

seTTan kaspiispireTis SeerTebas da xels iRebda mTeli spar-

seTis dapyrobaze. TurqeTma miiRo: aRmosavleT saqarTvelo,

aRmosavleT somxeTi da iranis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawili.

sazavo xelSekrulebis Semdeg ruseTis samefo karma vaxtang

VI-isa da misi mxleblebis Sesaxebac imsjela. maT kaspiispira

provinciebSi misces dasaxlebis ufleba.

167

zavis dadebis Semdeg osmalebma ufro Tamamad daiwyes

Tavisi Zalauflebis damyareba qarTlSi. vaxtang VI mZime

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. qveynisa da samefo taxtis SenarCu-

nebis imediT man Turqebs 12 jorze akidebuli ganZeuloba mi-

arTva [1, 505]. TurqebTanve gagzavna vaJi _ baqari da Zma iese.

Tumca Turqebma es ar ikmares. maT vaxtangis ar sjerodaT da

misi avtoritetis eSinodaT, amitom igi TurqeTSi daibares.

vaxtangma es moTxovna ar Seasrula. sulTnis brZanebiT, qar-

Tlis samefo taxti vaxtangis Zmam _ iesem daikava. iese osmal-

Ta mxares gadavida da vaxtangsa da zogadad, osmalTa mowina-

aRmdege Zalebs daupirispirda. igi maleve, 1727 wels garda-

icvala.

cxinvalSi myofi samefo ojaxi gamudmebuli intrigebisa

da Tadasxmis obieqti iyo, ris gamoc vaxtangma ruseTSi was-

vla gadawyvita. qarTlis mefis ojaxi 1200 kaciani amaliT sa-

qarTvelodan 1724 wlis 15 ivliss gaemgzavra. rusebma qar-

Tvelebi droebiT rusul cixe-simagre sviatoi krestSi daabi-

naves. peterburgSi mefis miRebaze Tanxmoba mxolod 1725

wlis dasawyisSi ganacxades. vaxtang VI astraxanidan moskovSi

1725 wlis 2 Tebervals gaemgzavra. mas Tan 84 kaciani amala

axlda. danarCeni qarTvelebi, maT Soris dedofali rusudani

da batoniSvili vaxuSti, astraxanSi darCnen. vaxtangma gzaSi

Seityo petre I-is gardacvalebis ambavi [3, 88-90].

ruseTis samefo karma vaxtang VI-s ganucxada, rom maT

qarTvelebis dasaxleba sviatoi krestis cixe-simagreSi sur-

daT. qarTvelebs aseve SesTavazes derbentsa da baqoSi dasax-

lebac. ruseTis dedofalma ekaterine I-ma maT samSobloSi

dabruneba ruseTis mier Crdilo kavkasiaSi poziciebis gan-

mtkicebis Semdeg aRuTqva [14, 187, 188].

petre I-is samxreTis laSqrobis Semdeg ruseT-sparseTis

urTierToba ukiduresobamde iyo daZabuli. diplomatiuri

molaparakebebi warumateblad mimdinareobda. ruseTis umaR-

lesi saidumlo sabWos gadawyvetilebiT, 1726 wlis Teberval-

Si vaxtang VI sparseTTan mosalaparakeblad gaigzavna. gam-

gzavrebis win ekaterine I-ma vaxtangi qarTlis mefed cno. xo-

lo im SemTxvevaSi ki Tu igi iranTan urTierTobas moagvareb-

da, dahpirda, rom qarTlis samefos daubrunebda da materia-

lur daxmarebasac gauwevda [14, 95].

vaxtang VI agvistos bolos darubandSi Cavida. ekaterine

168

I-is brZanebiT, darubandis yazanis RvTismSoblis eklesiaSi

mas andria pirvelwodebulis ordeni gadasces [1, 509]. 10 seq-

tembers qarTlis mefe ukve reSTSi iyo. vaxtangma SeZlo ru-

seT-sparseTs Soris warumateblad mimdinare molaparakeba

ruseTisTvis sasikeTod Semoebrunebina. Sah-Tamazma vaxtangis

mimarT keTilganwyoba gamoavlina. 1726 wlis 9 oqtombers vax-

tangs Sahis spasalari muhamed reza Sexvda. winaswari SeTan-

xmebis mixedviT, iranis mxare 1722 wlis laSqrobis Semdeg ru-

seTisgan warTmeuli mTeli rigi dasaxlebuli punqtebis: gi-

lianis, mazandaranisa da astrabadis dabrunebas iTxovda. mu-

hamed rezam sakuTriv vaxtangs Sahis danabarebi gadasca, rom-

lis mixedviTac osmalTa gandevnis Semdeg mas isev qarTlis

taxts uboZebda. am danapirebma, rogorc Cans, samSobloSi

dabrunebis imedi Causaxa vaxtangs. vaxtangis mier sasikeTod

Semobrunebuli molaparakeba 1727 wlis gazafxulze general

levaSovis mizeziT CaiSala, romelsac vaxtangis avtoriteti

ar siamovnebda [3, 96-97]. ruseT-sparseTis 1726-1727 wlebSi

mimdinare molaparakebidan vaxtang VI ruseTis imperator eka-

terine I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg gaiwvies (1727 wlis 17 ma-

iss). 1730 wels ruseTis taxtze petre I-is ZmiSvili ana dajda.

aRniSnul periodSi ruseTis mxare kavkasiis sakiTxebisadmi

seriozul dainteresebas ar iCenda. qarTuli mxare cdilob-

da, imperatrica daerwmunebina, rom kavkasiis xalxTa mxarda-

Wera ruseTisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo, Tumca uSedegod.

yvelaze didi tragedia, rac XVIII saukunis 20-ian wlebSi

saqarTvelos daatyda Tavs, aRmosavleT kaxeTis dakargva iyo.

aRniSnuli garemoeba kidev ufro naTlad warmoaCens im peri-

odSi Seqmnil umZimes politikur viTarebas.

alaznisgaRma daRestnelTa Camosaxleba XVI saukunidan

daiwyo da XVII saukuneSi umarTavi xasiaTi miiRo. aRniSnuli

raionebi kaxeTis samefos oficialurad pirvelad Sah-abas I-ma

CamoaSora, waxurel ali-begs uwyaloba, Sahis qveSevrdomad

gamoacxada da igi sulTnis pativSi aiyvana, ris Semdegac kak-

eniselis (Zveli hereTis) aRmosavleTi nawili kaxeTs Camos-

cilda da Semdegi drois elisus sasulTnos Caeyara safuZve-

li. am faqtiT kaxeTis teritoria mniSvnelovnad Semcirda.

sazRvarma yani-yobidan (romelic adre Saqis saxanosa da kaxe-

Tis sazRvari iyo) mdinare yafu-Caize gadmoinacvla [10, 265-

266]. am teritoriaze mTeli XVII saukunis manZilze mimdinare-

169

obda waxuridan da daRestnis sxva raionebidan (ZiriTadad,

avariidan) mosaxleobis gadmosaxleba. Sah-abasis gadawyveti-

lebas qarTvelebi ar urigdebodnen da mudmivad ibrZodnen

dakargulis dasabruneblad, Tumca uSedegod. gamarjvebis

SemTxvevaSic ki War-belaqneli lekebi ukan ibrunebdnen aR-

niSnul teritorias. War-belaqnis sakiTxi qarTl-kaxeTisTvis

mougvarebel problemad gansakuTrebiT 1723 wlidan, aRmosav-

leT saqarTveloSi osmalTa Semosvlis Semdeg, gaxda. daRes-

tnelebsa da osmalebs Soris kavSiri jer kidev XVI saukuni-

dan damyarda. osmaleTis sulTani maT mudmivad mouwodebda

qristianebisa da Siitebis winaaRmdeg brZolisken, 1727 wels

ki sagangebo firmaniT daumtkica Warel lekebs maT mier mina-

tacebi teritoria. ase Camoyalibda aRmosavleT kaxeTSi (sain-

giloSi) War-belaqneli aRalarebis saxelmwifo, romelmac ma-

le elisus sasulTnoc SeierTa [10, 273].

ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris dadebul zavs sparseTi ar

cnobda. Sah-Tamazis gardacvalebis Semdeg taxtze Sah-nadiri

avida. XVIII s-is 30-iani wlebidan nadir Sahis TaosnobiT spar-

seTma dawinaureba daiwyo. misi mmarTvelobis dros sparseT-

osmaleTis winaaRmdegoba kvlav ukiduresobamde daiZaba. 1734

wels Sah-nadirma osmalebi daamarcxa da Semaxa aiRo. osmaleT-

Tan brZolis pirobebSi iranis mxarem ruseTTan urTierTobis

mogvareba miiCnia sasargeblod. ruseTi iZulebuli gaxda gaZ-

lierebuli sparseTisTvis angariSi gaewia. xangrZlivi molapa-

rakebebis Semdeg 1735 wels ruseT-sparseTs Soris ganjaSi

traqtati daido, romlis mixedviTac ruseTma sparseTs baqo,

giliani, astrabadi, mazandarani da derbenti dauTmo. molapa-

rakebis mixedviT, osmalTa batonobisgan ganTavisuflebis Sem-

deg sparseTs qarTlis samefo vaxtang VI-saTvis unda gadaeca.

nadir-Sahi vaxtangsa da baqars TavisTan iwvevda mosalapara-

keblad, magram mam-Svilma sparseTis moTxovna ar Seasrules.

1736-1737 wlisTvis vaxtangisTvis naTeli gaxda, rom qar-

TlSi misi dabruneba SeuZlebeli iyo kaxeli bagrationebis

gaZlierebis gamo. vaxtangs ruseTis qveSevrdomobis miReba

sTxoves da moskovSi cxovreba SesTavazes. es ki saqarTveloSi

dabrunebaze uaris Tqmasa da ruseTSi samudamo damkvidrebas

niSnavda. man ar miiRo SeTavazeba da dasaxlda astraxanSi, sa-

dac 1737 wlis 26 marts gardaicvala. dakrZalulia astraxa-

nis miZinebis taZarSi.

170

istorikos mamia dumbaZis SefasebiT, `saqarTvelos kar-

Tan Zlier saxelmwifoTa Widilis kritikul momentSi patara

qveynis mdgomareoba metad rTuli iyo... [8, 423]. yvelafris

gaTvaliswineba maSin vaxtangs marTlac ar SeeZlo... im dros,

roca daRestnelebi sabolood mkvidrdebodnen mdinare alaz-

nis gaRma napirze, ganjaSi didZali laSqriT myofi vaxtangi

kaxeTTan Tanxmobis gziT SesaZlebelia marTlac moaxerxebda

osmalTTaTvis gzis Caketvas qarTlis misadgomebTan... erTi

sityviT, mefem mis xelSi da misive karTan myofi Zalebi saTa-

nadod ver Seafasa~ [8, 421-422].

mamia dumbaZe Secdomad miiCnevs vaxtang VI-is ruseTSi

wasvlasac. igi Semdeg braldebebs uyenebs mas: `vaxtang mefes

ruseTSi Tan gahyva 1200 kaci, romelTa Soris saqarTvelos

ganaTlebuli sazogadoebis brwyinvale warmomadgenlebi iy-

vnen. am garemoebamac didad daabrkola qarTveli xalxis brZo-

la ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg. brZolis vels gaecala ka-

ci, romelic didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda saqarTvelosa

da mTel amierkavkasiaSi da romlis qarTlSi yofnac esoden

aucilebeli iyo maSin qveynis ZalTa mobilizaciisaTvis... vax-

tangisa da misi amalis gadaxvewa ruseTSi iwvevda aqtiuri

brZolis Tavis aridebisa da ZnelbedobasTan pasiuri Serigebis

tendenciebs. am saqmeSi mefes mimbaZvelebic male gamouCndnen

da brZolis siZneleebs gaurbodnen [8, 424]. mamia dumbaZis Se-

fasebebs vaxtang VI-is moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebiT momdevno

periodis istorikosebi erTxmad iziareben.

vaxtang VI-is moRvaweobis Sefasebisas Cven gavimeorebT

mamia dumbaZis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas: `yvelafris gaTva-

liswineba maSin vaxtangs ar SeeZlo~. qveyana umZimes politi-

kur viTarebaSi imyofeboda _ aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi sami udi-

desi saxelmwifos interesebi gadaejaWva erTmaneTs, romel-

Tagan TviToeuli cdilobda Tavisi poziciebi gaeumjobesebi-

na. am SemTxvevaSi SedarebiT patara qveynebi maTi TamaSis we-

sebs emorCilebian. rac Seexeba, vaxtangis dadanaSaulebas

1722 wlis agvisto-noembris periodSi 30 Tu 40-aTasiani laS-

qriT ganjasTan umoqmedod dgomaSi [15, 48], maSin rodesac mas

SeeZlo TiTqos Tavs dasxmoda War-belaqans da es sakiTxi sa-

bolood gadaeWra, aRniSnuli mosazreba metad gulubryvi-

lod gamoiyureba (am mosazrebas mravali istorikosi imeo-

rebs) da ver daveTanxebiT. igive braldebas uyenebes vaxtangs

171

ruseTis saimperatoro karic [14, 186, 187], rac qarTveli me-

fis mimarT gakeTebuli ciliswamebaa. 30 Tu 40-aTasiani laS-

qari sparsuli koaliciuri laSqari iyo da ara qarTuli. igi

sparseTis Sahis brZanebas asrulebda da ganjasTan, Sahis

brZanebiT, konkretuli amocanis Sesasruleblad iyo mobili-

zebuli. am jaris mTavarsardloba ar niSnavda, rom vaxtangs

SeeZlo misi moqmedeba sakuTari neba-survilis, am SemTxvevaSi

War-belaqnis dasapyrobad, anu qarTvelTa interesebis, Sesa-

bamisad waremarTa. mravalricxovan laSqars sxva sardlebic

hyavda, romelTac pirdapiri komunikacia hqondaT Sahis kar-

Tan, Tu ar CavTvliT vaxtang VI-ze mimagrebul Sahis oficia-

lur meTvalyureebs. laSqari vaxtangs brmad ar emorCilebo-

da da Sahis brZanebis gadaxvevis, miT umetes qarTvelebis mi-

er War-belaqnis mimarTulebiT wayvanis SemTxvevaSi, ara mar-

to qarTlis mefes, aramed aq myof qarTul razmebsac metad

savalalo bedi elodaT. War-belaqanze Tavdasasxmelad erTob

araxelsayreli iyo politikuri viTarebac. petre I samxreTis

laSqrobis oficialur sababad daRestneli mflobelebis das-

ja hqonda gamocxadebuli. masTan sabrZolvelad daRestnele-

bi mobilizebulebi da srul sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi iyvnen,

aseT viTarebaSi War-belaqanze Tavdasxma aragonivruli nabi-

ji iqneboda da saqarTvelos kargs arafers moutanda. kvlav

aRvniSnav, rom War-belaqanSi laSqroba sakmaod rTuli saqme

iyo da mTel daRestanTan oms niSnavda. es ukanaskneli ki am

periodSi sakmaod angariSgasawev Zalas warmoadgenda. Tvalsa-

CinoebisTvis sparseTis magaliTic ikmarebs. 1738 wels, ganjis

ambebidan 16 wlis Semdeg, Sah-nadirma daRestanSi laSqroba

daiwyo, Tumca daRestnelebma daamarcxes sparselebi [449-

450]. sparseTi am dros sakmaod Zlieri saxelmwifo iyo.

rac Seexeba vaxtangis ruseTSi gadaxvewas, igi am period-

Si aRar iyo mefe. saqarTveloSi misi yofna samoqalaqo omis

maprovocirebeli iyo da vfiqrobT, misi ruseTSi wasvlac am

faqts ukavSirdeboda. qarTveli mefe fiqrobda, rom Seqmnil

situaciaSi diplomatiuri saqmianobiT ufro mets gaukeTebda

Tavis qveyanas, vidre SinaomebSi CabmiT. mravalricxovani ama-

la, ki romelic mas Tan gahyva, marTlac didi danaklisi iyo

qarTuli saxelmwifos momavlisTvis.

172


1. vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTveloisa,

krebulSi: qarTlis cxovreba, IV, Tbilisi, 1975.

2. s. CxeiZe, saqarTvelos cxovreba, tfilisi, 1913.

3. l. menabde, vaxtang VI, Tbilisi, 2011.

4. daviT guramiSvili, daviTiani, krebulSi: qarTuli mwer-

loba, 7, Tbilisi, 1989.

5. g. paiWaZe, konstantine kaxTa mefis elCebi ruseTSi (1724-

1725 wlebSi), Tbilisi, 1964.

6. esaia jalalianci, qarTveli mefis vaxtangis mosvla gan-

jas, `mogzauri~, 1902, #1.

7. m. tyavaSvili, ruseTis laSqrobebi daRestanSi (1591, 1594

ww.), krebulSi: saqarTvelos axali istoriis sakiTxebi, IX,

Tbilisi, 2006.

8. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, IV, Tbilisi, 1973.

9. n. berZeniSvili, XVIII saukunis saqarTvelos istoriidan,

mski, nakv. I, Tbilisi, 1944.

10. n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, wigni III,

Tbilisi, 1966.

11. m. tyavaSvili, darubandis gasasvleli ruseTis politiku-

ri interesebis sferoSi (XVI s-is bolo), krebulSi: axali

da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, 1 (12), Tbilisi, 2013.

12. Белокуров С. А., Сношения России с Кавказом, Москва, 1889.

13. Брикнер А. Г., Иллюстрированная история Петра Великого, СПб, 1902-1903.

14. Переписка грузинских царей с российскими государями, СПб, 1861. 15. d. WumburiZe, vaxtang VI da petre I, istoriuli portre-

tebi, Tbilisi, 2012.

Mzia Tkavashvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Research Worker of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History of Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

Russia’s Southern March (1722) and its Result to Further

Development of the Georgian State

Summary

At the early 20s of the XVIII century Persia’s state complicated up to extreme grade. Persia was facing the fact of invasion of both Ottoman Empire and Russia. As agreed between Peter the I and Vakhtang the VI, at

173

Nizabad the Georgian forces were to join the Russian army staying in Transcaucasia. The Karli King had hopes that with the help of Russia he would manage to free Georgia from the Persians rule, settle Dagestan issue and return back Southern Georgian territory seized by Ottoman Empire.

The Russian Army entered Daruband on 23 August 1722 but did not manage to move on and stepped back. Because of this, Vakhtang the VI’s and Peter the I’s armies failed to unite. Karti- Kakheti Region found themselves in hard situation. From June 1723 Ottomans began to rule here. On the 15th of July, 1724 Vakhtang was forced to set off to Russia together with his family and 1200 people. In 1737 he died in Astrakhan. And the biggest tragedy which in 20s of the XVIII century happened to Georgia was lost of East Kakheti. In 1727 the Ottoman Sultan by special firman granted seized Georgian territories to Avars who had settled in the oldest Georgian territory back in the midst of XVI century.

Most of the Georgian historians see the reason of the hardest condition of that time Kartli-Kakheti Region in Vakhtang the VI’s unwise policy (relationship with Russia) and his departure from the homeland. We cannot agree with such consideration. From the very XVI century the main problem for the Eastern Georgia was regulation of Dagestan issue which was rather a difficult task. It should be mentioned that after 16 years from these events even the strongest ruler of Persia Nadir-Shah (1738-1742) could not defeat Dagestan. Traditionally, according to prevailing opinion with the Georgian political circle, resolution of Dagestan problem was possible only from the North and with help of Russia. Orientation to Russia meant not only a choice made because of the same faith (which is advanced by the historians when determining the reasons of Russian orientation of the Georgian State – though religious factor, of course, was significant), _ and notthe strength and clear past in relationship with Georgia unlike of Ottoman Empire and Persia, this was coincidence of Georgia’s and Russia’s interests in Dagestan issue – Karti-Kakheti wished cessation of assaults from Dagestan and Russia wanted seizing of its territory. Russia’s engaging in was with Dagestan would give Georgia a chance to take a breath and solve this century-long problem.

174

oTar gogoliSvili

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, baTumis

SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo

universitetis istoriis, arqeologiis da

eTnologiis departamenti, sruli profe-

sori

ruseT-osmaleTis 1828-1829 wlebis omi

da aWara

1828 wels daiwyo ruseT-osmaleTis omi, romelsac pe-

terburgi momzadebuli Sexvda. amdenad igi ruseTisaTvis uf-

ro xelsayrel viTarebaSi miმdinareobda, ramac misi gamar-

jveba ganapiroba. Sedegad ruseTma mtkiced moikida fexi ax-

lo aRmosavleTSi da mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova Tavisi saz-

Rvrebi kavkasiaSi, ganimtkica poziciebi Sav zRvazec.

omi daiwyo balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze da ganevrco kav-

kasiaSi, jer arzrumis, Semdgom ki aWaris mimarTulebiT. fron-

tis sxvadasxva ubanze mimdinareobda gaafTrebuli brZolebi.

1828 wlis 24 ivniss, rusebis mier aღebul iqna axalqalaqi, 15

ivliss foTi da ganxorcielda Seteva axalcixis safaSoze.

selim ximSiaSvilis vaJma _ axmedma, medgari winaaRmdego-

ba gauwia ruseTis mravalricxovan jars, magram bolos iZu-

lebuli gaxda Tavisi darCenili Zalis nawilebiT gascloda

axalcixes da aWaraSi gadasuliyo.

garkveuli drois Semdeg, 1829 wlis TebervalSi, axmed

ximSiaSvilma Zalebi moikriba da axalcixes isev Seutia. pirve-

li warmatebuli brZolebis Semdeg, alya შemoartya qalaqs,

Tumca misma mokavSirem _ abdi begma, rusTa maSveli jari ver

daakava da axmed begi Tavisi mebrZolebiT iZulebuli gaxda

kvlav ukan, aWaraSi gabrunebuliyo [2, 56-47].

rusTa mxedrobas gadawyvetili hqonda aWaris dalaS-

qvrac, magram zamTrisa da rTuli reliefis gamo, axmed beg

ximSiaSvilis winaaRmdeg galaSqreba aRar moxerxda.

am SeferxebiT isargebla axmed begma da molaparakeba ga-

marTa general bebuTovTan. amiT is cdilobda rogorme SeeCe-

rebina ruseTis jaris winsvla aWaris mimarTulebiT. ruseTis

sardloba miznad isaxavda usisxlod Sesuliyo aWaraSi, ami-

tom mas awyobda kidec axmed begTan molaparakeba. Tavis

175

mxriv, garkveuli pirobebis sanacvlod (generlis Cini, lurji

lenti, aWaris mmarTveloba, faSis tituli), axmed ximSiaSvili

Tanxmobas acxadebda ruseTis qveSevrdomobaze, magram mola-

parakebebi gaWianurda, radganac begis mier wayenebuli moT-

xovnebi ruseTis imperatoris dasturs moiTxovda, rac gar-

kveul drosTan iyo dakavSirebuli. dro ki ar iyo. sakiTxi

swraf gadawyvetas saWiroebda. amitomac axmedi arCevanis wi-

naSe daayenes. an saswrafod mieRo saboloo gadawyvetileba _

usisxlod SeSva rusuli jari aWaraSi, an erTaderTi vaJi ga-

egzavna maTTan mZevlad, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saqme cudad

wauvidoda. axmed ximSiaSvilis pasuxma bebuTovs veRar mous-

wro, radganac igi moulodnelad gadaiyvanes somxeTis olqis

ufrosad. mis magivrad ki axalcixeSi daniSnes generali _ ba-

roni osten-sakeni, romelsac kavkasiis mTavarmarTebelma pas-

keviCma kategoriulad daavala daemorCilebina axmed ximSiaS-

vili. amavdroulad, paskeviCi afrTxilebda osten-sakens _

emoqmeda frTxilad, gaazrebulad, ukiduresobebis gareSe.

axmed ximSiaSvili, bebuTovisagan gansxvavebiT ar icnob-

da osten-sakens da undoblad iyo ganmsWvaluli mis mimarT.

man uari ganacxada rusTa mTavarsardlobis pirobis Sesrule-

baze im motiviT, rom qvemo aWaraSi mosalodneli mRelvare-

bis gamo, mas da mis vaJs ar SeeZlo aWaridan gasvla. samagie-

rod, axmed ximSiaSvili Tanxmobas acxadebda masTan mZevlad

gaegzavna biZa suleiman-aRa. magram moxda ise, rom aRarc su-

leimani Camosula axalcixes _ man avadmyofoba moimizeza da

Tavi aarida rus generalTan gamocxadebas. amaze ganrisxe-

bulma osten-sakenma aseTi Sinaarsis werili miswera axmed

ximSiaSvils: `arc Tqven, arc Tqveni Svili, arc Tqveni biZa

suleimani ar gamocxaddiT CemTan qveSevrdomobis misaRebad

im gamarjvebis Semdeg, romelic didi xelmwifis jarma moipo-

va, ruseTis mTavrobis damcireba iqneboda rbilad emoqmeda

da dakmayofilebuliyo mxolod dapirebebiT. Tqven werT,

rom qvemo aWara ajanyda Tqvens winaaRmdego, amaze gipasuxebT,

Tu oTxi dRis ganmavlobaSi Tqven an Tqveni Svili ar gamoc-

xaddebiT CemTan, maSin me iZulebuli viqnebi jariT Semovide

aWaraSi, an Tqvens dasaxmareblad, an Tqvens dasasjelad,

Tqveni moqmedeba gadawyvets, Tu me romeli RonisZiebis gan-

xorcieleba momixdeba“ [3, 34].

osten-sakeni, Tavis mxriv aSkara avantiuraze wavida: imis

176

magier, rom mas ewarmoebina diplomatiuri molaparakeba, aS-

kara Zalis gamoyeneba gadawyvita da Seecada iaraRis ZaliT

moegvarebina es saqme. kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblis _ paskeviCis

gafrTxilebis miuxedavad, igi arc general geses dakavSirebia

da damoukideblad Seudga moqmedebas…

etyoba, generali paskeviCi gascnobia osten-sakenis mier

axmed ximSiaSvilisaTvis gagazavnili werilis Sinaarss da aS-

karad ar mowonebia igi. amis gamo igi osten-sakens werilobiT

amcnobda Semdegs: `Tqveni werili aWaris faSisadmi dawerilia

ise, Tu axmed begs Cvendami rame ganwyobileba hqonda, man un-

da Secvalos igi, radgan werili dawerilia mbrZaneblis to-

niT, rogorsac qveSevrdomisagan Txouloben, xolo isini, ro-

melic molaparakebas awarmoeben, SeTaxmdebian an uaryofen

SeTanxmebas“ [1, 24].

Semdgom paskeviCi Tavis werilSi miuTiTebda osten-sa-

kens, rom mTavari iyo aWaraSi daecva simSvide da iaraRi mxo-

lod ukidures SemTxvevaSi exmara.

paskeviCis am werilma veRar mouswro osten-sakens, rad-

gan 12 agvistos igi ukve gzaSi gaxldaT da aWarisken miemar-

Teboda. igi midioda erTi mizniT da erTi gadawyvetilebiT _

SeWriliyo aWaraSi da misi mmarTveli, Zalis gamoyenebiT, sa-

gangebod daesaja.

ramdenime dRis Semdeg, generali osten sakeni aWaraSi Se-

vida. Sevida ara saqmis gamrige-momwesrigebeli, momlaparake-

beli piri, aramed rogorc damsjeli, amaoxrebeli, rac cxa-

dia, misi mxrdan, yovlad gaumarTlebeli qmedeba iyo. man

cecxliTa da maxviliT gadabuga zemo aWaris ramdenime sofe-

li. aq, aWaraSi Tavisi survilisamebr TviT osmaleTis jaric

ki ver Semodioda da ver parpaSebda. ruseTis jaris am mou-

lodnelma SemoWram, aqauri mosaxleoba jer aRaSfoTa, mere

bevr rameze daafiqra, bolos ki aamxedra ruseTis winaaRmdeg,

xalxma iaraRi aixsna, mTebSi gaixizna da win aRudga osten-sa-

kens, romlis pirovnebaSi xalxi sruliad samarTlianad mxo-

lod borotmoqmeds xedavda.

osten-sakeni, situaciis zereled gansjis gadamkide, Ta-

visi aRmatebuli Zalis gamo, sul win da win miiwevda kuTxis

siRrmeSi da xalxis awiokebas ganagrZobda.

Tu ra ZalebiT utevda generali osten-sakeni aWaras da

mis mosaxleobas, amis Sesaxeb gvamcnobs general-leitenanti

177

dimitri poto: `sami qveiTi batalioni 2700 xiStiT, kazakTa

polkiT, sami samTo qvemexiTa da oTxi mcire yalibis qvemexiT

Sevidnen aWaraSi, isini elodnen winaaRmdegobas, magram aravin

SexvdaT. carieli soflebi sakenma gadabuga da miaRwia xulos

_ axmed-begis sasaxles. sakenma gaigo, rom ukan dasaxevi gzebi

moWrili hqonda, gza ar icoda, axalcixis gza Sekruli iyo,

eZebda dasaxev gzas, is didi brZoliTa da danaklisiT, dida-

Waris gziT samSvidobos gavida“ [4, 88].

generali poto Semdgom aseT daskvnas akeTebs: `amis Sem-

deg osten-sakens unda ezruna ara gamarjvebis mopovebaze,

aramed imaze, rogor gadaerCina Tavisi razmi, romelsac moe-

loda gmoba“.

aq ar SeiZleboda SeniSvnis saxiT ar ganvacxadoT Semdegi:

general-leitenanti poto rogorc aRniSnavs, generali osten-

sakeni, romlisTvisac romeliRac aWarels uswavlebia gza,

ozurgeTSi gadasula, rac namdvilad ar Seesabameba simarTles

da yvelaferi sul sxvagvarad gaxldaT, Tu sad, ra mimarTule-

biT gaemarTa Tavisi uWkuo moqmedebiT Tavlafdasxmuli gene-

rali osten-sakeni, amaze cota mogvianebiT aRvniSnavT.

sanam osten-sakeni xulomde, axmed ximSiaSvilis reziden-

ciamde miaRwevda, mas aWarelTa delegacia ewvia, axmed ximSi-

aSvilis xazinadar _ memiS-aRas meTaurobiT. delegaciam

sTxova generals, Cveni begi (axmed ximSiaSvili) qvemo aWaraSia,

sanamde igi ukan dabrundebodes, Seteva SeaCere, Cven aranair

winaaRmdegobas ar gagiwevTo. es iyo yovelmxriv gamarTlebu-

li da erTaderTi gamosavali im situaciidan da, cxadia, gam-

Wriaxi rom yofiliyo rusi generali, miiRebda aWarelTa am

samarTlian Txovnas, man ar miiRo es winadadeba. arada, dele-

gaciis wevrebi samarTlianad mianiSnebdnen osten-sakens, rom

misi qmedeba metad ucnauri da windauxedavi gaxldaT, rameTu

misi jari aWarelTa soflebs spobda maSin, rodesac aWaris

mmarTveli (ese igi, axmed ximSiaSvili) molaparakebas awarmo-

ebda ruseTis mxedarTmTavarTan (igulisxmeba kavkasiis mTa-

varmarTebeli paskeviCi) [5, 77-78].

amis Semdeg, rus generals weriliT mimarTa axmed ximSi-

aSvilis meuRlem _ dudi-xanumma, romelic didi saxeliTa da

avtoritetiT sargeblobda aWaraSi da igi gamWriax, Sor-

smWvretel adamianad miaCndaT.

dudi-xanumi yovelnairad cdilobda, molaparakebis gziT,

178

rogorme SeeCerebina, gaeWianurebina rusi generlis avantiu-

ristuli moqmedeba, raTa amiT dro da saSualeba mieca Tavisi

qmrisaTvis saTanadod momzadebuliyo masTan sabrZolvelad.

generalma pirvelad dudi-xanumTan isurva saubari, ra-

zedac uari miiRo. am uarma generali Zalze gaanawyena da mis-

sa da mis qveSevrdomTa mimarT, kidev ufro mtrulad ganewyo.

dudi-xanumma ki amcno generals, rom mas, maSin, rodesac misi

meuRle saxlSi ar imyofeba, ar SeuZlia miiRos rogorc stu-

mari, esaubros da sakadrisi pativi miagos.

amiT yvelaferi iTqva, dudi-xanumma datova Tavisi saxl-

kari da mosaxleobasTan erTad mTebSi gaixizna.

osten-sakenma, axmed ximSiaSvilis rezidenciis dakavebis

Semdeg, ultimatumi wauyena: Tuki igi mas ar daemorCileboda,

mis samflobelos gaanadgurebda.

misi moTxovnis sapasuxod, axmed ximSiaSvilma mas weri-

lobiT ganucxada, rom man Segnebulad da winaswarganzraxviT

datova Riad axalcixis gza, radganac igi ruseTis qveSevrdo-

mobaze fiqrobda, magram, ramdenadac igi jariT Semovida mis

miwa _ wyalze da ise iqceva, rogorc dampyrobeli, is mzadaa

daicvas sakuTari Tavi da miwa-wyali, rom igi amJamad imyofe-

ba SuaxevSi da mas iq elodeba.

generali osten-sakeni mixvda, rom axmed ximSiaSvilis sa-

xiT mas win edga seriozuli da angariSgasawevi mteri, romel-

sac SeeZlo seriozuli zarali mieyenebina misTvis, amavdrou-

lad, garda axmed ximSiaSvilis razmebisa, generlis razmic

aRSfoTebuli iyo misi qmedebiT da SeSinebulic, mtrad gada-

kidebuli, SeiaraRebuli mosaxleobis winaSe, romlebic mzad

iyvnen Suri eZiaT TavianTi soflebis gadawvisaTvis.

amdenad, osten-sakenis mdgomareoba namdvilad ar iyo sa-

xarbielo, mas, ase Tu ise, saWiro diplomatiuri manevrebiT,

kidev SeeZlo wamxdari saqmis ramdenadme gamosworeba, magram

igi amas ar Seecada da isev dauSva Secdoma, igi SurisZiebiT

Sepyrobili daiZra Suaxevisken axmed ximSiaSvilTan Sesaxved-

rad (es moxda 18 agvistos), Svidiode kilometris gavlis Sem-

deg, mas win mTebi dauxvda, romlis gadalaxva advili saqme ar

iyo da swored, aman aiZula xeli aeRo Canafiqris ganxorcie-

lebaze da igi ukanve gabrunda. Ggeneralma osten-sakenma xu-

loSi aafeTqa samxedro sawyobebi da gadawva axmed ximSiaSvi-

lis sasaxle mTeli saTavsoebiT [6, 23-24].

179

aqaurma mosaxleobam, rogorc gaigo generlis axali mar-

Srutis Sesaxeb, sofel didaWarasTan gza gadauWra. swored.

aq wamoewia generals axmed ximSiaSvilic, bolos da bolos

igi ganuwyveteli brZolebis qveS gadavida aWara-axalcixis

qedze da axalcixeSi dabrunda. es moxda 28 agvistos.

cxadia, general osten-sakenis windauxedavma, avantiu-

ristulma qmedebam saqme imdenad gaafuWa, rom misi gamoswo-

reba Zalze Zneli iqneboda da asec moxda, ramdenadac yove-

live aman, metad seriozuli gavlena moaxdina aWaris mimar-

TulebiT omis warmoebasa da mis Semdgom msvlelobaze. aq

mTavari faqtori is gaxldaT, rom Tu ki osten-sakenis mis-

vlamde, osmalTa aRviraxsnili qmedebiT Tavmobezrebuli mo-

saxleoba didis molodiniT eloda rusTa gamoCenas, amis Sem-

deg, rusi mtrad da miuReblad miiCnia [7, 29].

aqve sayuradReboa isic, rom general osten-sakenis win-

dauxedavi moqmedeba arc ruseTis msxvil moxeleebs moswon-

daT. magaliTad, kavkasiis mefisnacvali, generali paskeviCi

werda generals: `Tqven yovlad usabamod da umizezod daar-

RvieT Cveni brZaneba, general gesesTan pasuxis miuReblad

Tqven ar unda SesuliyaviT aWaraSi“ [9, 21].

rogorc Cans, generali osten-sakeni general geses ki da-

ekiTxa rCevas, magram etyoba, es gacilebiT mogvianebiT gaake-

Ta. aseve mogvianebiT iqna miRebuli geses direqtivac, rom-

lis mixedviTac generali gese general osten-sakens amcnobda,

rom mas axmed ximSiaSvili saTanado molaparakebis safuZvel-

ze, baTumSi dabanakebuli TurqTa jarisgan moewyvita.

osten-sakeni Secdomas Secdomaze uSvebda. igi Cveuleb-

riv cdilobda samxedro jariT, Zalismieri wesiT moegvarebi-

na sakiTxi da sruliad ugulebelyofda diplomatias. magali-

Tad, 23 seqtembers man brZoliT daikava focxovis xeoba da

Zirfesvianad gadawva axlomdebare soflebi, es qmedeba ki ve-

ranairad waadga rusTa mxedrobas da wvlili ver Seitana ga-

marjvebis saqmeSi, ramdenadac misi moqmedeba nagvianebi aR-

moCnda. rameTu generali gese ramdenime dRiT adre, saxel-

dobr 17 seqtembers, damarcxda cixisZirTan [6, 18].

ruseT-osmaleTis 1828-1829 wlebis omis dros, kavkasiis

frontze, rusTa armiis mier gaTavisuflebul da aRebul iqna

qalaqebi: axalqalaqi, foTi, axalcixe, yarsi, baiazeTi, ar-

zruმi.

180

rodesac ruseTis jarma arzrumi aiRo, generalma paske-

viCma ubrZana general geses, raTa mas mxari aeba ruseTis ar-

miis saerTo ieriSisaTvis da rogorme aeRo baTumi. amis Cana-

fiqri general geses gaaCnda da igi Seudga moqmedebas, magram

aq Tavi iCina xelisSemSlelma pirobebma, magaliTad, geses

razmisa da qarTuli policiis moqmedeba da warmateba didad

iyo damokidebuli adgilobrivi mahmadiani mosaxleobis mxar-

daWeraze. Oosten-sakenisa ar iyos, gesemac dauSva erTi taq-

tikuri Secdoma; rodesac saWiroeba moiTxovda TurqTa wina-

aRmdeg dauyovnebliv moqmedebas, gesem sruliad gaumarTle-

bel-miuRebeli molaparakeba gamarTa qobuleTel begebTan,

xolo es ukanasknelni, TavianTi mxriv, garkveul viTarebas

ucdidnen, saxeldobr ki, isini elodebodnen im sakiTxis gar-

kvevas _ samudamod darCeboda Tu ara ruseTis jari qobu-

leTSi, romelic maT erTgvar garantad miaCndaT da imedov-

nebdnen daicavda TurqTa SurisZiebisgan. … aqauri begebi Ta-

vad moelodnen general geses gadamwyvet moqmedebas (cxadia,

maT Caurevlad), ramdenadac maT Turqebis sasjelisa eSino-

daT. Tavis mxriv, Turqebma SeamCnies, mstovarTa meSveobiT

gaiges qobuleTeli begebi simpaTiurad rom iyvnen ganwyobil-

ni rusebisadmi da qobuleTSi gamoagzavnes rva aTasi askeri-

sagan Sedgenili jaris SenaerTi, romelsac tusCioRli meTau-

robda. am ukanasknelma imdeni moaxerxa, rom daarwmuna qobu-

leTlebi, rom osmaleTs mTeli evropa uWerda mxars, daxma-

rebas hpirdeboda da amrigad omi, romelic axla rusTa ga-

marjvebiT mimdinareobda, male sul sxva xasiaTs miiRebda da

saboloo jamSi TurqTa gamarjvebiT dasruldeboda [10].

1829 wlis 4 agvistos, ruseTis jaris nawilebi ori mi-

marTulebiT daiZra baTumisaken: erTi- sofel SekveTilidan

qobuleTisaken, meore ki _ ozurgeTidan muxaestates mimar-

TulebiT. Ggeneralma gesem saWiro manevri Caatara, man gver-

di auara muxaestates simaRleebze ganlagebul Turqebs, maT

winaaRmdeg gagzavna qarTuli milicia da mteri pirwmindad

mospo.

muxaestatesTan rusebis am mniSvnelovanma gamarjvebam

qobuleTSi dabanakebuli Turqebis jari daafrTxo da man yo-

velgvari winaaRmdegobisa da brZolis gareSe daixia ukan.

zRvis napir-napir moZraobda ruseTis razmi, romelsac pol-

kovniki patovski xelmZRvanelobda, xelT igdo TurqTa sam-

181

xedro saWurveli. qobuleTs TavSefarebulma gurielis

qvrivma sofiom, Zlivs gaaswro zRviT _ TurqeTSi gadaixvewa

[11, 76-80].

panikiT Sepyrobilma Turqebma yovelgvari gaazrebisa da

teqnikuri gadanacvlebis gareSe, cixisZiris poziciebi miato-

ves. amrigad, baTumis mimarTulebiT gza sruliad gawmendil-

Tavisufali iyo da warmateba _ garantirebuli, magram gene-

ralma gesem, baTumis aRebis es metad xelsayreli pirobebi,

veRar gamoiyena. imis magier, rom saswrafod ieriSze gadasu-

liyo da sanam Turqebi gons moegebodnen, SeWriliyo baTumSi,

daixia ukan da sazRvarTan _ kintriSze gamagrda. aqedan ukve

meramdened, isev gamarTa sruliad usargeblo molaparakeba

qobuleTel begebTan. rusi generlis am SecdomiT, kargad

isargebles Turqebma da cixisZiri saTanadod gaamagres [11,

104-106].

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, gesem 17 seqtembers, cixisZir-

ze ieriSi miitana. ori dRis ganmavlobaSi, rusebma cocxali

Zalis ori mesamedi dakarges. aqve aRvniSnavT imasac, rom omis

mimdinareobis periodSi, mTeli kavkasiis frontze, es ruse-

Tis jaris yvelaze didi marcxi iyo. albaT geses, romelsac

aRarc ukan dasaxevi gza darCenoda, sruli ganadgureba moe-

loda, magram igi meomar mxareTa Soris, qalaq adrianopolSi,

dadebulma xelSekrulebam ixsna. adrianopolis sazavo xel-

SekrulebiT, ruseTis imperiam amierkavkasiaSi miiRo: anapa,

foTi, axalcixe da axalqalaqi. osmaleTis mxares daubrunda

rusebis mier miRebuli: yarsi, artaani, baiazeTi. miRebul

xalSekrulebaSi, baTumze saerTod ar yofila laparaki, …

arada, ruseTis mxares Zalze surda baTumis xelSi Cagdeba.


1. d. baqraZe, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi,

Tbilisi, 1960.

2. x. axvlediani, narkvevebi aWaris istoriidan (me-16-19 s. s.),

baTumi, 1944.

3. x. axvlediani, saxalxo-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis is-

toriidan samxreT saqarTveloSi, baTumi, 1956.

4. g. tivaZe, osmaleTis derviSoba da glexTa ajanyebani XVI

saukuneSi, Tbilisi, 1946.

182

5. v. iaSvili, aWara osmalTa batonobis periodSi, baTumi,

1948.

6. S. megreliZe, aWaris ganTavisufleba TurqTa batonobisa-

gan, baTumi, 1956.

7. S. megreliZe, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriidan,

Tbilisi, 1963.

8. a. surgulaZe, selim ximSiaSvili, baTumi, 1986.

9. Акты собранные Кавказской Археографической Комиссией Т. V, Тифлис, 1873.

10. gazeTi iveria~, #13, 1877.

11. a. abesaZe, aWaris mTavari axmed faSa ximSiaSvili, Tbilisi,

1994.

Otar Gogolishvili The Professor of Archeological and Eth-nological Department of Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University

Russian – the Ottoman Empire War (1828-1829) and Adjara

Summary

Russian-Turkish war started in 1828, which was prepared for St.

Petersburg. Thus Russia, was in favorable condition, which led to its victory. As a result, Russia has settled down firmly in the Middle East and greatly expanded its borders in the Caucasus, strengthened their positions in the black sea.

183

arCil CaCxiani

istoriis doqtori, polkovniki, daviT

aRmaSeneblis saxelobis saqarTvelos

erovnuli Tavdacvis akademia

generali mustafa qemali da `anatolieli

protestantebi~ _ winaaRmdegobis moZraobis

dasawyisi

general mustafa qemalisa da misi Tanamoazreebis mier

anatoliaSi dawyebuli `nacionaluri moZraoba~ Tavisi Sinaar-

sobrivi datvirTviTa da moqmedebebis intensivobiT, or fa-

zad SegviZlia davyoT. pirveli faza moicavs 1919 wlis maisi-

dan 1920 wlis aprilamde periods da mas SeiZleba erovnuli

winaaRmdegobis faza vuwodoT. am fazaSi ukve myardeba gar-

kveuli kontaqtebi erTis mxriv, nacionalistebsa da eqsitiha-

distebs, da meores mxriv, nacionalistebsa da bolSevikebs

Soris. meore fazad ki SegviZlia ganvixiloT 1920 wlis maisi

_ 1923 wlis ivlisis periodi, rogorc TurqeTis damoukideb-

lobisaTvis brZolis omis faza, romelic nacionalistTa mier

bolSevikebTan realuri kavSirebis damyarebiT daiwyo 1920

wlis maisSi, da male bolSevikur-qemalisturi samxedro-po-

litikuri aliansis SeqmniT dasrulda. es faza Tavisi arsiT

TurqebisaTvis warmoadgenda `damoukideblobis oms~, rome-

lic lozanis samSvidobo xelSekrulebis xelmoweriT das-

rulda 1923 wlis 24 ivliss.

londonis universitetis profesoris, cnobili aRmosav-

leTmcodnisa da Turqologis, uiliam meTiu heilis (William Mathew Hale) mixedviT, nacionalisturi moZraobis pirvel fa-

zaSi unda momxdariyo samxedro da politikuri struqture-

bis Seqmna, magram im gaTvliT, rom antantis qveynebTan ar Se-

vidodnen Ria saomar konfrontaciaSi da `winaaRmdegobis moZ-

raobisadmi~ loialurad ganwyobil sulTnis mTavrobis wev-

rebTanac iTanamSromlebdnen. moqmedebebis es taqtika faq-

tobrivad gulisxmobda imperiis mTavrobaze gavlenis mopove-

bas da ara mis gadagdebas [1, 47].

184

winaaRmdegobis pirveli fazis sawyis etapze saWiro iyo

anatoliis muslimi mosaxleobis konsolidacia da maTi gaer-

Tianeba garkveuli ideis garSemo. 1918 wlis bolosa da 1919

wlis dasawyisSi regionSi ganviTarebuli samxedro-politiku-

ri movlenebi ki, kerZod, antantis qveynebis mier konstanti-

nopolis dakaveba da smirnaSi (izmiri) dawyebuli berZnuli

okupacia, Turqi mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg dawyebuli sisxliani

angriSsworebebi swored aseTi ideis win wamowevis karg saSua-

lebas iZleoda. berZnebis mier smirnas terotoriebis moT-

xovna, iseve rogorc osmalTa imperiis sxva teritoriebisa

Trakiasa da mcire aziaSi, pirvelad saberZneTis premier-mi-

nistrma, metad niWierma da koloritulma pirovnebam, da ama-

ve dros kargma oratorma, elefTerios venizelosma gaaaJRe-

ra. igi kreteli iyo, aTenis universitetSi eufleboda samar-

Tlis mecnierebas da aq dajerebul nacionalistad, antiosma-

luri brZolis ukompromiso liderad Camoyalibda. 1896 wli-

saTvis igi osmalTa winaaRmdeg kretelTa ajanyebis meTaurad

mogvevlina, 1911 wlisaTvis ki, saberZneTis premier-ministri

gaxda. balkanuri omebis periodSi, 1912 wlisaTvis igi alian-

sSi Sevida bulgareTTan da serbiasTan da Turqebs osmalTa

imperiis evropuli teritoriebis didi nawili daatovebina.

Tumca, amiT misi ambiciebi ar amowurula. venizelosis inte-

resebi Sors gascda Tavisi mSobliuri saberZneTis sazRvrebs.

faqtia, rom mis mizans anatoliaSi axali berZnuli imperiis

Seqmna Tu ara, Zveli elinisturi formaciis mkvdreTiT aR-

dgoma mainc warmoadgenda. venizelosis am ideebis mxurvale

mxardamWers, didi britaneTis premier ministri, devid loid-

jorji warmoadgenda. rogorc ebraeli mecnieri, diplomati-

is istoriis cnobili mkvlevari, negevis ben-hurionis univer-

sitetis sruli profesori, da Semdgom emeritusi, isaia

fridmani (Isaiah Friedman) aRniSnavs: loid-jorjis slogani iyo

_ `elada aris iq, sadac elinebi cxovroben~ [2, 26-27]. elinebi

ki mTels aRmosavleT da CrdiloeT anatoliaSi iyvnen mimo-

fantulni. Tavadac yovelive osmalurisa da Turqulis moZu-

le, devid loid-jorji aRfrTovanebuli iyo saberZneTis

premieris am eqspansionisturi ideebiT, radgan igi dajerebu-

li Turqofobi iyo. rogorc misi erT-erTi biografi aRniS-

navs, loid-jorjs bavSvobidanve ezizReboda Turqebi da yo-

velive Turquli. Zalian male ki, igi dajerebul Turqofo-

185

bad Camoyalibda. igi darwmunebuli iyo imaSi, rom Turqebi

evropis avazakebi iyvnen _ sisxlismsmelTa banda, romelic

izolirebuli unda yofiliyo civilizebuli sazogadoebisa-

gan _ banda, romelic unda ganadgurebuliyo [3, 564]. Turqebs

igi `moZaladeebad da yvelanairi ubedurebis wyarod~ moixse-

niebda. misTvis konstantinopoli ara marto aRmosavluri bo-

rotebis akvani iyo, aramed bude, saidanac yvelanairi koruf-

ciisa da intrigebis Sxami vrceldeboda evropaSi. britaneli

premieri ufro Sorsac wavida, da acxadebda, rom `konstanti-

nopoli TurqTa qalaqi ar iyo, xolo misi mosaxleobis udi-

desi nawili aseve ar iyo Turqi~. ufro metic _ misi Rrma

rwmeniT sulTani `gadamTieli monarqi iyo, romelic gadamTi-

el xalxs marTavda~ [2, 26-27]. am ideebs iziarebda aRmosav-

leTSi moRvawe cnobili ingliseli diplomati mark saiqsic

(Mark Sykes), romlis zegavlena premier-ministrze omis msvle-

lobisas da mis Semdgom periodSi Zalian didi iyo. mokled

rom vTqvaT, am ori politikuri moRvawis ideologiurma Tan-

xvedrebma mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra imdroindeli didi bri-

taneTis axlo aRmosavluri sagareo politikis ZiriTadi ar-

si. loid-jorjma venizeloss `saberZneTis udidesi saxelmwi-

fo moRvawe uwoda perikles Semdeg~ da umal aitaca didi sa-

berZneTis Seqmnis idea. Tavad es idea ki, dauyovnebliv iqca

misi sagareo politikis qvakuTxedad. elinisturi civiliza-

ciisadmi sentimentebisa da Sorsmimavali strategiuli gaT-

vlebis gamo, man saberZneTi umal Tavis erTgul mokavSireTa

rigebSi CarTo, romelic britaneTTan megobrobisa da saerTo

interesebis urRvevi ZafebiT iyo dakavSirebuli. metad mniS-

vnelovania is faqtic, rom loid-jorjma anatoliis berZnu-

li okupaciis ideaze vilsonic daiTanxma, rac amerikis prezi-

dentis fatalur Secdomas warmoadgenda, Tavisi Sorsmimava-

li Sedegebidan gamomdinare. britanelTa da amerikelTa Tan-

xmoba ki venizelosisaTvis RvTisagan naboZebi saCuqari iyo,

romelic man didi enTuziazmiT aitaca.

smirnas berZnul okupacias, male Turquli sazogadoebis

Sesabamisi reaqcia mohyva Sedegad. 1919 wlis 3 seqtembers,

didi britaneTis xmelTaSua zRvis flotis sardlis, admiral

somerset keltorfis (Sir Somerset Arthur Calthorpe), moadgile,

kontradmirali riCard vebi (Richard Webb) ityobineboda:

186

`Turqebi acxadeben, rom maTi zizRis grZnoba berZnebis mi-

marT ise ucbad izrdeba, rom isini verasodes Seeguebian maT

kontrols. male Turqebi Seurigebel brZolas daiwyeben ber-

Znebis winaaRmdeg, rac qveyanas meore makedoniad gadaaqcevs~

[4, 759]. diax, Turqi nacionalistebisaTvis berZen okupantTa

winaaRmdeg brZola da Turqi xalxis uflebebis dacva unda

qceuliyo im idead, romelic Turqi xalxis konsolidacias

Seuwyobda xels.

winaaRmdegobis moZraobis meore amocanas warmoadgenda

xalxisaTvis am ideis miwodeba da maTi gaerTianeba. aq ki mus-

tafa qemalma kargad moifiqra, rom nacionaluri ideebis ga-

mavrcelebeli rgolis funqcionirebisaTvis, osmalTa imperi-

is faqtiuri mmarTvelis, general enver faSasa da itihadis-

tTa partiis gamocdileba gaeziarebina. saubari jer kidev

pirveli msoflio omis sawyis etapze britanuli sadazvervo

samsaxuris osmaluri variantiT Seqmnil `specialur organi-

zacia~ Теşkilât-ı Mahsusa-sa da 1918 wlis bolosaTvis anatoli-

is vilaieTebSi dafuZnebul Turqi mosaxleobis ùflebaTa

dacvis sazogadoebebs~ _ Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyetleri exeba. mus-

tafa qemalis azriT, swored es `sazogadoebebi~ itvirTavdnen

qemalistebsa da xalxs Soris SemaerTebeli rgolis funqcias

da kristalizaciis is ideologiuri centrebi gaxdebodnen,

romlis garSemoc moxdeboda mosaxleobis konsolidacia.

sxvaTa Soris, aq garkveuli paralelis gavleba SeiZleba qema-

listur ùflebaTa dacvis sazogadoebebsa~ da leninur `mu-

SaTa da jariskacTa sabWoebs~ Soris. miuxedavad imisa, rom

arc `muSaTa da jariskacTa sabWoebi~ ar iyo Seqmnili leni-

nis, da arc ùflebaTa dacvis sazogadoebebi~ _ mustafa qema-

lis mier, orive maTgani, leninic da qemalic, erTmaneTisagan

damoukideblad mividnen im daskvnamde, rom swored aseTi ti-

pis organizaciebi unda gamxdariyvnen rusul da osmalur

postimperiul sinamdvileSi xalxsa da `revoluciuri moZrao-

bis~ liderebs Soris SemaerTebel rgolad da brZolis maor-

ganizebel Zalad. am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi moqmedebebis taq-

tika orives faqtiurad erTnairi hqondaT.

dasmuli problema sulac ar warmoadgenda advilad ga-

dasaWrel amocanas, radgan anatoliis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba,

glexebi da ubralo xalxi, romlebic daRlilni da gawame-

bulni iyvnen omis ubedurebebiT, nacionaluri dapirispirebe-

187

biTa da ganukiTxavi Zarcva-glejvebiT, yovelTvis enTuziaz-

miT rodi ekidebodnen nacionalistTa patriotul mowode-

bebs. anatolieli glexebis mobilizacia xalxisa da samSob-

los dasacavad, sakmaod rTulad gadasaWreli amocana aRmoC-

nda: iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa `eri~, `samSoblo~, `Tavisuf-

leba~ _ es konstantinopoleli inteleqtualebisaTvis gasage-

bi cnebebi iyo, romlebic glexTa yoveldRiuri problemebi-

sagan Zalian Sors idgnen. anatolieli glexisaTvis ki, gare

samyaros gageba aseTi iyo _ sadRac stambolSi arsebuli mi-

Tiuri sulTani, ra Tqma unda, alahi da winaswarmetyveli mu-

hamedi, maT gverdiT mcxovrebi berZnebi, somxebi, qurTebi,

agreTve Jandarmebi da miwaTmflobelebi. esaa da es. sxva, uf-

ro maRali materiebi da ideebi ki, umravlesobaTvis ucnobi

da gaugebari iyo [5]. mosaxleobis konsolidaciisa da maTze zegavlenis moxde-

nis garda, strategiuli TvalsazrisiT, nacionalistebisaTvis

saWiro iyo jarebze, SeiaraRebul bandebsa da xalxze marTva-

kontroli-komunikaciis elementebis sistemuri erTianoba. am

kuTxiT, miuxadavad osmaluri saxelmwifos mniSvnelovani te-

ritoriebis britanuli okuaciisa, mustafa qemals sruli

kart-blanSi hqonda micemuli. igi anatoliaSi dislocirebu-

li me-3 armiis mTavar samxedro inspeqtors warmoadgenda da

sruli daSveba hqonda rogorc telegrafiT SeuzRudav sar-

geblobaze, aseve Sifrebis Seqmnasa da sakuTari Sexedulebe-

bisamebr maT nebismier adresatTan dagzavnaze. yovelive amis

ganxorcieleba ki saidumlo an sruliad saidumlo grifiT

iyo SesaZlebeli. diax telegrafi iyo komunikaciis is yov-

lisSemZle saSualeba, romelic metad efeqtur iaraRad iqca

anatolieli liderebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis moZraobis Tvi-

Toeul etapze.

mustafa qemalisa da misi jgufis aqtivoba samsunSi da

Semdeg patara qalaq havzaSi SeumCneveli ar darCenila brita-

nulTa sadazvervo samsaxurebisaTvis. britaneTis sagareo

saqmeTa ofisSi daculi dokumentebis mixedviT, mcire aziaSi

damoukidebeli da SesaZloa Rrmad fanatikuri antievropuli

mTavrobis Seqmna konstantinopolis Zalauflebisa da sul-

Tnis suverenitetis gauqmebas gamoiwvevda [6, 604], rac sruli-

adac ar Sedioda britanelTa samxedro-politikur gegmebSi.

samsunSi gadasxmuli britanuli qvedanayofis meTuris, kapi-

188

tan harstisa (Hurst) da sadazvervo samsaxurebis moxsenebebis

safuZvelze, ukve 1919 wlis 8 ivniss, britanelTa umaRlesma

komisarma, admiralma keltorfma, Semdegi xasiaTis gafrTxi-

leba gaugzavna londons: `samsunis regionidan sagangaSo ambe-

bi mogvdis. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom zogierTi piri

mtruladaa ganwyobili, cdiloben sazogadoebrivi wesrigis

moSlas da uwesrigobebis provocirebas. iTvleba, rom mniS-

vnelovan rols am moZraobaSi qemal faSa asrulebs~. admira-

li keltorfi da generali jorj milni, (George. F. Milne) ami-erkavkasiasa da SavizRvispireTSi britanuli saokupacio ja-

rebis sardali, arc dalodebian londonidan pasuxs da

`brwyinvale portas~ mustafa qemalis ukan, konstantinopol-

Si gamowveva mosTxoves. osmalTa samxedro ministrmac ar da-

ayovna da Sesabamisi Sinaarsis saswrafo telegrama gaagzavna

anatoliaSi. sapasuxo telegramaSi mustafa qemali atyobineb-

da ministrs rom `pativi aqvs moaxsenos misi gankargulebis

ver Sesrulebis Sesaxeb, naxSirisa da benzinis uqonlobis ga-

mo...~ da aqve daamata: `gTxovT SematyobinoT konstantino-

polSi Cemi gamowvevis motivi~. amrigad, mustafa qemalma ar

Seasrula samxedro ministris gankarguleba, magram amave

dros, ise warmoadgina situacia, TiTqos arc ewinaaRmdegebo-

da mas. gankargulebis arSesrulebis mizezad ki mxolod da

mxolod teqnikuri sakiTxi _ sawvavis uqonloba iyo dasaxele-

buli~ [5].

mustafa qemalis anatoliaSi Casvlidan sul raRac erT

TveSi, samsunis britanuli warmomadgenlobis mier londonSi

Semdegi Sinaarsis ukve meore Sifrograma iqna gagzavnili: `me-

3 armiis inspeqtorad daniSnuli mustafa qemal faSa anato-

liaSi berZnebis winaaRmdeg brZolis organizebiTaa dakavebu-

li! moZraoba iRebs sul ufro da ufro farTo xasiaTs da Tu

ar iqneba miRebuli gadamWreli zomebi, maSin misi SeCereba

ukiduresad gaZneldeba~. safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad,

mustafa qemali 13 ivniss malulad tovebs havzas da amasiaSi

gadadis. aq ismis kiTxva _ ratom amasiaSi? pasuxi martivia _

imitom rom, mustafa qemali aq ufro daculad grZnobda Tavs.

aq, amasiaSi iyo dislocirebuli misi erTguli me-3 saarmio

korpusis me-5 divizia. korpusis sardals ki, misi gundis wev-

ri da Tanamoazre, vice-polkovniki refet bele warmoadgenda

[7, 315]. Zalian male ki britanelTaTvis `anatoliis protes-

189

tantul moZraobaSi~ bolSevikuri faqtoris gaCenac gaxda

cnobili. admiralma ser jon de robekma (Sir John de Robeck), romelmac admirali keltorfi Secvala didi britaneTis

xmelTaSua zRvis flotis sardlisa da umaRlesi samxedro

komisris postze 1919 wlis ivlisSi, didi britaneTis sagareo

saqmeTa ministrs, lord jorj kerzons (George Nathaniel Curzon) acnoba, rom nacionalistebma da itihadisturma elementebma

gaiazres omis Sedegad gancdili adamianuri da materialuri

danakargebi. agreTve is, Tu ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli antantis

qveynebis mowyalebis imedad yofna. ar iqneba gasakviri, Tu

isini Seecdebian miiRon Sevseba muslimuri qveynebidan, iseTe-

bi rogoricaa, sparseTi, egvipte, indoeTi da arabuli samya-

ro. ufro metic _ bolSevikebic da Turqi nacionalistebic

moelian urTierTsargebels antibritanuli da panislamuri

ganwyobebis gaRvivebiT centralur saxelmwifoTa (Central Powers _ igulisxmeba oTxTa kavSiris qveynebi _ a. C.) mahmadian

mosaxleobaSi [6, 974].

amasiaSi CasvlisTanave mustafa qemalma sityviT mimarTa

xalxs: àmasiis macxovrebelebo, sulTani da misi mTavroba

mokavSireTa tyveobaSi aRmoCndnen. qveyana ufskrulis piras

imyofeba. unda movZebnoT gamosavali, rom am tragikul mdgo-

mareobas davaRwioT Tavi. amasiis macxovreblebo, unda davam-

sxvrioT borkilebi, unda CamovirecxoT sircxvili da Cveni

samSoblo sisxlis ukanasknel wveTamde davicvaT!~ romeli

Turqi wavidoda am mowodebis winaaRmdeg? vin ityoda uars

sulTnisa da mTavrobis ganTavisuflebaze, okupantebTan

brZolasa da samSoblos dacvaze? amasia xom samsunidan siva-

samde mimaval gzaze yvelaze mniSvnelovan qalaqs warmoadgen-

da? amasia xom osmalTa pirveli sulTnebis rezidencia, maTi

kulturuli da saganmanaTleblo centri iyo? [5] mustafa qe-

malis amasiaSi Camosvlidan or dReSi, 19 ivniss, mas Zveli me-

gobrebi husein rauf orbei da generali ali fuat jebesoic

SeuerTdnen. meore dRes ki amasiaSi refet belec Camovida. da

aq, amasiaSi xdeba metad mniSvnelovani movlena. nacionalis-

tTa àxali triumviratis~ _ mustafa qemalis, husein rauf

orbeisa da ali fuat jebesois mier 1919 wlis 22 ivniss Semu-

Savebul iqna e. w. àmasiis protokolis~ (Amasya Tamimi) teq-

sti, romelsac refet belemac moawera xeli, mogvianebiT ki _

190

generalma qiazim yarabeqirma, aRmosavleT anatoliaSi dislo-

cirebuli me-15 saarmio korpusis sardalma.

es dokumenti _ àmasiis protokoli~, Tavisi arsiT Zali-

an revoluciuri iyo. igi or fundamentalur ideas Seicavda.

pirveli idea ufro banalurad JRerda _ ers surda Tavisi

qveynis damoukideblobisa da mTlianobis dacva. meore idea

ki namdvilad Zalian radikaluri da gabeduli iyo: radgan

centralur xelisuflebas ar ZaluZs eris survilebis aRsru-

leba, amitomac saWiroa anatoliaSi Seiqmnas nacionaluri

mTavroba, romelic yovelgvari zemoqmedebebisa da kontro-

lisagan iqneboda Tavisufali. am amocanis gadasawyvetad àxa-

li Turquli triumvirati~ iTxovda sivasSi kongresis mowve-

vas, sadac nacionaluri winaaRmdegobis yvela Zala gaerTian-

deboda [5]. mustafa qemalis, rauf orbeisa da ali fuat jebe-

sois, am àxali Turquli triumviratis~ proeqti naTeli iyo:

samSoblos gadarCenisaTvis saWiro iyo anatoliaSi axali na-

cionaluri mTavrobis Seqmna da Zveli mTavrobis ignorireba,

radgan igi okupantebTan TanamSromlobda. da iyo Tu ara es

mowodebebi revoluciuri?... ara, namdvilad ar iyo! _ albaT

ufro patriotuli.

am etapze sainteresoa im momentis xazgasmac, rom sul-

Tans nacionalistebi ar akritikebdnen, aramed mxolod

msxverplad warmoaCendnen. amasiis protokolSi ar iyo iseTi

mkveTri mowodebebi da gancxadebebi sulTnis mimarT, ro-

gorc es Tavis droze àxalgazrda TurqTa~ 1908 wlis revo-

luciis dros iyo. maSin `wiTeli sulTani~, abdul-hamid II,

itihadistebis èrTianobisa da progresis~ partiis mier kon-

stituciis mtrad gamocxadda da igi dapatimrebulic ki iqna.

magram axla, am SemTxvevaSi, saqme ise iyo warmodgenili, TiT-

qos samSoblos mteri ara sulTani, aramed sulTnis mTavroba

_ `brwyinvale portaa~, romelic antantasTan TanamSromlobs

da devnis eqsitihadistebs. sulTanTan gagzavnil telegrama-

Si mustafa qemali werda: èrovnuli moZraoba wminda samSob-

losa da eris danawevrebis safrTxis gamo warmoiqmna, raTa is

msxverplad ar Seewiros berZnebisa da somxebis Canafiqrs~ [8]. amasiis protokoli warmoadgenda pirvel werilobiT do-

kuments, romelic nacionalistTa mier Seiqmna TurqeTis da-

moukideblobis omis periodSi da igi SegviZlia ganvixiloT

rogorc TurqeTis damoukideblobis moZraobis pirveli mai-

191

nicirebeli dokumenturi aqti. rogorc moxerxebuli da moq-

nili taqtikosi, romelic sulTansa da xalifas daupirispir-

da, am dokumentSi mustafa qemali Semdeg azrs atarebda:

_ Cven vebrZviT ara sulTansa da xalifas, aramed pirvel

rigSi antantis okupacias da sulTnis garemocvas, romlebic

antantasTan Semrigeblur politikas atareben. sulTani ki,

faqtiurad Tavisi garemocvis tyveobaSi imyofeba da maT mi-

TiTebebs asrulebs. Cven mowodebulni varT imisaTvis, rom aq,

anatoliaSi movaxdinoT erovnuli Zalebis konsolidacia, gav-

ZlierdeT swored Cveni sayvareli sulTnis dasaxsnelad da

erToblivad gavataroT antiantanturi politika. unda davex-

maroT Cvens sayvarel sulTans, raTa man SeZlos Tavisi mova-

leobebis Sesabamisad Sesruleba.

ai, daaxloebiT aseTi iyo mustafa qemalis ideologiuri

taqtikis elementebi, romelic man nacionaluri brZolis saw-

yis etapze wamoayena. da es Tezisebi gankuTvnili iyo ara mxo-

lod anatoliis mosaxleobis farTo masebisaTvis Tvalis

asaxvevad, aramed pirvel rigSi, Tavad misi uaxloesi Tanamo-

azreebis, qiazim yarabeqiris, husein rauf orbeis, izmeT iu-

nonus, refet beles, ali fuat jebesois dasarwmuneblad. Ta-

visTavad cxadia, rom osmaluri armiis samxedro elitis es

warmomadgenlebi, Tundac mustafa qemalis megobrebi, brZo-

lis am etapze, TavisTavad da umtkivneulod ver miiRebdnen

antisulTanur radikalur ideebs.

realobaSi ki, mustafa qemalis damokidebuleba sulTan-

Tan mimarTebaSi, cxadia gacilebiT mZime da Seurigebeli iyo.

mustafa qemali: `ra Tqma unda, Cven mSvenivrad gvesmis, rom

marTvis monarqiuli principi momavalSi miuRebeli iqneba

CvenTvis. da miuxedavad amisa, viRebT ra mxedvelobaSi Cveni

xalxis mxridan `sulTanisadmi Tandayolil siyvaruls~, Cven

saSiSroebis winaSe davdgebiT kontrrevoluciuri gamosvle-

biT da mis winaaRmdeg Ria omis gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi. ami-

tom, axla mxolod mis mier erovnuli interesebis Ralatis

faqtebis SegrovebiTa varT dakavebuli... omi, didi danaxar-

jebi, gadasaxadebis mudmivi zrda, isedac ar gvpirdeba laR

cxovrebas. amitomac axla ver gavwevT risks da ver SevitanT

ganxeTqilebas morwmuneebs Soris, romelTac sjeraT Tavian-

Ti xalifasi!~ [9, 187] mustafa qemalis mowodebebi ar SeiZleba sxvanairad Se-

192

fasdes, Tu ara cinizmis umaRlesi gamovlineba. igi, ideurad

dajerebuli respublikeli da aTeisti, sulTnisa da xalifas

dauZinebeli mteri, am etapze islamisa da monarqiis erTgu-

lad, misi interesebis damcvelad warmoaCenda sakuTar Tavs.

da aseTi iyo im didi politikuri TamaSis wesebi, romelSic

CaerTo mustafa qemali, romlis karic mas ukve bolomde

hqonda SeRebuli. am samyaroSi iseTi cnebebisaTvis, rogori-

caa gulwrfeloba, erTguleba, morali, zneoba _ adgili nam-

dvilad aRar moiZebneboda. am samyaroSi, Cveulebriv mokvdav-

Ta samyarosagan gansxvavebiT, sxva kanonebi, sxva Rirebulebe-

bi zeobdnen. aq mTavari mizanSewonilobis principi iyo da ara

zneobrivi faseulobebiT apelireba. mTavari dasaxuli mizani

iyo, am miznis erTguleba da ideis uryeoba, misken mimavali

gzebisa da saSualebebis raoba ki _ meorexarisxovani. magram

yovelive es nacionaluri moZraobis sawyis etapze iyo, manam,

sanam Tavad misi gundis wevrebi ar darwmundebodnen sabolo-

od mustafa qemalis mier arCeuli gzis sisworeSi da ar gabe-

davdnen ukve Riad dadgomodnen mas gverdiT antiosmaluri,

antisulTanuri da antixalifuri moqmedebebis ganxorciele-

bis gzaze. faqtiurad es iyo SeTqmuleba, didi SeTqmuleba

sulTnis, xalifasa da imperiis winaaRmdeg. qemalistTa mTav-

robaSi ruseTis diplomatiuri misiis xelmZRvanelis, semion

aralovis memuaridan: `oficrebi miyvebodnen, rom Tavdapir-

velad isini Zalian didi aRelvebiT ganicdidnen sulTan-xa-

lifas Ralats, radgan myari tradiciebis gamo ar SeeZloT

TurqeTis arsebobis warmodgena sulTnisa da qveynis religi-

uri meTauris _ xalifas gareSe. isini ki mxolod imas uf-

rTxodnen, rom ar gamoewviaT inglisisa da sxva didi saxel-

mwifoebis ukmayofileba. amave dros mravali oficeri aR-

frTovanebuli iyo bolSevikebiT, romlebmac gabedulad aR-

marTes iaraRi mefisa da imperialistebis winaaRmdeg~ [10, 105].

diax, mustafa qemali didi politikosi iyo da sakuTari Tavi-

sa da qveynis gadasarCenad ara zneobrivi kategoriebiT, ara-

med pirvel rigSi, politikuri mizanSewonilobis principebi-

dan da saxelmwifoebrivi interesebidan gamomdinare azrov-

nebda. aqve, amasiaSi iqna miRebuli gadawyvetileba arzrumsa

da sivasSi mowveuliyo kongresebi, TiToeuli provinciidan

sam-sami delegatiT da Seqmniliyo konstantinopolis alter-

natiuli nacionaluri mTavroba. am mowodebis mixedviT, unda

193

gaerTianebuliyo winaaRmdegobis moZraobis yvela mimdinare-

oba. amasiis es oqmi cirkularis saxiT 22 ivniss telegrafiT

iqna dagzavnili arzrumSi, edirneSi, koniaSi, sivasSi, trapi-

zonSi, konstantinopolSi, agreTve yvela saarmio korpusisa

da diviziis StabebSi. oqmi personalurad daegzavnaT zogi-

erT cnobil politikossac: hasan izeT faSas, yara vazifs, ha-

lide edips. qemalistTa mTeli es saqmianoba mkacrad gasai-

dumloebul viTarebaSi mimdinareobda.

arzrumisa da sivasis kongresebs sabolood unda gane-

sazRvraT qemalistTa nacionaluri moZraobis Sida strategia

_ erovnul umciresobaTa mimarT damokidebuleba da Turqe-

Tis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis taqtika. `mustafa qema-

lis saboloo gadawyvetileba mkacrad erTgvarovani iyo...

anatoliaSi dagzavnili cirkularis mixedviT calsaxad iyo

dafiqsirebuli misi Sexeduleba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT:

`TurqeTi mTlianad damoukidebeli unda iyos da Turquli

mosaxleobis interesebi ar unda Seewiros erovnul umcire-

sobaTa interesebs~ [11, 209].

26 ivniss mustafa qemali tovebs amasias da sivasSi Cadis,

Semdeg ki _ erzinjanSi. 7 ivliss admiral keltorfis damate-

biTi moTxovnis Semdeg, brwyinvale porta ukve brZanebiTi

formiT iTxovs me-2 da me-3 armiebis samxedro inspeqtorebis,

general jemal mersinlisa da general mustafa qemalis, ag-

reTve me-3 saarmio korpusis sardlis, vice-polkovnik refet

beles dauyovnebliv Casvlas konstantinopolSi... da aq dgeba

is momenti, rodesac mustafa qemali iZulebuli xdeba mZime

arCevani gaakeTos _ radgan igi ukve sulTanTan aSkarad dapi-

rispirebuli Zalaa, cxadia sulTani mas male daiTxovs samsa-

xuridan, CamoarTmevs generlis wodebas da misi dapatimrebis

brZanebasac male gascems. radgan igi male aRar iqneba samxed-

ro piri da generali, saWiroa realuri samoqalaqo Tanamde-

bobisa da Zalauflebis mopoveba. mustafa qemalma Zalian

kargad icoda Tu ra magiurad moqmedebda xalxze osmalo ge-

nerlis forma da mooqrovili samxreebi. ubralo samoqalaqo

Cinovnikad ki mas, ukve yofil generals, naklebi gavlena da

wona eqneboda, garemo mis personas realur Zalad da avtori-

tetad veRar aRiqvamda...

da arCevani gakeTebul iqna. 1919 wlis 7 ivliss mustafa

qemalma osmalTa me-3 armiis samxedro inspeqtoris rangSi bo-

194

lo brZaneba gamosca. es iyo cirkulari, romelic mouwodeb-

da yvela misdami daqvemdebarebul meTaurs, araviTar Sem-

TxvevaSi ar momxdariyo maTi samxedro da `nacionaluri~ or-

ganizaciebis daSla, meTaurebs ar gaecaT aseTi brZanebebi...

aseve ar daeyaraT iaraRi da aRWurviloba, raTa saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi, Sesabamisi samxedro pasuxi gaecaT `mtris~ nebis-

mieri Semdgomi winsvlisaTvis [7, 235]. meore dRes, 1919 wlis 8 ivliss ki, moxda is, rac unda

momxdariyo _ damokles maxvili daeSva. erzinjansa da Semdeg

arzrumSi Casul mustafa qemals moaxsenes, rom sulTnis

brZanebiT mustafa qemali daTxovnilia samxedro samsaxuri-

dan, CamorTmeuli aqvs generlis Cini da igi kanongareSedaa

gamocxadebuli, me-3 armiis inspeqtoris Tanamdebobaze ki, ge-

nerali qiazim yarabeqir faSaa daniSnuli.

konstantinipolis mTavrobam, albaT bedis ironiiT, mus-

tafa qemalis dapatimreba imperiis Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs

ubrZana, xolo brZanebis aRsruleba ministris gadawyvetile-

biT, swored general qiazim yarabeqir faSas daevala. am viTa-

rebaSi iyo kidev erTi sakiTxi, erTi problema, TiTqos `pata-

ra~, magram mustafa qemalisaTvis mniSvnelovani problema. es

problema realuri Zalauflebis delegirebasa da gavlenas

ukavSirdeboda... sakiTxi mustafa qemalis xasiaTis iseT

Strixs exeba, rasac eWvi hqvia. avadmyofuri eWvi sakuTari

TanamebrZolebisa da maTi Tavdadebis, maTi erTgulebis Tao-

baze. suraTi ki, aseTi iyo. mocemul momentSi mustafa qemali

ukve yovelgvar Tanamdebobasa da Zalauflebas iyo moklebu-

li, igi aqtiur samxedro samsaxurSi aRar imyofeboda, gan-

sxvavebiT misi Tanamoazreebisagan. mas eWvi RrRnida, eWvis is

grZnoba, rac mosvenebas ukargavda. eWvis pirveli obieqti aR-

mosavleT anatoliis faqtiuri mmarTveli, generali qiazim

yarabeqiri iyo. igi, generali qiazim yrabeqir faSa, `kavkasiis

gmiri~, TurqeTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis yvelaze mZlavr Sena-

erTs, anatoliaSi dislocirebul me-15 saarmio korpuss sar-

dlobda da albaT sulac ar iqneboda winaaRmdegi saTaveSi

Cadgomoda axladagorebul erovnul moZraobasac. pativmoy-

vareobaSi yarabeqirs arc ali fuat jebesoi CamorCeboda, ro-

melic ukve cdilobda anatoliaSi moqmedi danawevrebuli

sabrZolo razmebisa da bandebis gaerTianebas. da rogor mo-

iqceodnen axla isini aRmosavleT anatoliaSi, sadac faqtob-

195

rivad mTel Zalauflebas flobdnen? ramdenad aRiarebdnen

isini mustafa qemalis Taosnobasa da mis xelmZRvanelobas ax-

la, roca mustafa qemali ukve realur Tanamdebobas mokle-

buli da pativayrili iyo? yovelive es Zalian afiqrebda `ha-

lipolisis gmirs~, magram ukve eqsgenerals.

orive maTgani, qiazim yarabeqiric da ali fuat jebesoic

mravali RirsebiT iyvnen dajildoebulni, magram maT prob-

lemasTan dakavSirebuli strategiuli xedva ar gaaCndaT. ma-

Ti xedvis horizonti SezRuduli iyo da moqmedebebSic ar iy-

vnen gabedulebi, isini naklebad iyvnen imisaTvis mzad, rom

dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad yvelaferi SeewiraT da Tavi ar

daezogaT amisaTvis. yarabeqirisa da ali fuatis mizans saku-

Tari qveynis antantisagan deokupacia da misi gaTavisufleba

warmoadgenda, magram amis iqiT veRar ixedebodnen. is didi

strategia ki, rac mustafa qemals hqonda Cafiqrebuli, maT-

Tvis ucxo da gaugebari iyo... jer-jerobiT mainc. mustafa

qemali ki, Zalian Sors ixedeboda. ukve am droisaTvis warmo-

edgina mas Tavisi Tavi erisa da samSoblos gadamrCenlis

rolSi. igi unda yofiliyo momavali axali Turquli saxel-

mwifos Semqmneli da eris mama. mustafa qemals isic kargad

esmoda, rom nacionaluri brZolis sawyis etapze pirvelxa-

risxovan amocanas ara samxedro Zala, aramed erisaTvis dama-

xasiaTebeli sxva Rirebulebebi warmoadgenda. jer kidev 1918

wlis noemberSi mustafa qemalma erT-erT Tavis pirvel in-

terviuSi ganacxada: `eri Zlieri unda iyos suliT, codniT,

mecnierebiTa da moraliT. samxedro Zliereba ki bolos mo-

dis... dReisaTvis ar aris sakmarisi mxolod iaraRi gepyras

xelT, rom Seni adgili daimkvidro msoflios rukaze~ [7, 219].

rogor exmianeba es azri didi prusieli samxedro stratego-

sisa da germaniis II raixis erT-erTi Semqmnelis, feldmarSal

helmut fon moltkes im winadadebas, romelic man safrangeT-

prusiis 1870-1871 wlebis omis darulebisTanave warmoTqva

prusielTa damajerebeli gamarjvebis Semdeg: `upiratesoba

unda veZeboT ara iaraRSi, aramed xelSi, romelsac igi up-

yria~ [12, 116]. prusiul-osmaluri da Semdeg germanul-osmaluri sam-

xedro-strategiuli TanamSromlobis realiebidan gamomdina-

re, darwmunebulni varT, rom mustafa qemali kargad icnobda

fon moltkes naSromebs, mis samxedro da saxelmwifoebrivi

196

azrovnebis filosofias. maTi moZRvrebebis mixedviT eris mi-

er didi gamarjvebis mopovebis saqmeSi adamianis faqtoria um-

Tavresi da ara mxolod samxedro Zliereba, rasac calsaxad

veTanxmebiT. igive azri ganaviTara cota mogvianebiT kidev

erTma didma moazrovnem da strategosma, mao Ze dunma, roca

generalisimus Can kai Sisa da Cineli nacionalistebis winaaR-

mdeg warmoebul xangrZliv omSi saboloo gamarjvebis mopove-

bis Semdeg ganacxada: `iaraRi mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoad-

gens omSi, magram ara gadamwyvets. xalxia mTavari da ara sag-

nebi. Zala ganisazRvreba ara mxolod samxedro da ekonomiku-

ri ZlierebiT, aramed adamianis sulieri da moraluri mdgra-

dobiT. samxedro da ekonomikur siZlieres ki adamianebi qmni-

an~ [13, 264]. samive maTgani, feldmarSali helmut fon mol-

tkec, generali da SemdgomSi marSali mustafa qemalic da mao

Ze dunic, revoluciuri azrovnebis moRvaweebi, didi strate-

gosebi da TavianTi erovnuli saxelmwifoebis Semqmnelebi iy-

vnen. dReisaTvis ki, germaniac, TurqeTic da CineTic, msof-

lio politikur rukaze dominant moTamaSeebad gvevlinebian

da mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvraven globalur politikur

klimats...

magram davubrundeT isev 1919 wels, centralur anato-

lias, mustafa qemalsa da Turq nacionalistTa winaaRmdego-

bis moZraobis sawyis fazas.

dasaxuli didi amocanis Sesasruleblad mustafa qemals

Zalaufleba sWirdeboda, realuri Zalaufleba, romelic da-

exmareboda emarTa ara marto samxedroebi, aramed anatoliis

samoqalaqo mosaxleobazec gaevrcelebina Tavisi gavlena da

avtoriteti. magram, jer-jerobiT movlenebi mustafa qemalis

sasikeTod ar viTardeboda. man dakarga samxedro piris, ge-

nerlis statusi da masTan erTad dakarga is magiuri Zalac,

rasac mas samxedro mundiris tareba da generlis mooqrovi-

li samxreebis kaSkaSi aniWebda. samxedro statusis dakargvas-

Tan erTad, mustafa qemalma garkveuli `dacvis sigelic~ da-

karga. amieridan anatoliaSi srul baton-patons, rogorc

formalurad, aseve faqtobrivad, ukve generali yarabeqir

faSa warmoadgenda. axla yvelaferi imaze iqneboda damokide-

buli, Tu ra pozicias daikavebda yarabeqiri. isev aRiarebda

Tu ara igi ukve gakotrebuli mustafa qemalis liderobas,

Tu Tavad igi Caudgeboda nacionalur brZolas saTaveSi.

197

Tumca, yarabeqirisaTvis mesame arCevanic rCeboda, albaT yve-

laze martivi da yvelaze sargebliani _ darCeniliyo sul-

Tnis erTgul generlad, misi brZanebis Sesabamisad daepatim-

rebina mustafa qemali da amiT kidev ufro waweuliyo win

samxedro karieris aRmaval kibeze. aseTi arCevani yvelafers

Tavdayira daayenebda _ mustafa qemalisaTvis yvelaferi das-

ruldeboda.

imave dRes, 8 ivliss, mustafa qemals me-15 saarmio kor-

pusis sardlis, qiazim yarabeqiris mosvlis Sesaxeb moaxsenes.

albaT swored es momenti unda Sefasdes nacionaluri moZra-

obis realobaSi erT-erT yvelaze ufro kritikul momentad.

politikuri da samxedro TvalsazrisiT mustafa qemalisa da

misi diadi ideebisaTvis SeiZleba yvelaferi aq dasrulebuli-

yo da yvelafersac wertili dasmoda. ra Tqma unda, dedamiwa

isev gaagrZelebda brunvas, TurqeTisa da kacobriobis isto-

ria amiT ar dasruldeboda, igi cxadia gagrZeldeboda, mag-

ram es ukve sul sxva istoria da sul sxva realoba iqneboda,

sxva moqmedi pirebiT, sxva movlenebiTa da sxva SedegebiT...

metad xatovnad aRwers am kritikul moments cnobili rusi

istorikosi da biografi, aleqsandr uSakovi:

_ `ai, yvelaferi dasrulda, _ CaiCurCula qemalma da ra-

uf orbeis gadaxeda. mas am SiSis safuZveli hqonda. yarabe-

qirs ara mxolod misi dapatimrebis, aramed delegatTa garek-

vis brZanebac hqonda miRebuli. magram yarabeqirs arc ufiq-

ria damorCileboda mokavSireTa sabels gamobmuli konsanti-

nopoleli Cinovnikebis nebas da pirdapir karis zRurblidan

gauwoda xeli qemals.

_ me movedi Cemo faSa, _ sazeimo xmiT warmoTqva yarabe-

qirma, _ raTa Tqvens winaSe Cemi da Cems daqvemdebarebaSi myo-

fi oficrebis saxeliT gamovxato Tqvendami didi pativiscema.

Tqven rCebiT Cvens meTaurad, rogorc es aqamde iyo! Tqvens

gankargulebaSia manqana, kavaleriis eskadroni da Cven yvela!~

[9, 164]. ideam gaimarjva, ideis sidiadem Zveli TanamebrZolebis

erTianoba SeinarCuna. am etapze `anatolieli protestantebi~

erTsulovnebi da mizanmimarTulebi, ideurad Sekrulebi da

sabrZolvelad SemarTulebi aRmoCndnen. maT sakuTari brZo-

lis gza ukve arCeuli hqondaT. mustafa qemalisa da naciona-

listTa liderebis daumorCileblobis politikas ki imperiis

198

samxedro ministris Semdgomi kariera Seewira. igi sulTnis

mier gadayenebul iqna Tanamdebobidan.

Semdgomi movlenebi ki ase ganviTarda. amasiis proto-

kolze dayrdnobiT, mustafa qemalis iniciativiT arzrumsa

(1919 wlis ivlisi-agvisto) da sivasSi (1919 wlis seqtemberi)

mowveul iqna kongresebi, sadac deklarirebul iqna naciona-

luri moZraobis ZiriTadi Tezisebi. arzrumis kongresSi mo-

nawileobas iRebdnen TurqeTis eqvsi vilaieTis delegatebi _

vani, biTlisi, xarfuTi, arzrumi, diarbeqiri da trapizoni _

sul 35 delegati. kongresma erTxmad miiRo is dadgenileba,

rom daecvaT aRmosavleTi anatolia. da ra Tqma unda, kidev

erTxel iqna dadasturebuli maTi erTguleba sulTnisa da

xalifasadmi. aq mustafa qemalma mizans miaRwia, _ igi kongre-

sis Tavmjdomared iqna arCeuli. arzrumis kongresis muSao-

bis bolo dReebSi, 1919 wlis 30 ivliss, me-15 saarmio korpu-

sis sardloba konstantinopolidan kidev erT samTavrobo te-

legramas iRebs axladdaniSnuli samxedro ministris, nazim

beis xelmoweriT: `brwyinvale portam, mustafa qemal faSas

da refet beis winaaRmdegobrivi moRvaweobidan gamomdinare,

miiRo gadawyvetileba dauyovnebliv iqnan isini dapatimre-

bulni da gamogzavnilni konstantinopolSi. gadaeciT yvela

saWiro gankarguleba adgilobriv xelisufalT da vTxovT sa-

armio korpuss aRmogviCinos sruli Tanadgoma, ris Sesaxebac

informirebul iqnas mTavroba~ [10, 69]. konstantinopolis am

moTxovnasac, bunebrivia, araviTari Sedegi ar mohyolia.

sivasis kongresis muSaobaSi ukve mTeli TurqeTidan mow-

veuli delegatebi iRebdnen monawileobas, maT Soris _ dasav-

leT anatoliidan, konstantinopolidan da Trakiidan. warmo-

madgenlobiTi speqtric erTob mravalferovani iyo _ miwaT-

mflobelebi, samxedroebi, inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi, sa-

suliero pirebi, saxelmwifo Cinovnikebi, anatoliis glexoba,

komersantebi. kongresis muSaobaSi monawileobas Rebulobdnen

agreTve azerbaijanis demokratiuli respublikis samxedro

warmomadgenlebi [8]. daarsebul iqna nacionaluri organizacia

_ `anatoliisa da rumeliis1 uflebaTa dacvis sazogadoeba~.

1 rumelia _ balkaneTis istoriuli dasaxeleba. etimologia momdi-

nareobs bizantiis arabuli dasaxelebidan _ rumi (romi), anu aRmo-

savleT romis imperia. Tavdapirvelad rumeliad iwodeboda osmalTa

199

kongresma kidev erTxel daadastura Tavisi erTguleba sul-

Tnis mimarT da mas specialuri mimarTvac gaugzavna, romlis

mixedviTac sulTans dauyovnebliv unda moewvia erovnuli

mejlisi da daeTxova damad ferid faSas mTavroba. specialuri

mimarTvebi daegzavnaT agreTve didi saxelmwifoebis diploma-

tiur warmomadgenlobebs, sadac `protestanti~ liderebi cdi-

lobdnen daesabuTebinaT anatoliaSi dawyebuli moZraobis ka-

noniereba. arCeul iqna warmomadgenlobiTi komiteti 13 kacis

SemadgenlobiTa da mustafa qemalis TavmjdomareobiT. komi-

tetSi qemalis erTguli TanamebrZolebic Sevidnen _ mustafa

rauf orbei, refet bele, beqir sami kunduxi da sxva. 11 seqtembers, sivasis kongresis muSaobis bolo dRes,

deklarirebul iqna nacionaluri moZraobis ZiriTadi princi-

pebic:

_ zaviT gansazRvrul sazRvrebSi qveynis damoukideblo-

ba da erTianoba;

_ erovnul umciresobebTan mimarTebaSi samarTliani da-

mokidebuleba, magram ara gansakuTrebuli privilegiebis mi-

niWeba maTTvis;

_ berZenTa da somexTa teritoriul pretenziebze Sesaba-

misi pasuxis gacema;

_ uangaro ucxouri daxmarebebis miReba da dauyovnebli-

vi saparlamento arCevnebis Catareba [7, 249]. nacionaluri moZraobis principebis gansxvavebul versi-

as gvTavazobs cnobili Turqi istorikosi da politologi,

sentos (CENTO) ukanaskneli generaluri mdivani, qamuran gu-

runi (Kamuran Gürün): _ osmalTa qveyana, romelic ZiriTadad dasaxlebulia

musulmanebiT da romlis sazRvrebsac warmoadgens antantis

qveynebisa da osmalTa saxelmwifos Soris dadebuli xelSek-

ruleba, warmoadgens erTians, mTlians da ganuyofels;

imperiis evropuli samflobeloebi, romelSic CarTuli iyo Zveli

Trakia da makedoniis nawili. sulTnis warmomadgeneli da osmaluri

jarebis sardali rumeliaSi atarebda beglarbegis tituls, rezi-

denciiT edinreSi, Semdeg sofiaSi. 1836 wels rumeliis beglarbegis

rezidencia gadatanil iqna monastirSi (dRevandeli biTola). osmal-

Ta imperiis evropuli provinciis oficialuri dasaxeleba `rumelia~

qreba 1864 wels, sasulTnoSi ganxorcielebuli administraciuli

reformebis Semdeg.

200

_ saxalifo da sasulTno, romelic pasuxismgebelia os-

maluri saxelmwifos erTianobasa da xalxis damoukidebloba-

ze, saWiroebs Zlieri erovnuli armiis arsebobas. saxalifo

da sasulTno unda xelmZRvanelobdes xalxis nebiT;

_ viRebT saxelmZRvanelod im debulebas, rom nebismieri

agresia da Tavdasxma samSoblos nebismier nawilze, iseve ro-

gorc berZnebisa da somxebis nebismieri gamosvlebi, rac Cveni

samSoblos sazRvrebSi damoukidebeli warmonaqmnebis Seqmnas

iTvaliswinebs, aidinis, manisinis, balikesiris frontebze, mi-

iReben Sesabamis pasuxs;

_ mTeli musulmanuri mosaxleobis Tanasworobis debu-

lebidan gamomdinare, romlebic didi xania cxovroben CvenTan

erTad, arc erT Tems ar mieniWeba araviTari politikuri

privilegiebi, romelic Cveni sazogdoebisaTvis iqneba miuRe-

beli [14, 155]. miuxedavad miRweuli SeTanxmebebis, moCvenebiTi erTsu-

lovnebisa da saerTo lozungebisa, deputatTa Soris mainc

ar iyo saerTo sakiTxebze erTiani xedva. xSirad ara saRi az-

ri, aramed xmaTa umravlesoba wyvetda ama Tu im sakiTxs! mus-

tafa qemali axali realobis winaSe aRmoCnda _ diax, es ukve

aRar iyo armia da brZanebebiT aq verafers ver miaRwevdi.

amasTan erTad, deputatebs Zalian uyvardaT xangrZlivi ga-

mosvlebi, moxsenebebi da naklebad usmendnen sxvebs. Tavis

miswrafebebSi, imisaTvis rom safuZvlebi Caeyara axali Zala-

uflebisaTvis da sakuTari niWis Sesabamisi adgili daekavebi-

na, mustafa qemali araferze ar ixevda ukan. mxolod am moq-

medebebis wyalobiT SeZlo man `warmomadgenobiTi komitetis~

Seqmna da masSi mis mierve dasaxelebuli deputatebis Seyvana.

am komitetis xelmZRvaneladac igi gavida. magram Citi

brdRvnad Rirda da man SeZlo saxelmwifoebrivi xelisufle-

bis iseTi funqciebis xelSi Cagdeba, rogoric iyo `naciona-

luri Zalebis~ xelmZRvaneloba, gadasaxadebis akrefa da Ci-

novnikebis daniSvna [9, 177]. kongresma is gadawyvetilebac mii-

Ro, rom gaewyvitaT yovelgvari urTierTobebi did vezirTan,

damad ferid faSasa da konstantinopolis mTavrobasTan, ga-

dayenebuliyo ferid faSa Tanamdebobidan da mowveuliyo axa-

li parlamenti. es moTxovnebi kongresis mier sulTnis karze

iqna gagzavnili. mustafa qemalis winadadebiT kongresma is

gadawyvetilebac miiRo, rom `nacionaluri Zalebis~ sardlad

201

mustafa qemalis Zveli megobari da TanamebrZoli, generali

ali fuat jebesoi daniSnuliyo. swored ali fuats daekisra

dafantuli da ukontrolo araregularuli Zalebis erTiani

meTaurobis qveS moqceva.

`anatoliel protestantTa~ es moqmedebebi britanuli

dazvervis yuradRebis miRma ar darCenila. agvistos TveSi

admirali keltorfi anatoliis nacionalur moZraobas ukve

`Sovinistur moZraobad~ ixseniebda [15, 712]. amerikis SeerTe-

buli Statebis saxelmwifo departamentis monacemebiT ki,

aSS-s samSvidobo misia ityobineboda, rom sivasis kongresze

gamoikveTa Zlieri antibritanuli poziciebi, romlis reali-

zaciac `qarTvelebis, TaTrebis, ukmayofilo sparselebisa da

arabuli tomebis~ mWidro kooperaciiT iqneboda SesaZlebeli

[16]. amave dros, admirali bristoli gamoTqvamda mosazrebas,

rom nacionalistTa mier sivasSi mowveuli kongresi qveyanaSi

mosalodneli seriozuli cvlilebebis winapirobad gadaiqce-

oda `manam, sanam evropuli intrigebiT gaZlierebuli dRevan-

deli somxuri da berZnuli propaganda ar dasruldeba da

uaxloes momavalSi samSvidobo konferenciis mier ar miiRe-

boda Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebebi~ [17]. 1919 wlis 7 oqtombris

nomerSi “New-York Times” ityobineboda, rom damad ferid fa-

Sas kabinetis daTxovna koniis okupaciis gamo moxda, xolo ax-

laddaniSnuli samxedro ministri, generali jemal mersinli

mustafa qemalis politikur Tanamoazres warmoadgenda [18]. ramdenime dReSi `warmomadgenlobiTi komitetis~ saxe-

liT, anatoliis provinciebSi dislocirebuli saarmio kur-

pusebisa da diviziebis Stabebs, `uflebaTa dacvis sazogadoe-

bebis~ centralur komitetebsa da qalaqebis TviTmmarTvelo-

bebs telegrafiT Semdegi Sinaarsis cirkulari daegzavnaT: `1919 wlis 13 oqtomberi.

yvela vilaieTsa da avtonomiur sanjays;

uflebaTa dacvis sazogadoebebis centraluri komitete-

bis Tavmjdomareebs;

qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobebis Tavmjdomareebs;

XIII, XY da XX saarmio korpusebs;

nejdes me-11 diviziis meTaurs;

izmiTis 1-li diviziis meTaurs;

halid beis, me-3 diviziis meTaurs;

...warmomadgenlobiTi komitetis dadgenilebis Sesabami-

202

sad, konstantinopolTan yvela saxis mimowera unda Sewydes

im momentamde, sanam specialuri cirkulariT ar Segatyobi-

nebT, rom mTavrobasa da xalxs Soris miRweulia SeTanxmeba

eris winaSe mdgari amocanebis Sesabamisad.

anatoliisa da rumeliis uflebaTa dacvis warmomadgen-

lobiTi sabWos saxeliT, mustafa qemali~ [19, 187]. faqtiurad es ukve amboxis dasawyisi iyo. konstantino-

polis mTavrobis sakomunikacio vakuumSi moqcevisa da cen-

traluri xelisuflebisadmi gamocxadebuli daumorCileblo-

bis procesis werilobiTi dasturi.

1919 wlis 27 dekembridan mustafa qemali da misi Stabi

centralur anatoliaSi, angoraSi (ankara) fuZndeba, romelic

sulTnis kabinetisa da britanelTa saokupacio jarebis kon-

trolis zonidan iyo gasuli. swored aqedan _ `erovnuli moZ-

raobis qaabadan~, _ rogorc uwodebdnen angoras Turqi naci-

onalistebi, agrZelebs mustafa qemali sulTnis winaaRmdeg

dawyebuli politikuri intrigebis xlarTvas da momavali

brZolebis dagegmvas. es movlenebi ki, marTalia jer kidev em-

brionuli, magram ukve sulTanTan dapirispirebuli da misi

kabinetis _ `brwyinvale portas~ alternatiuli mTavrobis Ca-

moyalibebis procesis dasawyisad unda CaiTvalos.

damowmebuli literatura da wyaroebi:

1. William Hale, Turkish foreign policy, Frank Cass publishers, Crown house, 47 Chase Side, Southgate London N14 5BP, England 1774-2000, 2000.

2. Isaiah Friedman, British Miscalculations. The Rise of Muslim Nationa-lism, 1918-1925. Transaction Publishers. New Brunswick (USA) and London (UK). Printed in the United States of America. 2012. https://books. google. ge/books?id=N_g_ZI46xncC&pg=PA267&lpg= PA267&dq=Bolsheviks+and+Kemalists&source=bl&ots=zp5A94tlr_ &sig=5WdF1aVay1uXZinFA6A2tsIHBJ8&hl=ka&sa=X&ved=0CDYQ6AEwB2oVChMI25-H7KO0yAIVAZcUCh0EeAzq#v= onepage&q= Bolsheviks%20and%20Kemalists&f=false.

3. Peter Rowland, Lloyd George, London, 1974. https://books. google. ge/books? id=NgZI46xnc C& pg=PA267&lpg=PA267&dq=Bolsheviks +and+Kemalists&source=bl&ots=zp5A94tlr_&sig=WdF1aVay1uXZin

203

FA6A2tsIHBJ8&hl=ka&sa=X&ved=0CDYQ6AEwB2oVChMI25-H7KO0yAIVAZcUCh0EeAzq#v=onepage&q=Bolsheviks%20and%20Kemalists&f=false.

4. DBFPP, I, IV, No. 509. Report on „Feeling of the Turks“, encl. in Webb to Curzon, Constantinople. September 10, 1919.

5. Александр Жевахов, Кемаль Ататюрк. Перевод осуществлен по изданию: Alexandre Jevakhoff, Kemal Atatürk. Paris, Tallandier, 1999. http://www. e-reading. bz/chapter. php/ 1013613/63/ Zhevahov_-_Kemal_Atatyurk. html.

6. E. L. Woodward and R. Butler (Eds), Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939, Series I, Vol. IV, (London: Oxford University Press, 1952.

7. Andrew Mango, Atatürk, John Murray (Publishers), 338 Euston Road. London, 2004, pg. 228. Erikan, Celal. Komutan Atatürk. (Atatürk. as a Commander), T. Is Bankasi, Ankara, 1972.

8. Джон Киракосян, Младотурки перед судом истории, Ереван, Издательство „Айастан“, 1986.

9. Александр Ушаков, Феномен Ататюрка, Турецкий правитель, творец и диктатор, Москва, Центрполиграф, 2002.

10. С. И. Аралов, Воспоминания советского дипломата, 1922-1923, Издательство нститута международных отношений, Москва, 1960.

11. Roderic H. Davison, Turkish Diplomacy from Mudros to Lausanne. Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774-1923. USA, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.

12. The dynamics of military revolution 1300-2050, by MacGregor Knox and Williamson Murray, Cambridge University Press, 2007.

13. Roots of Today’s Operational Environment, US Army CGSC, 2008. 14. Кямуран Гюрюн, Армянское досье, Перевод Искандера Ахундова,

Баку, 1993. 15. E. L. Woodward and R. Butler (Eds), Documents on British Foreign Policy,

1919-1939, Series I, Vol. IV, London: Oxford University Press, 1952. 16. U. S. Department of State, Records Relating to the Internal Affairs of

Turkey, September 12, 1919. The National Archives, Microfilm. „Military Affairs and the Army“ 867, 20-867. 21.

17. Mark Lambert Bristol, „War Diary“, 14 May 1919, Unpublished Pa-pers, The Library of Congress, http://atam. gov. tr/ataturks-movement-at-its-start-the-views-of-outsiders-1919-1921/.

204

18. The New York Times, October 7, 1919. http://atam. gov. tr/ataturks-movement-at-its-start-the-views-of-outsiders-1919-1921.

19. Мустафа Кемаль, Путь новой Турции, 1919-1927, II, Подготовка Ангорской базы, 1919-1920, Государственное социально-экомно-мическое издательство, 1932.

Archil Chachkhiani Doctor of History, Colonel, David Agmashenebeli Georgian National Defense Academy

General Mustafa Kemal and the „Anatolian Protestants“ – Beginning of the Resistance Movement

Summary

In this article we discuss the initial stage of the Turkish nationalist movement in spring 1919, in Anatolia, under leadership of General Mustafa Kemal. We represent political, military, social, national and ideological aspects of this movement. Special emphasis is given to the fact that this insurgency movement of the „Anatolianprotestants“ was directed not only against Entente and foreign, particularly greek intervention, but primarly against Sultan-Khalif and his capitulatory cabinet ministates.

The article tells about the several aspects of the Turkish nationalists first initiating meetings – in Amasya, Erzerum and Sivas congresses- and the basic principles of Kemalistic movement.

205

lela saraliZe



teti, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriis da eT-



TanamSromeli

qarTveli politikuri emigrantebis

damokidebuleba meore msoflio omSi

monawile qveynebisadmi

meore msoflio omis win, qarTuli emigracia ramdenime

politikur partiad Tu organizaciad iyo daqsaqsuli: 1. so-

cial-demokratiuli partia (n. Jordania _ i. wereTlis opo-

ziciiT); 2. erovnul-demokratiuli partia (grigol veSapeli,

romelic dampyrobel bolSevikebTan Serigebisken mowodebis

gamo, mokles, aseve, giorgi gvazava-ivane zurabiSvilis jgufi,

social-demokratebTan TanamSromlobda, erT mxares idga

spiridon kedia Tavisi dajgufebiT, meore mxares ki _ aleq-

sandre asaTiani, revaz gabaSvili, Salva amirejibi, daviT vaC-

naZe, elise patariZe da sxvebi (metnaklebi TanxmobiT), xolo

sawinaaRmdego poziciaze idga Salva qarumiZe; 3. socialist-

federalistTa partia (samson fircxalava, filipe SaraZe, ni-

ko uruSaZe), isini social-demokratebTan TanamSromlobdnen.

4. eserebis partia (i. nucubiZe, i. gobeCia), isinic social-de-

mokratebTan iyvnen. 5. iunkerTa kavSiri (v. nanuaSvili da

sxvebi); 6. TeTri giorgi (l. kereseliZe, a. manveliSvili da

sxvebi); 7. e. w. bamatis jgufi (z. avaliSvili, g. kvinitaZe, S.

amirejibi da sxva). 1934 wels, parizSi mTielTa respublikis

yofili sagareo saqmeTa ministris heidar bamatis iniciati-

viT, nacionalisturi organizacia `kavkasia“ Seiqmna. organi-

zaciis wevrebi sxvadasxva dros iyvnen: Salva amirejibi, zu-

rab avaliSvili, vladimer axmeteli, daviT saRiraSvili, gene-

rali giorgi kvinitaZe, mixeil kedia da sxvebi. organizaciaSi,

qarTvelebis garda, Sediodnen kavkasiis sxva erebis warmomad-

genlebic (lekebi, CeCnebi da sxv). organizacia antisabWoTa

206

xasiaTis iyo da politikuri TvalsazrisiT, ZiriTadad Tur-

qeTze iyo orientirebuli, Tumca imedebs germaniazec da ia-

poniazec amyarebda. organizaciis Seqmnas Tavdapirvelad ger-

manelebic uWerdnen mxars. 1937 wels organizaciis filiali

berlinSi Camoyalibda. organizacia qarTul enaze gamoscemda

Jurnals _ `kavkasia“. Jurnali, kavkasiis xalxTa, aseve fran-

gul, inglisur, germanul da Turqul enebzec gamodioda. me-

ore msoflio omis dawyebisTanave, h. bamatma Sexedulebebi

Seicvala. igi Tvlida, rom faSisturi germania kavkasiis xal-

xebs damoukideblobas ar uboZebda da mTeli imedebi Tur-

qeTze gadaitana, Tumca uSedegiod. bamatis organizacia 1939

wels daiSala.

sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg,

qarTvel emigrantTa erTi nawili, germaniaSi wavida da iq

damkvidrda. germaniaSi qarTuli emigraciis politikur saqmi-

anobas organizebas uwevda germaniaSi saqarTvelos demokra-

tiuli respublikis yofili elCi vladimer axmetelaSvili.

1924 wlis dasawyisSi, germaniaSi saqarTvelos saelCo gauqmda.

germaniis sagareo saqmeTa saministrom v. axmetelaSvils Ses-

Tavaza, rom `saqarTvelos (kavkasiis) ndobis uwyebas“ Cadgo-

moda saTaveSi, razec is ar daTanxmda. araoficialurad mas

mainc uwevda, germaniaSi myof qarTvel emigrantTa, uflebe-

bis dacva. v. axmetelaSvili XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis meore

naxevarSi safrangeTSi gaemgzavra. igi imedovnebda, rom qar-

Tvel emigrantTa gaerTianeba, berlinidan unda dawyebuliyo.

gaerTianebis mcdelobas adgili hqonda 1932 wels, Tumca

uSedegod. germaniaSi qarTuli antisabWoTa emigraciis saqmi-

anobas mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebda TviT am qveyanaSi arsebu-

li sazogadoebriv-politikuri viTareba, agreTve, evropaSi

da msoflioSi mimdinare procesebi, aseve, sabWoTa-kavSir

germaniis urTierTobebi. 1921-1933 wlebSi germania, iseve ro-

gorc sabWoTa kavSiri, versalis xelSekrulebis, antantis da

erTa ligis politikis mimarT opoziciurad iyo ganwyobili.

germania ukmayofilo iyo misi samxedro-ekonomikuri poten-

cialis xelovnuri dasustebiT, sxvadasxva olqebis germaniis-

gan mowyvetiT da mezobel qveynebTan mierTebiT. 20-iani wle-

bis dasawyisSi germaniaSi umZimesi ekonomikuri viTareba Seiq-

mna. erTad-erTi qveyana, romelic ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT,

jer kidev Riad rCeboda germaniisTvis, ruseTi iyo. ruseTis

207

nedleuli germaniis mrewvelobisTvis saWiro iyo. ruseTi sam-

rewvelo SekveTebs aZlevda germanias, xolo misgan yovelwli-

ri kreditis saxiT, 300 milion germanul markas iRebda [1, 47].

meore msoflio omis periodSi, germaniaSi qarTuli po-

litikuri emigracia koloniis saxiT arsebobda, romlis wes-

deba mxolod kulturul saqmianobas iTvaliswinebda, yovel-

gvari politikuri datvirTvis gareSe. germaniaSi qarTuli

emigracia, TiTqmis yvela politikuri dajgufebiT iyo war-

modgenili: social-demokratebi _ v. axmetelaSvili da 1922

wels germaniaSi gadasaxlebuli social-demokratebis umrav-

lesoba (aleqsandre korZaia, niko imnaiSvili, giorgi sajaia,

daviT berZeniSvili, mixeil wulukiZe, aleqsandre faCulia,

gela gelezania da sxvebi), social-federalistebi: mixeil ya-

uxCiSvili, solomon wereTeli, daTiko wereTeli (isini saqar-

TveloSi dabrundnen), valerian togoniZe; heidar bamatis

jgufi s. axmetelisa da Salva amirejibis monawileobiT;

erovnul-demokratebi: tite margvelaSvili, rafiel ingilo

(ivanicki), niko nakaSiZe, roman mkurnali, korneli xoStaria.

berlinSi arsebobda faSisturi organizacia `TeTri giorgi,

romelsac mixeil wereTlis Svili oTar wereTeli xelmZRva-

nelobda. masSi Sediodnen: arCil gomarTeli, leo WeiSvili,

dito jafariZe, aleqsandre alania da sxvebi. qarTuli poli-

tikuri partiebis gaerTianebas xeli SeuSala, sazRvargareT

myofi social-demokratiuli partiis warmomadgenelTa weri-

lebma, romelic saqarTveloSi myof iatakqveSa organizaciebs

egzavneboda da romelSic gakritikebuli iyo opoziciuri

partiebis saqmianoba. 1932 wels erovnul-demokratma _ tite

margvelaSvilma noe Jordania mwvaved gaakritika. 1935-1936

wlebSi, dapirispireba, gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda. 1933 wels,

berlinSi qarTveli emigranti a. nikuraZe Cavida, romelic

qarTuli nacional-socialisturi jgufis Seqmnas Seecada. mi-

si es iniciativa, germaniaSi myofma qarTvelma emigrantebma

ar moiwones. isini Tvlidnen, rom es procesi kidev ufro daa-

nawevrebda isedac gaxleCil qarTul emigracias da mas orga-

nizaciaSi _ `TeTri giorgi“ gaerTianeba SesTavazes, razec a.

nikuraZem uari ganacxada. s. axmetelma da m. wereTelma ga-

dawyvites maTi iniciativiT, gaeerTianebinaT germaniaSi arse-

buli yvela qarTuli dajgufeba. gaerTianebas `qarTvel naci-

onalista organizacia“ ewoda. masSi Sevidnen: erovnul-demok-

208

ratebi, `TeTri giorgi“, upartioebi. dasawyisSi masSi gaerTi-

anebis survili social-demokratebmac gamoTqves, Tumca Tavi

Seikaves. germaniaSi qarTvel nacionalista pirveli Tavmjdo-

mare tite margvelaSvili gaxda. organizacias hqonda sakuTa-

ri beWdviTi organo – gazeTi `klde“, romelic 1934 wlis iv-

nisSi daarsda. misi redaqtori k. xoStaria iyo. emigrantul

wreebSi qarTvel nacionalistTa organizacias imTaviTve

mkvdradSobilad Tvlidnen da mas seriozulad ar miiCnevdnen.

organizaciis saqmianobis mimarT kritikuli werilebi organi-

zacia `TeTri giorgis“ beWvdiT organoSi daibeWda. qarTvel

nacionalistTa organizacia 1937 wels daiSala. nacisturi

xelisuflebis pirobebSi, germaniaSi yovelgvari antisabWoTa

gamosvlebi aikrZala. germanul presaSi gamoqveynebul masa-

lebSi xazgasmuli iyo, rom hitleri ganaxorcielebda bismar-

kis politikas da ruseTi germaniis mTavari dasayrdeni unda

gamxdariyo. germaniisa da ruseTis interesebis Tanxvedraze

ucxouri presac miuTiTebda. presaSi xazgasmuli iyo, rom

orive qveyana momxre iyo msoflios axali gadanawilebis, ver-

salis xelSekrulebis reviziis. imavdroulad, germaniis xeli-

sufleba axlo urTierTobas amyarebda TurqeTTan, Tumca

xazs usvamdnen, rom es mxolod ekonomikuri xasiaTis kavSire-

bi iyo. aseT pirobebSi, germaniaSi, qarTveli emigrantebis an-

tisabWour saqmianobaze saubari zedmeti iyo. germaniaSi er-

TmaneTis miyolebiT daixura rusuli antisabWoTa organiza-

ciebic.

`TeTri giorgis“ da `qarTuli faSisturi darazmulo-

bis“ wevrebma, meore msoflio omSi, individualurad miiRes

monawileoba. isini brZolaSi germaniis mxares CaerTnen, rac

saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebis surviliT iyo gamowveuli. `Cemi

mtris mteri, Cemi megobaria“. aRniSnuli principiT, qarTveli

emigrantebis erTi nawili meore msoflio omSi uneblied iqca

germaniis mokavSired. `TeTri giorgis“ saqmianobaSi CaerTo,

qarTveli polkovniki `qarTvel garibaldad“ wodebuli _ leo

kereseliZe (igi 1943 wels mokavSireTa mxridan berlinis da-

bombvisas gardaicvala _ l. s.). organizacias miemxro mixeil

kedia (saq. demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis Sinagan saq-

meTa saministros gansakuTrebuli razmis yofili ufrosis

meqi kedias vaJi).

1938 wels, berlinSi, Salva amirejibi Cavida, romelic

209

parizSi moqmed bamatis dajgufebas miekuTvneboda. dapirispi-

rebis gamo, S. amirejibi da misi megobrebi Jurnal `kavkasia“-

Si misi statiebis gamo, samSoblos moRalateebad gamoacxades.

1939-1940 wlebSi S. amirejimba TanamoazreebTan erTad ber-

lini datova. 1941 wlis ivnisis bolos, xangrZlivi molapara-

kebis Sedegad, germaniis qarTuli saTvistomo kvlav Camoya-

libda da mis Tavmjdomared tite margvelaSvili airCies [2,

25]. mas Semdeg rac germaniis saTaveSi hitleri movida, germa-

niasa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris savaWro-ekonomikuri urTier-

Tobebi mkveTrad gauaresda.

Tavis mxriv, sabWoTa xelisufleba emigrantebis saxelis

diskreditacias eweoda. qarTul inteligencias da antisabWo-

Ta politikur emigracias lavrenti beriam axali energiiT,

1934 wlidan Seutia, roca is saqarTvelos kp (b) centraluri

komitetis pirveli mdivani gaxda.

meore msoflio omis wlebSi, qarTuli politikuri emig-

raciis memarjvene frTis moRvaweobis arss naTlad warmoa-

Cens generali leo kereseliZe. igi, 1943 wels emigraciul

JurnalSi wers: `ama wlis 22 ivniss Sesrulda ori weli germa-

niasa da ruseTs Soris omis gamocxadebisa. mTeli 20 wlis

ganmavlobaSi qarTveli eri mouTmenlad eloda am sanatrel

moments. qarTvelobam kargad uwyoda, rom patara saqarTve-

lo sakuTari ZaliT bumberazul ruseTs ver dasZlevda, rac

1924 wlis saxelovanma ajanyebam naTelhyo. aucilebeli iyo

romelime gareSe Zlieri Zalis daxmareba. xolo, aseT Zliersa

da bolSeveizmTan bunebrivad dapirispirebul Zalas Ggerma-

nia warmoadgenda. is Ggermania, romelmac ukve erTxel 1918

wels, Cveni samSoblo gaaTavisufla. ai, ratom aris dRes mTe-

li qarTveli xalxi sulierad Tu fizikurad germaniis gver-

diT darazmuli... germaniis gamarjvebas ruseTzed CvenTvis

ornairi mniSvneloba aqvs. pirveli is, rom es gamarjveba sa-

qarTvelos sabolood ixsnis ruseTis batonobisagan. germani-

is gamarjvebas saqarTvelosTvis aqvs kidev is mniSvneloba,

rom igi niSnavs evropuli civilizaciis gamarjvebas komunis-

tur-marqsistul-barbarosulzed“ [3, 2].

1939 wels dadebuli sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis Tavdausxme-

lobis paqtis gamo, qarTulma politikurma emigraciam germane-

lebTan TanamaSromlobis imedi dakarga. amitom maT aqcenti in-

glis-safrangeTis kavSirze gadaitanes. 1941 wlis 22 ivniss, mas

210

Semdeg, rac germaniis jari sabWoTa kavSirs Tavs daesxa, germa-

niaSi moRvawe qarTuli politikuri emigraciis warmomadgen-

lebma irwmunes, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damouki-

deblobis adgena, sabWoTa kavSirze germaniis gamarjvebiT da

saqarTveloze germaniis proteqtoratis Sedegad SesaZlebeli

gaxdeboda. am faqtma, qarTveli emigrantebi kvlav germaniisken

Semoatrila. amasTan dakavSirebiT, organizacia `TeTri gior-

gi“-s erT-erTi beladi da ideologi, aleqsandre manveliSvili

igonebs: `am dros berlinSi Tavmoyrili iyo erTi jgufi qar-

Tveli politikuri moRvaweebisa, mowveuli germaniis mTavro-

bis mier sxvadasxva qveynebidan. eseni iyvnen: z. avaliSvili, l.

kereseliZe, d. vaCnaZe, S. amirejibi, s. kedia, S. maRlakeliZe

(igi mTavrobis mier ar iyo mowveuli, is i. bagrationis gziT

Tu sxva CemTvis ucnobi gziT aq iyo), i. bagrationi, da m. were-

Teli; aqve iyvnen mowveuli kavkasieli moRvaweni, maT Soris,

azerbaijaneli rasul zade da Samili, didi Samilis SviliSvi-

li, romelic am dros cxovrobda stambolSi. Samilis SviliSvi-

li aq gavican pirvelad, xolo azerbaijanis musavatis partiis

meTaurs ukve 1930 wlidan vicnobdi. germanelebs miznad hqon-

daT moewyoT saqarTvelos da saerTod, kavkasiis xalxTa komi-

tetebi; qarTvel moRvaweTa Soris axali Taobidan mxolod i.

bagrationi iyo... am saqmes meTaurobda grafi Sulenburgi. is

iyo germaniis warmomadgeneli saqarTveloSi 1918 wels da

gulwrfelad gvemegobreboda. omis win iyo germaniis elCad

ruseTSi da omis dros, ruseTis sakiTxis umaRles komisrad

sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi. mere gamoirkva, rom is yofila

SeTqmul mxedarTa organizaciis wevri da Tu hitlers moh-

klavdnen da gadatrialebas moawyobdnen, is axali mTavrobis

sagareo saqmeTa ministrad yofila dasaxelebuli da rodesac

1944 wels hitleri Tavdasxmas gadaurCa, sxvebTan erTad Su-

lenburgic daxvrita...“ [4, 233-234].

S. maRlakeliZis gadmocemiT, oficialur germanul wre-

ebTan kavSiris dasamyareblad, parizSi, kavkasiis emigraciis-

centri arsebobda, romelSic Sediodnen: n. Jordania, somex

daSnakTa mTavrobis yofili warmomadgeneli evropaSi arSak

jamaliani da TviT Salva maRlakeliZe. centris gadawyveti-

lebiT, S. maRlakeliZe, 1938 wels berlinSi miavlines. masTan

erTad iyo a. jamalianic, romelic berlinSi ramdenime dRis

Semdeg Cavida.

211

emigraciaSi myofi, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respub-

likis mTavroba germaniis xelisuflebas mxars ar uWerda.

1940 wlis 4 aprils, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

damfuZnebeli krebis Zveli wevrebis winaSe, meore msoflio

omSi safrangeT-inglisis blokis mxardaWerasTan dakavSire-

biT, noe Jordaniam moxseneba gaakeTa. moxsenebis teqsti,

frangul enaze Jurnal `promeTe“-Si gamoqveynda. Tavis ga-

mosvlaSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis

Tavmjdomarem ganacxada: `Tanamedrove SeiaraRebul konfliq-

tSi, Cven Tavidanve avirCieT Cveni adgili: Cven safrangeT-in-

glisis blokis mxareze varT. Cveni arCevani politikur da

erovnul intereses emyareba. Cven daCagruli eris Svilebi

varT. ucxo Zalam Cven politikuri, aseve, erovnuli damouki-

debloba wagvarTva. Cven rogorc xalxi da erovneba ucxo Za-

lis uRelqveS vimyofebiT. vin gaigebs ukeTesad Cvens gasa-

Wirs Tu ara is, romlic adamianis Tavisuflebas uzenaesad

miiCnevs da romelic acxadebs, rom es ufleba yvelas, mTel

kacobriobas ekuTvnis _ es safrangeTia, romelic iyo da

kvlav rCeba CagrulTa interesebis damcvelad... qarTuli

droSis adgili Tavisuflebis banakSia“ [5, 1]. n. Jordanias

moxsenebis mosmenis Semdeg, damfuZnebeli krebis wevrebma spe-

cialuri rezolucia miiRes. saqarTvelos devnilma mTavro-

bam, safrangeTis xelisuflebas oficialurad gadasca n. Jor-

danias, e. gegeWkoris da a. Cxenkelis mier xelmowerili memo-

randumi, romliTac maT mimarT sruli mxardaWera gamoxates.

masSi naTqvamia: `miuxedavad im erovnuli tkivilisa, romelic

19 welia grZeldeba, qarTveli xalxi ar iviwyebs misTvis mniS-

vnelovan istoriul TariRs, 1921 wlis 27 ianvars, rodesac

mokavSire respublikebis umaRlesma sabWom (safrangeTi, didi

britaneTi, italia, iaponia, belgia), aq parizSi, saqarTvelos

damoukidebloba `de iure“ icno. Cven vsargeblobT SemTxve-

viT, kidev erTxel gamovxatoT Cveni didi madliereba, keTil-

SobilurisafrangeTis stumarTmoyvareobisTvis, romelsac

Cveni Tanamemamuleebi mis miwaze vgrZnobT da gamovxatoT

Cveni mgznebare survili, safrangeTis didebuli armiis ga-

marjvebisa“ [5, 2].

qarTuli politikuri emigraciis erTi nawili sul ufro

da ufro cdilobda germaniis, iaponiis da italiis politi-

kur wreebTan daaxloebas. am procesSi naklebad aqtiurni iy-

212

vnen qarTveli social-demokratebi. qarTvel social-demok-

ratTa megobari qveynebis warmomadgenlebi kavkasiis komite-

tidan da promeTes moZraobidan, agreTve, polonelebi qar-

Tveli emigrantebisagan antisabWoTa saqmianobis gaaqtiurebas

moiTxovdnen. am mizniT, isini n. Jordanias sTavazobdnen,

Tundac formalurad mainc, gadamdgariyo social-demokrati-

uli partiis lideris Tanamdebobidan, rac antisabWoTa saqmi-

anobas gaaaqtiurebda. igi marTlac iZulebuli gaxda daeTmo

Tavisi partiuli posti da saqarTvelos social-demokratiu-

li partiis sazRvargareTis biuros Tavmjdomared konstan-

tine gvarjalaZe airCies. es cvlileba, marTlac formaluri

iyo, vinaidan social-demokratiul partiasac da antisabWoTa

saqmianobasac faqtiurad n. Jordania xelmZRvanelobda. misi

frTxili damokidebuleba, nacisturi germaniisa da misi mo-

kavSireebis mimarT ar Secvlila. qarTveli emigrantebis po-

litikur saqmianobas, rogorc germaniaSi, ise safrangeTSi

mudmivad Tvalyurs adevnebdnen am qveynis specsamsaxurebi.

safrangeTis xelisufleba, misi sagareo-politikuri kursi-

dan gamomdinare, antisabWoTa saqmianobas mis teritoriaze ar

krZalavda, ris gamoc garkveulwilad zegavlenas ganicdida,

didi britaneTisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavro-

bebisgan. germania-safrangeTis garTulebuli viTarebis miu-

xedavad, am or qveyanaSi mcxovrebi qarTuli politikuri

emigraciis warmomadgenlebs erTmaneTTan kontaqtebi ar ga-

uwyvetiaT. aseT pirobebSi uxdeboda qarTul politikur

emigracias germaniaSi antisabWouri moRvaweoba. mas Semdeg,

rac germaniam safrangeTis okupacia ganaxorciela, ssrk-is

diplomatiurma warmomadgenlebma safrangeTi datoves.

qarTuli politikuri emigraciis erTi nawili, meore

msoflio omis dros, cdilobda sakuTari wvlili Seetana an-

tisabWoTa saqmianobaSi, rac maTi azriT, saqarTvelos saxel-

mwifoebriobis aRdgenis sawindari gaxdeboda. Tavisi mZlavri

ideologiuri aparatis daxmarebiT, sabWoTa xelisufleba yve-

lafers akeTebda, raTa msoflios TvalSi sabWoTa xelisuf-

lebis upiratesoba, aseve, sabWoTa socialisturi respubli-

kebis erTian, Zmur ojaxad cxovrebis mniSvneloba warmoeCina.

es, rasakvirvelia, ucxoeTSi iZulebiT gaxiznuli, emigrante-

bis gaRizianebas iwvevda. isini fiqrobdnen, rom meore msof-

lio omSi germaniis gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, germaniis pro-

213

teqtoratis qveS myofi saqarTvelo ufro advilad aRadgenda

damoukideblobas. maTTvis mTavari iyo, am omSi bolSevikuri

ruseTis damarcxeba. meore msoflio omis wlebSi, qarTuli

politikuri antisabWoTa emigraciis saqmianobis arssa da Zi-

riTad mizanze, aSS-is kongresis 1954 wlis moxsenebaSi naTqva-

mia: `1942 wels germaniis xelisuflebam daaarsa qarTuli Sta-

bi (Georgischer Verbindungsstab). gaica qarTveli tyveebis

daqiravebisa da maTgan qarTuli nawilebis Seqmnis nebarTva.

30 000-ze meti adamiani sabrZolo dajgufebaSi nebiT gawevri-

anda... cxadia, qarTvelebi germaniisTvis mis mimarT gansakuT-

rebuli siyvarulis an misi ideebis rwmenis gamo ar ibrZodnen.

isini germaniis saxiT im Zalas xedavdnen, romelsac sabWoTa

reJimisa da tiraniis damxoba SeeZlo. isini germanelebis mxa-

res gadavidnen, radgan es maT komunizmisa da maTi qveynis

rusi dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg brZolis SesaZlebloblobas

aZlevda“ [6, 55].

1939 wlis 1 seqtembers, germania Tavs daesxa poloneTs.

3 seqtembers safrangeTma da inglisma omi gamoucxades germa-

nias. emigraciaSi, safrangeTSi myofma qarTvelma social-de-

mokratebma meore msoflio omis dros, neitraluri pozicia

daikaves, xolo safrangeTis okupaciis dros, maT uari Tqves

germanelebTan TanamSromlobaze. germaniis mier poloneTis

okupaciis Semdeg, qarTveli emigrantebisTvis, antisabWoTa

saqmianobis centrad kvlav safrangeTi rCeboda. 1940 wlis 10

maiss, germania Tavs daesxa safrangeTs. 1940 wlis 14 ivniss,

vermaxtis me-18 armiam parizi aiRo. 17 ivniss, axladCamoyali-

bebuli profaSisturi mTavrobis meTaurma, premier-ministrma

anri filip petenma safrangeTis kapitulacia gamoacxada, rac

1940 wlis 22 ivniss, oficialurad gaformda [7, 228-229]. saf-

rangeTis teritoriis ori mesamedi _ Crdilo nawili, parizi-

sa da mTeli atlantis sanapiros CaTvliT, germaniis jarma

daikava. safrangeTis samxreT, araokupirebul nawilSi petenis

marionetuli mTavrobis samxedro-faSisturi reJimi damyarda.

petenma rezidenciad samxreT safrangeTSi mdebare sakuror-

to qalaqi viSi airCia [8, 401-402].

safrangeTis okupaciis Semdeg, n. Jordania ojaxTan er-

Tad safrangeTis araokupirebul nawilSi gadavida. devnili

mTavrobis wevrebi ZiriTadad levilSi, sapatimro mdgomareo-

baSi, `gestapos“ mudmivi meTvalyureobis qveS imyofebodnen.

214

Ffrangebis didi nawili damarcxebas ar Seurigda. 1940 wlis

18 ivniss, generalma Sarl de golma, inglisis radioTi gamos-

vlisas frang xalxs daumorCileblobisken mouwoda. amave

wels safrangeTSi erovnuli fronti Seiqmna. iatakqveSa wina-

aRmdegobis organizaciaSi qarTveli emigrantebic Sevidnen.

oficialuri deklaraciiT, n. Jordaniam mxari dauWira, fran-

gi xalxis brZolas germaneli okupantebis winaaRmdeg. rode-

sac germanelebma parizidan ebraelTa deportacia daiwyes,

qarTvelma emigrantebma isini eTnikurad qarTvelebad gamo-

acxades da yalbi dokumentebiT, sikvdils gadaarCines, ro-

gorc qarTveli, ise evropeli ebraeli. maT Soris iyo saqar-

Tvelos demokratiuli respublikis finansTa ministris yofi-

li moadgile _ ioseb eligulaSvili. maT gadarCenaSi didi

iyo mixeil kedias roli. m. kediam da n. Jordaniam parizis di-

di rabinis vaisis da ebraelTa sazogadoebis prezidentis mo-

serisgan madlobis werilebi miiRes [9, 172].

safrangeTis legionSi iricxeboda general konstantine

(kote) afxazis vaJi nikoloz afxazi (1899-1987 ww.) [10, 13]. igi

1930 wlis damlevs, oficris wodebiT Sevida samxedro samsa-

xurSi, safrangeTis ucxour legionSi. II msoflio omis dros

germanelebis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda. safrangeTis kapitulaciis

Semdeg, general Sarl de golis meTaurobiT gaSlili `saf-

rangeTis winaaRmdegobis moZraobis“ aqtiuri wevri gaxda. igi

safrangeTis sapatio legionis ordeniT iyo dajildovebuli.

n. afxazi tyved Cavarda da 1944 wels germanelTa sakoncen-

tracio banakidan amerikelebma gaaTavisufles.

meore msoflio omSi, sabWoTa kavSiris mxareze daaxloe-

biT, 700 aTasi qarTveli ibrZoda, germanelebis mxares ki 32

aTasi, maT Soris 500 emigranti (umravlesoba tyved Cavardni-

li qarTvelebi iyvnen) [11].

qarTveli eris suverenoba, demokratiisken swrafva, qvey-

nis damoukideblobis aRdgena, es aris ZiriTadi mizezebi, ris-

Tvisac calkeul politikur partiebad da erovnul-ganmaTavi-

suflebel organizaciebad gayofili emigranti politikosebi,

meore msoflio omis dros, germaniis mxares ibrZodnen. `qar-

Tveli eris Tavisufleba da misi saxelmwifoebrivi damouki-

debloba gaxda msxverpli 1921 wels im politikur movlenaTa,

romelnic mxolod meore msoflio omis Semdeg, yvelasTvis na-

Teli iqmnen. kacobrioba or banakad gaiyo: dasavleTis demok-

215

ratia da totalitaruli komunizmi pirispir dadgnen... . Cveni

brZolis gza da mizani, odiTganve garkveuli iyo _ Cveni adgi-

li dasavleTTan aris“ [12] _ acxadebdnen qarTveli emigrantebi.

Ggermaniis mxares myofi generlis _ Salva maRlakeliZis Sesa-

xeb gamocemuli wignis winasityvaobaSi, mwerali da disidenti

viqtor rcxilaZe sinanuliT SeniSnavs: `...SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

`Seugnebeli“ qarTveli meomrebi sabWoTa droSis qveS mainc

borotebas ebrZodnen. aseTi aris istoriis ironia da qarTve-

li xalxis tragedia, rom sxvis omebSi, satanuri imperiebis

droSis qveS saqarTvelos Svilebi Tavs wiravdnen da maTi

ZvlebiT mofenilia ukidegano ruseTis, germaniis, egviptis, av-

RaneTis da sxva qveynebis miwebi“ [13, 10].

emigrantebi yvela SesaZlo SemTxvevas iyenebdnen, raTa

saqarTvelos damoukidebloba aRedginaT. emigraciaSi moRva-

we, cnobili erovnul-demokrati _ revaz gabaSvili, 1968 wels,

radio Tavisuflebis korespondentis _ karlo inasariZis Se-

kiTxvas: ras usurvebda qarTvel axalgazrdobas, romlebic

1918-1921 wlebis saqarTvelos istorias ar icnobdnen, ase pa-

suxobs: `Cemi xangrZlivi gamocdilebiT da metadre xuTi aTa-

si wlis istoriis SeswavliT, mecnierulad, arqeologiurad

da enaTmecnierebis saSualebiT, me davrwmundi, rom yoveli

patara eri, romelic ebrZvis Tavis moZalades da mowinaaR-

mdeges, ufro mets igebs, vidre rodesac is Seurigdeba da wa-

uwveba dampyrobels“ [14, 32].

adolf hitleri mxars ar uWerda saqarTvelos sakiTxs,

aseve, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenas, rac germaniis

mxares mebrZoli qarTveli emigrantebisTvis cnobili iyo.

aleqsandre manveliSvili aRniSnavs; `gvegona, rom germaniis

mTavroba axlave gadmoisvris ideas sabWoTa erebis damouki-

deblobis Sesaxeb. magram hitlers rom aseTi Wkua gamoeCina,

is hitleri aRar iqneboda!“ [4, 229].

1941 wlis 30 marts, hitlerma 250 generlis winaSe moma-

vali omi `or msoflmxedvelobas Soris brZolad“, `gamanad-

gurebel omad“ gamoacxada. is `bolSevikuri komisrebis da

komunisturi inteligenciis ganadgurebas“ iTxovda, magram

axal geopolitikur sivrceSi kavkasia ar moiazreboda. igi

kavkasias ganixilavda, rogorc mniSvnelovan sakolonizacio

bazas, romlis mixedviT araarielTa gadasxlebisa da germa-

nelTa Casaxlebis Semdeg, kavkasia, germaniis aRmosavluri po-

216

litikis dasayrdeni gaxdeboda. hitlers zustad ar hqonda

gansazRvruli, okupirebul teritoriebze mcxovrebi erebis

mimarT ra politika unda gaetarebina. am mizniT, aRmosavle-

Tis dapyrobili teritoriebis efeqturad samarTavad, germa-

niis aRmosavleTis olqebis saministro Seiqmna, romelsac

germaniis nacional-socialisturi partiis xelmZRvaneli,

warmoSobiT estoneli germaneli _ alfred rozenbergi Caud-

ga saTaveSi. hitleri, omSi germanelTa sasargeblod kavkasiis

emigrantTa CarTvis winaaRmdegi iyo. gansxvavebuli iyo TviT

germanel politikosTa midgomebi. germaniis sagareo saqmeTa

saministros aRmosavleTis da kavkasiis sakiTxebSi mTavari eq-

sperti, qarTvel emigrantTa Zveli megobari grafi Sulen-

burgi, meore msoflio omSi germaniis gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi,

velikorusuli yaidis samokavSireo saxelmwifos Seqmnis mom-

xre iyo. rozenbergi ki ssr kavSiridan ukrainis da kavkasiis

gamoyofas da maTTan germaniis mxridan mWidro urTierTobis

damyarebas uWerda mxars. germaniis umaRles eSelonebSi bevri

ar iziarebda sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali xalxebis mimarT hit-

leris koloniur politikas [15, 73].

germanelTa geopolitikuri Sexedulebebi ssr kavSirSi

mcxovrebi erebis mimarT periodulad icvleboda [16, 68]. Su-

lenburgis mxardaWeriT, 1941 wlis bolosTvis q. berlinSi

`qarTuli nacionaluri komitetis“ sainiciativo jgufi dafuZ-

nda. mogvianebiT komitets saTaveSi Caudga organizacia `TeT-

ri giorgis“ erT-erTi damaarsebeli, profesori mixako were-

Teli. komitetis wevrebi iyvnen: spiridon kedia, zurab avaliS-

vili, giorgi maRalaSvili. m. wereTelma, aRniSnuli komitetis

saxeliT, germanelebs ganucxada, rom es organizacia iarsebeb-

da mxolod emigraciaSi, xolo saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

aRdgenis Semdeg, qarTveli eri TviTon gadawyvetda sakuTari

xelisuflebis sakiTxs. `qarTuli nacionaluri komitetis“ saq-

mianobasTan dakavSirebiT Tavi iCina germaniis ori uwyebis da-

pirispirebam. germaniis mier dapyrobili aRmosavleTis olqe-

bis saministro, rozenbergis meTaurobiT, sastiki winaaRmdegi

iyo kavkasiis sakiTxis calke gamoyofis da germaniis sagareo

saqmeTa saministrosadmi daqvemdebarebis. amaSi maT hitleric

daarwmunes, romelmac neba darTo qarTuli komitetis nac-

vlad `qarTuli sakavSiro Stabi“ daarsebuliyo. qarTvelTa sa-

kiTxi aRmosavleT olqebis saministros gankargulebaSi gadavi-

217

da. aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebiT ukmayofilo darCa grafi Su-

lenburgi. komitetis saqmianoba araefeqturi aRmoCnda mas Sem-

deg, rac grafi Sulenburgi, romelic lobirebas uwevda komi-

tetis Seqmnis ideas, procesebs Camoaciles da sakiTxi mTlia-

nad aRmosavleTis saministrom gadaibara. m. wereTeli germane-

lebis misamarTiT pretenziebs gamoTqvamda, radgan isini ar aZ-

levdnen mas farTo uflebebs. germanelebi, Tavis mxriv, m. we-

reTels umoqmedobaSi adanaSaulebdnen. aseT viTarebaSi, 1943

wlis ivlisis dasawyisSi, spiridon kediam komiteti datova. mas

mibaZa z. avaliSvilmac. maTi ukmayofilebis ZiriTadi mizezi

iyo is imedgacrueba, romelic CamouyalibdaT aRmosavleTis

dapyrobili regionebis mimarT germaniis politikis da germa-

niis armiis mxridan, saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebis uperspeqti-

vobis gamo. 1943 wlis 25 oqtombers, komiteti praqtikulad

daiSala. mis nacvlad axali organizacia _ `qarTuli sakavSiro

Stabi“ Seiqmna, romelic politikuri, safinanso-sameurneo gan-

yofilebebisgan Sedgeboda. Stabs da imavdroulad propagandis

ganyofilebas, saTaveSi Caudga qarTveli emigranti _ giorgi

maRalaSvili. Ppolitikur ganyofilebas _ mixeil kedia. samxed-

ro ganyofileba Caibara yofilma wiTelarmielma, `bergman 1“-

is erT-erTma Tavkacma _ givi gablianma. safinanso-sameurneo

ganyofilebas _ mixeil alSibaia (grigol alSibaias Svili) xel-

mZRvanelobda. `qarTuli sakavSiro Stabis“ aqtiuri wevrebi iy-

vnen: aleqsandre comaia, mixeil da lado cxomeliZeebi. mixeil

kedias da giorgi maRalaSvilis Semdeg, qarTul komitetSi

erT-erTi gavleniani figura mixeil kedias TanaSemwe _ aleq-

sandre (saSa) comaia iyo, romelic germaniis dazvervis staJian

TanamSromelad iTvleboda. a. comaia, profesiiT Jurnalisti,

saqarTvelodan parizSi 1929 wavida. 1943 wlidan igi berlinSi

cxovrobda (gardaicvala 1956 wels niu-iorkSi l. s.).

germaniis mxares mebrZol qarTuli legionis wevrebs Ta-

vianTi ficis teqsti hqondaT. isini fics debdnen ruseTis mi-

er okupirebuli saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebisTvis. S. maR-

lakeliZe igonebs: `...qarTul legions gamorCeuli ficis teq-

sti hqonda, radganac rogorc giTxariT, Cven Zalze xels

gviwyobda is garemoeba, rom iuridiulad aRiarebuli viyaviT

sxva saxelmwifoTa mierda agreTve is garemoeba, rom im dros

erTa ligamac daadgina, saqarTvelo okupirebuli iyo da ara

gasabWoebuli. amgvarad, TviT Tergisa da yubanis kazakebi

218

Cven gvekedlebodnen da ara rostovis kazakebs. sxvebi, Cveni

mezoblebi _ somxebi, azerbaijanelebi da kavkasielebi _ ar

ucvniaT iuridiulad Tavis droze. amitom isini fics uSua-

lod adolf hitlers aZlevdnen. e. i. TavianTi ficis teqstSi

isini uSualod hitleris saxelze aZlevdnen fics da Cven ki

ara. me yvela am legionis `patroni“ viyavi, magram Cven, qar-

Tvelebi fics vaZlevdiT rusi okupantebisagan `ganTavisuf-

lebul qarTul miwas!“ ase mTavrdeboda Cveni ficis teqsti.

sxvaTa Soris, aman Semiwyo me xeli imaSi, rom rodesac aq Ca-

momiyvanes da gavige, Cvens legionerebs 25-25 weli aqvT misji-

li da sakoncentracio banakebSi imyofebian, me mivwere maSin

xruSCovs, rom aba naxeT maSindeli dokumentebi Tu qarTve-

lebi hitlers aZlevdnen fics-meTqi! diax, qarTvelebisaTvis

es ficis teqsti Seadgines Sulenburgma, kestringma da me. Su-

lenburgma dawera es germanulad. mere Tqva: aucilebelia mi-

si SeTanxmeba TviTon hitlerTano“ [13, 221-222].

realurad, or borotebas Soris, meore msoflio omSi

qarTvelTa orive mxare saqarTvelosTvis ibrZoda. meore

msoflio omis dros, germanelebma ver moaswres saqarTvelos

dapyroba. maT kavkasiaSi, mxolod ramdenime uReltexilis da-

kaveba moaxerxes. miuxedavad amisa, isinipropagandisTvis kar-

gad momzadebulni iyvnen da specialuri plakatebic ki dabeW-

des. nacizmis erT-erTi mTavari ideologi, omis dawyebis Sem-

deg, okupirebuli aRmosavleTis teritoriebis ministri, bal-

tieli germaneli _ alfred rozenbergi, qarTul emigrantul

wreebs kargad icnobda da maT gavlenasac ganicdida. rozen-

bergTan gansakuTrebiT daaxlovebuli aleqsandre nikuraZe (a.

zandersi, misi fsevdonimi iyo _ l. s.) iyo. mas germaneli coli

hyavda da kargad icnobda xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs. ga-

naTlebiTeleqrtofizikosi nikuraZe, germaniis moqalaqe da

1934 wlidan nacisturi partiis wevri iyo. Zvelma nacnobma,

alfred rozenbergma mas `kontinentaluri evropis kvlevis in-

stituti“ Seuqmna. misi Tanamoazre iyo Tavisi Zma ioane. germa-

nul wreebSi, aseve, gavleniani figura iyo mixeil axmeteli,

romelic Zmebi nikuraZeebis, aseve, mravali sxva qarTvelis-

msgavsad, 1920 wels saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

mTavrobis stipendiiT, ganaTlebis misaRebad ucxoeTSi wavida.

igi vladimer axmetelis ZmisSvili iyo. mas germaneli coli

hyavda da 1937 wlidan nacisturi partiis wevri iyo.

219

germanelebs aranairi dapirebebi qarTvelebisa da kavka-

sielebisTvis ar miuciaT. qarTuli samekavSireo Stabi, ro-

gorc saqarTvelos warmomadgenloba, oficialurad maT 1945

wlis 17 marts aRiares, roca omis bedi faqtiurad gadawyve-

tili iyo. qarTvelebi mTeli ori wlis manZilze iTxovdnen

amas. emigraciaSi myofi qarTveli politikosebi karg urTier-

TobaSi iyvnen sxvadasxva germanel moxeleebTan da maTi imedi

hqondaT. hitleris winaaRmdeg ganwyobili germanelebis

msgavsad, isinic fiqrobdnen, rom hitleri mudmivad ar iqne-

boda germaniis saTaveSi da misi Secvlis Semdeg germaniis axa-

li xelisuflebis politika Seicvleboda. meore msoflio

omis Sedegebi Zalzed mZime aRmoCnda qarTveli xalxisaTvis.

man axali erovnuli tragedia moutana qarTvel ers. omma mZi-

me daRi daasva qarTvelTa genofonds. omSi saqarTvelom,

procentulad, sxva respublikebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT me-

ti msxverpli gaiRo. jariskacTa umetesoba ugzo-ukvlod da-

ikarga, bevric Wrilobebisgan samudamod dainvalidda. saqar-

Tvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis mizniT, qarTul politi-

kur emigraciasTan kavSirSi eWvisgamo, uamravi qarTveli ga-

daasaxles an daxvrites. meore msoflio omis periodSi sabWo-

Ta xelisuflebis mier organizebulma migraciulma proceseb-

mac uaryofiTad imoqmeda saqarTvelos demografiul situaci-

aze. meore msoflio omSi germanelebis mxares mebrZoli qar-

TvelebisTvis 9 maisi damarcxebis dRed darCa, xolo wiTeli

armiis rigebSi myofi qarTvelebisTvis ki gamarjvebis dRed.


1. В. Карпов, Рассекречено внешней разведкой, Москва, 2003. 2. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, fondi 6,

saqme 56144.

3. leo kereseliZe, `22 ivnisi“, Jurnali `qarTveli eri“ (qar-

Tuli erovnuli komitetis organo), #1-2, berlini, 1943.

4. a. manveliSvili, `TeTrigiorguli moZraoba da monarqia,

wignSi: narkvevebi da werilebi, san-francisko, 1990.

5. noe Jordanias deklaracia-mowodeba saqarTvelos mTav-

robis yvela wevrisadmi, imJamindel SeiaraRebul kon-

fliqtSi frangul-inglisur blokSi maTi adgilis dakave-

bis Taobaze, saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, saistorio

220

centraluri arqivi, fondi 2113, aRwera 1, saqme 26.

6. aSS-is kongresis 1954 wlis moxseneba: `komunisturi ga-

datrialeba da saqarTvelos okupacia~ (qarTuli Targma-

ni), Tbilisi, 2008.

7. История Франции, т. 3, Академия наук СССР, изд. „Наука“, Москва, 1973.

8. uaxlesi istoria, 1918-1945 ww. (nakveTi pirveli), Tbili-

sis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi,

1988.

9. g. gabliani, Cemi mogonebani, Tbilisi, 2000.

10. rusudan dauSvili, qarTveli emigrantebi ucxour legi-

onSi, krebulSi: qarTuli emigracia, (grigol robaqiZis

saxelobis universitetis qarTuli emigraciis istoriisa

da geografiis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti, giorgi

maCablis fondi), 1/2013, Tbilisi, 2013.

11. ruseTi meore msoflio omSi qarTvelTa rolis dakninebas

cdilobs: ruseTis samxedro-istoriuli centris mtkice-

biT, meore msoflio omSi (ssrk-is mxares) 300 000 ki ara, 79

000 qarTveli daiRupa. aseTi monacemebia ganTavsebuli am

centris oficialur veb-gverdze, romlis mixedviT, meore

msoflio omSi yvelaze meti msxverpli rusma jariskacebma

gaiRes _ 5, 756 aTasi daRupuli. am statistikis mixedviT,

samxreT kavkasiidan yvelaze meti msxverpli somxebma (83, 7

aTasi daRupuli jariskaci), yvelaze naklebi ki, azerbaija-

nelebma (58, 4 aTasi) gaiRes. sinamdvileSi, TviT sabWoTa is-

toriografiis mixedviTac ki, meore msoflio omSi 300

aTasze meti qarTveli daiRupa. marto kraxiT damTavrebul

qerCis operacias (1942 w.) 70 aTasamde qarTveli meomari em-

sxverpla. ix. saitze: www.expertclub.ge. 12. bedi qarTlisa (istoriuli, literaturuli da samecnie-

ro Jurnali), #13, noemberi, 1952,

13. Salva maRlakeliZe, mogonebebi, masalebi gamosacemad mo-

amzada, winasityvaoba da SeniSvnebi daurTo viqtor rcxi-

laZem, gamomcemloba pegasi, Tbilisi, 2012.

14. rusudan kobaxiZe, revaz gabaSvilis `amboxi suli da mkbe-

nare kalami“, interviu rezo gabaSvilTan (26 maisi, 1968

w.), JurnalSi: istoriani, #11, Tbilisi, 2011.

15. rusudan dauSvili, 8 epizodi qarTul-germanuli urTier-

221

Tobebis istoriidan, gamomcemloba `raeo“, Tbilisi, 2014.

16. Г. Мамулия, Грузинский легион в барьбе за свободу и незави-симость Грузии в годы второй мировой войны“, Тбилиси, 2003.

Lela Saralidze Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Senior researcher scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

The Georgian Political Immigrants Attitude Towards the Countries

Involved in World War II

Summar On the basis of the archive and emigration pressmaterials the

relationship of political immigrants of Georgiawith the germans and the policy of other states, during the World War II, discussed in the article. After the forced sovietization of Georgia by the Russian Red Army, georgian politicians were forced to go abroad, and from there continue to fight to regain the lost independence of Georgia. At the beginning of the Second World War II, one part the the Georgian politicians thought that the German victory in the war would become the basis for the restoration of independence of Georgia. Bolshevik Russia's defeat in this war, for them it was very important. The work emphasizes that, one part of the georgian social-democrats, standing in the neutral position, during the occupation of France they refused to cooperate with the Germans.

The nation's sovereignty, democratic aspirations of the country's independence, it was the main reason for georgian political emigration, which was divided by certain political parties and national _ liberation movements and which were fighting on the side of Germany. Georgian politicians in exile had a good relationship with various German officials and their hoped. Similarly, anti-Hitler Germans, they thought that Hitler would not have been constantly of German government and Germany's new government's policy would be change.

The work emphasizes that, the events turned out otherwise. After the defeat of Germany in World War II, May 9, for Georgians, who fought on the German side was the defeat, while of the day was victory for Georgians who fought in Russian Bolshevik army.

222


istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profe-

sori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbi-

lisis saxelmwifo universiteti, ivane ja-

vaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis in-

stitutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis gan-

yofilebis gamge

nikita xruSCovis politikuri portreti

gavixsenoT, razec naklebad gvifiqria. sabWoTa reJimis

75 wliani batonobis dros `komunizmisken migvaqanebdnen~ ada-

mianebi, romelTa biografiaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom isini swav-

lobdnen teqnikumSi, institutSi, proletakademiaSi, umaRles

partiul skolebSi. magram ar iyo miTiTebuli rodis daamTav-

res [1, 212].

saerTod, ara Tu 20-iani wlebis saxelmwifo aparatis mu-

SakTa didi armia ar iyo inteleqtualuri, aramed 30-iani

wlebisa da Semdgomi periodis `aparatCikebsac~ `gayinuli~

azrovneba hqondaT.

amave dros yrilobebisa da konferenciebis delegatebic

ki ar iyvnen e. w. `axali kulturis~ matarebeli xalxi. mxedve-

lobaSi gvyavs suslovisa da breJnevis tipis adamianebi, rom-

lebmac 30-ian wlebSi miiRes ganaTleba. eseni iyvnen wiTeli

profesuris institutdamTavrebulni: mitini, konstantinovi

da maTi msgavsni [2, 21-22].

winaswari ganzraxviT da uzomod svamdnen alkoholur

sasmelebs molotovi, kuibiSevi, SCerbakovi... breJnevi, SCo-

lokovi da ramdeni kidev Cven ar viciT.

CamonaTvalSi Tamamad SegviZlia davasaxeloT rikovi, ka-

linini, voroSilovi, xruSCovi, malenkovi, bulganini, pod-

gorni. es maRali elita, magram ramdeni alkoholoki iqneboda

dabal eSelonebSi warmosadgenia [1, 366].

stalinis Semdgom xelmZRvanelTa tradiciuli marSi

grZeldeboda. kuncovos agarakze, sadac ukanaskneli ocdaaTi

wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda stalini, Rameuli drostarebi-

sas beladi xruSCovs gopakis cekviT abuqnavebda, rom mas, ra-

223

Ra Tqma unda, ar unda hqonoda odesme xelisuflebaze raime

pretenziebi da sxvisi nebis saimedo Semsrulebloba xelewi-

feboda mxolod [3, 287]. magram... stalinis gardacvalebis kvi-

raZals msoflio atomuri omis saSiSroebis winaSe idga. saom-

rad SemarTuli uzarmazari imperiis saTaveSi moeqca ara

Wkviani da seriozuli mmarTveli, aramed ubralo takimasxara

_ nikita xruSCovi. raSi mdgomareobda misi providenciuli

daniSnuleba? gana stalinis memkvidreebs Soris ar iyvnen mas-

ze Wkviani, eSmaki da gavleniani pirebi, igive molotovi, beria,

Jukovi da sxvebi? ara! maincdamainc `tingica~ xruSCovi!

saqme is iyo, rom mTel msoflioSi modebul komunistur

ideebs, beladobas, rogorc saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sauke-

Teso formas, gatrizaveba esaWiroeboda. amas ki, misdaunebu-

rad, yvelaze ukeT masxara Seasrulebda. xruSCovmac ar daa-

xana da erTmaneTis miyolebiT iseTi `kankanebi daurtya~, rom

es tragikulad moRuSuli da SeSfoTebuli kacobrioba jer

ironiulad gaaRima, Semdeg ki homeruli siciliT aaxarxara.

rad Rirda Tundac kremlis Sida intrigebis gamocdilebis

gadatana zesaxelmwifoTa meTaurebs Soris piradi uTanxmoe-

bis Camosagdebad, amerikisa da safrangeTis prezidentebTan,

eizenhauerTan da de-golTan cal-calke Sexvedris dros. an-

da, misi aRiarebiT, rom axalgzrdobaSi Rorebs mwyemsavda,

rom 28 wlis asakSi pirvelad gaigo `riTi iWmeva baleti~. mis

dros daiwyo komunisturi kerpebis devalvacia, anegdotebis

serialebi leninsa da vasil Capaevze, misi gaxmaurebuli `an-

globa~, roca daTvra da politbiuros wevrebs aSinebda, ga-

miSviT, atomis Rilaks TiTi unda davaWiroo. erTi sityviT,

marqsis naTqvami, kacobrioba siciliT emSvidobeba Tavis war-

sulso, im etapze nawilobriv sruldeboda... [3, 411-412].

nikita sergeeviC xruSCovi daibada 1894 wlis 5 (17) ap-

rils kurskis guberniis sofel kalinovkaSi, glexis ojaxSi.

bavSvobaSi mwyemsavda saqonels. zamTarSi dadioda skolaSi,

sadac iswavla wera-kiTxva, Tumca dawyebiTi skola ar daum-

Tavrebia [4, 15]. 12 wlisa ukve muSaobda qarxanaSi da donbasis

SaxtebSi. 1918 wels bolSevikuri partiis wevri gaxda. igi sa-

moqalaqo omis monawilea [5, 3]. samxedro komisris _ xruSCo-

visaTvis samoqalaqo omi dasrulda yubanSi. 1920 wels arCe-

ul iqna meSaxteTa ujredSi politikur xelmZRvanelad. 1921

wels donbasSi gaixsna `donteqnikumi~. teqnikumTan Seqmnil

224

muSfakSi swavla daiwyo nikitam, Tumca verc es saswavlebeli

daamTavra. amas xeli ar SeuSlia erT-erTi raikomis mdivnad

aerCiaT.

20-ian wlebSi ruseTSi, kerZod donbasSi meSaxteebi cxov-

robdnen barakebSi. aq, uzneoba da ukulturoba iyo gamefebu-

li, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo `muSebad~ qceuli glexuri fsi-

qologiisaTvis. guSindel glexebs ar SeeZloT esargeblad

qalaqis tualetebiTac ki. meSaxteebs ar hqondaT dabanis sa-

Sualeba, ar gaaCndaT TeTreuli, gamefebuli iyo loToba da

azartuli TamaSebi [4, 20, 21].

ukrainis delegaciis wevri nikita 1925 wlis dekemberSi

pirvelad Cavida moskovSi sak. kp. (b) XIV yrilobaze. sxva uk-

rainel delegatebTan erTad is taSs ukravda stalins, ro-

melsac pirvelad xedavda.

xruSCovi daawinaures saolqo centrSi. misi moRvaweobis

masStabi samxareoSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. doneckis orga-

nizacia partiis wevrTa ricxviT erT-erT pirvel adgilze

iyo kavSiris masStabiT. energiuli bunebiT dajildoebulma

nikitam ukrainis partiuli organizaciis saukeTeso muSakis

saxeli moipova. Tumca aSkarad ar hhyofnida ganaTleba. aseve

darCeboda saSualo donis muSakad, rom misive TqmiT `xelSi

ar Caegdo latariis bednieri bileTi~ [4. 21, 22].

1928 wels ukrainis kp ck (b) generaluri mdivani gaxda s.

kosiori. man xruSCovi, rogorc glexis ojaxSi dabadebuli,

muSad namyofi da arainteligenti gadmoiyvana saorganizacio

ganyofilebis gamgis moadgiled. sagulisxmoa, rom partiul

aparatSi dasawinaureblad upiratesoba eZleodaT im pirebs,

visac dabali inteleqti hqonda. cotaxanSi nikitas ukve gam-

gis Tanamdebobaze vxedavT. 1929 wels moskovSi gaixsna sam-

rewvelo akademia, sadac msmenelad Cairicxa xruSCovi.

akademiis pirvel nakadSi Cairicxa nadeJda alilueva _

stalinis meuRle. is airCies partiuli jgufis xelmZRvane-

lad. nadeJdasa da xruSCovs Soris megobruli urTierToba

damyarda. cotam Tu icoda, rom akademiaSi tramvaiT mosuli

axalgazrda qali stalinis meuRle iyo. xruSCovs bedma gau-

Rima, is xvdeboda stalins, yofila ojaxur sadilzec vidre

nadeJda cocxali iyo... winsvlas da gadarCenas anu `latariis

bednieri bileTis~ aRebas nikita aRniSnul movlenas uwodeb-

da [4, 23].

225

1931 wels nikita airCies moskovis baumanis raikomis pir-

vel mdivnad. 1932 wels moskovis saqalaqo komitetis meore

mdivania, xolo 1935 wlidan moskovis saolqo partiuli orga-

nizaciis pirveli mdivani.

1938 wlis ianvarSi jer politbiuros wevrobis kandida-

ti gaxda, mogvianebiT ukrainis komunistTa lideri. XVIII yri-

lobis Semdeg nikitas sakavSiro ck-is politbiuros wevrad

irCeven. omis periodSi iyo kievis samxedro okrugis samxedro

sabWos wevri. hqonda general-maioris wodeba. omis dros mii-

Ro suvorovis meore xarisxis ordeni [4, 41].

xruSCovma xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlisTanave anga-

riSsworeba daiwyo mkvdar stalinTan. nikitas kargad axsovda

moskovis qalaqkomis pirveli mdivnobis periodSi, erTi xis

moWris nacvlad, quCis nargavebis gaCexvis gamo rogor sasti-

kad datuqsa stalinma... isic axsovda, `agroqalaqebis~ mSeneb-

lobis proeqtisTvis datuqsul patara bavSviviT mozluqune

nikitas `Cemi patara marqsi~ rom uwoda da isic _ rogor daa-

bertya Tavze 1941 wlis oqtomberSi faSistebis `momlodine~

da SiSs atanil xruSCovs Cibuxi.

rodesac xruSCovma omis dros kievis dakargvis Sesaxeb

acnoba, stalinma hkiTxa: `Tqven adgilze niCbebi Tu gaqvT?~

nikita iqve mdgom frontis sardals daekiTxa da stalins upa-

suxa, rom niCbebi aqvT. `gamoarTviT niCbebi jariskacebs da

Tqvenive xeliT gaiTxareT samare, ukrainis garda, Tqven sxva

adgili ar gaqvT!~ _ mkacrad upasuxa stalinma da yurmili

daukida.

stalinisagan erTxel ukve Sewyalebuli xruSCovis Svili

lionia xruSCovi, romelmac sabWoTa TviTmfrinavi mtris

zurgSi dasva da germanelebis mxareze gadavida, wiTeli armi-

is sawinaaRmdego propagandas eweoda. stalinis brZanebiT,

specrazmma moRalate mfrinavi mtris zurgidan moitaca da

samSobloSi daabruna. xruSCovi daCoqili exveweboda stalins,

eCuqebina misTvis Svilis sicocxle. stalinma hkiTxa:

_ mexvewebi, rogorc politbiuros wevri Tu rogorc ma-

ma?

_ rogorc mama, _ iyo pasuxi.

_ ra vuTxra im mamebs, romlebmac sami da oTxi Svili fa-

Sistebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi dakarges, nuTu isini mamebi ar

arian?

226

politbiurom ganixila xruSCovis Svilis Sewyalebis sa-

kiTxi, magram lionia xruSCovi erTxmad iqna miCneuli qveynis

moRalated da sasamarTlos mier gamotanili sasjeli ZalaSi

darCa [6, 18].

1946 wels xruSCovma Tavis cxovrebaSi pirvelad imogza-

ura sazRvargareT inkognitod generlis formiT. specialis-

tebis jgufTan erTad is ewvia avstrias, ungreTsa da aRmo-

savleT germanias, sadac reparaciebis sakiTxi wydeboda. 1947

wels nikita ukrainis kp ck-is pirvel mdivnad iniSneba, 1949

wels ki ukve moskovis saqalaqo komitetis pirveli mdivania.

mis moRvaweobaSi daiwyo axali etapi. amave dros paralelu-

rad is xdeba sak. kp (b) ck mdivani. stalini bolo TveebSi im-

denad dauaxlovda mas, rom Tavis 70 wlis saiubileo sxdoma-

ze iubilaris marjvena xeli gadaxveuli iyo mao Zedunze, xo-

lo marcxena xruSCovze [5, 54].

stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg kompartiis yrilobas gansa-

kuTrebuli interesiT elodnen CvenSic da ucxoeTSic. Seic-

vleba raime sabWoTa kavSirSi? aseTi iyo mTavari intriga.

yvela eloda cvlilebebs, magram rac kremlSi moxda, birTvu-

li bombis afeTqebis tolfasi iyo. stalinis erTguli dele-

gatebisa da partiuli nomenklaturis winaSe specialur daxu-

rul sesiaze sityviT gamosulma xruSCovma daundobeli kri-

tikis qarcecxlSi gaatara axlaxan gardacvlili msof-lio

proletariatis lideri. man emociurad isaubra stalinis `pi-

rovnebis kultze~, masobriv represiebze, marqsizm-leninizmis

principebis uxeS darRvevebze... delegatebi sakuTar yurebs

ar ujerebdnen!

faqtia, rom 1956 wlis 25 Tebervals xruSCovma sasworze

dado Tavisi politikuri kariera da piradi bedi, radgan par-

tiuli xelmZRvanelobis umravlesoba stalinis danaSaulTa

gamoaSkaravebis winaaRmdegi iyo. isinic xom xruSCovTan er-

Tad, am danaSaulebis monawileni iyvnen!

aseTi gabeduli, emociuri da, amave dros, gauazrebeli

nabijis gadadgma mxolod xruSCovs SeeZlo. poloneTis kom-

partiis lideri boleslav bieruti yrilobis Semdeg moskov-

Sive gulis SeteviT gardaicvala.

xruSCovis `saidumlo moxseneba~ erTxans presaSi ar ibeW-

deboda, magram teqstma mainc gaJona dasavleTSi da iq udide-

si aJiotaJi gamoiwvia [7, 46, 47].

227

rTul viTarebaSi aRmoCndnen komunisturi partiebi da-

savleTis qveynebSi, maTi avtoriteti sagrZnoblad Seirya. ko-

munisturi albaneTis liderma enver xojam xruSCovs revi-

zionisti uwoda da saerTod gverdze ganudga sabWoTa kav-

Sirs.

magram moskovisaTvis saerTaSoriso TvalsazrisiT yve-

laze avis momaswavebeli mao Zedunis momdureba iyo, romel-

mac ar gaiziara kremlis axali politika. pekinsa da moskovs

Soris didi ganxeTqileba iwyeboda [7, 48]. `pravdaSi~ gamoqvey-

nda statia Cinuri gazeTis `Jenmin Jibaos~ furclebidan, sa-

dac aRniSnuli iyo, rom stalinis damsaxureba ufro metia,

vidre misi Secdomebi, da mravali maTgani gasaTvaliswinebu-

lia, ramdenadac isini amdidreben proletariatis diqtatu-

ris istoriul gamocdilebas, partiul wreebSi statiis avto-

rad mao Zeduns miiCnevdnen [4, 97].

miRebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad yrilobaze xruSCovis ga-

mosvla gadamwyveti epizodi gaxda xelisuflebisaTvis brZo-

laSi. aiRo ra xelSi iniciativa nikitam dartyma miayena sta-

linis iseT TanamebrZolebs, rogoric iyvnen molotovi, kaga-

noviCi, malenkovi, voroSilovi, miqoiani; romelTa yofna ck

prezidiumSi xels uSlida. moxsenebiT xruSCovma guSindel

`beladebs~ niadagi gamoacala, moamzada maTi xelisuflebidan

mocileba [4, 90].

yvelaze cud dReSi patara saqarTvelo aRmoCnda. xruS-

Covis pirovnuli zizRi stalinis mimarT saqarTvelosac ga-

daswvda. eqscentrulma nikita sergis Zem araerTxel moixse-

nia augad `beladis samSoblo~, rac uaryofiTad ganawyobda

qarTvelebis mimarT mTel sabWoTa partiul da saxelmwifo

aparats.

XX yrilobis dasrulebis Semdeg, sul oriode kviraSi,

TbilisSi 9 martis sisxliani dRe dadga. samwuxarod, msofli-

om maSin veraferi gaigo am tragediis Sesaxeb, romlis mTava-

ri Semqomedi xruSCovi iyo.

1956 wlis 30 ivniss skkp ck dadgenilebaSi `pirovnebis

kultis Sesaxeb~, xruSCovma ukan daixia. dadgenileba da misi

Sinaarsi, aseve formulirebebi ukan gadadgmul nabijs warmo-

adgenda XX yrilobaze wakiTxul moxsenebasTan SedarebiT. ax-

la sajaro gamosvlebSi nikita aRniSnavda, rom stalini iyo

udidesi revolucioneri da marqsist-lenineli da partia ar

228

miscems uflebas `komunizmis mterebs stalinis saxelis Sesab-

Ralavad~ [4, 97].

XX yrilobaze `bombis afeTqebas~ myisve detonaciebi

mohyva aRmosavleT evropaSi.

pirveli poloneTi iyo. es qveyana, marTalia, sabWoTa

kavSirma gaaTavisufla germaneli faSistebisagan, magram Sem-

deg TviTon aRmoCnda axali dampyroblis xelSi. polenelebi

iTxovdnen qveynidan sabWoTa jaris gayvanas. gansakuTrebiT

Seuracxyofilad grZnobdnen isini Tavs imis gamo, rom Tav-

dacvis ministrad moskovma polonelebs sabWoTa marSali kon-

stantine rokosovski dauniSna. igi warmoSobiT poloneli iyo,

magram mxardaWeriT am qveynis samxedroebSic ki ar sargeb-

lobda [7, 51].

1956 wlis gazafxulze poloneTSi muSaTa gaficvebi da-

iwyo. gaficulTa winaaRmdeg xelisuflebam Zala gamoiyena,

iyo msxverpli. politikuri krizisi male poloneTis mmar-

Tvel komunistur (poloneTis gaerTianebuli muSaTa partia)

partiasac moedo, romlis SigniTac b i e r u t i s sikvdilis

Semdeg liderobisaTvis brZola mimdinareobda. Seqmnili po-

litikuri viTarebis gamo poloneTis muSaTa partiis ck-is VIII

plenumze xruSCovi oficialuri miwvevis gareSe Cavida varSa-

vaSi. aerodromze daxvdnen oxabi, jer ganTavisuflebuli da

partiis ck-is SemadgenlobaSi kooptaciis wesiT Seyvanili

gomulka, cirankeviCi, zavadski da sxv. TviTmfrinavidan gad-

mosvlisTanave nikita muStiT daemuqra polonel xelmZRvane-

lebs da pirvelad sabWoTa generlebs miesalma. oxabma gabeda

da saxalxod misca SeniSvna xruSCovs: `poloneTis dedaqalaq-

Si Cven varT ufrosebi da maspinZlebi, amitom ar gvWirdeba

warmodgenis mowyoba~ [4, 107]. Semdeg iyo `sisxliani Semodgo-

ma~ ungreTSi.

xruSCovis fenomenze bevri daiwera da iTqva, magram bev-

ri darCa saTqmelic.

rodesac nikita iwyebda laparaks, TviTonac ar icoda

riT da rogor daamTavrebda. Tavis `oratorul xelovnebas~

pirvelad meuRlesTan scdida. rogorc Cans, coli erT-erTi

misi konsultanti iyo [8, 287].

xruSCovi Tavs iwonebda, rom axlos iyo sazogadoebis

yvela fenasTan. 1959 wlis zafxulSi soCaSi dasvenebis dros

werili miiRo orjer nasamarTlevi yofili qurdisagan. qur-

229

di Cioda, rom samsaxurs ver Soulobda, Tumca gadawyvetili

hqonda wesieri cxovreba daewyo. nikitam werilis avtori mi-

iwvia agarakze, esaubra da darwmunebulma, rom masze saTana-

do zegavlena moaxdina samsaxuri uSova da binac miaRebina.

mogvianebiT am `iniciativis~ gavleniT, razec xSirad lapara-

kobda saxelmwifos meTauri, kavSiris masStabiT daiwyo didi

kampania: naklebad mZime danaSaulisaTvis nasamarTleb patim-

rebs aTavisuflebdnen sasjel aRsrulebis dawesebulebebidan,

rasac mZime Sedegebi moyva.

nikita xSirad asaxelebda mweral viniCenkos, romelic me-

marjvene eseri iyo da antisabWoTa moRvawed iTvleboda. ro-

gorc Cans, man axalgazrdobaSi waikiTxa misi nawarmoebi da

arc icoda zustad avtoris biografia. inteligenciasTan ga-

mosvlis dros xruSCovi yveboda aRniSnuli mwerlis moTxro-

bis `patara pinas~ Sinaarss. moTxrobaSi aRwerilia, Tu rogor

sxedan cixis kameraSi Svidni... rogor akeTeben miwisqveSa

xvrels. gaakeTes xvreli, pirveli vin gaZvreba? xom saSiSia!

yvelaze didi saSineleba moelis mas, vinc pirveli gaZvreba.

aravis ar unda pirveli gaZvres. kameraSi aris yvelaze patara,

SeumCneveli, wynari patimari. romelsac eZaxdnen `patara pi-

nas~ da, ai, SesTavazes mas: `pina gaZvreba pirveli~, da pina

gaZvra pirveli, me viqnebi meTauri: Sen esa da es gaakeTe, Sen

esa da es...~ da gaxda maTi ufrosi. da, ai, mec patara pina var,

_ ganacxada xruSCovma, me var Tqveni mbrZanebeli.

am gamosvlis Semdeg dasavleTSi nikitas daarqves patara

pina. xruSCovi amis gamo ganawyenda, SeiZleba imitom, rom man

gvian gaigo, pina pinkusia, ebrauli saxeli. roca xruSCovi

moxsnes, dasavleT germanulma Jurnalma `Sternma~ am movle-

nas naxevari nomeri miuZRvna. igi ixsneboda xruSCovis uzar-

mazari portretiT, romlis zemoT ewera: `patara pina~ aRar

arsebobs~ [9, 13-14].

xruSCovi, rogorc TviTdajerebuli adamiani, Tvlida,

rom yvelaferi icoda [10, 96]. erT-erT mitingze man Tqva:

`marqsis idea _ es, ra Tqma unda, kargia, magram Tuki Roris

qons wavusvamT, kidev ufro kargi iqneba~. bunebrivia, norma-

lur adamians TavSi arafriT mouva azrad, rom marqsis ideeb-

ze SeiZleboda Roris qonis wasma.

gansacvifrebeli iyo xruSCovis survili, elaparaka xe-

lovnebaze ise, rom misi srulebiT ar esmoda. cdilobda aex-

230

sna, raa lamazi da raa uSno. ra aris mxatvari, romelic miis-

wrafvis komunizmisaken. ài rogori cudia ernst neizvestni~.

da bolos ipova, ipova da Zalian gauxarda. igi ambobs: ài,

ras hgavs Tqveni xelovneba: kaci rom Sevides sapirfareSoSi,

CaZvres xvrelSi da iqidan Sexedos, raa mis zemoT, roca

xvrelze viRac zis. ai esaa Tqveni xelovneba, ai, Tqveni pozi-

cia, amxanago neizvestni, Tqven xvrelSi zixarT!~ [9, 11].

nikitas inteleqts mkafiod gamoxatavs erTi magaliTi,

rodesac kremlis darbazSi gamosvlisas 650 adamianis winaSe

tribunaze mdgomma, darbazis bolo rigs mimarTa: `Tqven, rao,

ra kbilebi dagikreWiaT! Tqven, saTvaliano àCkarik~, ai, iq,

bolo rigSi, wiTelperangiano! ras ikriWebiT!

gvacadeT, Tqvenc mogismenT, Tqveni jeric mova!~ [9, 27].

1962 wlis dekemberSi leninis mTebis darbazSi xelovne-

bis muSakebTan Sexvedris dros sadilis Semdeg, roca Sesvene-

ba gamocxadda yvela miawyda sapirfareSoebs. pirveli Sesve-

nebisas sapirfareSoebSi ar gaumijniaT, Semdeg dayves: nawili

mTavrobisaTvis, nawili _ yvela danarCenebisaTvis. pirvel

Sesvenebaze yvela nebismier sapirfareSoSi Sedioda. da ai,

alovic Sevida sapirfareSoSi, dadga pisuaris rigSi; xalxi

bevria, dgas, ucdis da uceb uknidan esmis xma: `mibrZandiT

nikita sergis Zev, mibrZandiT~. moixeda ukan _ xruSCovi dgas,

yvela epatiJeba pisuarisaken, ase vTqvaT, adgils uTmoben.

xruSCovi ki: `nu wuxxarT, vidgebi~. alovi WoWmanobs: `ra

qnas? _ fiqrobs, _ dauTmos adgili? mliqvnelobaa. ar dauT-

mos _ esec uxerxulia~. nikita ki ukan dgas, xvneSis, erTi fe-

xidan meoreze inacvlebs.

vidre alovi yoymanobda, pisuari ganTavisuflda. man ga-

dawyvita principuli yofiliyo: ara, jer me, xruSCovma moi-

cados. dadga pisuarTan, magram, albaT mRelvarebis niadagze

instrumenti ar amuSavda. dgas, dgas _ ar SeuZlia dawyeba.

uknidan grZnobs xruSCovis sunTqvas, xedavs gaborotebul sa-

xeebs, romlebic mas misCerebian: ai, usindiso, dgas pisuarTan

da arafers akeTebs, xruSCovsac ar uSvebs. bolos moaxerxa,

daamTavra operacia, gverdiT gamovida da xruSCovma maSinve

daikava misi adgili [9, 9].

nikitas saerTod yovelTvis surda raime Seecvala. aga-

rekzec ki, sadac yovel kviras imyofeboda sawer magidas ad-

gils ucvlida [11].

231

ekaterine mesamed wodebuli kulturis ministri furce-

va, romelsac xalxuri gadmocema umaRles xelisufalTa say-

varlad miiCnevs, 1957 wels xruSCovis moxsnis mcdelobis

dros favoritis gverdSi idga. magram Semdeg `gadaiyvares~.

gamoiyvanes prezidiumisa da ck-is Semadgenlobidan. saxlSi

misulma venebi gadaiWra. gadaarCines da daubrunes Zveli

privilegiebi [12].

1961 wels _ XXII yrilobaze, rogorc misi monawileni,

aseve partia, xalxi uCveulo sanaxaobis mowmeni gaxdnen.

xruSCovma Tavdapirvelad saangariSo moxsenebis wakiTxvas mo-

andoma oTxi saaTi. Sesvenebis Semdeg kidev sami saaTi `mWev-

rmetyvelebda~. aseTi ram leninisa da stalinis dros ar ar-

sebobda. rogorc Cans xruSCovis droidan damkvidrda saSine-

li tradicia: lideris avtoriteti ganisazRvreboda mis mier

warmoTqmuli sityvebis raodenobiT.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, xruSCovi saerTod iyo lapa-

rakis didi moyvaruli da ybedi. is faqtorbivad aravis aZ-

levda laparakis saSualebas [8, 291], 192]. inteligencia mas

uwodebda `ivanuSka sulels~, `mesimindes~, `ybeds~ [8, 293].

sainteresoa, Seesabameba Tu ara sinamdviles mtkiceba,

rom TiTqos, xruSCovs qarTvelebis ayra da Sua aziaSi gada-

saxleba undoda? am sakiTxze Semdeg mogonebas gvTavazobs

devi sturua:

1962 wlis zafxulis erT dRes saqarTvelos kompartiis

centraluri komitetis maSindeli pirveli mdivnis vasil mJa-

vanaZis kabinetSi davyovndi. saRamos rva saaTi iqneboda, rom

awkarunda telefonis aparati `vC~. mJavanaZem yurmili aiRo.

ramdenime wamis Semdeg is gafiTrda, maniSna, momiaxlovdio da

yurmili ise Seatriala, rom mec gamego, ras elaparakebodnen.

im wamsve vicani xruSCovis xma (is im dros biWvinTaSi isvenebda).

_ TurqeTTan SeerTeba moindomeT? _ Rrialebda xruSCo-

vi. me CavCurCule mJavanaZes, eTqva xruSCovisaTvis, rom qar-

Tvelebs istoriulad ar SeeZloT hqonodaT raime gansakuT-

rebuli simpatiebi Turqebis mimarT, vinaidan Turqebma ZaliT

daisakuTres saqarTvelos erTi mesamedi, rom isini Jletdnen

qarTvelebs da a. S. mJavanaZem es yvelaferi uTxra xruSCovs,

magram amaod...

_ `vagoni podadim, viselim vas vsex kCertovoi materi!~ _

daiRriala xruSCovma da yurmili daagdo.

232

saqme SemdegSi iyo. Turme, xruSCovs, romelic biWvinTaSi

isvenebda, aCvenes mis saxelze dawerili werili viRac koree-

li iunis. es iuni, TiTqosda, mkurnalobda wyaltuboSi. hoda

es `miTiuri~ iuni atyobinebda xruSCovs, rom qarTvelebTan

saubrisas mas Seeqmna STabeWdileba, rom maT aqvT survili Se-

uerTdnen Turqebs da sxva amgvari abdaubda. iuns `miTiuri~

vuwode imis gamo, rom aseTi avadmyofi Tu damsvenebeli

wyaltuboSi ar aRmoCnda, imisda miuxedavad, rom general-

polkovnik inauris uwyebam saguldagulod `gacxrila~ saqar-

Tvelos es samkurnalo kurorti. es werili sakmaod uxeSi da

martivi provokacia iyo.

am gamoxdomis aqtiuri protestis gareSe datoveba aravi-

Tar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleboda. isev awkrialda `vC~ _ kvlav

xruSCovia. mas veRar icnobdiT. bodiSi mouxada mJavanaZes,

Tqva, rom odnav (?!) gacxarda, rom iunis werili `viedennogo

iaica ne stoit~ da sxva amgvari ram. Semdeg xruSCovma miiwvia

mJavanaZe biWvinTaSi...

xruSCovi mSvenier gunebaze gaxldaT. sadilis win nikita

da mJavanaZe curaobdnen biWvinTis ganTqmul auzSi. es auzi,

garda sxva RirsSesaniSnaobisa, gamoirCeoda imiT, rom karg

amindSi Rilakze xelis daWeriT zRvis mxares ixsneboda kede-

li da iqmneboda iluzia, rom curavdi Ria zRvaSi.

dRis sami saaTi sruldeboda, roca moirbina (politbiu-

ros maSindeli dacvis sammarTvelo) ufrosma general-leite-

nantma zaxarovma da xruSCovs uTxra:

_ nikita sergeeviC! moris torezi meuRliTurT Tavisi

rezidenciidan gamovidnen da aqeT moemarTebian.

es rezidencia ki auzidan 500-600 metriTaa daSorebuli.

mJavanaZe saswrafod amovida auzidan da gasaxdelSi miimala.

xruSCovi ki, viTomc araferi momxdariyos, dacuravda Tavisi

korpis rgoliT, TiTqosda zaxarovis sityvebi arc gaegonos.

ramdenime wuTis Semdeg movidnen moris torezi da misi

meuRle. frangi komunistebis xelmZRvaneli gamowyobili iyo

Ria feris kostiumSi, mis meuRlesac eleganturi kaba ecva.

Sewuxebuli zaxarovi eubneba xruSCovs:

_ nikita sergeeviC, torezi da misi meuRle ukve aq arian.

rogorc iqna, xruSCovma ineba wylidan amosvla. mas ecva sati-

nis Savi trusebi, muxlamde rom wvdeboda. aseTebs CvenSi

`foxnebs~ eZaxian. sruliad sveli, ise rom korpis rgoli ar

233

mouxsnia, xruSCovi daiZra moris torezis da misi meuRlis

mimarTulebiT. svelma trusebma gamokveTa xruSCovis qveda

tani. erTi sityviT, suraTi Zalian araordinaruli iyo. rom

ityvian, sasacilo iqneboda, satirali rom ar yofiliyo. ra

gaewyoboda! uxerxuli grZnobebisa da sircxvilis damRalavi

SegrZnebiT gavyeviT xruSCovs.

roca koxtad morTulebma moris torezma da misma meuR-

lem sveli, Savi satinis trusebis amara xruSCovi dainaxes,

Tanac korpis rgoliT Semosaltuli, Secbnen, albaT, Tvalebs

ar daujeres. magram, roca es am koloritulma `zmanebam~ maT

Tavisi xeli gauwoda, mixvdnen, rom zmaneba ki ara, savsebiT

realuri xruSCovi iyo [13].

yoveli axali `beladi~ ekonomikis mdgomareobasac axali

TvaliT uyurebda. magaliTad, 1953 wlis ck seqtembris ple-

numma aRiara stalinuri agraruli politikis sruli kraxi,

iTqva, rom politikurma Zaladobam glexobaze gamoiwvia sof-

lis Zalebis paralizeba. komunistebma uari ganacxades gle-

xobis miwaze mimagrebis praqtikaze. garkveuli Sedegebi am na-

bijebs cota xniT marTlac hqonda. magram isev moiwadines ga-

necvifrebinaT msoflio ìstoriuli saswaulis~ realizebis

surviliT. 50-iani wlebis bolos iwyeba soflis meurneobis

`komunisturi wmenda~, daCqarebuli moZraoba ìdealisaken~,

rac gamoricxavda piradi damxmare meurneobis `trivialuro-

bas~ [14, 244-245].

amerikis Sercxvenis saSualebaTa bejiTad ZiebaSi nikita

xruSCovma brZaneba gasca yovelgvari uaris aRkveTiT Seesyi-

daT kolmeurneebisagan mTeli rqosani pirutyvi. aseTi admi-

nistraciuli gziT man SesZlo sazogado mflobelobaSi gada-

eyvana ramdenime milioni suli saqoneli. magram siciveebis

dadgomasTan erTad gamoirkva, rom kolmeurneobebi da sabWo-

Ta meurneobebi mzad ar iyvnen maT dasabinaveblad da gamo-

sakvebad da garkveuli nawili dasaklavi gaxda. mas Semdeg

aRar darCa soflad aRarc Zroxa, aRarc xbo...

an gavixsenoT sabediswero dadgenileba cxenebis Sesaxeb:

isini gamoacxades muqTamWamelebad, sxvisi sakvebis mimtace-

beblad, romlebic arcxvendnen socialistur ruseTs uazro

WixviniTa da urmis WrialiT. magram aq saqme marto ùrmis

WrialSi~ rodi iyo. romeliRac karis laqiam CaurCula xruS-

Covs yurSi, rom Tu daklavdnen ramdenime milion cxens, amiT

234

uamravi sakvebis ekonomias gaswevdnen da amas daemateboda

muqTad gaCenili udidesi raodenobis cxenis xorci. axali

tyavi qamrebisa da fexsacmlis lanCisaTvis! da marTlac, aik-

rZala cxenebisaTvis sakvebis micema, isini amoiRes yvela sa-

xis saaRricxvo baraTebidan, anu gamoacxades kanongareSed da

kolmeurneobebi, surdaT maT Tu ar surdaT, iZulebulni gax-

dnen gaestumrebinaT cxenebi sasaklaoze...

axla dekoratiuli qalaqebi? xdeboda xolme, rom aseTi

Teatraluri cxovrebisaTvis adamianebs ZaliT, miliciis dax-

marebiT mierekebodnen Robis ZirSi midgmuli saerTo tuale-

tiani mravalbiniani saxlebisaken, amasobaSi ki mitovebuli

soflebi araperspeqtiulad cxaddeboda, ezoebs ZeZvi edebo-

da, radios boZebi iryeoda, Webi iqceoda... [15, 9].

stalinisagan gansxvavebiT, xruSCovi bevrs mogzaurobda

qveyanaSi. adgilobrivi xelisufleba sagangebod emzadeboda

nikitas Sesaxvedrad. maRaziebSi SemohqondaT farTo asorti-

mentis saqoneli siuxvis mosaCveneblad, oRond produqtebi

ar iyideboda, raTa giganturi rigebi ar gaCeniliyo [12, 330].

soflis meurneobis ubadlo `mcodne~ xruSCovi moiTxov-

da sakvebi balaxisa da sakvebi kulturebis nacvlad daeTesaT

safuraJe da Saqris Warxali. safuraJe Warxals ki Rorebs aW-

mevdnen. diax, imas, rogorc Rorebs, ise aWmevdnen Cvens sam-

xedroebs germaniaSi omis dros [9, 4, 5].

1961 wels sagarejoSi yofnisas nikita simindis `moyvanis

saidumloebas~ uxsnida qarTvel glexebs. giorgiwmindelma va-

no WiaberaSvilma veRar moiTmina da ayvirda:

`_ reebs araxunebs, ro araxunebs, eg jojo, maS magan un-

da maswavlos, `saCerqezoSi~ rogori simindi momyavs, rad min-

da magis lai-lais rom vismen aq, magan unda maswavlos Wkua?~...

[15, 20].

riazanis `gamocdileba~, romlis mixedviTac Tvlidnen,

rom mokle droSi SeiZleboda samjer gazrdiliyo xorcis

warmoeba aRmoCnda avantiura da riazanis partiis saolqo ko-

mitetis mdivanma larionovma Tavi moikla [10, 180].

msoflios momavlisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo XX yriloba-

ze kompartiis mier gacxadebuli qveynis sagareo kursis axa-

li principi _ kapitalistur samyarosTan `mSvidobiani Tana-

arseboba~. amieridan omi socialistur da kapitalistur sam-

yaroebs Soris fatalur aucileb-lobas aRar warmoadgenda.

235

daundobeli klasobrivi brZolis ideologiiT gaJRenTili

sabWoTa sazogadoebisaTvis es Teza sakmaod humanurad JRer-

da, mas dasavleTSic miesalmnen. Tumca am swor ideas momaval

wlebSi Tavad xruSCovma gadausva xazi Tavisi avantiurizmiT.

xruSCovma Tavisi mmarTvelobis dasawyisidanve daiwyo

`siurprizebis mirTmeva~ dasavleTisaTvis. misi pirveli Sex-

vedra aSS-is, didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis xelmZRvane-

lebTan 1955 wels Sedga JenevaSi. es samiti garkveulwilad

aSS-is axalarCeuli prezidentis duait eizenhaueris prezen-

taciac iyo. samitze mwvave dialogi gaimarTa natos Taobaze,

romelsac sabWoTa kavSiri Tavis winaaRmdeg mimarTul sam-

xedro blokad miiCnevda, dasavleTi ki _ mSvidobis garantad.

yvelasaTvis moulodnelad, sabWoTa xelmZRvanelma wamoayena

winadadeba... sabWoTa kavSiris natoSi gawevrianebis Sesaxeb.

`ramdenime wuTis manZilze dasavleTis delegaciebi gaognebu-

li dumdnen, _ igonebs gromiko _ eizenhauers gakvirvebisagan

kiseri kidev ufro daugrZelda. igi daless miubrunda da

masTan daiwyo privatulad saubari. prezidentis saxeze gaqra

misTvis Cveuli Rimili, romelic ase exmareboda mas amomrCe-

velTa moxibvlasa da maTi xmebis mopovebaSi. am winadadebaze

pasuxi verc JenevaSi da verc Semdgom ver miviReT. igi `noxis

qveS amodes~ [16, 359].

bolSevikur braxabruxs SeCveulma nikita sergis Zem ev-

ropelebis Tavazianoba da saubris rbili stili maT sisusted

CaTvala da Jenevidan moskovSi dabrunebulma Tavis Tanameb-

rZolebs ganucxada: `imperializmi sustdeba da istoriuli

momenti Cvens sasargeblod muSaobs~-o.

gdr-s saxelmwifo uSiSroebis ministri iyo volveberi,

romelsac daupirispirda xruSCovi. amis gamo valter ul-

brixtma ministri dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan gaanTavisufla.

dapirispirebis mizezi ki SemdegSi iyo: volveberma sabWoTa

kavSiris suk-is maSindel Tavmjdomares serovs gaumxila, rom

gdr-s xelmZRvanelobaSi prodasavluri niSnebi ikveTeboda,

rac winaaRmdegobaSi modioda saerTaSoriso komunistur moZ-

raobasTan. serovma aRniSnuli saubris Sinaarsi auwya xruS-

Covs. nikitam ki erT-erT sadilze Sexvedris dros ulbrixts

SeniSvna misca:

_ ratom aCerebT Tanamdebobaze saxelmwifo uSiSroebis

iseT ministrs, romelic Cven gvawvdis informacias YTqveni

236

partiis SigniT ideologiurad gansxvavebul Sexedulebebze?

es xom beriasa da merkulovis tradiciebis gagrZelebaa, ro-

melTac volveberi xvdeboda ormocian wlebSi moskovSi Ca-

mosvlis dros.

ulbrixti mixvda, rac unda gaekeTebina da maSinve moxsna

ministri àntipartiuli qcevebis~ gamo. mogvianebiT volvebe-

ri `xanZris dros~ dauRupa [17, 177].

amerikaSi vizitiT ramdenjerme myofi xruSCovi Tvlida,

rom am qveyanas Zirfesvianad icnobda. misi siurealisturi

vizitebis Sesaxeb uamravi ram daiwera da iTqva. gansakuTre-

biT sainteresoa nikitas piradi Tarjimnis viqtor suxodre-

vis mogonebebi, romelic mSvenieri iumoriT aRwers nikitas

eqstravagantul istoriebs.

magaliTad, niu-iorkSi xruSCovma sastumros aivnidan

mxurvale improvizebuli sityviT mimarTa gaocebul gam-

vlel-gamomvlelebs, riTac gansakuTrebiT Jurnalistebi gaa-

xalisa.

pirdapir teleeTerSi cnobil JurnalistTan devid sas-

kanidTan man iseTi Sou moawyo, rogoric amerikelebs arc da-

esizmrebodaT. Jurnalistis mokrZalebul kiTxvas, uperspeq-

tivo xom ar iyo aSS-is gakomunistebis sabWouri mcdeloba,

nikitam mrisxane tirada miayola: ìmis magivrad, rom me mismi-

noT, Tqven provokaciul kiTxvebs misvamT da TvliT, rom me

ZaRli var da mTvares vuyef. ara, me ZaRli ki ar var, aramed

udidesi saxelmwifos xelmZRvaneli!~ [18, 51-52]. ukve gaRizia-

nebulma Jurnalistma sabWoTa liders Semdegnairad mimarTa:

`Tu SeiZleba nu gvkmenT, Tqven Cven gvikmineT~. nikitam upa-

suxa: àra, es Tqven gvkbenT~. u-2-is Semosvla iyo Tqveni kbena.

aq saubaria 1960 wlis 1 maiss sverdlovskTan amerikuli mzve-

ravi-TviTmfrinavis `Camogdebaze~, rasac konfrontacia moh-

yva dasavleTTan. imave wlis 1 ivliss kolis naxevarkunZulze

Camoagdes amerikuli samxedro TviTmfrinavi rb-47 [19, 59].

xruSCovis gansakuTrebuli ganrisxeba iman gamoiwvia, rom

amerikis mxarem, usafrTxoebis mosazrebebiT, uari uTxra mas

sabavSvo `disnei-lendis~ daTvalierebaze. viziti kinaRam Cai-

Sala.

erT-erT did Tavyrilobaze nikitam pirdapir miaxala

Sekrebil elitarul sazogadoebas: `Cven Tqven dagmarxavT!~

gaognebul amerikelebs piridan buterbrodebi gadmoucviv-

237

daT. sabWoTa diplomatia karga xans cdilobda am idiotobis

dezavuirebas im konteqstiT, rom amxanagi xruSCovi, TiTqos

bukvalurad ki ar gulisxmobda amerikis damarxvas, aramed

socialisturi sistemis upiratesobaze miuTiTebda [7, 77].

amis gamo sabWoTa delegacia daajarimes 10 aTasi dolariT

wesrigis darRvevisaTvis [5, 159].

nikita mainc wamdauwum emuqreboda imiT, rom aCvenebda

maT `Кузкину Мать~-s (rasac verafriT ver Targmnidnen ingli-

surad), iwunebda amerikul arqiteqturas, holivudis kino-

varskvlavebis Cacmulobas da a. S.

Sou-biznesiT ganebivrebul amerikelebs nikitas es sigi-

Jeebi saocrad moswondaT. yvela Statis gubernatori da qa-

laqis meri TavisTan epatiJeboda sabWoTa liders. maT icod-

nen, rom nikitas gansakuTrebiT simindis mosavlianobis prob-

lema ainteresebda, amitom yvela am Temas ebRauWeboda.

bunebrivia, sabWoTa liders mniSvnelovani Sexvedrebi

hqonda prezident eizenhauerTan. molaparakebis erT-erTi

mTavari Tema berlinis krizisi iyo, romelic kvlav Zalas ik-

rebda. sadazvervo incidentis gamosasworeblad da pativis-

cemis niSnad amerikelebma xruSCovi kemp-devidSi miiwvies,

rac nikitam Tavidan sastikad iuara. ras niSnavs, amxela kacs

raRac fermaSi mepatiJebiano? mas Semdeg, rac xruSCovs aux-

snes, Tu ras niSnavda es, igi prezidents ukve inglisurad (sa-

Sineli rusuli aqcentiT) mimarTavda rogorc megobars _ `mai

friend~ _ magram, rogorc ki nikitas siyvarulis mozRvaveba

gauneldeboda, maSinve iviwyebda megobrobas: `Тоже мне май френд нашелся! Откуда ты взялся и на хрен мне сдался!~[18, 70].

1960 wlis seqtemberSi Tbomaval `baltikiT~ nikita niu-

iorkSi Cavida, raTa monawileoba mieRo gaeros generaluri

asambleis XV sesiis muSaobaSi.

is TiTqmis aTjer gamovida tribunaze. magram is, rac se-

siaze moxda, arc manamde da arc mere aravis unaxavs. mas raRac

ar moewona filipinebis delegatis gamosvlidan. nikita pro-

testis niSnad, fexebs abakunebda iatakze da muStebs urtyamda

magidas, rasac sabWoTa delegaciis sxva wevrebic imeorebdnen.

filipinebis warmomadgenels man `amerikelebis marioneti~ uwo-

da da Tanac sajarod daamata, `SeiZleba igi cudi adamiani su-

lac ar aris, magram aSkarad Tavisi patronebis davalebas as-

238

rulebso~. espaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri `sisxliani reJi-

mis~ warmomadgenlad monaTla. gansakuTrebiT ganarisxa nikita

sesiis sxdomis Tavmjdomaris, irlandieli bolandis saqcielma,

romelic cdilobda aelagma xruSCovis umsgavsoebebi: `aha, maS

Tqvenc mxars uWerT imperializmisa da faSizmis am vigindara

msaxurs?! mova dro da irlandieli xalxi Camoicilebs Tqvenna-

ir imperialist mCagvrelebs.~ rodesac xruSCovis SeCereba gae-

ros generalurma mdivanma scada, nikitam es sastikad gaikvir-

va: `rogor, Tqvenc Cemi winaaRmdegi xarT? me xom moskovSi gi-

maspinZleT da naviTac gagaseirneT!?~ [7, 78].

nikitam didi Secdoma dauSva, rodesac 1964 wlis maisSi

egvipteSi yofnis dros, egviptis umaRlesi jildos miRebis

Semdeg gamal-abdel nasersa da vice-premier amers sabWoTa

kavSiris gmiris wodebebi da leninis ordenebi gadasca. naseri

da ameri meore msoflio omis dros ara marto gamovidnen in-

glisis winaaRmdeg, aramed SesaZleblad sTvlidnen hitleris

xelisuflebasTan TanamSromlobas. am dros egvipteSi kompar-

tia Rrma iatakqveSeTSi imyofeboda, mravali komunisti devna-

sa da wamebas ganicdida [4, 241].

ra xdeboda am dros qveynis SigniT? xruSCovis iniciati-

viT stalinis neSti mavzoleumidan gamosavenes da axal kubo-

Si Caasvenes, nikitasve brZanebiT, generalsimusis mundirs eq-

vsi didi da Tormeti patara oqros Rili aaWres da Tunuqis

Rilebi daakeres, oqros samxreebi da gmiris oqros varskvla-

vic butaforiiT Seucvales kacs, romelic 30 wlis ganmavlo-

baSi naxevar msoflios marTavda [20, 16]. am SemTxvevaSi Zala-

uneburad gagaxsendeba rusi filosofosis aleqsandre zino-

vievis sityvebi: `mkvdari lomis Cawixvla virsac ki ZaluZs~.

1961 wels skkp XXII yrilobaze miRebulma partiis axalma

programam 80-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis sazogadoebas komu-

nizmis dadgoma aRuTqva. xruSCovma saangariSo moxsenebaSi

soflis meurneobis sferoSi gatarebuli reformebis Sedege-

bis warmatebebze gaamaxvila yuradReba.

magram ra... partiis axali programis miRebidan erTi wlis

Semdeg, 1962 wels fasebi gaizarda xorcze, xorcis produq-

tebze, rZeze. dadga 1962 weli _ qveyana ganicdis produqtebis

seriozul naklebobas. gaCnda grZeli rigebi purisa da rZis

SesaZenad. daiwyo `ucxo~ qveynebidan xorcis Semotana [21].

uamravi Secdoma hqonda nikitas sagareo vaWrobaSic. faq-

239

tia, rom 10 wlis moRvaweobis periodSi nikita aramarto ar

Sexvedria sagareo vaWrobis ministrs patoliCevs, saerTod

telefoniTac ar daurekavs [4, 248].

marTalia qveynis mosaxleobaSi xruSCovis popularoba

daeca, magram swored 1962-1963 wlebSi gaizarda ideologiu-

ri, agitacia-propagandistuli kampania misi gandidebisaTvis.

dacemuli stalinis pirovnebis kultis nacvlad xruSCovis

kulti mkvidrdeboda. yvelgan SeiZleboda wagekiTxad nikita-

ze, rogorc `udides leninelze~ da `mSvidobisaTvis meb-

rZolze~. misi portretiT iwyeboda saskolo saxelmZRvanelo-

ebi. fotoebi da portretebi TiTqmis yoveldRe ibeWdeboda.

ekranebze gamovida filmi `Cveni nikita sergis Ze~. aseT viTa-

rebas SeiZleboda kidev ufro daekninebina nikita, magram is

araviTar reagirebas ar gamoxatavda [4, 236].

1964 wels 9 Tve, 135 dRe nikitam sazRvargareT mogzau-

robaSi gaatara. amiT isargebla partiuli elitis jgufma,

romelsac a. Selepini xelmZRvanelobda moemzadebina nikitas

xelisuflebisgan Camocileba. `SeTqmulebi~ konspiraciis miz-

niT ikribebodnen yvelaze uCveulo adgilebze. ufro xSirad

stadionze fexburTis matCis dros. gansakuTrebul rols

akuTvnebdnen suk-is xelmZRvanels _ semiCastnis. mis amocanas

Seadgenda xruSCovis dacvis wevrTa Secvla [22]. gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba hqonda skkp ck meore mdivnis breJnevisa da Tav-

dacvis ministris r. malinovskis mimxrobas.

safrangeTSi saprezidento arCevnebis moaxloebasTan da-

kavSirebiT 13 oqtombers diliT nikitam agarakze miiRo fran-

gi ministri. am dros kremlidan dareka breJnevma da nikitas

gasakvirad plenumis mowveva auwya. aseve, daelaparaka mali-

novski. nikita mixvda, rom saqme kargad ar iyo. is skkp ck

prezidiumis sxdomaze dasaswrebad biWvinTidan, sadac miqoi-

anTan erTad isvenebda, moskovSi Camofrinda. nikitas aerod-

romze daxvda mxolod suk-is Tavmjdomare semiCastni da dac-

vis axali TanamSromlebi. amitomac iyo warumatebeli mfri-

navTan molaparakebis cda TviTmfrinavi kievSi daesva...

skkp ck prezidiumis sxdomas eswreboda 22 wevri. maT

garda ministrebi: gromiko da malinovski, aseve, saolqo komi-

tetis ramdenime mdivani. nikitas mTeli rigi braldebebi wau-

yenes da Tanamdebobidan gaaTavisufles. xruSCovis dacva,

mxolod miqoianma gabeda. pirvel mdivnad airCies breJnevi,

240

ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomared kosigini. 14 oqtombers gaix-

sna skkp ck plenumi. moxsenebiT gamovida suslovi. man aRniS-

na, rom bolo 2-3 wlis ganmavlobaSi nikitam xelSi aiRo mTe-

li Zalaufleba, romelsac borotad iyenebda. qveynis yvela

warmatebas da miRwevas sakuTar damsaxurebad Tvlida. araf-

rad agdebda prezidiumis wevrebs, Suracxyofas ayenebda, maT

azrs ar iTvaliswinebda. presaSi werdnen sistematiurad

xruSCovis `damsaxurebaze~. 1963 wels centralur gazeTebSi

120-jer iyo gamoqveynebuli nikitas portreti, xolo 1964

wels 9 Tvis ganmavlobaSi _ 140-jer. sainteresoa aRiniSnos,

rom stalinis portreti weliwadSi mxolod 10-15-jer ibeWde-

boda presaSi. xruSCovma Semoikriba naTesavebi da Jurnalis-

tebi da mxolod maT rCevebs ismenda. politikur procesebSi

CarTo ojaxis wevrebi. is yvelaze metad iTvaliswinebda Svi-

lebis _ sergeisa da radas azrebs. nikitam 40-ze met qveyanaSi

imogzaura, maSin, roca stalini ar gadioda moskovidan da

kremlidan [4, 245]. mas Tavi miaCnda yvela dargis specialis-

tad. ck-is mier momzadebul mraval masalas sakuTari saxe-

liT aqveynebda. xruSCovis utaqtobaze metyvelebs, rodesac

iaponelebTan saubarSi mao Zeduns `Zveli kaloSi~ uwoda, rac

cnobili gaxda CineTis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis [4, 248].

xruSCovis dacema saocari simSvidiT miiRo qveynis mosax-

leobam, xSir SemTxvevaSi Zalian ubralod. dasavleTis zogi-

erT saxelmwifoSi popularul figurad darCa. calkeuli

qveynebis liderebi da moRvaweebi Camodiodnen moskovSi da

acxadebdnen survils nikitasTan Sexvedraze. maT uxsnidnen,

rom nikita avadaa. magram es ar SeiZleboda usasrulod gag-

rZelebuliyo. dacemis pirvel dReebSi nikita telefoniT

mxolod miqoians esaubreboda.

`pensiaze~ gasvlis Semdeg erT dros uZlieresi diqtato-

ri saaTobiT ijda savarZelSi, xSirad cremliani TvalebiT.

rodesac moskovis erT-erT skolaSi direqtorma cnobismoyva-

reobis gamo hkiTxa nikitas SviliSvils: `ras akeTebs nikita

sergeis Ze?~ _ mowafem upasuxa: `papa tiris~ [4, 253].

xruSCovi gardaicvala 1971 wlis 11 seqtembers, magram

misi politikuri sikvdili ufro adre ganxorcielda _ 1964

wlis oqtomberSi, rodesac gaanTavisufles partiisa da sa-

xelmwifos xelmZRvanelobidan `asakisa da janmrTelobis

mdgomareobis~ gamo.

241

Jurnal `Sternis~ SefasebiT, xruSCovi iyo `Tanamedrove-

obis yvelaze enawyliani politikuri moRvawe, is ise wavida

scenidan, rom erTi sityvac ar uTqvams~.


1. Н. Зенкович, Тайны уходияшего века, т. 2, Москва, 1998. 2. r. WeiSvili, rkinis saxkomi, Tbilisi, 1992. 3. j. ioseliani, sami ganzomileba, Tbilisi, 2013. 4. Н. С. Хрущев, Рой медведев, Москва, 1990. 5. Cборник Никита Сергеевич Хрущев, Москва, 1989. 6. gazeTi `saqarTvelo da msoflio~, 2014, #29. 7. z. abaSiZe, civi omi warsuli Tu dRevandeloba?, Tbilisi,

2009. 8. Ф. Бурлацкий, Новое мышление, Москва, 1989. 9. m. romi, oTxi Sexvedra nikita xruSCovTan, baTumi, 1991. 10. А. Аджубей, Те десять лет, Москва, 1989. 11. Н. Месяцев, Надо его сдерживать, Комсомольская правда, 1988,

№18. 12. Н. Зенкович, Покушения и инсценировки от Ленина до Ельцина,

Москва, 1998. 13. gazeTi `Tbilisi~, 1991, 9 agvisto. 14. А. Ципко, О зонах, закрытых для мысли, в сборнике: Суровая

драма народа, Москва, 1989. 15. xruSCovi, breJnevi, elcini... Tbilisi, 1997. 16. А. Громыко, Памятное, книга первая, Москва, 1988. 17. А. Судоплатов, Тайная жизнь генерала Судоплатова, книга первая,

Москва, 1998. 18. В. Суходарев, Язык мой друг мой, Москва, 1999. 19. С. Кондрашев, Цели и средства, в сборнике: Никита Сергеевич

Хрущев, Москва, 1989. 20. gazeTi `saqarTvelo da msoflio~, 2016, #9. 21. О. Волобуев, С. кулешов, Так и не „проровался“ к народу,

Социалистическая Индустрия, 1988, 20 ноября. 22. Ф. Бурлацкий, „Мирный заговор“ против Хрущева, Литературная

газета, 1988, №17.

242

Avtandil Songulashvili Doctor of Historical scoencies, Professor, Ivane Javakishvili Tbilisi State University Ivane Javaki-shvili Institute of History and Ethnology The Head of Department of the Modern and Contemporary History

Political Portrait of Nikita Khrushchev

Summary

After Stalin’s death Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971), a low-level

Soviet politician, came to the power. Soon after he became aleader of the party, Khrushchevinitiated a campaign of 'de-Stalinization'. His speech at the XX Congress and critical assessment of Stalin’s rule was like a bomb blast. But bythe resolution of the CPSU "Personality Cult~ of June 30, 1956 Khrushchev had to depart from his pathos.

Nikita was praised for his work by the fact that in October 1964 at the plenary session, hewas pensioned off. This was the only occasion when a first secretary was removed from his position during his lifetime.

243

nino RambaSiZe istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis sa-


teti, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis isto-

riisa da eTnologiis institutis, saqar-

Tvelos eTnologiis ganyofilebis ufro-

si mecnier-TanamSromeli

eklesiisa da xalxuri sarwmunoebis urTierToba

saeklesio krebebis da istoriuli

dokumentebis mixedviT

winamdebare naSromSi SevecdebiT ganvixiloT, Tu rogo-

ri damokidebuleba hqonda oficialur marTmadidebel ekle-

sias im obieqtebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli tradiciad qce-

uli ritualebisa Tu wes-Cveulebebis da rwmena-warmodgene-

bis mimarT, romlebic xalxuri qristianobis saxeliTaa cno-

bili. SevecdebiT, miaxloebiT mainc, gavarkvioT Tu ramdenad

misdevda saqarTvelos mosaxleoba marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

mier dadgenil normebs, ramdenad da rodis iCendnen cvlile-

bebi Tavs, ras SeiZleba ganepirobebina misi rogorc ritua-

luri, aseve sxva aspeqtebis daknineba Tu aRorZineba. vinaidan

xsenebuli sakiTxi metad vrcelia da mraval aspeqts moicavs,

winamdebare naSromSi sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis krebebs da religiuri Sinaarsis

zogierT sigels ganvixilavT.

niko xizaniSvili aRniSnavs, rom mociqulebis mier da-

fuZnebuli saeklesio krebebis gamarTva II saukunis bolos-

Tvis yvelam miiRo, maT Soris Cvenc: qristianul eklesiaSi sa-

suliero pirebi weliwadSi erTxel mainc unda Sekrebiliyvnen.

misive TqmiT, saqarTvelos eklesiis pirveli kreba arCil me-

fis (413-446) dros, arqiepiskopos mobidaris gamo gaimarTa.

rogorc cnobilia, mobidars bralad edeboda marTlmadideb-

lobis Seryvna [1, 541].

CvenTvis cnobili saeklesio krebebidan mas mosdevs: an-

Cis (daax. 840 wels), javaxeTis (IX s. 60-ian wlebi), Rrtilas

244

(daax. 1064 w.), bagrat IV-is quTaisis saeklesio kreba (daax.

1058 w.) da ruis-urbnisis, romlis dadgenilebebis mixedviT,

rogorc Cans, eklesia oficialurad am periodidan iwyebs

zrunvas eklesiisa da rjulis siwmindeze [2, 75, 81, 93-94, 98-

105, 130, 131].

1105 wlis ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis ZeglisweraSi

vkiTxulobT, rom RvTis mier dadgenili rjulis da misi

wmindad, Seuryvnelad aRsrulebis mizniT `iqna qristesmoyva-

re da RvTivdaculi mefeebis mier RvTismoyvare episkopose-

bis da RvTis saTnoyofili mamebis krebebis mowveva drodad-

ro, rom saqmiT srulyofili sarwmunoebiT RmerTTan Seaer-

Ton qristianebi, romelTa mondomebas keTilad mihbaZa~ da-

viT aRmaSenebelma; rom `qarTvelTa ubiwo sarwmunoebas raime

biwi ar Sehxebia, es RmerTma nu qnas! ar gecruvnebiT Sen, Cve-

ni siwmindiT mSobelo wmindao kaTolike eklesiao! arc gag-

cemT Sen, Cveno siamayev _ marTlmadideblobav, romlisTvisac

arasodes gviRalatnia, rac misi Secnobis Rirsni gavxdiT da

risi mowmec WeSmaritebaa. es Sekreba moxda sxva saeklesio,

samRvdelo da saqristiano sakiTxTa ZiebisTvis~ [3, 466-467].

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, Zegliswera aRniSnavs, rom

saqarTvelos eklesia periodulad rjulis siwmindisaTvis da

misi patiosnad, Seuryvnelad aRsrulebisaTvis iwvevda saek-

lesio krebebs, romelTa dadgenilebebiT cdilobda aRmoef-

xvra gadacdomebi, rogorc sarjulo, aseve zneobrivi.

Zegliswera aseve aRniSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi qristia-

nobis gavrcelebidan 11051 [4, 106] wlamde sarwmunoeba Cven

marTlad, uRalatod SevinaxeT.

Zeglisweram kidev erTxel Seaxsena mrevls da samRvde-

loebas, rom eklesiis da sakurTxevlis gareSe arc naTlisce-

ma SeiZleba, arc gvirgvinTa kurTxeva; rom `mas, vinc samRvde-

lo piri ar aris, ar aqvs ufleba, iyos sulis ganmkiTxveli,

radgan mas jer Sekvrisa da gaxsnis ufleba unda hqondes da

Semdeg SeuZlia sulTa gankiTxvas mihyos xeli~. anu saeklesio

saidumloebebi mxolod nakurTxma sasuliero pirma unda Se-

asrulos; rom mrevlma jvari eklesiaSi unda daiweros da

mxolod eklesiaSi unda Sesruldes naTlobis saidumlo. mo-

1 isidore doliZe, ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis Zeglisweris Ta-

riRad 1103 wels miuTiTebs.

245

cemuli dadgenilebidan gamomdinare, rogorc Cans, XII s-Si sa-

idumloebebs arasasuliero pirebic asrulebdnen da naTlo-

ba-qorwili eklesiis gareTac xdeboda.

XV saukunis caiS-bediis Sekreba `mcnebaÁ sasjuloÁ~-Si (1470-1474 ww.) CvenTvis cnobili, manamd Catarebuli krebebi-

dan, pirvelad Cndeba muxlebi, romlebic exeba: marxvis gatex-

vas, uqmis darRvevas, marTlmadideblobis dacvas da sxvis-

Tvis mis qadagebas. aq wvriladaa aRniSnuli ra marxvebi unda

daicvas qristianma da vinc maT daarRvevs, an uqmes gatexavs,

maT RvTis risxva daatydebaT da yovelive moweuls Wia da

matli SeWams. aqvea aRniSnuli, rom SabaT saRamodan1 [5. 384]

orSabaTs gamTeniamde da paraskevs aris uqme. paraskevs ikrZa-

leba miwis damuSaveba. am krebis Semdgom xSirad vxvdebiT am-

gvar akrZalvebs, rac, rogorc Cans, problemuri sakiTxi iyo

CvenSi.

XV s. sabuTidan, romelic 1459 wliTaa daTariRebuli da

ekuTvnis cxraZmisxevis krebuls da mamasaxlisebs da aris sam-

Tavisis samwysos sakanono wigni samTavneli episkoposis gri-

golis mimarT, irkveva, rom CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT, mocemul samwysoSi qristianobasTan dakavSire-

buli problemebi arsebobda.

kudianobaSi da mkiTxaobaSi mxilebuls cxviris moWriT

(cxÂriT gaxeibreba) sjidnen da Tu Seinanebda, 2 ZroxiT unda

Seenanebina (muxli 6). kudianis damdaRvels 4 Zroxis gaReba

uwevda, dadaRuls ki erTis (muxli 7).

uziareblad amqveynad gaSvebul mrevlze xucesi 1 Zroxas

ixdida, xolo Tu man es ar icoda, 1 Zroxa patrons unda gadae-

xada (muxli 9). sxvisi xeliT wminda nawilebis gagzavnisTvis

mRvdeli gankveTiT isjeboda. Tu Seinanebda, 3 Zroxa unda ga-

daexada (muxli 25). Tu mRvdlis gareSe da wesis agebis gareSe

vinmes dakrZalavdnen, gadasaxadi 2 Zroxa iyo (muxli 11).

Tu vinme marxvas daarRvevda, 2 Zroxas ixdida (muxli 23).

Tu marxvaSi qorwils ise gadaixdida, rogorc xsnilSi, 3 Zro-

1 rogorc Cans, es unda iyos kviraZali. rogorc Tedo saxokia gan-

martavs, kviraZali niSnavs dros, romelic SabaTs saRamodan, loc-

vis zarebis rekvidan dawyebuli droa. SabaTis es darCenili monakve-

Ti kviris uqmis nawilia. mas igive Zala, siwminde hqonda, rogorc

Tavad kvira dRes. am drosac ar SeiZleboda saqmis keTeba, uSveri

sityvebis Tqma da sxva.

246

xas ixdida (muxli 24). Tu mRvdeli arcodniT vinmes `marxvas

aWmevda~, mas 4 Zroxa unda gadaexada.

rogorc Cans, XV s-Sic eklesiisa da embazis gareSec xde-

boda naTloba, risTvisac sasuliero piri gankveTiT isjebo-

da da sinanulis SemTxvevaSi, 3 Zroxas ixdida.

mocemul sabuTSi naxsenebi cxraZmisxevis da qsnis sof-

lebidan mkvlels sisxlis safasuris mesamedi samTavisis

RvTaebisTvis unda Seewira moklulis mosaxseneblad [4, 207,

208, 209, 1151].

1669 wliT daTariRebul wilknis RvTismSoblis samwysos

sigelidan vigebT, rom wilknel episkoposs, vinaidan misi sam-

wyso (sigelidan gamomdinare) ananurs zemoT aRar vrcelde-

boda, ananurs zemoT mdebare mTiuleTi arafers uxdida. si-

gelSive vkiTxulobT, rom xevi wminda ninos moqceulia. zaal

erisTavis brZanebiT wilkneli episkoposi romanozi gaemarTa

mTiuleTSi saqadageblad. episkoposis TqmiT, iq mas mcire

qristianoba daxvda. iyo ori xucesi, magram iqauri qristia-

nobisTvis marTlis wodeba ar SeiZlebodao. ar icodnen swori

naTlisReba, araferi icodnen didmarxvis meti da isev kerpe-

bis msgavsni iyvneno. didi ZalisxmeviT romanoz wilknels mo-

uqcevia mTiulebi. daudgenia aRsareba da embaziT naTloba.

mouSlia mavne wesi, rodesac mRvdeli eriskacs wminda nawi-

lebs aZlevda da es eriskaci garkveul pirovnebas sadme, ek-

lesiis gareT, aziarebda. XVII s. sigelSi romanoz wilkneli

mis Semdgom episkoposebs aZlevs rCevas da ubarebs, rom moiq-

cnen keTilad, aswavlon da uqadagon samwysos, ganamtkicon

qristianobaSi: `Tqvenve amceniT erTxel, orjer da bevr-

gzis[a]c; da vinc Tqveni sityva ar Seiwynaros, ganiyareT mtve-

ri ferxTa TqvenTagan da ubralo iqnebiT~. episkoposi roma-

nozi zaalis dros samjer yofila mTiuleTSi da ukurTxebia

`saydrebi~. sainteresoa, rom sigelis bolos sxva xeliT da

melniT amgvari minaweria gakeTebuli: `mTaSi Sesvla mamamTav-

risa da jvarismtvirTvelisa ar iqnebis~ [4, 553].

mitropolit anania jafariZis TqmiT, vinaidan XVII-XVIII

saukuneebSi (1632-1744), 112 wlis ganmavlobaSi, qarTl-kaxeTs

warmarTi anu gamahmadianebuli mefeebi marTavdnen, am faqts

tradiciuli _ saero-saeklesio erTobis, qristianobis dakni-

neba da erovnuli kulturis Tu tradiciebis aRmosavlurTan

Sereva mohyva. amis gamo mefem samRvdelo dasTan erTad Tbi-

247

lisis III saeklesio kreba (16.XI.1748) moiwvia, romelic `kanon-

ni~-s saxeliTaa cnobili.

krebis dagenilebebs Soris Cven sakvlev TemasTan dakav-

SirebiT Semdeg saintereso sakiTxebs vxvdebiT: episkoposebs

mieTiTaT, rom TavianT samwysoSi aRmofxvran `sakerpo saqmee-

bi~: grZneba (misnoba, kudianoba), meqereoba (qerze mkiTxaoba),

beWze mkiTxaoba, xis an sxva nivTis Tayvaniscema (muxli 17).

krebam aRniSna, rom `qristes sZlisa da dedoflisa eklesiaSi~

xilis an nebismieri saxis sakvebis mitana da Wama dauSvebelia

(muxli 18). aseve aRiniSna, rom samRvdeloebam unda izrunos,

raTa kviras da sauflo dResaswaulebze mrevli eklesiaSi da-

diodes (muxli 19). gansakuTrebulad da sruli ganCinebiT

aRiniSna, rom amas iqiT nuravin ikadrebs zvarakis, iqneba es

cxvari Tu sxva pirutyvi, eklesiis karibWeSi Seyvanas da dak-

vlas, zvarakis sisxlis karze da zRurblze cxebas, vinaidan

es warmarTTa saqcielia da ara qristianebiso. episkoposebs

mieTiTa, rom amgvari saqmis Camdeni ganaZevon eklesiidan, ro-

gorc qristes rjulis Seuracxmyofeli (muxli 27) [8, 310-315].

1768 wels mefe ereklem da anton kaTalikosma gamosces

cneba mRvdelTaTvis, romelSic mimarTaven episkoposebs, ra-

Ta maT mrevls pirjvris sworad wera aswavlon. 7 wlidan, vi-

sac SeeZleba, daawyebinon aRsarebis Tqma. aswavlon yvelas

zepirad muxlebiTurT `wmidao RmerTo~, `mamao Cveno~, `miwya-

le~ da `mrwamsi~ da marTmadideblobis WeSmariti aRmsareb-

loba (muxli 5). xolo, maT vinc ar iswavlis, mRvdelic, epis-

koposic ecados maT sawavlebas da nuravis Tavis nebaze nu

miuSveben (muxli 6). siyvarulis an siZulvilis jados mkeTeb-

lebma (`misanni an mwvalebelni~), qerze da lobioze mkiTxaveb-

ma an amgvari jados da mkiTxaobis maZieblebma, momxmarebleb-

ma unda Seinanon (muxli 22). vinc ar Seinanebda, ganCinebis mi-

xedviT maT arc qristianebi ewodebodaT, mRvdeli ver aRas-

rulebda maTTvis mRvdlobas. amgvar pirebs eklesiaSi Sesvla

da qristianebTan erT sasaflaoze dakrZalva ekrZalebodaT

(muxli 23). igive emuqrebodaT xeebis, Zelis, niSebis, Zeglebis,

ueklesio adgilebis Tayvanismcemlebs (muxli 24). xolo epis-

koposs, Tuki igi ueklesiod sadme amgvar xes, Zels, niSs,

Zegls naxavda, unda amoeZirkva, daewva (sawvavi dawos), raTa

amgvari sacduri gaeqro (muxli 25). am krebiTac, mkacrad ik-

rZaleboda kvira dRis da uqmis darRveva, gatexva, rogorc

248

wyaroSia miTiTebuli. am dros qristiani eklesiaSi wirva-

locvas unda daswreboda (muxli 26). xolo uqmis urCi dam-

rRvevis namuSakari unda daewvaT. glexi 40 joxis dartymiT

isjeboda, xolo is, vinc ufro maRali socialuri fenis war-

momadgeneli iqneboda, mas misi zemdgomi wesisamebr gansjida1

(muxli 28). mocemuli krebis dadgenilebebi sasuliero pirebs

mrevlisTvis eklesiaSi unda waekiTxaT da ganemartaT (muxli

35) [4, 872, 874-875, 876, 877].

1777 wels afxaz-imerTa kaTolikosi maqsime swerda udab-

nos mama iobs da erkeTis winamZRvars besarions miuTiTebda,

Tu ra wesebi unda gaetarebinaT samwysoSi. mkiTxavi da isini,

vinc mkiTxavebTan dadiodnen Tu saxlSi iwvevdnen, ganekveTaT

eklesiidan da ganeyenebinaT yoveli saidumloebebisagan.

mkiTxavi SeCvenebuli ariso. `da nurc mkvdars damarxven

mkiTxavs, aramed viTarca ZaRli gancofebuli, egreT Serac-

xon~-werda kaTolikosi (muxli 9). `eri srulebiT yrmiT da

dedebiTurT~ sayovelTao uqme dRes eklesiaSi unda yofliyo

(muxli 8) [4, 915-916].

Cven xelT arsebuli momdevno saeklesio krebebi, gasage-

bi da cnobili mizezebis gamo, ZiriTadad avtokefaliis da

sapatriarqo taxtis aRdgenas exeba. CvenTvis saintereso sa-

kiTxebi ukve kavkasiaSi qristianobis aRmdgen komisiis moRva-

weobasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

rogorc cnobilia, kavkasiaSi qristianobis gavrcelebas-

Tan dakavSirebiT ruseTis imperiam Tavdapirvelad `oseTis

sasuliero komisia~ Seqmna. ruseTisaTvis kavkasiis dapyrobis

Semdeg am regionis asimilacia erT-erT umniSvnelovanes po-

litikur amocanas warmoadgenda. saamisod mefisnacval a. ba-

ratinskis iniciativiT, 1860 w. `kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeli

qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoeba~ daarsda [6, 5, 13, 76].

ruseTi egzarqosis anu sarwmunoebis saSualebiT miznad isa-

xavda religiur safuZvelze qarTvelTa garusebas. saqarTve-

los eklesiis reformis momzadebisa da gatarebis procesSi

mTavrobis mxridan didi yuradReba eTmoboda sasuliero da

samisionero moRvaweobas saqarTveloSi, kavkasiis mTianeTis

araqristian mosaxleobasa da im regionebSi, sadac mTavrobis

1 dRemdea xalxSi SemorCenili rwmena, rom uqmis gamtexs naSromi

daewveba.

249

azriT susti iyo misi gavlena. sazogadoebis daarsebisas ba-

ratinski mTielTagan gansakuTrebul aqcents xevsurebsa da

osebze akeTebda. igi aRniSnavda, rom es `tomebi~ jer-jero-

biT neitralurebi arian, rogorc mahmaianobisadmi, aseve

qristianobisadmi. amasTanave, isini ruseTisaTvis Zalze mniS-

vnelovan samxedro gzas aRmosavleTidan da dasavleTidan

flobdnen. vinaidan es gzebi ruseTis uSualo mflobelobaSi

maSin ar iyo, baratinski mTavrobas saswrafod mouwodebda

`Tundac mxolod politikuri miznebisaTvis~ farTod gaeSa-

laT samisionero moRvaweoba am regionSi. samisionero sazo-

gadoebis wesdebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom misia miznad isaxavda

afxazeTSi, samcxe-javaxeTSi, aWaraSi, TuS-fSav-xevsureTSi,

svaneTSi moRvaweobas. sazogadoebis moRvaweoba saingilosac

da TianeTis mazrasac exeboda. Tumca, igi (sazogadoeba, ru-

seTi) aqtiur samisionero moRvaweobas saingiloSi erideboda

[6, 105]. es saqme, ZiriTadad politikuri mizezebis gamo (sain-

gilo im dros ar iyo ruseTTan mierTebuli) warmatebiT ver,

Tu ar ganxorcielda [6, 106-107].

ruseTis xelisufleba ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda TuS-

fSav-xevsureTSi qristianobasTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli

mdgomareobis gamo. 1829 wels saqarTvelos egzarqosi ioane

duSeTis mazris xelmZRvanelobas sTxovda eiZulebinaT fSav-

xevsurebi wmindad SeesrulebinaT qristianuli wesebi. manve

paskeviCs sTxova fSav-xevsurTa xatis msaxurebi (dekanozebi,

xevisbrebi) daepatimrebinaT, vinaidan misi azriT, isini abrko-

lebdnen qristianobis gavrcelebas. mTavarmarTebeli moerida

mTielTa gaRizianebas da maTi mxridan SesaZlo daumorCileb-

lobas, ris gamoc sasuliero pirebis moTxovnaze uari Tqva.

am mxaris gaqristianeba-ganaTlebis saqmeSi didi wvlili miuZ-

Rvis kaTolikos-patriarq leonides. religiuri faqtoris ga-

moyeneba saqarTvelos ruseTTan mierTebis saqmeSi vfiqrobT,

naTlad gamoCda svaneTis magaliTze. rogorc saTanado lite-

raturaSia miTiTebuli, rusi moxeleebi cru xmebs avrceleb-

dnen, rom svaneTSi qreboda qristianoba da mosaxleoba gamah-

madianebisken iyo midrekili. amis gamo, 1834 w. ruseTis mTav-

robam svaneTSi `misionerebi~ gagzavna. rogorc vladimer wve-

rava aRniSnavs, mosaxleoba misionerebs miuxvda WeSmarit mi-

zans da isini svaneTidan gaaZeva. momdevno mcdelobebic uSe-

degod dasrulebula, ris gamoc imperiis moxeleebi da isto-

250

rikosebi svanebs mahmadianobisadmi midrekil warmarTebad mo-

ixseniebdnen, romlebsac, Turme arc ki hqoniaT qristianoba.

1855 w., ukve damorCilebul svaneTSi, mTavrobam ramdenime sa-

suliero piri gagzavna. maT eklesiebidan jvar-xatebis da

sxva saeklesio faseulobebis gamotana, faqtobrivad Zarcva

daiwyes. xalxma maT amgvari sqmianobis Sewyveta moTxova. e. w.

misionerebma qristianobis ganmtkicebis sababiT, kvlav gaag-

rZeles svaneTis Zarcva. sof. ifarSi isini daapatimres. mxo-

lod didi ZalisxmeviT da gamosasyidiT gaxda SesaZlebeli

maTi ganTavisufleba. ukan dabrunebuli e. w. misionerebi av-

rcelebdnen xmebs, TiTqos svanebi mahmadian Crdilokavkasie-

lebs emxrobodnen da ruseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebas amzadeb-

dnen; rom, TiTqos, svanebma TurqeTidan mola da sxva agente-

bi miiRes da svaneTis adgilmdebareoba daaTvalierebines. si-

namdvileSi, svaneTSi qristianobis qadagebis saqmeSi didi

wvlili miuZRvis gabriel episkoposs (qiqoZes). 1873 w., sva-

neTSi pirvelad yofnidan aTi wlis Semdeg, gabriel episkopo-

si kvlav Casula am kuTxeSi, mouvlia sxvadasxva sofeli, Cau-

tarebia wirva-locva da uqadagia. v. wveravas Tavis naSromSi

mRvdelmTavris Semdegi sityvebi mohyavs: `svaneTSi Cemi pir-

veli Camosvlidan aTi wlis manZilze mosaxleobis zneobriv-

religiur cxovrebaSi garkveuli cvlilebebi moxda ukeTeso-

bisaken. svanebi TandaTan uars amboben TavianT winandel zo-

gierT Cveulebaze da sul ufro metad emorCilebian mar-

Tlmadidebeli eklesiis wessa da rigs. didmarxvaSi yvela sva-

ni marxulobs da mRvdelmsaxurebas da wirva-locvas aRasru-

leben mRvdlebi da ara maxvSebi, rogorc adre, Tumca unda

iTqvas, samwuxarod, isini jer kidev cdiloben Caerion saek-

lesio saqmeebSi. svanebis Cveulebani TandaTan rbildebian.

mtroba-mkvleloba, sisxlis aReba da a. S. sagrZnoblad mcir-

deba~ [6]. XIX s. qarTul presaSi iwereboda statiebi, sadac

aRniSnuli iyo, rom svaneTSi gavrcelebuli zogierTi wes-

Cveuleba Sors idga qristianobisagan, ris erT-erT mTavar

mizezadac ganswavluli, Rirseuli moZRvris aryola saxelde-

boda. vfiqrobT, v. wverava marTebulad aRniSnavs, rom erTia-

ni saqarTvelos daSlis da imereTis samefosagan svaneTis sa-

boloo gamoyofis Semdeg, am kuTxes veRar hqonda jerovani

urTierToba verc sazRvars gareT mdebare sasuliero kereb-

Tan, verc qveynis SigniT mdebare centrebTan; rom `svaneTis

251

cxovrebis saerTo daqveiTebam~ eklesiis cxovrebazec uaryo-

fiTad imoqmeda, Tumca, iseT mZime periodSic ki rogoricaa

XVII-XVIIIss., qristianoba ar Seryeulao. amis magaliTad wvera-

vas `svaneTis saeklesio krebaTa meore matiane~ mohyavs.

rac Seexeba aWaras, am kuTxeSi misionerul moRvaweobas

ruseTi ar Cqarobda. 1888 w. egzarqos paladis mier aWaraSi

viTarebis gasarkvevad gagzavnili wm. ambrosi xelaia mas

swerda, rom baTumisa da arTvinis olqis axladSemoerTebuli

qarTvelebi jer kidev iyvnen faruli qristianebi, Cumad lo-

culobdnen, Zvel adaT-wesebs asrulebdnen da maTi gaqristi-

aneba rTuli ar iqneboda. amis miuxedavad, qristianobis ga-

mavrcelebel sazogadoebas da egzarqoss ar umoqmedia. mahma-

dian qarTvelTa TurqeTSi nebiT gadasaxlebis vadis amowur-

visa (1882 w.) da 1886 w. ruseT-TurqeTis sazRvris Caketvis

Semdeg, ruseTi baTumis olqis qarTveli mahmadianebis gaqris-

tianebas Seudga. samisionero saqmianobis dawyebamde, quTaisis

general-gubernatorma 1885 w. baTumSi aleqsandre nevelis

saxelobis eklesia aaSena, rac, misi TqmiT, ruseTis saqarTve-

loze gamarjvebis simbolo iyo erTi mxriv da meore mxriv,

mas rusebisa da sxva erebis gaqarTvelebisTvis unda SeeSala

xeli. 1889 w. egzarqosma paladim aWaraSi qristianobis gasav-

rceleblad `sagangebo komiteti~ Seqmna. mecnierTa azriT, am

komitetis saqmianoba unayofo iyo da man veravin ver gaaqris-

tiana. es ki imis Sedegi iyo, rom ruseTis xelisuflebam qar-

Tveli misionerebis pozitiuri saqmianoba erovnuli sulis

gamoRviZebis SiSiT Secvala [6, 12, 73-74, 77, 116, 118-121, 125,

123-128, 130].

XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze, xalxuri da oficialuri

sarwmunoebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs, rasac faqtobrivad

qristianobis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis saqmianoba gas-

devda fonad, mravali publikacia, gansxvavebuli Sexedulebe-

bi da polemika moyva. sazogadoebrivi azri, ZiriTadad, orad

gaiyo. isini, vinc xalxur sarwmunoebaSi warmarTobis kvals

da isini, vinc qristianobis kvals da erovnul suls xedavda.

amgvari poziciis magaliTad pirvel yovlisa, gvinda moviyva-

noT vaJa-fSavelas cnobili publicisturi werili: `episkopos

antonis azri fSav-xevsurTa sarwmunoebaze~. 1912 wels epis-

koposma antonma (giorgaZe) imogzaura fSav-xevsureTSi da sa-

suliero mTavrobas moaxsena, rom adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi

252

warmarTebi da kerpTayvanismcemlebi arian da rom saWiroa

maTSi qritianobis xelaxla gavrceleba moZravi eklesiebis

meSveobiT. vaJa-fSavela ar iziarebs episkoposis azrs da aR-

niSnavs, rom Tu meufe fiqrobs, rom fSav-xevsurebi imitom

arian warmarTebi da kerpTayvanismcemlebi, rom xatebs locu-

loben, es xatebi wmindanebis saxelobisaa da rom mTis salo-

cavebi Zveli eklesiebis nangrevebia. vaJas TqmiT, saklavi

marto fSav-xevsurebis salocavebSi ar ikvleba. igive xdeba

mag. kaxeTis `soboroebSi~ (TeTri giorgi, alaverdi). warmar-

Toba arc imaSi SeiniSneba, rom xevisbrebi qarTvel mefeTa mi-

er Sewiruli TasebiT svamen luds da Rvinos. xatobebis mos-

poba eris sulieri sicocxlis mospobaa, warsulTan kavSiris

gawyveta; rom ZaliT mxolod sarwmunoebis forma SeiZleba

SeaTvisebino adamians, marTlmorwmuned ki ver gaxdi. JamTa

viTarebis gamo dRes saqarTvelos arcerT kuTxeSi namdvili

eklesia ar ariso _ iqve ambobs igi. eklesia gamoixateba for-

maSi da sasuliero piri mxolod wesebs asrulebs. mRvdlebi

am kuTxeSi saeklesio wesebs asruleben, rasac xalxi Tavadac

Txoulobs. iq, sadac warmarTuli socialuri pirobebia, daRi

esmeba marTlmadideblobas. amdenad, arc qarTvelebi da arc

rusebi namdvili marTlmadideblebi ar arian. marTlmadideb-

loba Tu zneobrivi cxovrebis wesia, sisxlis samarTlis dana-

Sauli yvelaze naklebi TianeTis mazraSia, sadac umravlesoba

fSav-xevsurebi arian-wers vaJa. anu im kuTxeSi, sadac xalxi

episkoposma warmarTebad Seracxa. poetisve TqmiT, episkopos

antonis gankarguleba, mRvdlebma xalxs xatobebSi saklavi,

ludi da Sesawiri ar ukurTxono, ufro daaSorebs mRvdlebs

xalxs. ratom miaqvs sinodalur kantoras kerpTayvanismcem-

lobidan Semosuli fuli (xatebSi gayiduli tyavebi, xorci an

fuladi Sewiruloba)? _ kiTxulobs vaJa-fSavela. xatobebSi

saklavis dakvlis wesis Secvla drois saqmea. SesaZloa es wesi

qalaqebis sayasboebSic Seicvalos, rac mRvdelTaTvis ar un-

da iyos sasiamovnoo _ dasZens igi. vaJasave TqmiT, episkopos

antonamde am mxareSe imyofeboda episkoposi leonide, romel-

sac fSav-xevsurebi warmarTebad ar miuCneviao [7, 357-360].

253

daskvna

saeklesio krebebis, ganCinebebis Tu sabuTebis mixedviT,

XII saukunidan, rac gansakuTrebiT XV, XVII, XVIII saukuneebSi

gaZlierda, ikveTeba Semdegi saxis problemebi: marxvis da uq-

me dReebis arSenaxva, naTloba-qorwinebis eklesiis gareT

uembazod Sesruleba, kudianoba, mkiTxaoba, xeTa, ZelTa, Zeg-

lTa, ueklesio adgilTa Tayvaniscema, Sesawiris eklesiis

ezoSi dakvla da misi sisxlis karze, zRurblze wasma.

XVIII s. krebebSi gamoCnda beWze mkiTxaoba, xis an sxva niv-

Tis Tayvaniscema, xilis an nebismieri saxis sakvebis mitana da

Wama eklesiaSi, zvarakis, iqneba es cxvari Tu sxva pirutyvi,

eklesiis karibWeSi Seyvana da dakvla, zvarakis sisxlis ekle-

siis karze da zRurblze cxeba. episkoposebs mieTiTaT, rom

amgvari saqmeebis Camdenni ganaZevon eklesiidan, rogorc

qristes rjulis Seuracxmyofelebi. aseve mieTiTaT, mrevls

pirjvris sworad wera aswavlon. 7 wlidan, visac SeeZleba,

daawyebinon aRsarebis Tqma. aswavlon yvelas zepirad muxle-

biTurT `wmidao RmerTo~, `mamao Cveno~, `miwyale~, `mrwamsi~

da marTlmadideblobis WeSmariti aRmsarebloba. mkiTxavebi,

meqereebi, melobieebi, siyvarulis Tu siZulvilis jados mke-

Teblebi, maTi saxlSi momyvanni an maTTan mimsvlelni, romle-

bic TavianT saqciels ar moinaniebdnen, unda gankveTiliyvnen

eklesiidan. maTze yovelgvari mRvdelmsaxurebis aRsruleba

ikrZaleboda da arc qristianebis gverdze SeiZleboda maTi

dakrZalva. uqmis urCi damrRvevis namuSakari ganCinebiT unda

damwvariyo. aseve cecxls unda miscemoda xis, Zelis da sxv.

sakulto obieqti.

kavkasiaSi da saqarTveloSi qistianobis aRmdgeni komisia,

raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, marTlmadideblobis e. w. gav-

rcelebas politikur, dapyrobiT miznebs uqvemdebarebda. erTi

mxriv, cdilobda mosaxleoba religiuri faqtoris moSveliebiT

gaerusebina da meore mxriv, srulad mieerTebina xsenebuli re-

gionebi ruseTisTvis. aqtiurad ebrZoda xalxur sarwmunoebas.

faqtobrivad, am sazogadoebis moRvaweoba antierovnul, Tavi-

suflebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul saqmianobad iyo miCneuli.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebidan ideologiisa da Se-

sabamisad xelisuflebis mTavar samizned oficialuri sarwmu-

noeba aRmoCda. amis mizezi ki ZiriTadad axali wyobis aTeis-

254

turi ideologia unda yofiliyo. amgvar pirobebSi xalxur

sarwmunoebas metad miekra warmarTobis iarliyi. misi Seswav-

lac am kuTxiT gaxda SesaZlebeli. SesaZloa paradoqsuladac

ki JRerdes, magram amgvarma, xelisuflebis mxridan stereo-

tipulma midgomam gaxada SesaZlebeli xalxuri rwmena-war-

modgenebis garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, garkveuli saxiT

SenarCuneba.

vfiqrobT, saeklesio krebebisa da sabuTebis mixedviT,

qristianobasTan dakavSirebiT gaCenili problemebi pirdapir

kavSirSi unda iyos qveyanis politikur viTarebasa da misgan

gamomdinare Seqmnil sirTuleebTan.


1. niko xizaniSvili, rCeuli iuridiuli nawerebi, mecniereba,

Tbilisi, 1982.

2. mitropoliti anania jafariZe, saqarTvelos saeklesio

krebebi, wigni II, mimdinare krebebi IV-XVII ss., gamomcemlo-

ba `merani-3~, Tbilisi, 2003.

3. ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis Zegliswera (1105 w.) (ka-

nonebi), saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari 1987, saqarTve-

los sapatriarqo, Tbilisi, 1987.

4. i. doliZe, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III, gamomcem-

loba `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 1970. 5. T. saxokia, qarTuli xatovani sityva-Tqmani, merani, Tbili-

si, 1979. 6. v. wverava, saqarTvelos saegzarqosos samisionero moRva-

weoba XIX saukuneSi, quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetis

gamomcemloba, quTaisi, 2003. 7. vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, ga-

momcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1964. 8. mitropoliti anania jafariZe, saqarTvelos saeklesio

krebebi, wigni I, sakanonmdeblo krebebi XII-XX ss., gamo-

mcemloba `merani-3~, Tbilisi, 2003.

255

Nino Ghambashidze Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, senior scientist-researcher of the Department of Ethnology of Georgia

Relations of Church and the Folk Religion According to the Georgian

Church Councils and Some Historical Documents

Summary According to the Georgian Church councils, prescriptions or

documents, the problems of observing Orthodox Christian rituals and rights occurred since the 12th century, and especially in the 15th, 17th, 18th centuries. These problems were: observation of the fast and fest days, performing baptism and wedding out of church, baptism without font, witchcraft, fortunetelling, veneration of trees, wooden poles, monuments, sites without churches, slaughtering sacrificial animals within the church yards and putting the blood of the sacrificial animal on the door or threshold.

According to the 18th century church councils bishops were instructed that those who will commit above mentioned transgressions have to be excommunicated from the church as the offenders of the God’s law. According to the mentioned councils clergy was instructed to teach the congregation how to make a cross sign in a right way and since the age of seven, who will be able, start confessing. They also were instructed to teach everybody by hart fallowing prayers: The Lord’s Prayer, Jesus Prayer, The Creed and of course, correct confession of the Orthodoxy. All kinds of fortunetellers and magicians, those who invite them at home or who visit them and do not transgress their deed should be excommunicated and all kinds of sacraments and services were forbidden for them. They also were forbidden to be buried together with Christians. Those who were not observing feast days and work, all they did on these feast days should have been burnt. All kinds of wooden or other kind of cult objects should have been burnt as well.

Committee of restoring Christianity in the Caucasus and Georgia with the help of “spreading” Orthodox Christianity carried out Russia’s policy in the region. From the one hand it tried to Russify population with the help of religion and on the other to rejoin the region to Russia

256

completely. The committee was actively fighting against the folk religion. In fact, the activity of this committee was evaluated as the anti- national and against independence.

After the atheistic Soviet rule establishment the official religion became the main target of the ideology and the government. The folk religion was announced as Paganism. As so called “Paganism” was not official Christianity, for some times it made possible to maintain folk religious rituals and traditions and on the other hand, to studies them.

In our opinion the difficulties in the relationship of the official and folk religion were the result of the political difficulties that took place in the history of the country, as these difficulties hindered the activities of the church and thus, the relations with congregation.

257

irina arabiZe




nologiis institutis axali da uaxloesi

istoriis ganyofilebis mecnier-Tanam-

Sromeli

agraruli reformis asaxva saqarTvelos

eklesia-monastrebis mdgomareobaze

(1917-1920 ww.)

1917 wlis TebervalSi ruseTis imperiaSi TviTmpyrobe-

lobis damxobis Semdeg revoluciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes

amocanas agraruli reformis ganxorcieleba warmoadgenda.

droebiT mTavrobas surda, glexobisTvis revoluciis sargeb-

lianoba rac SeiZleba mokle droSi eCvenebina, Tumca miwis

sakiTxis saboloo gadawyvetas damfuZnebel krebas ukavSireb-

da da mis mowvevamde kanonebis damtkicebas aWianurebda. dam-

fuZnebeli krebis mowvevis dagvianeba da miwis sakiTxis gadaw-

yvetis Seferxeba glexebis mxridan memamuleTa miwebis data-

cebis gaxSirebas iwvevda.

1917 w. 25 oqtombris (7 noemberi) Semdeg, roca ruseTSi

bolSevikebma droebiTi mTavroba daamxes da xelisuflebis

saTaveSi movidnen, amierkavkasia ruseTs Camocilda. droebiTi

mTavrobis mier daniSnul amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebul komi-

tets uflebamosileba Seuwyda da samxareo xelisufleba amier-

kavkasiis komisariatis xelSi gadavida [1, 15].

amierkavkasiis komisariatis mier 1917 w. 16 dekembers mi-

Rebuli kanoniT saxazino, yofili saufliswulo, saeklesio,

samonastro, iuridiul da kerZo pirTa kuTvnili mamulebidan

gansazRvrul normaze zemoT CamorTmeul miwebs amierkavkasi-

is saadgilmamulo fondi unda Seedgina. am fondidan nakveTe-

bi umiwawylo da mciremiwian glexTa Soris gasanawileblad

amierkavkasiis, sagubernio, saolqo an erovnul-teritoriul

saadgilmamulo komitetebs unda gadascemoda.

TiToeuli mesakuTrisaTvis dasatovebeli miwis norma

1917 wlis 16 dekembris debulebiT gansazRvruli ar iyo. igi

saadgilmamulo komitetebs gasanawilebeli miwis raodenobis

258

garkvevis Semdeg unda daedginaT [2, 108]. aRniSnuli kanonis

arasrulyofili xasiaTi amierkavkasiis maSindel mmarTvel

partiebs (qarTuli _ social-demokratiuli, somxuri _ daSnak-

cuTuni, azerbaijanuli _ musavaturi) Soris arsebuli winaaR-

mdegobebiT iyo ganpirobebuli [3, 297-298]. aRsaniSnavia isic,

rom ruseTSi bolSevikebis xelisuflebis damxobis da damfuZ-

nebeli krebis mowvevis molodini amierkavkasiis samxareo xeli-

suflebaSi isev arsebobda.

mesakuTreTaTvis dasatovebeli miwis norma amierkavkasi-

is seimma gansazRvra. 1918 wlis 7 martis kanoniT im regioneb-

Si, sadac Zvirfasi kulturebi mohyavdaT, mflobels 7 dese-

tina miwa rCeboda; marcvleuli kulturebis raionebSi _ 15,

mesaqonleobis raionebSi ki _ 40. normis farglebSi ezo da

kar-midamoc Sedioda [2, 111].

sagubernio da saolqo saadgilmamulo komitetebs ufle-

ba hqondaT, adgilobrivi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mesa-

kuTrisaTvis normis zemoT daetovebinaT I kategoriis miwis

CamorTmevisas 10 desetinamde, II kateg. SemTxvevaSi _ 20-mde

da III kategoriis SemTxvevaSi _ 50-mde miwa [2, 111].

reformis ganxorcieleba miwaTmoqmedebis saqmeTa

ministr noe xomeriks daevala. miwebis miReba saadgilmamulo

komitetebis mier arCeul komisiebs unda ewarmoebinaT.

saadgilmamulo reformis gatarebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis

gaweva kanoniT 8 Tvidan 1 wlamde da 4 Tvemde patimrobiT is-

jeboda an _ yovelgvar gansakuTrebul uflebaTa CamorTme-

viT da 1-dan 4 wlamde gamasworebel razmSi gagzavniT an _

yovelgvar uflebaTa CamorTmeviT da 1-dan 4 wlamde kator-

RaSi muSaobiT. es sasjeli winaaRmdegobis gawevis dros Cade-

nili danaSaulis gamo SeiZleboda kidev damZimebuliyo [2,

112].

aRniSnuli kanoniT dasarigebeli miwis odenoba da sa-

kuTrebis forma gansazRvruli ar iyo.

reformis srulad ganxorcieleba usaTuod moiTxovda

umiwawylo da mciremiwian glexTa raodenobis dadgenas. amas

garda, amierkavkasiis sami respublikisaTvis erTi kanonis

morgebac dabrkolebas warmoadgenda [3, 299].

CamorTmeuli miwebis ganawilebis normebi da mamulebis

kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadasvlisaTvis SeRavaTiani fasebi saqar-

Tvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis 1919 wlis 28

259

ianvris kanonma da instruqciebma gansazRvres [3, 305; 4, 249; 5,

152-153].

droebiTi mTavrobisa da saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikis arsebobis periodSi agraruli reformis mimdina-

reoba istoriografiaSi met-naklebad ganxilulia, magram in-

formacia eklesiis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwebis CamorTmeva-

ganawilebis Sesaxeb ver movipoveT. sergo vardosaniZe monog-

rafiaSi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia 1917-1921

wlebSi, aRniSnul sakiTxs mxolod zogadad exeba. winamdebare

statiaSi, ZiriTadad, sapatriarqos arqivSi dacul masalas

veyrdnobiT.

Cvens xelT arsebuli masalis mixedviT, reformis dawye-

bamde saqarTveloSi arsebul monastrebs Soris mamulebis

yvelaze didi odenoba (5075 des. 1453 kv. saJeni) daviT gare-

jis monasters hqonda, Semdeg qvaTaxevisa (4305 des. 2120 kv.

saJ.) da ioane naTlismcemlis (3485 des.) monastrebs. danarCe-

ni monastrebis miwis farTobi ramdenime aseul (SuamTis mo-

nasteri _ 836 des., safaris monasteri _ 416 des.) an ramdeni-

me aTeul desetinas (mamkodis wm. giorgis monasteri _ 76

des.; mcxeTis wm. ninos dedaTa monasteri _ 94 des.) ar aRema-

teboda. axtalis monasters sul 1 desetina miwa hqonda. zo-

gierTs mamulebi saerTod ar gaaCnda [2, 81-82].

reformamde eklesia-monastrebis kuTvnili mamulebis Se-

saxeb cnobebi saeparqio sabWoebma sakaTolikoso sabWos 1919

w. 2 maisis miwerilobis safuZvelze warudgines [2, 128]. vfiq-

robT, saWiroa am informaciis gamyareba sxva wyaroebiT, ro-

melTa moZiebas momavalSic SevecdebiT.

agraruli reformis dasawyisisaTvis daviT garejisa da

ioane naTlismcemlis monastrebis saTibi mamulebi yaraiazis

velze TiTqmis 8539 desetinas Seadgenda. 1918 wlis oqtomber-

Si sakaTolikoso sabWom centraluri saadgilmamulo mmarTve-

lobisagan miiRo cnoba, rom es miwebi duSel mesaqonleebs un-

da gadascemoda. werilSi ganmartebuli iyo, rom mesaqonleebma

1918 wels ver SeZles pirutyvis (40 aT. suli) Tergis olqis

saZovrebze garekva da maTTvis daxmarebis mizniT xelisufle-

bam aseTi gamosavali gamoZebna [2, 64-67]. duSeli mecxovelee-

bis dabrkoleba ruseTis samxreTSi mimdinare samoqalaqo omma

da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mimarT mtrulad ganwyobi-

li „Tergis respublikis“ arsebobam ganapiroba.

260

eklesia-monastrebisaTvis saxelmwifo organoebis mier

miwebis CamorTmevas Tu glexTagan datacebas maTi sxva qone-

bis Zarcva-rbevac emateboda.

1918 wlis ivnisSi sakaTolikoso sabWom Sinagan saqmeTa

ministr noe ramiSvils qarTl-kaxeTis ramdenime eklesiis

darbeva-awiokebis Sesaxeb moaxsena: sarkis wm. giorgis eklesi-

is Semosavali qarelis aRmaskomma miiTvisa; Zegvelebma daita-

ces SiomRvimis monastris miwebi: saTibi, venaxebi, tye, agreT-

ve msxvilfexa pirutyvi, ska, sameurneo iaraRebi da amave so-

felSi mdebare samTavros wm. ninos dedaTa monastris zvari;

xaSmelebma _ ioane naTlismcemlis monastris kuTvnili zvari,

Senobebi (skola, wisqvili), saqoneli. qvaTaxevis monasters Ca-

moarTves saxnav-saTesi miwebi da gauCexes tye. ioane naTlis-

mcemlisa da daviT garejis monastrebi yaraiazelma TaTrebma

daarbies [2, 42].

sakaTolikoso sabWom Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs zemoaR-

niSnuli monastrebisaTvis sakuTrebis uflebis aRdgena sTxo-

va, magram uSedegod [6, 348].

motanili masalidan Cans, rom eklesia-monastrebis mdgo-

mareobas ori garemoeba arTulebda: 1. saxnav-saTesi miwebis,

saqonlis Tu sameurneo iaraRis soflis mcxovrebTagan data-

ceba da 2. agraruli reformis ganxorcielebis pirobebSi

kuTvnili mamulebis xelisuflebis organoebis mier kanonis

ZaliT CamorTmeva.

sazrdoobis saSualebebis naklebobis gamo mraval monas-

terSi berebis raodenoba minimumamde Semcirda. ramac maTi

meurneobis kidev ufro gaRatakeba gamoiwvia. zogierT monas-

terSi darCenil ber-monazonTa raodenoba imdenad mcire iyo,

rom maT sakuTari ZalebiT aRar SeeZloT istoriuli Zegle-

bisa Tu maT garSemo arsebuli mcire mamulis movla-patro-

nobac ki.

kaTolikos-patriarqis mosaydre leonidi 1918 wlis

seqtemberSi xelisuflebas mouwodebda, revoluciis dros sa-

xelmwifos uyuradRebobis gamo dazaralebuli eklesia-monas-

trebisaTvis damoukidebeli respublikis arsebobis pirobebSi

mainc mieqcia yuradReba. igi xelisuflebisagan monastrebis

Sinaur saqmeebSi soflis mcxovrebTa Tu erobebis Carevis aR-

kveTas, monastrebisaTvis qonebis dabrunebas da miyenebuli

zaralis anazRaurebas moiTxovda [2, 57].

261

1918 wlis seqtemberSi xelisufleba eklesia-monastrebis

qonebisadmi damokidebulebis sakiTxSi jer kidev Sualedur

gadawyvetilebebs iRebda. magaliTad, Telavis mazris saad-

gilmamulo komitetis gamgeobam meufe pirosis gancxadebebze

centraluri saadgilmamulo sammarTvelosagan pasuxis

miRebamde ruispiris wisqvili isev alaverdis eparqiis

sargeblobaSi datova [2, 62]. amave periodSi saqarTvelos res-

publikis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros kancelaria sakaToli-

koso sabWos auwyebda, rom miRebuli iyo zomebi Zarcva-rbe-

visagan eklesiis dasacavad [2, 63]. magram gatarebuli Ronis-

Ziebebi qmediTi ar aRmoCnda da sakaTolikoso sabWo xeli-

suflebis organoTagan eklesiis mdgomareobis Semsubuqebas

SemdgomSic iTxovda [2, 74].

sof. Zegvis mosaxleobisgan datacebuli SiomRvimis mo-

nastris qonebis dasabruneblad Tbileli mitropolitis mier

gatarebuli RonisZieba aRmoCnda Sedegiani. radgan aRniSnuli

savane Tbileli leonidis daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeboda, man

1918 wlis bolos Tavis mdivns _ daviT daviTaSvils monas-

tris qonebis Sesaxeb ZegvelebTan molaparakeba daavala. Zeg-

velebma marTlac Seqmnes komisia, romelmac aRniSnuli sakiT-

xi warmatebiT moagvara _ monasters qoneba daubruna [2, 98].

1918 wlis 26 noembris kanoniT saRvTo sjulis swavleba

yvela tipis saxazino da kerZo saswavlebelSi gauqmda. am sag-

nis maswavlebelTa xelfasebi xazinidan sasuliero uwyebaSi

gadaricxul Tanxebs CamoeWra. saeklesio saswavlebelTa qo-

neba saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi yovelgvari gamosyidvis gareSe

gadavida.

eklesiis mmarTveli organoebi xelisuflebis mier ekle-

siisaTvis qonebis CamorTmevas gaumarTleblad miiCnevdnen.

isini arsebuli mZime mdgomareobidan gamosvlis mizniT „sa-

marTlian gayras“ iTxovdnen. es SeiZleboda saxelmwifos mier

eklesiis qonebis SesyidviT ganxorcielebuliyo an agraruli

reformis farglebSi glexTa ojaxebis msgavsad, ber-monazon-

TaTvis (1918 w. 7 martis kanonis Tanaxmad) miwis damatebiTi

normac gamoeyoT [2, 83, 93, 123].

gvaqvs cnoba 1917 wels sruliad saqarTvelos I saekle-

sio krebisaTvis qarTveli berebis mier wardgenili proeqtis

Sesaxeb, romelic dawyebuli reformebis pirobebSi eklesia-

monastrebis momavals Seexeboda. proeqtis ganxilva krebas

262

drois simciris gamo ver mouswria [2, 40].

am proeqts jerjerobiT ver mivakvlieT. sainteresoa, sa-

suliero pirebi xelisuflebas sakiTxis gadawyvetis rogor

gzas sTavazobdnen.

droTa ganmavlobaSi eklesiis mdgomareoba kidev ufro

gauaresda. agraruli reformis ganxorcielebis pirobebSi sa-

adgilmamulo komitetebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, eklesia-monas-

trebs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul normasac ar utovebdnen.

1919 wlis ianvarSi mTavrobis gankargulebiT daviTgare-

jis monasters saZovari, venaxi da sagarejoSi arsebuli wis-

qvili CamoarTves. monastris winamZRvris movaleobis Semsru-

lebeli germogeni kaTolikos-patriarqis mosaydres amis Sesa-

xeb rom atyobinebda, imedi hqonda, qonebis srulad Camor-

Tmeva saadgilmamulo komisiis mier uflebebis gadametebis

Sedegi iqneboda da mTavrobasTan Suamdgomlobas monastri-

saTvis sasikeTo gadawyvetileba mohyveboda.

mitropolitma leonidma sakiTxis garkveva sakaTolikoso

sabWos miando [2, 101]. xolo imave wlis martSi, ukve

kaTolikos-patriarqis rangSi, miwaTmoqmedebis ministr noe

xomerikisadmi gagzavnil werilSi aRniSnavda, rom eklesia-mo-

nastrebisaTvis miwis gansazRvruli odenobis datoveba kanoni-

eri moTxovna iyo da am moTxovnas safuZvlad istoriuli Zeg-

lebis dacva edo. bermonazvnebi, romlebic ama Tu im monas-

tris teritoriaze cxovrobdnen, misi kuTvnili miwis damuSa-

vebiT Tavsac irCendnen da istoriul Zeglebs ganadgurebisa-

gan icavdnen. maTze zrunva saxelmwifos movaleobasac Sead-

genda. Tu xelisufleba eklesia-monastrebs miwas mTlianad Ca-

moarTmevda, istoriuli Zeglebi patronis gareSe darCebodnen.

kaTolikos-patriarqi iTxovda, ganmartebuli yofiliyo

eklesia-monastrebisaTvis miwis mikuTvnebis sakiTxi. Tu maT-

Tvis miwis normis datoveba kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo,

amis Sesaxeb saqmis kursSi CaeyenebinaT saadgilmamulo komi-

tetebi. xolo Tu kanoniT miwa unda CamorTmeodaT, mieTiTe-

binaT arsebobis gagrZelebis saSualebebi [2, 118].

noe xomerikma 1919 wlis 14 marts werils Semdegi rezo-

lucia daado: `SesaZleblaT mimaCnia, zogierT SemTxvevaSi,

roca monastris mcxovrebni TiTon sameurneo Sromas ewevian,

nawili CamorTmeul mamulebisa erobis survilisamebr mieces

maT ijariT~ [2, 122].

263

kaTolikos-patriarqi leonidi aRniSnuli rezoluciiT

ukmayofilo darCa. man werils 15 marts aseTi minaweri gauke-

Ta: `saTakiloa aseTi Sinaarsis miwer-moweris warmoeba. es pa-

suxi ar aris sakaTolikoso sabWos saqmian SekiTxvaze da bo-

lo unda moeRos aseT samwuxaro movlenas~ [2, 122].

imave wlis 30 aprils kaTolikos-patriarqma zemoaRniS-

nuli Sinaarsis weriliT saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobis

Tavmjdomare noe Jordaniasac mimarTa. aRniSna, rom miwaT-

moqmedebis ministris mier dadebuli rezoluciidan gaugeba-

ria CamorTmeuli miwebis ra nawilis ijarazea saubari _ kano-

niT gaTvaliswinebul normaze Tu sxva nawilze.

kaTolikos-patriarqis azriT, monastris bedis erobis

neba-survilze damokidebuleba qaoss gamoiwvevda. miwiT sar-

geblobis ufleba yvelas unda hqonoda da sakiTxi ise unda

gadawyvetiliyo, rom eklesiis msaxurni kanonis moqmedebis

sferos gareT ar darCeniliyvnen [2, 126-127].

1919 wlis 15 maiss kaTolikos-patriarqi piradad Sexvda

mTavrobis Tavmjdomare noe Jordanias, romelic mas eklesia-

monastrebis kerZo mesakuTreebTan gaTanabrebas dahpirda.

mTavrobis 1919 wlis 20 maisis sxdomaze eklesia-monas-

trebis mamulebTan mimarTebaSi agraruli reformis ganxor-

cielebis sakiTxze noe Jordaniam marTlac isaubra. dadgeni-

lebaSi ki aRiniSna, rom monastrebs CamorTmeuli miwebi nor-

mis farglebSi samflobelod da ara sakuTrebad gadascemo-

daT [2, 146].

SemdgomSi aRniSnul dadgenilebasTan saadgilmamulo ko-

mitetebis moqmedebis Seusabamobam sasuliero wodebaSi gaur-

kvevloba gamoiwvia. 20 maisis dadgenilebaze dayrdnobiT So-

rapnis saolqo sabWos Tavmjdomare dekanozi iakob gvelesia-

ni aqtiurad moiTxovda eklesia-monastrebisaTvis miwis nor-

mis datovebas. misi moqmedeba Sorapnis mazris gamgeobam xe-

lisuflebis saqmeebSi Carevad CaTvala da, ganmeorebis Sem-

TxvevaSi, mama iakobs pasuxisgebaSi micemiT daemuqra [2, 155,

157].

agraruli komisiebi da Temebi eklesia-monastrebs umrav-

les SemTxvevaSi miwas arc 20 maisis dadgenilebis miRebis Sem-

deg utovebdnen. amitom isini adgilebze saeklesio miwebis

ganawilebis dros sasuliero pirebis mxridan winaaRmdegobas

awydebodnen.

264

samRvdeloeba glexebs mouwodebda, yofili saeklesio

miwebi ar mieRoT, radgan is isev Zvel mflobels unda dabru-

neboda [2, 158]. amave dros saadgilmamulo komitetebis moqme-

debis gamo gaurkvevlobaSi aRmoCenili samRvdeloeba sakaTo-

likoso sabWosagan mTavrobis 1919 w. 20 maisis gankargulebis

swor ganmartebas moiTxovda [2, 153, 155].

warmoSobil gaugebrobaTa Tavidan asacileblad miwaT-

moqmedebis saministros agrarul reformaTa ganyofilebam

mTavrobis 1919 w. 20 maisis dadgenileba sakaTolikoso sab-

WosTvis ase ganmarta: 1919 wlis 28 ianvris kanoniT eklesia-

monastrebs miwa sakuTrebaSi ar unda darCenodaT, radgan sa-

suliero pirebi Tavs miwaTmoqmedebiT ar irCendnen. isini Re-

bulobdnen jamagirs xazinidan da saeklesio wesebis Sesrule-

bis gadasaxadebs dramis saxiT.

xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa azriT, aqedan gamomdina-

re, yvela saeklesio miwa ganawilebas eqvemdebareboda. gamo-

nakliss warmoadgenda is monastrebi, romlebSi mcxovrebi be-

rebic miwis damuSavebiT irCendnen Tavs. Tu aseTi monastris

sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwebi 1919 w. 28 ianvris kanoniT ukve

ganawilebuli ar iyo, agraruli ganyofileba SesaZleblad mi-

iCnevda, berebisaTvis erTi normis farglebSi imdeni miwa dae-

tovebinaT, ramdenis damuSavebasac isini Tavisi SromiT SeZ-

lebdnen. Tu monastris kuTvnili miwa ukve ganawilebuli iyo,

is dabrunebas ar eqvemdebareboda [2, 158].

1919 wlis 28 ianvris kanonSi aRniSnuli iyo: `miwa miecema

sakuTrebad im umiwawylo da mciredi miwis mqone soflelT,

romelTa arsebobis mTavar wyaros Seadgens sasoflo-

sameurneo Sroma~ [7, 21]. eklesia, kerZod, am kanonSi naxsenebi

ar iyo.

rac Seexeba mTavrobis gancxadebas, rom bermonazvnebs

xazinidan jamagiri eZleodaT, es 1918 wels marTlac ase iyo

[2, 93]. Tumca ijariT gacemuli mamulebidan Semosavali ekle-

sia-monastrebisaTvis mainc pirvelxarisxovani iyo.

saxelmwifo xazinidan religiur dawesebulebaTaTvis Tanxebis

gadaricxvis akrZalva saxelmwifosagan eklesiis gamoyofis

kanon-proeqtiT (1920 w. noemberi) iyo gaTvaliswinebuli [8,

167-169]. es proeqti demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis

periodSi ZalaSi ar Sesula.

1919-1920 wlebis ganmavlobaSi romel monasters qonebis

265

ra nawili daubrunes da miwis ra odenoba misces sargeblobis

uflebiT Tu ijariT, amis Sesaxeb Ziebas kidev gavagrZelebT.

jerjerobiT mxolod daviT garejisa da qvaTaxevis monastre-

bis da, aseve, Tbilisis petre-pavles eklesiisaTvis gadacemu-

li miwebis Sesaxeb gvaqvs informacia. daviTgarejis monas-

ters Tbilisis mazris erobam saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis nak-

rZali saTibi gadasca [2, 124, 125].

saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobis 1919 wlis 10 ivli-

sis #1860 gadawyvetilebiT eklesiis mxridan Txovnis safuZ-

velze Tbilisis petre-pavles eklesias ufasod daeTmo 1 de-

setina miwa. amave gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad iq Raribebi ufa-

sod unda dakrZaluliyvnen [2, 137].

1919 w. 30 dekembers gelaTis monastris miwis sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT mTavrobis winaSe Suamdgomlobis aRZvras saka-

Tolikoso sabWosagan quTaisis saeparqio sabWo iTxovda [2,

141].

Cvens xelT arsebuli masala warmodgenas gvaZlevs gela-

Tis monastris Zmobis SemosavalTa da saWiroebaTa Sesaxeb.

agraruli reformis gatarebamde monasters Tavisi mamu-

lebis mwiri Semosavlis garda sargebeli Sedioda sanTlis

qarxnidan, krebulis TiToeul wevrs weliwadSi 140 man. xazi-

nidan eZleoda, mlocvelTagan Sesuli Tanxa TveSi saSualod

100 maneTamde aRwevda.

monastris xarjebi aRniSnul SemosavalTan SedarebiT ga-

cilebiT didi iyo: mravalricxovani krebulis (14 kaci) rCena

(amave cnobis mixedviT, gelaTis monasters saqarTvelos res-

publikaSi yvelaze mravalricxovani krebuli hyavda); gelaTis

monasterSi arsebuli Sewiruli Zvirfaseulobis dasacavad

ori darajis xelfasi _ TveSi 1000 man.; sanTlis, sakmevlis,

sefiskveris, zedaSes, naxSiris xarjebi; Soridan misuli

mlocvelebisaTvis binis, sawolisa da SeSis ufasod gacema.

ucxoeTidan Camosuli stumrebisa Tu adgilobrivi mecniere-

bis gamaspinZleba [2, 142].

monastris winamZRvari arqimandriti nestori

(yubaneiSvili) iTxovda, monasters Tavisi kuTvnili mamulebi

da wisqvili dabruneboda, rom mas arsebobis SesaZlebloba

hqonoda, Tumca, dabrunebuli qonebidan mosalodneli Semo-

savali arsebuli xarjebis naxevarsac ver dafaravda [2, 143].

ase, rom eklesia-monastrebis mdgomareoba agrarulma

266

reformam sagrZnoblad daamZima. demokratiuli saqarTvelos

xelisuflebam miwebis ganawilebisas eklesia miwis kerZo

mflobelebTan ar gaaTanabra, xazinidan Tanxebis gadaricxvac

Seuwyvita da istoriuli Zeglebis movla-patronoba sasulie-

ro wodebis keTil nebaze damokidebuli gaxada. meufe leoni-

dis azriT, taZarsac da sarwmunoebasac adamianis keTildRe-

obisaTvis unda earseba da Tu saeklesio miwebis CamorTmeva

qarTveli glexkacobis ekomomikur gaZlierebas moemsaxure-

boda, sasuliero wodeba amis winaaRmdegi ar SeiZleboda yo-

filiyo. magram saqarTveloSi eklesia-monastrebis kuTvnili

miwebi imdenad mcire iyo, rom maTi ganawileba glexebis mdgo-

mareobas ver gaaumjobesebda [2, 39-40].



arqivi, fondi 2012, aRw. 1, saqme 16.

2. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRw. 1, saqme 343.

3. SoTa vadaWkoria, qarTuli social-demokratia 1917-1921

wlebSi, Tbilisi, 2001.

4. aleqsandre bendianiSvili, glexTa klasi da glexTa moZ-

raoba saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1989.

5. konstantine kandelaki, damoukidebeli saqarTvelo: misi so-

cialuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, wigni II, parizi, 1960.

6. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRw. 1, saqme 6675.

7. kanonTa da mTavrobis gankargulebaTa krebuli,

iusticiis saministros sakodifikacio ganyofilebis

gamocema, 1919 w., I naw., tf. 1919.

8. qeTevan pavliaSvili, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

eklesia 1917-1921 wlebSi, Tbilisi, 2000.

267

Irina Arabidze Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology Research scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Agrarian Reform and Georgian Churches and Monasteries (1917-1920)

Summary

After the February revolution in Russia in 1917pending the convening of the Constituent Assembly agrarian reform have been lingered. The regional government laws of the South Caucasus of 1917-1918 were imperfect and deficient. The formation of the legislative base was finished by the government of the independent Georgia in 1919.

According to the law of January, 28, 1919 all church lands underwent division, because the government believed that clergy did not keep himself with agriculture; that their income was a salary from the state treasury and payment for church rules and sacraments.

In accordance with the decree of May, 20, 1919 the Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia has returned back to the monasteries confiscated lands for use and not for possession. If there were lands of monasteries which were not divided yet according to the decree of January, 28, 1919, the government found it possible to leave the monks one norm of land. But if the land owned by monastery had been already distributed, it was not the subject of return any more.

The government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in the process of distributing lands did not equalize the church with other landowners. Agrarian reform significantly worsened the position of churches and monasteries.

268

maia amirgulaSvili

istoriis doqtori, saqarTvelos

teqnikuri universitetis asocire-

buli profesori

religiis faqtori kavkasiur

konfliqtebSi

1980-iani wlebis bolodan kavkasiaSi mimdinare konfliq-

tebi mediasa da samecniero wreebSi ganixileboda religiur

konfliqtebad, `civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis~ magaliTad. Cveni

mizania davasabuToT, rom am konfliqtebSi, romlebic Cvenis

xedviT eTnopolitikuri da teritoriuli xasiaTisaa, reli-

gia mcire rols asrulebda. aq ar momxdara gare Zalebis Sem-

Widroveba religiuri niSniT. empiriuli sinamdvile gviCve-

nebs, rom religiam, eTnikurobasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT

naklebi roli iTamaSa.

axlo aRmosavleTis msgavsad, eTnikuri da kulturuli

mravalferovnebis gamo, kavkasia warmoadgens religiurad

Wrel rukas. kavkasia odiTganve mraval konfesiuri regionia.

swored religiuri mravalferovnebisa da eTnikuri konfliq-

tebis gamo aris mosazreba, TiTqos arsebobs kavSiri religiur

da eTnikur faqtorebs Soris, ris gamoc religia gadamwyvet

faqtorad miaCniaT kavkasiur konfliqtebSi. Cveni mizani ki,

rogorc zemoT avRniSneT imis dasabuTebaa rom religia Zal-

zed SezRudul rols TamaSobda regionis konfliqtebSi _ mxo-

lod imdenad, ramdenadac religia eTnikuri identurobis erT-

erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom konfliqtebi bunebiT eTnopolitikuria, radganac

eyrdnoba eTnikurobis (da ara religiis) politizacias [1, 56].

politikuri procesebis cvlilebaTa fonze 1980-iani

wlebidan xuTi SeiaraRebuli konfliqti ikveTeba kavkasiaSi.

esenia: mTiani yarabaRis konfliqti, erTis mxriv, azerbaija-

nelebsa da somxebs, meore mxriv, azerbaijanelebsa da mTiani

yarabaRis somxebs Soris (1987), qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti

(1988), qarTul-osuri (1989), CeCnebisa da rusebis konfliqti

(1991) da CrdiloeT oseTisa da inguSeTis konfliqti (1992).

am xuTidan yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo mTiani yarabaRisa da

CeCneTis konfliqtebi, Tumca am ukanasknelze kvali afxazeTis

269

konfliqtmac datova. dasavleTis masmedia am or konfliqts

gansazRvravs rogorc dapirispirebas `qristian somxebsa~ da

`muslim azerbaijanelebs~, an `muslim CeCnebsa~ da `orTodoqs

rusebs~ Soris. es Sefaseba tipiuria dasavluri masmediisaTvis

da xSirad warmoadgens konfliqtebis mizezTa axsnis safuZvels.

aRniSnuli 5 konfliqtidan sami TiTqos aSkara religiuri xasia-

Tisa iyo, meoTxe _ naklebad, mexuTes ki religiasTan saerTo

araferi qonda. pirvel samSi vgulisxmobT:

1. mTiani yarabaRis konfliqti, sadac erTmaneTs daupi-

rispirdnen somexi orTodoqsi qristianebi da muslimi azer-

baijanelebi;

2. CeCneTSi _ orTodoqsi qristiani rusebisa da suniti

muslimi CeCnebis konfliqti;

3. prigorodnis raionis konfliqti _ orTodoqs qristi-

an osebsa da sunit inguSebs Soris;

afxazeTis konfliqts Sualeduri adgili ukavia, radga-

nac aq dapirispirebulni arian, erTi mxriv qristiani qarTve-

lebi da, meore mxriv nawilobriv qristiani, nawilobriv ki

muslimi afxazebi. da bolos, saqarTvelosa da e. w. samxreT

oseTs Soris konfliqtSi, ar figurirebs religiuri faqtori,

radganac orive mxare orTodoqsi qristiania.

1990-iani wlebis konfliqtebi kavkasiis regionSi aseve ar

atarebda wminda religiur xasiaTs. rogorc Svedi mkvlevari

svante korneli wers, imisaTvis, rom konfliqts religiuri

vuwodoT, saWiroa mravali garemoeba dafiqsirdes, kerZod:

erT-erTi mxaris mier dapirispireba religiur prizmaSi unda

ganixilebodes, unda SeimCneodes konfliqts gareT romelime

jgufisadmi religiuri solidarobis niSnebi da a. S. yovelive

amas ki kavkasiur konfliqtebze ver vityviT. am eTnopoliti-

kur konfliqtebSi religia xSirad asrulebs ori dapirispi-

rebuli mxaris gammijnavi faqtoris rols, sxvadasxva religi-

uri aRmsarebloba iqca im damatebiT faqtorad, ramac kidev

ufro gazarda ormxrivi undobloba, anu religiuri niSani

iyo eTnikurobis ganmsazRvreli erT-erTi faqtori [1, 33].

iseve rogorc Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom religias aravi-

Tari mniSvneloba ara aqvs am konfliqtebSi, aseve SeiZleba

eWvi SevitanoT im TvalsazrisSi, romelic religias am kon-

fliqtebis katalizatorad miiCnevs.

imisaTvis, rom konfliqti aRvweroT religiuri maxasia-

270

TeblebiT sakmarisi araa mxolod is, rom konfliqtSi monawi-

le mxareebi iyvnen sxvadasxva religiis aRmsarebelni. religia

unda iyos konfliqtis sakiTxi, an is unda idges konfliqtis

dRis wesrigSi.

aucileblad migvaCnia mokled mimovixiloT TiToeuli

konfliqtis mokle istoria, raTa ufro naTeli gaxdes regi-

onSi konfliqtebis dinamika.

araerTi faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, mTiani yarabaRis

konfliqti udides safrTxes uqmnida saerTaSoriso uSiSroe-

bas. is Seicavda rogorc Sidasaxelmwifo, aseve saxelmwifo-

TaSoris ganzomilebas, agreTve regionuli eskalaciis poten-

cials, radgan masSi SesaZloa CarTuli yofiliyo TurqeTi,

irani da ruseTi. dapirispirebam pirvelad Tavi iCina 1905

wels. samxreT kavkasiis damoukideblobis xanmokle periodi

1918-1920 wlebi aseve aRsavse iyo konfliqtebiT. 1987 wels

xelaxla xdeba daZabulobis eskalacia. `perestroikis~ dros

konfliqti kvlav aRmocenda. teritoria, sadac somxebi da

azerbaijanelebi gverdigverd cxovrobdnen, ormxrivi eTniku-

ri wmendis areali gaxda. 1991 wlis agvistos moskovis putCis

periods daemTxva situaciis mniSvnelovani gauareseba da ssr

kavSiris kolafsi, rac niSnavda, rom sabWoTa saxelmwifos

centraluri mmarTveloba azerbaijansa da somxeTSi sustde-

boda, rac ori qveynis damoukideblobasTan erTad iwvevda

konfliqtis internacionalizacias. aqve unda aRiniSnos, isic,

rom dResac saxezea aRniSnuli konfliqtis eskalaciis mcde-

loba. im konfliqtebidan, romlebic saqarTvelos damouki-

deblobis mopovebamde daatyda Tavs yvelaze mZime iyo afxa-

zeTis konfliqti. afxazeTi gasabWoebul iqna 1921 wlis mar-

tSi da iwoda afxazeTis socialistur respublikad, rac cno-

bil iqna saqarTvelos revoluciuri komitetis mier. swored

es aris safuZveli, romelze dayrdnobiTac afxazebi moiTxo-

ven damoukideblobas [3, 28].

konfliqtis mTavar katalizatorad iqca 1991 wlis mar-

tis sayovelTao sakavSiro referendumi, romelic efuZnebo-

da mixeil gorbaCovis mier warmodgenil samokavSireo xelSek-

rulebas. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam aukrZala qveynis mosax-

leobas am referendumSi monawileoba, miuxedavad amisa afxa-

zebma miiRes monawileoba aRniSnul referendumSi da mxari

dauWires ssr kavSiris SenarCunebas. afxazeTma aRidgina 1925

271

wlis konstitucia, romelic mas gansazRvravda rogorc damo-

ukidebel, magram sagangebo xelSekrulebis safuZvelze saqar-

Tvelos sabWoTa socialistur respublikasTan gaerTianebul

respublikas. amiT man praqtikulad gamoacxada damoukideb-

loba, Tumca kari Ria datova saqarTvelosTan federaciuli

gaerTianebisaTvis, ramac gamoiwvia saqarTvelos reaqcia, ro-

melic gamomJRavnda 14 agvistos samxedro moqmedebebiT. omi

gagrZelda zamTramde. 1993 wlis martSi afxazebma ganaaxles

Setevebi da seqtemberSi saqarTveloSi arsebuli Sinaareulo-

bis dros aiRes q. soxumi. afxazeTis mTeli teritoria moeqca

afxazuri mTavrobis kontrolqveS. afxazeTSi mcxovrebi qar-

Tvelebi eTnikuri wmendis Sedegad Zalismieri gziT iqnen ga-

moyrilni. gaerom, romelic mTavari mediatori iyo afxazeTSi

konfliqtis dros marcxi ganicada [3, 49].

cxinvalis regionSi faruli dapirispirebis procesebi

1989 wels gamoaS-karavda da mokle periodSi ganviTarda. 1988

wels miRebul iqna kanoni, romelmac ganamtkica qarTuli enis

poziciebi saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze, es ki SeiZleba

miCneul iqnes centrsa da regions Soris `kanonTa omis~ mo-

samzadebel safexurad, romelmac seriozuli saxe 1989 wels

miiRo. imavdroulad axlad formirebulma osurma saxalxo

frontma `adamon nixasma~ gamoxata mxardaWera afxazTa mier

saqarTvelos Semadgenlobidan gasvlis moTxovnisadmi da mos-

kovSi CrdiloeT da samxreT oseTis gaerTianebis moTxovniT

peticia gagzavna. samxreT oseTis uzenaesma sabWom aamaRla

avtonomiuri sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis statusi,

rasac dauyovnebliv gamoexmaura qarTuli mxare. saqarTve-

los parlamentma es gadawyvetileba gaauqma da moawyo marSi

cxinvalze, im sababiT, rom daecva qalaqis qarTuli umravle-

soba. SeiaraRebuli Setakeba Tavidan iqna acilebuli ssr kav-

Siris Sinagani Zalebis mier. amis Semdgom araerTxel moxda

Setakeba, rac sabolood 2008 wlis omiT damTavrda.

faqtia, rom ruseTis federaciaSi CeCneTis mdgomareoba

CrdiloeT kavkasiis sxva erebTan SedarebiT, demografiuli

TvalsazrisiT ukeTesi iyo. 1990 wlis noemberSi groznoSi Ca-

tarda CeCenTa sayovelTao kongresi, sadac mkafiod iqna ga-

mokveTili dudaevis qarizmatuli pirovneba. 1991 wlis agvis-

tos gadatrialeba safuZveli gaxda respublikis umaRlesi

sabWos daTxovnisa da saprezidento arCevnebis daniSvnisa.

272

1993 wlidan ruseTis mxridan daiwyo dudaevis SeiaraRe-

buli opoziciis dafinanseba. 1994 wlis dekemberSi, rodesac

aSkara gaxda konfliqtSi misi monawileoba, ruseTma pirdapi-

ri intervencia gadawyvita, im rwmeniT, rom CeCneTs umokles

xanSi daaSoSminebda. magram es ase ar moxda. CeCnebma didi wi-

naaRmdegoba gauwies rusebs da omi sxvadasxva xangrZlivobis

pauzebiT 1996 wlis seqtembramde gagrZelda. amas Sedegad

mohyva molaparakebis dawyeba, rac samSvidobo SeTanxmebiT

damTavrda (1996 wlis 30.08). unda aRiniSnos isic, rom es Se-

Tanxmeba ar Seicavda raime gadawyvetilebas CeCneTis statu-

sis sakamaTo sakiTxebze, vinaidan ruseTma uaryo daTanxmebo-

da CeCneTis damoukideblobas da am ukanasknelmac iuara ru-

seTSi darCena. mxareebi SeTanxmdnen am sakiTxis ganxilvis xu-

Ti wliT gadadebaze. es ki CeCnurma mxarem ruseTis mier CeC-

neTis damoukideblobis aRiarebisaken gadadgmul nabijad

aRiqva, Tumca es ase ar yofila. kavkasia aRmoCnda da dRemde

rCeba regionad, romelic iugoslaviasTan erTad yvelaze me-

tad moicva eTnopolitikurma konfliqtebma.

kavkasiis konfliqtebis analizis dros cxadi xdeba, rom

maTi mTavari mizezi teritoriaTa kontrolisaTvis dapiris-

pirebaa. regionSi arsebuli xuTi kinfliqtidan oTxi, mimdina-

reobs sabWoTa periodSi eTnikuri principiT Seqmnil avtono-

miaTa teritoriaze, romlebic cdiloben gaTavisufldnen

centraluri xelisuflebis kontrolisagan. isargebles ra

ssr kavSiris daSliT, konstituciuri vakuumis fonze gamoac-

xades damoukidebloba. mxolod „prigorodnis“ konfliqtis

SemTxveva iyo gansxvavebuli danarCenebisagan.

amdenad, xuTive konfliqti Tavisuflad SeiZleba miva-

kuTnoT eTnopolitikuri konfliqtebis jgufs. maT ar gaaC-

niaT ideologiuri komponenti, Tu nacionalizms ar miviCnevT

ideologiad, ekonomikuri faqtori ki mxolod konfliqtis

xelSemwyobad gvevlineba. konfliqtebis mTavari ganmsazRvre-

li mizezi undoblobaze da SiSze dafuZnebuli usafrTxoebis

problemaa. sxvagvarad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es aris urTier-

Tdapirispirebuli eTnikuri erTobebis SigniT arsebuli na-

cionalizmis gamovlineba. maT SeiZleba ewodos politizebul

eTnikurobaze damyarebuli eTnopolitikuri konfliqtebi.

eTnopolitikur konfliqtebSi ki religia asrulebs ori er-

273

Tobis gammijnavi faqtoris rols. religias mxolod erT-er-

Ti, Tavisi gansazRvruli adgili uWiravs eTnikuri identu-

robis ganmsazRvrel sxva faqtorebs Soris [4, 28].

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom religias kavkasiis

arc erT konfliqtSi ar hqonda gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. re-

ligiis roli Semoifargleboda eTnikuri identurobis erT-

erT determinantad yofniT. kavkasiis xalxebs Soris urTier-

Tobis ganmsazRvreli faqtoria ara religiaze dafuZnebuli

civilizaciuri dayofa, aramed nacionalizmisa da nacionalu-

ri interesebis kombinacia.


1. n. Ciqovani, religia da kultura samxreT kavkasiaSi, Tbi-

lisi, 2009.

2. husein zade, religia da politika, Tbilisi, 2004.

3. m. macaberiZe, kavkasiis konfliqtebis SedarebiTi analizi,

Tbilisi, 2014.

4. jonaTan foqsi, eTnoreligiuri konfliqtebi mesame samya-

roSi: religia rogorc konfliqtis mizezis roli, Tbili-

si, 2003.

Maia Amirgulashvili Doctor of History, Georgian Techn-ical University, Associate Professor

Factors of Religion in the Caucasian Conflicts

Summary

Our subject is revealing the fact the religion took a little part in the Caucasian conflicts, which from our point of view has ethno-political and territorial features. There was not observed the restriction of external forces with religious point. Empirical reality indicates that religion in the comparison with ethnicity had played much less role.

In order to describe the conflict with religious features is not enough for the conflict participants to be the followers of different religions. Religion should be the issue of conflict, or it should be on the agenda of the conflict.

Religion never had the decisive meaning in the Caucasus conflict. The role of religion was framed with being one of ethnic identity determinations. The relationship determinative factor among the Caucasian peoples is not civilization division based on the religion, but rather the combination of nationalism and national interests.

274

arqimandriti miqael (zaza) ejibiSvili

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis

doqtoranti, petrakis monastris arqiman-

driti, saberZneTis marTlmadidebeli ek-

lesia

saqarTvelos eklesia kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia

II-is aRsaydrebis periodSi

1977 wlisTvis saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia sabWoTa

socialisturi reJimis pirobebSi metad savalalo mdgomareo-

baSi imyofeboda. qveynis mTels teritoriaze eklesia-monas-

trebis umravlesoba daxuruli an dangreuli iyo, xolo moq-

med sasuliero pirTa raodenoba mRvdelmTavrebis, mRvdlebi-

sa da diakvnebis CaTvliT 67 ar aRemateboda [1, 7]. eparqiaTa

raodenoba mxolod 8 eparqiiT Semoifargleboda: mcxeTa-Tbi-

lisis, baTum-Semoqmedisa da Wyondidis, cxum-afxazeTis, TeT-

riwyaros, wilknis, manglisis, alaverdisa da bodbis. movle-

naTa aseTi ganviTarebisa da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

eklesiis struqturuli erTeulebis arasrulad da araefeq-

turad moqmedebis gamo, saeklesio cxovreba SedarebiT moZve-

lebulad da Tanamedroveobis gamowvevebisadmi pasiurobiT

xasiaTdeboda. qristianuli cxovreba viwro wreebSi Caketili,

ZiriTadad asakovan adamianTa cxovrebis Semadgenel nawils

warmoadgenda. viTarebis dasaxasiTeblad Tanamedrove termi-

ni rom gamoviyenoT, qristianoba „aramoduri“ iyo. imavdrou-

lad sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSirSi Semavali

saqarTvelos ssr-s mTavrobac, 1975 wlis 24 noembris dadge-

nilebis safuZvelze, yvelanairad cdilobda ebrZola qristi-

anuli tradiciebis „gadmonaSTebis“ winaaRmdeg. respublikis

mTavroba, cxadia centraluri xelisuflebis daqvemdebareba-

Si myofi da misi nebis aRmsrulebeli, saWirod miiCnevda yve-

la ideologiuri samsaxuris moqmedebis aqtivizacias momuSa-

veTa aTeisturi aRzrdisaTvis, nebismieri religiis reaqciu-

li arsisa da mavnebluri religiuri gadmonaSTis gamomJRav-

nebisaTvis. xelisufleba Tvlida, rom aseTi adamianebis „ga-

momJRavneba“ da kritika saWiro iyo ara maTi rwmenis gamo,

aramed imisaTvis, rom isini sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo

275

Sromas ar eweodnen. saWiro iyo qalaqebisa da raionebis komi-

tetebi mudmivad saqmis kursSi yofiliyvnen im procesTa ir-

gvliv, romlebic religiur sferoSi mimdinareoda. ar unda

darCeniliyvnen kontrolis gareSe arc morwmuneebi da arc

samRvdeloeba [2, 5].

saeklesio politika, TavisTavad cxadia, TviTdinebiT ar

mimdinareobda da arc avtonomiurobiT xasiaTdeboda, miuxe-

davad imisa, rom yoveli adgilobrivi marTlmadidebeli ek-

lesia TavisTavadia, damoukidebelia da Tavad gansazRvravs

sakuTar rogorc Sida, ise sagareo politikas, romelic ar

unda iyos winaaRmdegobaSi arc zogad saeklesio kanonmdeb-

lobasTan da arc saxelmwifoSi arsebul saero kanonebTan,

rogorc es saukuneebis manZilze momdinareobda saxelmwifosa

da qristianul eklesias Soris.

sruliad gansxvavebul politikur viTarebaSi myofi sab-

WoTa saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli iveriis uZvelesi

qristianuli eklesia Tavis TviTmyofadobasa da sxvadasxva

saxis urTierTobas gansxvavebuli kanonmdeblobiT axorcie-

lebda, surda mas es Tu ara. Sida saeklesio politika jer ki-

dev 1945 wlis 28 martis saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli ek-

lesiis marTva-gamgeobis debulebiT warimarTeboda, xolo sa-

gareo politika ki sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kav-

Siris 1977 wlis konstituciasTan iyo TanxvedraSi [9]. Tumca

konstituciiT gansazRvruli ufleba-movaleobani sakmarisi

ar iyo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis funqcionirebisaTvis. misi

makontrolirebeli organo gaxldaT ssrk ministrTa sabWos-

Tan arsebuli religiis saqmeTa sabWo da misi wamomadgenloba

saqarTvelos respublis ministrTa sabWoSi.

1977 wlis 9 noembers xangrZlivi da mZime avadmyofobis

Semdeg gardaicvala sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patri-

arqi daviT V (devdariani), romelic saqarTvelos marTlmadi-

debel eklesias 1972-1977 ww. meTaurobda. patriarqis gar-

dacvalebis dResve, saRamos 19:00 Sedga wminda sinodis sxdo-

ma, romelmac kaTolikos-patriarqis mosaydred cxum-afxaze-

Tis mitropoliti ilia (SiolaSvili) airCia. sxdomas mosay-

dris arCevasTan dakavSirebiT ar eswreboda baTum-Semoqmede-

li da Wyondideli mitropoliti romanoz petriaSvili. mit-

ropolit ilias arCevas mxari dauWira wminda sinodis danar-

Cenma yvela wevrma, garda „mitropolit gaioz keratiSvilisa

276

da sxdomis mdivnis episkopos ilarion samxaraZisa. Tumca am

ukanasknelma, vinaidan saeklesio marTva-gamgeobis #16 debu-

lebis Tanaxmad (1945 w. 28 martis debuleba), mas ar hqonda

xmis micemisagan Tavis Sekavebis ufleba, xma misca mitropo-

lit ilias“ [3, 2]. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

wminda sinodis moxsenebiT baraTSi saqarTvelos respublikis

ministrTa sabWosTan arsebul religiis saqmeTa sabWos rwmu-

nebulisadmi, naTlad isaxeba is garemoebani, romelTa gamoc

mitropoliti gaiozi ewinaaRmdegeboda mitropolit ilias

arCevas kaTolikos-patriarqis mosaydred. misi azriT, cxum-

afxazeTis mitropolits mravali damabrkolebeli mizezi

hqonda amisaTvis: igi daibada ruseTSi, kerZod qalaq orjoni-

kiZeSi, man moisyida milicia da „miusia“ mitropolit gaioz

keratiSvils. gaioz keratiSvilma ki kaTolikos-patriarqis

mosaydreobis kandidats rusofili uwoda da TiTqos igi is-

wrafvoda rom saqarTvelos eklesia ruseTisTvis daemorCi-

lebina. misive azriT, sinodis aRniSnuli sxdoma arakanoniku-

ri iyo da Sesabamisad mosaydrec ukanonod iyo arCeuli [3, 2].

miuxedavad imisa, rom baTum-Semoqmedeli da Wyondideli

91 wlis mitropoliti romanozi (petriaSvili) kaTolikos-

patriarqis mosaydris arCevis dros TbilisSi ar imyofeboda,

10 noembers igi sapatriarqoSi gamocxadda da rogorc uxu-

cesma mRvdelmTavarma, mosaydris Tanamdeboba moiTxova. sa-

qarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis de-

bulebis 23-e muxlis me-2 SeniSvnaSi vkiTxulobT: „mwyemsmTa-

varni pativdebul iqnebian qirotoniis uxucesobis mixedviT“.

Tumca am SeniSvnaSi igulisxmeba ara asakobrivi uxucesoba,

aramed uxucesoba mRvdelmTavrad xeldasxmis mixedviT, rom-

liTac cxum-afxazeTis mitropolit ilias qirotonia 1963

wlis 25 agvistoTi, xolo mitropolit romanozisa ki 1965

wlis 21 TebervliT ganisazRvreba, rac sruliad naTels xdis

im garemoebas, rom uxucesi mRvdelmTavari cxum-afxazeTis

mitropoliti ilia (SiolaSvili) gaxldaT da swored mas

ekuTvnoda kaTolikos-patriarqis mosaydris pativic, Tu ga-

viTvaliswinebT im garemoebasac, rom mitropolit ilias kan-

didatura saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis taxtis dasaka-

veblad jer kidev 1972 wels patriarq efrem II-is gardacvale-

bis drosac aqtiurad ganixileboda, rodesac wminda sinodis

gadawyvetilebiT kaTolikos-patriarqis mosaydred gamorCeu-

277

li iyo urbneli mitropoliti daviTi Tanaxmad kaTolikos-

patriarq efrem II-is anderZisa.

miuxedavad eklesiis SigniT arsebuli dapirispirebisa,

rac wminda sinodis wevrTa araerTsulovnebaSi gamoixateboda,

saqarTvelos respublikis mTavroba marTlmadidebeli ekle-

siis saSinao saqmeebSi ar ereoda, vinaidan aRniSnuli kidev

ufro daZabavda isedac rTul mdgomareobas, da movlenebis

ganviTarebas iribad akvirdeboda. sabWoTa kavSiris ministrTa

sabWosTan arsebul religiis saqmeTa sabWos rwmunebulis sa-

qarTvelos ss respublikaSi T. d. onofriSvilis 1977 wlis 19

dekembris moxsenebiT baraTSi saqarTvelos ss respublikis

ministrTa sabWos centraluri komitetis, respublikis umaR-

lesi sabWos prezidiumisa da ssrk ministrTa sabWosTan arse-

bul religiur sakiTxTa sabWosadmi, calsaxadaa ganmeorebu-

li rogorc saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wminda

sinodis 12.11.1977 w. moxsenebiTi baraTis teqsti, ise eklesi-

is marTva-gamgeobis is muxlebi, romlebic kaTolikos-patri-

arqis gardacvalebis an mZime avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi misi

mosaydris arCevas exeba. 09.11.1977 sruliad saqarTvelos ka-

Tolikos-patriarqis daviT V-is gardacvalebis gamo, moqmedi

kanonmdeblobiT (1945 wlis), sinodis 7 wevridan sxdomas es-

wreboda 6, sxdoma legitimuria, Tu mas eswreba sinodis wev-

rTa naxevarze meti. T. onofriSvilis moxsenebis mixedviT:

„saqarTvelos mTavroba da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis orga-

noebi eklesiis da sinodis Sida saqmeebSi ar erevian, amitom

vin iqneba mosaydre da kaTolikos-patriarqi, gadawyvitos

TviTon eklesiam, Tanaxmad moqmedi saeklesio „debulebisa“ [4,

1]. Sedegic naTeli aRmoCnda, Tuki saxelmwifo xelisufleba

ar ereoda eklesiis Sida saqmeebSi, xolo cxum-afxazeTis mit-

ropoliti ilia (SiolaSvili) qirotoniiT uxucesi mRvdel-

mTavari iyo, misi kaTolikos-patriarqis mosaydreobac sru-

liad kanonikuri gaxldaT, moswonda es vinmes Tu ara. aseTi

gaxldaT saeklesio kanonmdebloba da is realobac, romelic

am periodisaTvis saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi

sufevda.

savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom TviT xelisuflebasac ufro

axalgazrda da energiuli kaTolikos-patriarqis xilva sur-

da saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelad, gansxvavebiT misi

winamorbedi asakovani patriarqebisa, raTa is standartuli

278

stereotipi Seecvala, romlis gavlenis qveSac saqarTvelos

samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesia aTwleulebis ganmav-

lobaSi imyofeboda.

kaTolikos-patriarqis mosaydred cxum-afxazeTis mit-

ropolit ilias (SiolaSvili) gamorCevas ukvalod ar Cauvlia.

miuxedavad imisa, rom wminda sinodis ganCinebis safuZvelze

(09.11.1977) saqarTvelos eklesias hyavda saWeTmpyrobelis mo-

saydre, romelic imavdroulad patriarqobis erT-erTi rea-

luri kandidatic iyo, sami mRvdelmTavris: wilkneli mitro-

piliti gaiozis, baTum-Semoqmedeli mitropolitis romanozi-

sa da bodbeli episkoposis ilarionisgan Seqmnili dajgufe-

bis mier provokaciuli xasiaTis winaaRmdegobebi mravlad ga-

movlinda. pirveli winaaRmdegoba 1977 wlis 16 dekembris

wminda sinodis sxdomaze dafiqsirda, romelzec mRvdelmTav-

rebs saqarTvelos momaval kaTolikos-patriarqad asaCevi kan-

didatura unda gamoevlinaT. sxdomas sinodis yvela wevri es-

wreboda: kaTolikos-patriarqis mosaydre cxum-afxazeTis

mitropoliti ilia (SiolaSvili), baTum-Semoqmedeli da Wyon-

dideli mitropoliti romanozi (petriaSvili), TeTriwyaros

mitropoliti zinobi (maJuga), wilkneli mitropoliti gaiozi

(keratiSvili), mangleli episkoposi giorgi (RonRaZe), alaver-

deli episkoposi grigoli (cercvaZe) da bodbeli episkoposi

ilarioni (samxaraZe). wminda sinodis xuTma wevrma patriarqad

asarCev kandidatad erTxmad daasaxela cxum-afxazeTis mit-

ropoliti ilia. bodbelma episkoposma ilarionma ar daasaxe-

la kandidati, xolo mitropolitma gaiozma ki saerTod uka-

nonod scno sinodis aRniSnuli sxdoma. mitropolitma roma-

nozma ar daasaxela kandidati da axali mosaydris arCeva mo-

iTxova. Tavad asarCevma kandidatma, mitropolitma iliam

Tanxmoba ganacxada mis kandidatad dasaxelebaze. axali kaTo-

likos-patriarqis intronizaciis dRed ganisazRvra 23-25 de-

kemberi [5, 1].

kaTolikos-patriarqad asarCevi kandidatis Secvlis mo-

TxovniT zemoaRniSnul mRvdelmTavarTa sameulma saqarTve-

los mTavrobac Seawuxa. isini saqarTvelos respublikis mi-

nistrTa sabWosTan arsebuli religiis saqmeTa rwmunebulisa-

gan mitropolit ilia SiolaSvilis mocilebas iTxovdnen, ro-

gorc ucxo saxelmwifoTa „Spionisa“. Tumca religiis saqmeTa

rwmunebulis pozicia wminda sinodis gadawyvetilebis dacvasa

279

da eklesiis Sida saqmeebSi CaurevlobiT gamoixata. xolo

cxum-afxazeTis mitropolitis SpionaJSi dadanaSauleba, rad-

ganac es sakiTxi rwmunebulis kompetencias scildeboda, Se-

sabamisi saxelmwifo organoebis mier unda yofiliyo ganxi-

luli [4, 2].

vinaidan saxelmwifo organoebSi dasayrdeni ver ipoves,

mRvdelmTavarTa es sameuli mitropolit gaiozis xelmZRva-

nelobiT, moulodnelad kvira dRes, 18 dekembers kaTolikos-

patriarqis rezidenciaSi SeiWra. maT Seamtvries samuSao oTa-

xebis, kabinetebisa da seifebis karebi. maT ZiriTad mizans,

rogorc es saarqivo masalebidan irkveva, sapatriarqos muSa-

obis paralizeba da maTTvis saWiro dokumentaciis waReba

warmoadgenda. msoflios TiTqmis yvela qristianul eklesias

daegzavna depeSebi, rom 23-25 dekembers kaTolikos-patriar-

qis arCevnebi ar Catardeboda. aRniSnulis mizans, rogorc

Cans, saerTaSoriso doneze xmis miwvdena warmoadgenda, raTa

qristianuli eklesiebis warmomadgenlebi arCevnebze da Sesa-

bamisad arc momavali patriarqis aRsaydrebaze ar Camosuliy-

vnen, rac Seaferxebda an saerTod CaSlida momavali kaToli-

kos-patriarqis arCevasa da mis aRsaydrebas. radganac qristi-

anul eklesiaSi arsebuli tradiciis mixedviT, adgilobrivi

eklesiis axali meTauris arCeva da misi aRsaydreba saerTo

sixarulsa da dResaswauls warmoadgens da, amasTanave, is ek-

lesiis meTauris cnobisa da aRiarebis erT-erTi Semadgeneli

komponenticaa. gagzavnili depeSebis pasuxad sapatriarqoSi

telefoniT darekes erevnidan. yovelTa somexTa kaTalikos

vazgen I-s telefoniT esaubra mitropoliti ilia da xelmeo-

red iqna dagzavnili telegramebi, rom saqarTvelos kaToli-

kos-patriarqis arCevnebi ise warimarTeboda rogorc es 16

dekembris wminda sinodis gadawyvetilebiT iyo gansazRvruli

[4, 3].

dapirispirebis mTavari moqmedi piri wilkneli mitropo-

liti gaioz keratiSvili gaxldaT, romlis moRvaweobis Sesa-

xebac ara mxolod saeklesio, aramed saero sazogadoebaSic

xSirad saubrobdnen. vidre Sida saeklesio dapirispireba

naTlad gamoixateboda kaTolikos-patriarqis daviT V-s gar-

dacvalebis Semdeg, erTi wliT adre erovnuli moZraobis

ramdenime aqtiuri wevris mier, romelTa Sorisac iyvnen: zvi-

ad gamsaxurdia, merab kostava, valentina failoZe da suliko

280

kaWarava, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis daviT

V-is saxelze daiwera werili, romelSic „episkopos“ gaioz ke-

ratiSvilis mitropolitis xarisxSi ayvanaa gakritikebuli.

werilis avtorTa azriT, aRniSnuli qmedeba saxels utexda

qarTul eklesias, radganac ara mxolod samRvdeloebisaTvis,

aramed saero sazogadoebisaTvisac kargad iyo cnobili epis-

kopos gaiozis mravali Seuferebeli saqcieli. erovnuli moZ-

raobis wevrebi mitropolits bralad sdebdnen winamorbedi

kaTolikos-patriarqis efrem II-is (sidamoniZe, +1972) gardac-

valebis dros sapatriarqos qonebis datacebas, rac sagamoZi-

ebo organoebis mierac iyo dadasturebuli. werilis avtore-

bi iTxovdnen: „vacxadebT protests gaiozis kurTxevis wina-

aRmdeg da moviTxovT mis gakreWas da gankveTas rogorc

uRirsi sasuliero pirisas“ [6, 1]. cxadia mRvdelmTavrisaTvis

arc wodebis da arc xarisxis miniWeba da miTumetes arc sam-

Rvdelo Tu samRvdelmTavro xarisxis CamorTmeva an eklesii-

dan daTxovna ar gaxlavT saero pirTa gadasawyveti sakiTxi,

vinaidan mkacrad gansazRvruli saeklesio kanonmdebloba yo-

velgvari SfoTisa da dapirispirebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT,

krZalavs saero pirTa yovelgvar Carevas Sida saeklesio saq-

mianobaSi. magram am werilis Sinaarsidan naTlad ikveTeba me-

20 saukunis 70-iani wlebis saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis

damokidebuleba eklesiis SigniT mimdinare procesebis mimarT.

saintereso gaxlavT agreTve kaTolikos-patriarqis da-

viT V-is Zmis aleqsandre devdarianis werili saqarTvelos

ssr ministrTa sabWos religiis saqmeTa rwmunebulis saxelze,

romelic 07.12.1977 w. TariRdeba da romelsac misi Sinaarsi-

dan gamomdinare srulad moviyvanT. gansvenebuli patriarqi

daviTi ZmasTan saubarSi Turme aRniSnavda: „me rogorc saqmes

gadavxede, Cems Semdeg patriarqad gamodgeba mitropoliti

ilia, rogorc energiuli da saqmis kargi mcodne. saqmes yve-

laze ufro mag gauZRvebao“. mitropolit gaiozze ambobda

Semdegs: `CekistebiT aSinebs xalxso _ moskovSi Cemi iq yofnis

dros Camovida specialurad, rom masze damewera anderZio,

aqac, TbilisSi xSirad modioda da maviwrovebda, maSinebda da

maiZulebda yovelnairad, raTa masze damewera anderZio. ga-

davcdi, rom mitropolitoba mivecio, ar iyo Rirsio“. rac

Seexeba romanoz petriaSvils, miTxra: „91 wlis kacia, skle-

rozi aqvs da yurSic aRar esmiso. misgan ra patriarqi dadge-

281

bao“. yovelnairad aviwrovebda Cems Zmas gaiozi, aSinebda da

anervianebda. Cemis azriT anderZi ar dawera imitom, rom sik-

vdils jer ar moeloda da moulodnelad gardaicvala, rac

yvelasTvis cnobilia. gTxovT miiRoT mxedvelobaSi es Cemi

Cveneba arCevnebis dros“ [3, 8].

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqobis kandida-

tad cxum-afxazeTis mitropolitis ilia SiolaSvilis gamor-

Ceva rom garkveuli wreebisaTvis misaRebi ar iyo da yvelanai-

rad cdilobdnen misi kandidatura rogorme CamoeSorebinaT

Tavidan, kargad Cans alaverdeli mitropolitis grigolis

(cercvaZe) werilidan saqarTvelos ssr religiis saqmeTa

rwmunebulis T. onofriSvilisadmi, romelSic mxcovani

mRvdelmTavari aRniSnavs, rom masTan viRac axalgazrda kaci

mivida da uTxra, rom afxazeTis mitropolit iliaze uari ga-

nacxades, rom TviT eduard SevardnaZemac ki xeli moawera,

raTa ilia patriarqad ar aerCiaT. TviT T. onofriSvilsac ar

aqvso saqme kargad da rom alaverdeli mitropoliti male mi-

iRebda depeSas sinodis axali sxdomis Catarebis Sesaxeb. mit-

ropolitis pasuxi, rogorc es misi sityvebidan irkveva, cal-

saxa gaxldaT: „me rac vTqvi, imasve vityvi“ [3, 7].

miuxedavad daZabuli dReebisa, 23.12.1977 w. Tbilisis si-

onis sapatriarqo taZarSi saqarTvelos me-12 saeklesio kreba

mainc Sedga, romelsac garda qarTveli sasuliero da saero

pirebisa, eswrebodnen: moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patri-

arqi uwmindesi pimeni, yovelTa somexTa kaTalikosi vazgen I,

sazRvargareTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiebis warmomadgenle-

bi. TviT krebis dResac saqarTvelos kompartiis cenrtaluri

komitetis pirveli mdivnis e. SevardnaZis saxelze gaigzavna

depeSa, romelic iuwyeboda, rom TiTqos saqarTvelos ssr mi-

nistrTa sabWosTan arsebuli religiis saqmeTa rwmunebulis

T. onofriSvilis oficialuri moTxovnis safuZvelze, wminda

sinodis wevrebs xma unda miecaT mitropolit ilia SiolaSvi-

lis kandidaturisaTvis sapatriarqo taxtze asasvlelad,

radgan misi kandidatura oficialurad ukve damtkicebuli

iyo da TviT eduard SevardnaZec saqmis kursSi imyofeboda.

imave dRis 15 saaTze baTum-Semoqmedeli da Wyondideli mit-

ropolitis romanozis saxeliT kidev erTi depeSa gaigzavna

moskovSi sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis centraluri

komitetis pirveli mdivnis l. i. breJnevis saxelze, romelSic

282

cxum-afxazeTis mitropoliti ilia 1972 wlidan qarTveli di-

sidentebis Tanamoazred da maT wamqezeblad iyo dasaxelebu-

li. mitropoliti romanozi patriarqobis kandidaturis mox-

snas iTxovda.

miuxedavad mravali winaaRmdegobisa, saqarTvelos me-12

saeklesio krebam, romelsac Tavad xelmZRvanelobda patri-

arqobis kandidati cxum-afxazeTis mitropoliti ilia, daam-

tkica komisiis oTxkaciani Semadgenloba. alaverdelma

mRvdelmTavarma grigolma daadastura wminda sinodis gadaw-

yvetileba, rom saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad asarCev

kandidatad dasaxelebuliyo mitropoliti ilia SiolaSvili.

faruli kenWisyris Semdeg, xmis damTvleli komisiis xel-

mZRvanelis arqimandrit ioane ananiaSvilis mier gamocxadda

kenWisyris Sedegi, romlis mixedviTac cxum-afxazeTis mitro-

politi ilia (SiolaSvili) erTxmad iyo arCeuli sruliad sa-

qarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad. saqarTvelos eklesiis

axal meTaurs ewoda „uwmindesi da unetaresi sruliad saqar-

Tvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepis-

koposi ilia II“.

axalarCeuli kaTolikos-patriarqis aRsaydreba 25 dekem-

bers, wm. spiridon trimifuntelis xsenebis dRes

sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZarSi moxda.

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sworad warmarTvisaTvis, upir-

veles yovlisa, aucilebeli iyo Tavad eklesiis Sida samsaxure-

bis normaluri funqcionireba. wminda sinodi, rogorc eklesiis

umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, Zal-

zed mcirericxovani gaxldaT da amasTanave misi wevrebis gar-

kveuli nawili erTmaneTTan isev dapirispirebaSi imyofeboda.

baTum-Semoqmedeli da Wyondideli mitropoliti romanozi

(petriaSvili) wminda sinodis wevrebs maleve gamoaklda, radga-

nac kaTolikos-patriarqad ilia II-is arCevis Semdeg, igi pensiaSi

gavida da 1979 wels 92 wlis asakSi gardaicvala. winaaRmdegoba-

Si myofi danarCeni ori mRvdelmTavari ki: bodbeli episkoposi

ilarioni (samxaraZe) da urbneli mitropoli gaiozi (keratiSvi-

li), 27.07.1978 w. saqarTvelos eklesiis wminda sinodis ganCine-

bis safuZvelze gaTavisufldnen eparqiaTa mmarTvelobidan da

gayvanil iqnen wminda sinodis Semadgenlobidan.

episkopos ilarionis gaTavisufleba mRvdelmTavrobidan

erT mcire sakamaTo sakiTxs aRZravs. wminda sinodis dadgeni-

283

lebaSi vkiTxulobT: „wminda sinodma miiRo mxedvelobaSi, rom

bodbeli episkoposi ilarioni aris fsiqikurad avad da gaaTa-

visufla igi eparqiis mmarTvelobidan da Tbilisis wminda sa-

mebis eklesiis winamZRvris movaleobidan mRvdelmTavris xa-

risxis SenarCunebiT da gayvanil iqna wminda sinodis Semad-

genlobidan“ [7, 2]. fsiqikuri daavadebis dros mRvdelmTavris

gaTavisufleba eparqiis mmarTvelis movaleobidan aranair

problemas ar warmoadgens da arc polemikas iwvevs mavanTa

mxridan. magram misTvis mRvdelmTavris xarisxis SenarCunebis

mizezi am SemTxvevaSi sruliad gaugebari rCeba. wminda sinods

episkopos ilarionisaTvis arc titularuli episkoposis wo-

deba miuniWebia, rom misTvis organizaciuli funqciebis Ca-

morTmeviT mRvdelmTavris xarisxi mainc SeenarCunebina. sain-

teresoa, risi episkoposi iyo ilarion samxaraZe wminda sino-

dis wevrobis Semdeg? Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebasac,

rom igi wminda sinodis ganCinebis safuZvelzeve moqmedi

mRvdelmTavaria da mis mier aRsrulebuli yoveli saeklesio

saidumlo kanonieria, gaugebari rCeba misi funqcia saqarTve-

los marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi. amasTanave gasaTvaliswinebe-

lia isic, rom episkoposad Sesabamisi kandidatis gamorCevis

dros, mas irCeven ara rogorc zogadad episkoposs, aramed

rogorc winaswar gansazRvruli eparqiis mmarTvels, romelic

dawinduli iqneba am eparqiaze msgavsad qristesi da eklesiisa.

amitomacaa gaugebaria 27.07.1978 w. wminda sinodis gadawyve-

tilebiT ra wodebas atarebs yofili bodbis episkoposi ila-

rioni, romelic dRemde episkoposis xarisxSi imyofeba?

mitropolit gaiozis (keratiSvili) Sesaxeb SedarebiT me-

ti informacia moipoveba, misi mwvave dapirispirebis gamo jer

cxum-afxazeTis mitropolit, Semdeg ki sruliad saqarTve-

los kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-sadmi. miuxedavad am dapi-

rispirebis kraxiT damTavrebisa, gaiozi kvlav eweoda antiek-

lesiur qmedebebs. mas bralad edeboda saeklesio nivTebis mi-

sakuTreba, romelTagan garkveuli nawili, Cveni azriT, ise-

dac mRvdelmTavris sakuTreba unda yofiliyo. samRvdel-

mTavro panaRiebis, jvrebis, mitrebisa da kverTxebis saxlSi

Senaxva mRvdelmTavris prerogativa gaxlavT da zogad praq-

tikas warmoadgens marTlmadidebel mRvdelmTavarTa Soris,

romlebic saeklesio msaxurebis dros atareben maT. xolo

dasvenebis dros ki maT saxlSi inaxaven. Tumca 100.045 sabWo-

284

Ta maneTis Rirebulebis mqone gansakuTrebiT didi odenobiT

saxelmwifo qonebis aRmoCena mis sacxovrebel saxlSi gaxda

mizezi mitropolit gaioz keratiSvilis dapatimrebisa, rome-

lic manamde, wminda sinodis ganCinebis safuZvelze, ukve gay-

vanili iqna wminda sinodis Semadgenlobidan. gansxvavebiT

episkopos ilarionisagan, wminda sinodi gacilebiT mkacri aR-

moCnda urbneli mRvdelmTavris mimarT. ganCineba aseTi saxiT

axasiaTebs gaiozs: „mitropolitma gaiozma, ar miuRia-ra sa-

suliero ganaTleba, ar umsaxuria-ra eklesiebSi, rogorc di-

akonsa da mRvdels, uwmindesi patriarqis efremis (sidamoniZe)

daSinebiTa da SantaJiT, piradi karieristuli mizniT miaRwia

episkoposis xarisxs... daSinebis gziT, rac aRiara RvTivgan-

svenebulma patriarqma daviT V-mac mRvdelmTavarTa winaSe,

man miaRwia mitropolitis xarisxs. ufro meti − uwmindesma

daviTma iqve aRiara, rom mitropoliti gaiozi mas emuqrebo-

da da iTxovda, rom mis saxelze yofiliyo dawerili anderZi

kaTolikos-patriarqobis mosaydris Sesaxeb... patriarq ilia

II-is dros, masSi sinanulis aRZvrisa da gamosworebis mizniT,

igi daniSnul iqna urbnel mitropolitad da qaSueTis taZris

winamZRvrad TbilisSi, magram monaniebis magivrad man ganag-

rZo Tavisi borotmoqmedeba da daiwyo taZris Zarcva. igi da-

Zarcvul xatebsa da saxarebebs aclida Zvirfas Tval-marga-

lits gayidvis mizniT, ris gamoc saxelmwifo xelisuflebis

organoTa mier pasuxisgebaSi micemul iqna... sinodma daadgi-

na-mitropoliti gaiozi gayvanil iqnas wminda sinodis Semad-

genlobidan, gaTavisufldes urbnisis eparqiis mmarTvelobi-

dan, qvaSveTis taZris winamZRvris movaleobidan da sxva yo-

velgvari saeklesio saqmianobdan“ [7, 3, 4, 5]. aRniSnuli ga-

dawyvetileba calsaxad miuTiTebs rom saeklesio xelisuf-

leba gacilebiT mkacri aRmoCnda dapirispirebul mRvdelmTa-

varTa sameulis meTauris mimarT, romelsac wminda sinodis

wevrobidan gayvanisas mRvdelmTavris xarisxi ar SeunarCuna

da igi yovelgvar saeklesio saqmianobas CamoaSora.

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad ilia II-is

arCevis Semdeg iwyeba axali, sruliad gansxvavebuli epoqa sa-

qarTvelos eklesiis istoriaSi. epoqa, romelic or, erTmane-

Tisagan sruliad gansxvavebul saxelmwifo wyobis reJims moi-

cavs: erTis mxriv, `mkacri komunisturi reJimis saxiT 1977

wlidan 1991 wlamde, rodesac saqarTvelom damoukidebloba

285

moipova da 1991 wlidan dRemde, rodesac Cveni qveyana msof-

lios mraval damoukidebel saxelmwifosTan erTad Tanamed-

rove gamowvevaTa winaSe dgas.


1. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 312.

2. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, f. 1880. aR. 1, saq. 309.






8. Постановление ЦК КП Грузии, '' О мерах по усилению борьбы с вредными традициями от 24 Ноября1975 года~.

9. Конституция (основной закон) Союза Советских Социалисти-ческих Республик, 07.10.1977.

Archimandrite Michael (Zaza) Ejibishvili Doctorant Student of the Social Science Department of the Technical University of Georgia. Archimandrite of the Holy Monastery of Petraki, Church of Greece.

The Ortodox Church of Georgia in Catholicos-Patriarch Ilia II

Entronization Period

Summary By 1977 the Arostolic Church of Georgiain the Soviet Socialist regime

was in bad condition. Throghout the country the most of the churches and monasteries were closed or demolished. The clergy of bishops, priests and deacons were no more than 67. At this time the situation was also aggravated by the fact that Christianity was “out of fashion”. Also the government fought the church and tried every possible way to oppressit. Despite the fact that Christianity was an autonomous and autocephalous, at that time the Georgian realized an internal church policy by 1945 regulations, but the foreign relations – by the 1977 constitution of the USSR, whose control was order ed USSR Council of Ministers of the Council religious affairs.

The selection and the enthronization of the Catholicos-Patriarch was related to a number of internal problems of the church, which finally ended with the victory of ILIA II (Shiolashvili), the Metropolitian of Tskhum-Abkhazeti.

The Church of Georgia faced new challenges.

286

gia gelaSvili






TanamSromeli

mercbaxeris (1843-1926) cnobebi afxazebisa

da osebis Sesaxeb

(Sesavlis magier)

2008 wlis #1 krebulSi _ `axali da uaxlesi istoriis

sakiTxebi~ _ Cven gamovaqveyneT werili `gotfrid mercbaxeri

saqarTvelos mTis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb~, romelSic gadmove-

ciT germaneli mecnier-mogzauris mokle biografiuli cnobe-

bi da misi naSromis zogadi mimoxilva. amitom am SemTxvevaSi

mxolod mcirediT davkmayofildebiT.

1891 wels mercbaxerma moawyo Tavisi eqspedicia kavkasi-

onze, xolo 1901 wels gamoaqveyna ortomiani 2000-gverdiani

naSromi _ `kavkasionis maRal regionebSi~, romelSic mogvca

Tavisi mogzaurobis mecnieruli daskvnebi da Semovlili re-

gionebis kartografireba.

misi samogzauro marSruti iyo Semdegi: miunxeni-vena-

odesa-baTumi-quTaisi-svaneTi. aqedan is adis uSba-laila-

TeTnuld-ialbuzze da baqsanis xeobiT gadadis Crdilo kav-

kasiaSi. CrdiloeTis mxridan dalaSqravs yazbegs da Camodis

tfilisSi. aqedan moivlis xevsureTs, fSavs, TuSeTsa da da-

Restans (saTanado mwvervalebze asvliT) da kaxeTis gamovliT

brundeba tfilisSi. yovelmxriv aRweril-gamokvleul am mar-

Sruts man daurTo 195 ilustracia, 12 panoramuli suraTi,

160-ze meti dasaxelebis gamoyenebuli literaturis sia, ru-

kebi da sxva. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis

xalxTa istoria-eTnografiis Sesaswavlad misi naSromi erT-

erTi saukeTesoTagania me-19 saukunis mecnier-mogzaurTa

287

Sromebs Soris. igi gaecno mis winare xanis uamrav literatu-

ras, cdilobs Seavsos isini da zog cnobas ukritikodac ar

stovebs.

amJamad Cven warmovadgineT gotfrid mercbaxeris cnobe-

bi afxazebisa da osebis Sesaxeb. Cven gTavazobT mercbaxeris

orive tomSi gabneuli cnobebis Targmans maTi mcire komenti-

rebiT.

mercbaxeri saubrobs afxazTa saxelwodebaze, enaze, gan-

saxlebaze zRvis sanapiroze Tu mezobel mTebSi; Cerqezebisa

da yabardoelebis mezoblobaze, maT muhajirobaze. avtori

exeba maT garegnobas, sarwmunoebas, dasaqmebas, vaWrobas. mer-

cbaxeri gvawvdis zogierTi punqtis aRweras (biWvinTa, aToni,

soxumi), urTierTobas rusebTan, samegrelos mTavarTan. ar

aviwydeba mokle istoriuli eqskursebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

afxazebis Sesaxeb avtoris cnobebi araa srulyofili da Tvi-

Tonac veraa bolomde garkveuli maTi warmomavlobis, adgil-

samyofelisa Tu istoriis sakiTxebSi (`samwuxaroa am Zveli

xalxebis warmomavlobis sibnele~-o). Tumca Cans, rom icnobs

mraval wyaros _ evropulsa Tu qarTuls. rac Seexeba faq-

tebs, isini unda virwmunoT, rogorc TvaliT danaxuli, mag-

ram daskvnebs yovelTvis ver gaviziarebT.

rac Seexeba osebs, mercbaxerma faqtiurad moiara Crdi-

lo kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi osebis samosaxloebi da gvaZlevs maT

aRweras; aseve sakmao adgils uTmobs osTa aborigenobisa Tu

mosulobis sakiTxs, rasac Tavis SeniSvnebsac urTavs, radgan

mkvlevarTa yvela cnobas ar iziarebs (mag., osebis germane-

lebTan monaTesaveobas eWvis TvaliT uyurebs). saqarTveloSi

mcxovreb osebs naklebi adgili eTmoba, Tumca bevrgan iyenebs

vaxuStis Sromas (cxadia, mis broseseul gamocemas). gansakuT-

rebiT xevsureTis aRwerisas zog Cveulebas osebisas amsgav-

sebs. mercbaxeri aseve gvawvdis cnobebs osuri enis, sarwmu-

noebis, mSeneblobis wesis Sesaxeb. vrclad agviwers samarxTa

tipebs, qalTa da mamakacTa garegnobasa da saqmianobas, maT

bunebas. ar aviwydeba osuri ludi da uremi. exeba qarTul

modgmas _ dvalebs. sainteresoa samgzavro sadgur-sastumro-

Ta aRwera: mogzaurobis safasuri, transportTa tipebi da

manZilebi sadgurTa Soris. Cvens yuradRebas iqcevs msjeloba

rokis gadasasvlelis sarkinigzo makavSireblad gamoyenebis

Sesaxeb.

288

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, cnobebi sainteresoa da yu-

radsaRebi, rogorc pirvelwyaros mniSvnelobis mqone. Tar-

gmanSi Cven vicavT mercbaxeriseuli teqstis mimdevrobas; ami-

tom SeiZleba, rom erTi da igive sakiTxze msjeloba sxva da

sxva adgilas Segvxvdes. iq sadac masaxerxebeli iyo maTi gaer-

Tianeba, sqolioSi mivuTiTeT. sqolioebi ZiriTadad mercba-

xers ekuTvnian.

mercbaxeri afxazebis Sesaxeb

(gv. 163) afsua dRes afxazeTad iqca.

(gv. 182_186) me visaubreb kavkasiis qedis samxreT fer-

debze, ukidures dasavleTiT, Savi zRvisken dasaxlebul uZ-

veles xalxze _ afxazebze, romelic Tavis Tavs afsuas, qveya-

nas ki afsnes uwodebs.

Cven imaze meti araferi viciT am xalxebis warmomavlobi-

sa da mosvlis Taobaze, 1 rac istoriul cnobebSia daculi,

rom isini pontos napirebze da mezobel mTebSi aTaswlebia

saxloben [1]. berZeni da bizantieli mwerlebi maT xSirad ax-

seneben saxeliT abasi da avogazebi. straboni maT CerqezebTan

(Zigebi) erTad sarmatul modgmad miiCnevs. Cven im drois

sxvaTa cnobebidanac vigebT, rom isini pontoze mdebare ayva-

vebuli berZnuli savaWro koloniebisTvis, sazRvao yaCaRobis

gamo, saSiSi mezoblebi yofilan. miTridatesa da misi memkvid-

reTaTvis, romaelebisa da bizantielebisTvis mxolod nomina-

lurad iyvnen morCilebi. sinamdvileSi aravis emorCilebod-

nen, magram aseve arasodes ar mouwyviaT mtkice saxelmwifo.

Sav zRvaze erTmaneTis momdevno savaWro faqtoriebTan _

berZnul, romaul, bizantiur da mogvianebiT genuelebisa _

maT saqmiani urTierToba hqondaT, magram napirebis batonebma

verasdros SeZles Tundac morCilebis CrdilSi moeqciaT

mTis es urCi xalxi.2

qarTvelebi maT uwodeben obaza-s aseve obeza-s. qarTuli

1 Graf E. Zichys-is naSromSi `mogzauroba kavkasiaSi…~(budapeSti 1897,

t. I, gv. 101) afxazebi Cerqezul modgmisad klasificirdeba, rogorc

identuri Cerqez abazebTan. anTropometruli da lingvisturi kvle-

vebi amas ar unda adasturebdnen. aseve zogi sxva monacemebis mixed-

viT am naSromis eTnografiul ganyofilebaSi amas me ar veTanxmebi. 2 aq, gv. 183, mocemulia afxazi SeiaraRebuli mamakacis suraTi _ g. g.

289

qronika1 saubrobs afxazeTis qveynis Sesaxeb da ambobs, rom

adre mas erqva egrisi, Targamosis vaJis egrosis mixedviT,

romelic pirvelad daeufla mas. saxelwodeba egrisi aerTia-

nebs ara marto afxazeTis mxares, viwro gagebiT, aramed ag-

reTve dRevandel samegrelosa da imereTs. Tu davesesxebiT

istoriul cnobebs, qarTvel mefeebs saxelmwifos udidesi

Zlierebis xanaSic afxazeTis mxolod mcire nawili emorCile-

boda2. dResac, jer kidev arsebulma afxazuri mTavris gvarma

ServaSiZem, romelmac me-18 saukuneSi miiRo `afxazeTis mTav-

ris~ tituli da flobda vrcel mamulebs qveyanaSi, Tavis Za-

lauflebas am aulagmavi xalxis mxolod mcire nawili dau-

morCila.

Zveli afxazebis patara raodenobas Sexvdebi dRes kavka-

siaSi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuls, saxeldobr, soxum-kales

samxreTiTa da aRmosavleTiT. mTiel afxazebs, romlebic sa-

erTo afxazuri enis odnav gansxvavebul dialeqtze lapara-

koben, vxvdebiT mcire gafantul jgufebad maT adrindel sa-

mosaxloebSi enguris Crdilo-dasavleTi Senakadebis xeobebSi,

agreTve Znelad gasavlel kodoris qvabulis da bzifis ve-

lur tyeebSi. umetesi nawili iq erT dros mcxovrebi sainte-

reso xalxisa, daaxloebiT 120000 suli, 1864 wels CerqezTa

damorCilebis Semdeg, mtrulad Sexvda sabolood damyarebul

viTarebas, axal wesebs, mmarTvelobas da TurqeTSi (umTavre-

sad mcire aziaSi) gadavida. afxazTa erTi, ufro patara Sto

ukve ramdenime saukunea CrdiloeTis ferdze Cerqezuli sam-

kvidros maxloblad gadasaxlda; magram, mas Semdeg, rac qve-

yana rusebma daipyres, metwilad TurqeTSi gadavidnen; xolo

vinc adgilze darCa, axalma batonebma aiZules dasaxlebuliy-

vnen nakleb mTian mxareebSi, raTa ukeT emeTvalyuraT;3 saxel-

dobr, mdinareebis kumasa da selenCukis qvemo dinebaze, ba-

talfaSinskTan [2]. es masobrivi gadasaxleba iseve samwuxaroa,

rogorc am Zveli xalxis warmomavlobis sibnele. maTi axali

istoria da codna uZvelesi religiuri wes-Cveulebebis, Zve-

li gvarebisa da adgilTa saxelebis, aseve maTTan dakavSire-

1vaxuSti, gv. 335, 403.

2 ras gulisxmobs avtori `mcire nawilSi~, an romeli rCeba afxaze-

Tis `did nawilad~, Zneli saTqmelia _ g. g. 3am gverdze (184) mocemulia afxazi qalis suraTi _ g. g.

290

buli tradiciebi iqneboda amosavali wertili xalxis bneli

warsulis asaxsnelad, rasac sruli gaqroba emuqreba. afxazu-

ri ena damoukidebelia, mxolod sadRac enaTesaveba Cerqe-

zuls1, roca leqsikuri da gramatikuli wyoba saxezea. amis

axsna SeiZleba uZvelesi droidan afxazebisa da Cerqezebis

mWidrod mezoblad cxovrebiT [3]. pantuxovis mier Catarebu-

li Tavis qalis gazomvebis (kraniometria _ g. g.) mixedviT2

Tu vimsjelebT, zogi mkvlevaris varaudi am ori xalxis naTe-

saobis Sesaxeb ar dasturdeba, radgan Cerqezebis 17% braqi-

cefalebi (ganieri da mokleTava _ g. g.) arian, afxazebSi ki

50%. samagierod CerqezebSi 63% mezocefalia (saSualo zomis

Tava _ g. g.), afxazebSi mxolod 38%; maSin roca doliqocefa-

lebis (grZelTava _ g. g.) Sefardebaa 20% da 12%. amave dros

afxazebisa da Cerqezebis umetesobas muqi feris (yavisferi

da Savi) Tmebi da Tvalebi aqvT. rac Seexeba aRnagobas (tanis

silamazes), CerqezTa elegantur tanadobas da maT lamaz,

swor nakvTebs eseni (afxazebi _ g. g.) ver Seedrebian. amaT

aqvT ufro Zlieri, jmuxi da dabali tanadoba, mkacri, uxeSi,

araswori nakvTebi, ufro brtyeli Tavi da gulgrili, veluri

(xepre) gamometyveleba. aseve nakleb Seedreba maTi tlanqi,

aulagmavi, myari wyobisadmi gulgriloba _ niWieri, organiza-

toruli da rainduli Cerqezebisas3. rac Seexeba sarwmunoebas,

isini formalurad mahmadianebi arian, Tumca arc Tu didi xa-

nia; jerac islams maTSi ar aqvs Rrma fesvebi gamdgari. sinam-

dvileSi, yovelgvari gansakuTrebuli religiuri mowyobis ga-

reSe, misdeven uZveles warmarTul Cvevebs, rac emyareba ele-

mentarul kults da warmarTul warmodgenebs; Tumca qristi-

anoba jer kidev adreul xanebSi (V sauk.) SemoiRes iq. amaze

metyvelebs qveyanaSi mravlad arsebuli Zvel eklesiaTa naS-

Tebi; didi xnis manZilze iq arsebobda warmarTuli msxver-

plSewirva da afxazTa mier mahmadianobis miRebis miuxedavad,

es Zveli eklesiebi dResac did pativSi hyavT. kavkasiaSi dRe-

1 erkerti: enebi da a. S. I, gv. 271. dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb `krebulSi

adgilTa da xalxTa aRwerisaTvis~.., sadac baron fon uslaris gamok-

vlevebia gamoqveynebuli afxazuri enis Sesaxeb. aseve a. Sifneri: deta-

luri moxseneba baron fon uslaris afxazuri Studiebis Taobaze. 2 pantuxovi: werilebi da a. S. I, gv. 140. ix. aseve Chantre, t. IV. gv. 143 da 149 sq. 3 am (185) gverdze moTavsebulia afxazi gogonas suraTi _ g. g.

291

sac mcxovrebi afxazebis ricxvi 40000-s ar unda aRematebo-

des1.

(gv. 188) yaraCaelebi cxovrebis zogierTi formiT, aseve

garegnobiT Tumca hgvanan afxazebs da yabardoelebs `didi

yabardodan~, romlebsac didi xnis manZilze uxdidnen xarks

da romelTa gavlenasac ganicdidnen, ... miuxedavad amisa, ma-

inc tipologiurad gansxvavdebian mezoblebisgan: afxazebis,

Cerqezebis da TviT yabardoelebisganac. am ukanasknelTagan

Cacmulobac gadaiRes... [4]

(195-196 gv.) qalTa samosi Taviseburia da mdidruli; is

gadaiRes mezobelma xalxebma _ afxazebma, yaraCaelebma da

mTielma TaTrebma2...

(238 gv.) mogzaurebma (freSfildis jgufi 1889 wels _ g.

g.) mivardnili kodoris xeobiT miaRwies suxum-kales Sav

zRvaze. didi xnis manZilze es ukacrieli, saocari tyeebiT

dafaruli mxareebi _ amJamad gavelurebuli, uwin afxazebis

samosaxlo [5], evropeli mogzaurebis mier aRar yofila mona-

xulebuli.3

(229 gv.) b-ni groves jgufi 1874 wels yaraCael TaTarTa

mxaridan gadmovida mTavar qedze naxaris uReltexiliT ko-

doris xeobaSi; am ukacrieli, Tvalwarmtaci afxazuri xeobiT

CaaRwies Savi zRvis napirebamde4.

(260-266 gv.) germanuli saxeli adleri, rac aseT mxareSi

sakvirvelia, aris ubralod damaxinjebuli ardileri, ro-

gorc adre am adgils erqva aq mcxovrebi Cerqezebis (ubixebis)

beladis ardilis gamo5. iqauri Cerqezuli simagris aRebisas

1836 wels gmirulad daeca rusi poeti bestuJev (marlinski).6

axla am lamaz da nayofier sanapiro adgilze aris xalxmrava-

1 gansakuTrebiT detaluri cnobebi afxazebis istoriis, enis, wes-

Cveulebebis da tradiciebis Sesaxeb aqvs janaSvils: afxazeTi da af-

xazebi (1894, rusulad). Sdr. koxis mogzauroba, I t. XV Tavi. 2 194-195 gverdebze yabardoelTa foto-suraTebia erovnul samosSi

_ g. g 3 alpuri Jurnali XIV da XV, 1890 #110 _ The Solitude of Abkhasia. 4 f. k. grove _ yinulovani kavkasia, londoni, 1875. 5koxi, mogzauroba... I, gv. 325. swori saxelia ardoliari. berZnul

epoqaSi iq unda mdgariyo herakles taZari, mogvianebiT ki ganTqmu-

li sofia. 6 ix. koxi, II, gv. 314 _ am tragikuli epizodis vrceli aRwera.

292

li sofeli. gemi pirdapir miadga sanapiros; adamianTa jgufe-

bi WianWvelebiviT midi-modiodnen napirze...

gagramde sanapiro erTferovania; umniSvnelo saxlebis

jgufi melanqoliurad imzirebodnen tyis piras da zRvis

moqcevisas saRamos mzeze. erT dros iq yvaoda mileTis axal-

Seni, mogvianebiT ki genuelebis. kapitanma miTxra, rom orives

nangrevebi dResac arsebobdnen. mcire xnis Semdeg sanapiro

qmnis ganier koncxs da Cven mivuaxlovdiT biWvinTas, bizanti-

elTa pituis.

sanapiros midamo kargad damuSavebuli Cans. davinaxeT

yanebi, baRebi savse dekoratiuli da xilis xeebiT; mogrZo sa-

Tevzao navebi, Sefarebuli mZlavri mTis mdinaris bzifis Se-

sarTavTan (SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom es adgili TevziTaa mdi-

dari)1. napirze, cota siRrmeSi vxedavT Tu rogor gamoirCeva

bneli tyiani mTebis fonze naTeli qvis kedeli; farTo mwvane

mdelobze aRimarTeba biWvinTis Zveli kaTedralis didebuli

formebi. Zveleburi mSvenieri Senoba agebuli unda iyos VI sa-

ukuneSi imperator iustinianes dros, roca es sanapiro jer

kidev mdidari kulturis sanerge iyo da bizantiuri Zalauf-

leba da kulturuli gavlena mTel afxazeTze, samegrelosa

da imereTze vrceldeboda2 [6]. bizantiis imperiis dacemis

Semdeg es mxare, gansakuTrebiT misi macxovreblebi _ wnexis-

gan ganTavisuflebuli urCi afxazebi daubrundnen srul bar-

barosobas da amayi Senoba daingra. axal xanebSi bevrjer Sea-

keTes; 1885 wels aRadgines da amJamad daubrunda RvTismsaxu-

rebis saqmes, radgan mxarem, yaCaRuri mosaxleobis didi nawi-

lis gadasaxlebis Semdeg, sakmao usafrTxoeba moipova3. na-

pirs biWvinTis Semdeg bevrgan kveTen zRvamde daSvebuli SiS-

veli ferdebi (=kbode _ g. g.), romlebic mxolod mogvianebiT

dabldebian [6].

Semdeg tye eSveba xreSian vake napiramde; mis iqiT sakmao

simaRleze Canan soflebi. bolos, wynar, molurjo yureSi,

1 rogorc me mogvianebiT Sevitye, aq iWeren uzarmazar oraguls da

tbis kalmaxs. 2 vaxuStis qronikis mixedviT (gv. 407), es adgili unda yofiliyo

nikofsia (anakofia), sadac mociquli simon kananelia dakrZaluli [7]. 3 biWvinTaSi genuelebs Sua saukuneebSi hqondaT ayvavebuli savaW-

ro axalSeni.

293

didi foTlovani xeebis karvisebur gvirgvinebsa da baRebs

Soris gafantulad Cndebian axali-aTonis samonastro Senobe-

bi _ daarsebuli xalqidikes Zveli-aTonis ganTqmuli monas-

tris berebis mier. kulturulma qmnilebam, Cans, am sasiamov-

no sanapiro zolze sakmao farTobi moipova. mis zemoT, cica-

bod daSvebuli frialo kldis Tavze mdgomi, ramdenime gumba-

TiT dagvirgvinebuli didebuli Senoba (albaT jerac daum-

Tavrebeli) Soridan gvesalmeba zRvaSi. mSvidi, yovelivesgan

gamoyofili yure, ayvavebuli, mravalferovnad danawevrebu-

li are, damreci da lamazi (calkeuli SiSveli kldeebiT), ir-

gvliv samoTxis mcenareuli! mis ukan naxevarsferosebri bne-

li kedeli maRla aziduli tyiani mTebis, likvas mTebi; mcire

amfiTeatri mTlianad gamoketili am samyarosgan; mis zemoT,

cis silurjeSi mbrwyinavi mudmivi Tovlis zoli, romlebic

didebuli RvTiuri samyarodan gvesalmebian! yovelive mSveni-

eri am TavSesafarSi gaerTianebula. marTlac, Cafiqrebuli

(moazrovne) samonastro cxovrebisTvis ukeTes adgils verc

SearCevdnen! [8]

bolos Cvenma gemma Semouara soxumis Semxvedr brtyel

koncxs, romelsac zRva xmauriT exeTqeba da muqi lurji moq-

cevisas alersianad srialebs yuris siRrmisken. aq ki, mTis

ZirSi, marTlac mSvenier garemoSi, gaSlilia soxum-kales1 da-

bali TeTri saxlebi; isini safexurebadaa Cafluli mravalfe-

rovani mcenareulis CrdilebSi. mdidar yanebsa da xilis ba-

Rebs Soris vxedav muqi kedrebis wvetian moxazulobas. limo-

nisa da forToxlis foTlovan uZrav gvirgvinebs gamoeyofian

piramidis formis evkaliptebis naTeli, lamazi foTlebi; maT

Soris ki qarSi irwevian eleganturi palmebi. erTi SexedviT

vifiqre, rom SevdiodiT samxreTsiciliur an tunisis sanapi-

ros yureSi. male atmosferoSi mzis sxivis TamaSi sxvanairad,

mZimed vigrZeni sxeulze. aq me maklda xmelTaSua zRvis lan-

dSaftis idumali eTeris sinaze, haerovani brwyinvaleba, ase-

ve momajadoebeli uRrubloba. iq atmosferoze gamomSrobad

moqmedebs vrceli afrikuli udabnos siaxlove; ase rom is

1 koxs (ix. `mogzauroba~, II, gv. 211) miaCnia, rom saxeli warmosdgeba

sa-gum-idan; es niSnavs qveyana gum-ze. es aris Zveli saxeli soxumTan

zRvaSi Camavali mdinaris, romelsac dRevandel rukebze gumisTa

ewodeba. kale Turqulad niSnavs cixes.

294

xdeba ufro gamWvirvale da naTeli. aq, sanapiros SigniT, uma-

galiTod xSiri mcenareuliT Semosili Waobiani dablobi ha-

ers burusians xdis. amdenad yoveli fizikuri sxeulis moxa-

zuloba araa mkveTri, ferebi muqia da mZime. magram sanaxaoba

mainc Tvalwarmtaci iyo! Tumca, rogorc yvelgan, msgavs, arc

Tu didi xnis win kulturas naziareb qveynebSi, roca axlos

daukvirdebi, yovelive ise samoTxiseburad araa, rogorc is

Soridan geCveneba. mxolod samxreTisken gaxsnili navsadguri

kargia da qedebiT (mTebiT) daculi, ris gamoc hava rbilia1.

amiT bednieri yure sargeblobs, rac TavisTavad gasagebia. qa-

laqs Tumca boroti ciebis budis saxeli aqvs, magram q-ni fa-

ma Cveulebisamebr dauokebeli iyo; axal droSi axlos mdeba-

re tyeebisa da gvimris amoZirkviT da sxva sanitaruli Ronis-

ZiebebiT bevri gakeTda adgilis gajansaRebisTvis.

Zveli droidanve es sanapiro zoli dasaxlebuli iyo; aq

elinuri iniciativiT daarsda ayvavebuli (miletelTa) axal-

Seni sebastopolisi da pitiusi, cota samxreTiT _ ganTqmuli

dioskuria. mxolod maTi kedlebis mcire naSTebia, metwilad

sanapiro wyalqveS aRmoCenili. albaT gacilebiT meti Zevs

uzarmazari danaleqis qveS, rac aq SesarTavTan Camoaqvs mdi-

nare kodors. aseve bevri Zveli saSeni masala ueWvelad gaita-

nes Turqebma TavianTi simagreebis asagebad, rac maT nangre-

vebze dResac SeimCneva. aseve genuelebsac unda daearsebinaT

samosaxlo, romlis naSTebic ar Canan.

dRevandel qalaqs _ Tuki 1000 mcxovrebian adgils ase

SeiZleba ewodos _ sruliad axali ganlageba aqvs, radgan

uwindeli samosaxlo ruseT-TurqeTis ukanaskneli omis dros

Turqebma gadawves.2 ganieri, swori, aleebiani quCebi, gaswvriv

mdgomi dabali, SeTeTrebuli saxlebiT Seqmnidnen mosawyen

STabeWdilebas, rom ara mdidari mcenareuli, romelic war-

moadgens buCqnarisa da xeebis monacvleobas da yvelgan yva-

vilTa siWrele. am rbili nestiani havis pirobebSi yvelaferi

irgveba da mwifdeba, rac sxva romelime ganedze izrdeba da

1 zamTris saSualo temperaturaa +7gr.C; ianvris saSualo tempera-

tura +6.1 gr., Tebervlis +6.4, dekembris +7. 9; zafxulis saSualo

temperaturaa +22gr.C; saSualo wliuri _ +14.7gr (vaidenbaumi, gv.

217). 2 igulisxmeba 1877-1878 wlebis omi _ g. g.

295

modis. CrdiloeTis xili _ vaSli, msxali da sxva Sereulia

samxreTul forToxalTan, leRvTan da limonTan. wiwvianebis

gverdiT izrdeba agava, verbena da magnolia; xolo samxreTis

akaciebi gverdSi udganan Zlier evkaliptebs. maradmwvane dei-

ceasa da broweulis muqwiTel yvaviliani buCqebidan amozi-

dulia palmebi; yvavilebiT dafaruli, xSiri vardebis xergu-

li yvelgan gars ertymian baRebs; Tumca aklia maregulirebe-

li xeli. aq ar SeuZliaT sisufTavisa da zrunvis evropuli

masStabebis SeTavazeba, miTumetes, rom aseTi havis pirobebSi

yvelgan, sadac adamianis xeli ver wvdeba, miwa ucbad ifareba

sarevelebiT. bejiTi xeli am mxareSi iSviaTi movlenaa. mwya-

lobeli buneba mudam xelgaSlilia aq; xolo, sadac buneba

uxvia, iq adamians muSaoba ar uyvars. axal saxlebsa da baRebs

Soris gabneulia miSvebuli miwebi da dangreuli nagebobebis

naSTebi. yvelaferi TiTqmis mouvlelad Tavis nebaze izrdeba

_ keTilSobilic da sarevelac.

erTgvari gaurkvevloba gamoiwvia yvela CvenganSi e. w.

botanikurma baRma1, romlis Sesaxebac gemis Tanamgzavrebma

gadaWarbebuli aRwera mogvawodes. is mdebareobs qalaqidan

daaxloebiT 3/4 saaTis savalze; iqamde mivyevarT mtirala

tirifebiT garSemortymul mtvrian quCas (gzas). me gamixarda,

roca vixile didi raodenobiT iSviaTi xeebi, romlebic met-

wilad ucxo, Soreul samxreTis zonas ganekuTvnebodnen. gan-

sakuTrebiT lamazia wiwvianebi: P. taurica _kedaris msgavsi _ da

namdvili kedrebi, aseve araukariebi, Semdeg akaciaTa ojaxis

namdvilad saucxoo egzemplarebi, sruliad saRi palmebis

sxvadasxva saxeobebi; kriptomeriebi, glediCiebi, Zalze maRa-

li iuika (Yuica’s) Sereuli naTeli ferebiT ayvavebul magno-

liebTan, rododendronebTan da graklasTan, romlebic daf-

nis da murtis muq foTlebs Soris gamoirCevian. amasobaSi iw-

yebda gaSlas Caisa da sxva sasargeblo mcenareTa nargavebi.

gansakuTrebuli movla mxolod zog adgilebSi SeimCneva da

saxelwodeba `botanikuri baRi~ gazviadebuli meCvena.

qalaqSi amayad maCvenes axali parkis dawyeba, romelic

zRvis piris gaswvriv gahyavT. esaa cudad movlili saseirno

adgilis msgavsi, romelsac, rogorc aq sCveviaT, gazviadebu-

1 Tavdapirvelad safuZveli Caeyara rogorc aklimatizaciis sac-

del baRs.

296

lad amayi saxeli `bulvari~ uwodes. bazari _ esaa ori grZeli

rigi sufTa xis fardulebisa (duqnebis), romlebic mogzau-

rebs Tavdapirvelad aRmosavleTis sust gancdas aZleven. ga-

motanilia aRmosavlur gemovnebasTan Seguebuli iafi wvril-

mani saqoneli. gamyidvelebi ZiriTadad TaTrebi da megrele-

bia; xalxi kidev ufro metad magonebs aRmosavlur cxovrebas

da mis Sesabamis formaTa simdidres. dasavleT kavkasiisa da

misi mezobeli Turquli mxaris yvela xalxia aq warmodgenili

da Tvals izidaven nawilobriv lamazi CacmulobiT. Tumca

suraTi araa ferebiT mdidari _ kavkasiis xalxTa tansacmelSi

Warbobs ruxi, Savi da TeTri ferebi. mamakacTa aRnagoba

mTlianobaSi mSvenieria, zogjer didebulic; metwilad met-

yveli, swori saxis nakvTebiT, mamaci gamometyvelebiT, didi,

Savi, cocxali TvalebiT da sqeli, xSiri wveriT. Tuki iyo sa-

fuZveli, rom ruseTisTvis gvewodebina wverisa da qudis qve-

yana, kavkasias kidev ufro meti ufleba aqvs am TvalsazrisiT.

msoflios arc erT qveyanaSi mamakacTa Tavsaburavi araa ise

mravalnairad da mSvenivrad ganviTarebuli da uamravi for-

mebis.

gemis gasvlamde didxans viseirneT ayvavebuli vardebis

da forToxlis surneliT gaJRenTil rbil saRamos haerze

zRvis napiris gaswvriv, maRla awvdil muq kedrebs Soris, di-

debuli tirifebis, Wadrebisa da pterokoriebis qveS. dabal

napirs ritmuli intervalebiT recxavdnen wamosuli talRebi,

romelTa Tanabartaqtiani Sriali mkafiod gvesmoda yurSi.

sasiamovno melanqoliis sunTqva mwuxrTan erTad daeSva moa-

lerse sanapiroze. sevdiani, monatrebuli melodiasaviT miw-

ynarda cxeli dRe. am suraTs axlos harmoniulad erwymoda

aRmarTuli Zveli galavani da saucxood Seefereboda elegi-

ur ganwyobas, rasac is iwvevda! esaa narCenebi erT dros ayva-

vebuli da ganTqmuli genuelTa axalSenisa. iqidan axlos na-

pirze gvxvdeba xamanwka, romlebic damuSavebuli saxiT tfi-

liseli gurmanebis sufras amdidreben; xamanwkebi Zalze pata-

rebia da arc Tu ugemuri, Tu mas SevadarebT CrdiloeTis

zRvisas.

me Zalian vwuxdi, rom foTisa da baTumisken Ramis sibne-

leSi gvixdeboda curva! saxeldobr, napiri ar gvTavazobda

sxvadasxva sanaxaobas, rogorc ufro CrdiloeTiT. samegre-

los mTebi napiridan gacilebiT Sors darCnen ukan; zRvisken

297

TandaTan davakdnen. napiri oCamCiresa da foTs Soris dablo-

bia da mcire daqanebiT zRvaSi Camavali mdinareebiTa da gan-

sakuTrebiT rionis wylebiT Zalze daWaobebulia. swored am

zolidan mowmendil amindSi gemidan Cans ialbuzis Tovliani

gumbaTi, romelic eulad aRmarTula sxva mwvervalebze, ro-

gorc mbrZanebeli1...

(285 gv.) quTaisi iyo imereTis samefos Zveli dedaqalaqi.

erTxans aseve iTvleboda gaerTianebuli mxaris _ samegrelos,

imereTisa da afxazeTis, anu Zveli kolxeTis dedaqalaqad.

dRes is aris centri da rezidencia gubernatorisa, romlis

xelisufleba moicavs mTel dasavleT amierkavkasias _aRmo-

savleTiT rokis uReltexilidan, dasavleTiT zRvis napiram-

de, samxreTiT Turqul sazRvrebamde da CrdiloeTiT kavkasi-

onis mTavari qedis zeda xazamde..

(287 gv.) ... VIII saukunis bolos xdeba bizantiis Zalauf-

lebis TandaTanobiTi gadavardna kolxeTSi da sasaniduri

sparseTis dacema, romlebmac bizantielebs kolxeTis didi

nawili waarTves. abazebi _ qarTuli qronikis afxazebi _ sava-

raudod berZeni geografebis mier henioxebad wodebuli kav-

kasiuri xalxis modgma, maSasadame dRevandeli afxazebi, gan-

Tavisufldnen. maTi erisTavi leoni 785 wels gamefda, mTeli

kolxeTis miwebi daimorCila da quTaisi dedaqalaqad gaaSena

(yovel SemTxvevaSi, Zveli qalaqis adgilas). is darCa mefeTa

sajdomad jer afxazebis, Semdeg bagratidebis dros, roca X

s-is bolos bagrat III-m (980-1014) kolxuri miwebi did qarTve-

lur samefos SeuerTa da quTaisi mcxeTasa da tfilisTan er-

Tad rezidenciad daitova. 2

(330 gv.) zogierTi teritoriebis gamo dadiani mudam eb-

rZoda Tavis mezoblebs; ase magaliTad, samurzayanos dasauf-

leblad, romelic mdebareobs CrdiloeTiT, md. engursa da md.

RaliZgas Soris, ebrZoda ServaSiZeebis afxazur dinastias... [9]

(599 gv.)... ialbuzis dRevandeli saxeli warmosdgeba

sparsulidan: al-burs; sxvebs miaCniaT TaTrulidan momdina-

1 mercbaxeri Semdeg mxatvrulad aRwers Ramis zRvis sanaxaobas,

anakliisa da redut-kales Suqurebis naTebas da SuaRameze foTSi

Casvlas _gv. 266, t. I _ g. g. 2 Semdeg saubaria quTaisis mokle istoriaze rusudanidan 1810

wlamde (287-288 gv.) _ g. g.

298

red: ial-bus, e. i. yinulis fafari1. yaraCaelebi mas eZaxian

minRi-Taus, rac niSnavs TeTr mTas; afxazebi uwodeben orsi-

itub-s, es niSnavs netarTa sadgoms; msgavsad Cerqezebisa _ aS-

xa-maxva, e. i. RmerTebis mTa, agreTve naS-hamaxo, e. i. wminda

mTa....

(715 gv.)... irmebi dResac binadroben svanur mxareSi, ...

Semdeg dasavleTiT ki afxazebiTa da CerqezebiT Zvelad da-

saxlebul da maTi gadasaxlebis Semdeg kvlav gavelurebul

mxareebSi; gansakuTrebiT maruxis, selenCukis, bzifis, kodo-

ris, urubis, labas, belaias da a. S. saTaveebis midamoebSi [10].

aq maTi raodenoba didia da jogebSi 100-150-s iTvlian2.

(46 gv.)... ialbuzidan dasavleTiT mdebare qedebi, ponto-

afxazeTis alpebi...

(73 gv.)... ponto-afxazeTis qedis uReltexilebi: maruxi,

naxari, qluxori...

(83-85 gv.) [moTavsebulia kavkasionze dasavleTidan aRmo-

savleTisken gamavali uReltexilebis cxrili, romelSic mo-

cemulia maTi saxelwodeba, simaRle, mimarTuleba, xeobebi an

adgilebi, romlebsac isini aerTeben _ g. g.].

psegaSka _ 2097 m., _ samx.-dasavleTidan CrdiloeTisken,

_ ardlers psebaisTan, patara labas xeobaSi.

sanCari _ 2580 m., _ samxreTidan CrdiloeTisken, _ fsir-

cxas da suxum-kales didi labas xeobaSi psemenskTan.

adange _ ? _ dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken, _ biWvinTas

da bzifs adanges xeobasTan kodorisken.

maruxi _ 3500 m., _ samxreTidan CrdiloeTisken, _ kodo-

ris xeobas avikal-ajadaras xeobiT maruxis, selenjukis da

yubanis xeobebTan.

nixari _ ? _ samxreTidan CrdiloeTisken, _ kodoris xeo-

bas fTiSTis xeobiT Teberda-yubanis xeobasTan.

qluxori _ 2813 m. _ samxreTidan CrdiloeTisken, _ ko-

doris xeobas kliuCis xeobiT Teberda-yubanis xeobasTan.

naxari _ 2867 m. _ samxreTidan CrdiloeTisken, _ kodo-

ris xeobas kliuCis xeobiT yubanis xeobasTan.

1 vaxuStis qronikis mixedviT (gv. 451) ial-bus niSnavs yinulovan

qars; mis mixedviT sparselebi am saxeliT aRniSnaven zogadad `mTebs

valagiridan da faiqomidan~, e. i. oseTidan. 2 radde _ pontos aRmosavleTi sanapiro da a. S.

299

(93-94 gv.) afxazeTis alpebi vrceldeba tubinis uRelte-

xilidan naxaris uReltexilamde... tubinis gadasasvlelamde

ki anapidan zRvis paralelurad vrceldeba pontos alpebi

[Semdeg mocemulia am qedis geologiuri aRnagoba _ g. g.].

mcire komentarebi:

[1-4] sainteresod gveCveneba mercbaxeris cnobebi àfxaz-

Ta~ gansaxlebis Sesaxeb, rom àfsua~ dRes àfxazebad~ iqcnen

da Tavis Tavs àfsuas~, xolo qveyanas àfsnes~ uwodebeno.

rogor unda gavigoT avtoriseuli sityvebi, rom àfxaz-

Ta~ dasaxleba ukve ramdenime saukunea arsebobs CrdiloeTis

ferdze CerqezTa maxloblad da rom àfxazTa~ adrindeli sa-

mosaxloebi enguris Crdilo-dasavleTis Senakadebis, aseve

kodorisa da bzifis saTaveebTan yofila?

xolo roca rusebs 120000 suli TurqeTSi gaeqca, àf-

xazTa~ danarCeni nawili rusebma mTebidan md. kumasa da md.

selenjukis qvemo dinebaze gadaiyvanes.

amas garda, àfxazuri~ enis CerqezulTan naTesaobas xsnis

ùZvelesi droidan maTi mWidro mezoblobiT~; xolo yaraCae-

lebi hgvanan da gansxvavdebian kidec mezobeli àfxazebisagan~,

romelTa qalebmac mezobeli yabardouli samosi gadaiRes.

yovelive zemoTqmuls Tu davumatebT mercbaxeriseul da-

xasiaTebas, sadac is àfxazebs~ uwodebs `mTis urC xalxs, ro-

melTac arasodes mtkice saxelmwifo ar SeuqmniaT~, maSin Cven

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom àfsuebi~ ar iyvnen pontos sanapiros

mcxovrebni Zvelad, rom maTi samosaxloebi mxolod kavkasio-

nis ferdebze (ufro CrdiloeTiT, vidre samxreTiT) arsebula.

[5] rogorc cnobilia, afxazeTi XVIII s-Si xuT erTeulad

iyofoda: 1. bzifis xeoba (aRmosavleTiT gudauTamde); 2. af-

xazTa saTemo (gudauTasa da kodors Soris); 3. afSileTis (ko-

dorsa da RaliZgas Soris); 4. samurzayano (RaliZgasa da en-

gurs Soris zRvis piramde); 5. webelda (kodoris xeobis Sua we-

li). jer kidev 1840 wels webeldis maRali adgilebidan _ da-

lidan, rusebma ahyares mosaxleoba, radgan isini yvelaze me-

tad ewinaaRmdegebodnen ruseTs. xolo mas Semdeg, rac ruseT-

ma 1864 wels sabolood SeierTa afxazeTi, 1866 wels moxda af-

xazTa ajanyeba, rasac mohyva mosaxleobis deda-budianad Tur-

qeTSi gandevna da kodorisa da misi Senakadebis xeobebis sru-

300

liad gaukacrieleba. es mxare XIX s-Si marSaniebis samflobelo

iyo. cnobili muhajirobis Semdeg, rasac mercbaxeric gvam-

cnobs, cxadia, evropel mogzaur-mTamsvlelebs _ jer groves

da Semdeg freSfilds (XIX s-is 70-80-iani wlebi), aseve Cvens av-

torsac, es àfxazuri xeoba~, Tu àfxazTa uwindeli samosax-

lo~ gavelurebul-gaukacrielebuli daxvdaT. yovelive naT-

qvamTan erTad, xom cnobilia rusuli mTavrobis politika qar-

Tuli mosaxleobis mimarT afxazeTis zRvis sanapiroze!

[6] Zalze bundovania mercbaxeris fraza _ `bizantiis im-

periis dacemis Semdeg es mxare, gansakuTrebiT misi mcxovreb-

ni _ wnexisgan ganTavisuflebuli urCi afxazebi daubrundnen

srul barbarosobas~... qvemoT ki, bizantielTa gavlenis gada-

vardnis Semdeg, saubaria afxazTa erisTav leonze, xolo Sem-

deg erTiani saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTis Sesvlaze.

sagulisxmoa, rom gabarbaroseba XV s-is Semdgomaa sava-

raudebeli, roca xdeba erTi mxriv osmaloTa Semoteva, xolo

meores mxriv mTiel afsuaTa barad Camosvla. aseve genuelTa

faqtoriebis arseboba da gadaSeneba. es kargad Cans afxazeTSi

sarwmunoebrivi mdgomareobis avtoriseuli aRwerisasac. amas-

ve unda exmianebodes fraza: amJamad `mxarem, yaCaRuri mosax-

leobis didi nawilis gadasaxlebis Semdeg sakmao usafrTxoe-

ba moipova~.

[7] giorgi mTawmindeli 1057 wels paeqrobisas pasuxobda

antioqiis patriarqs _ èrTi wmidaTa aTormetTa mociqulTa-

gani, svimons vityvi kananelsa, queyanasa Cuensa damarxul ars

afxazeTs, romelsa nikofsi ewodebis~.

rogorc vaxuSti batoniSvili wers (`qarTlis cxovreba~,

IV, Tb. 1973, gv. 62), `movidnen mociqulni andria pirvelwode-

buli da svimon kananeli. andriam moaqcivna megrelni da war-

vida. xolo svimon mokuda mun da dafles nikofsias~. vaxuSti

roca exeba biWvinTas, wers (gv. 786) _ àmas vgoneb nikofsiad,

da eklesiasa maszed aRSenebulsa misTvis, vinaiTgan nikofsias

daflul ars mociquli svimon kananeli~. maS ratom wers mer-

cbaxeri frCxilebSi `nikofsia (anakofia)-s~? gamodis, rom is

usworebs vaxuStis da biWvinTis magier anakofias gvTavazobs

nikofsis sanacvlod. rogorc Tanamedrove mecnierebi fiqro-

ben, nikofsia istoriuli cixe-qalaqia q. tuafses maxloblad;

aq VII-VIII saukuneebSi saepiskoposo kaTedra iyo; VIII s-Si Sedis

egris-afxazeTis samefos SemadgenlobaSi.

301

[8] rac Seexeba anakofias, mis Sesaxeb vaxuSti wers (gv.

781): `cxomis dasavliT aris anakofia_aRaSenes berZenTa qala-

qi_ iyo keTili, zRuasa zeda waSenebuli, bagrationTagan gan-

didebuli, aw oxer ars~... esaa Tanamedrove axali aTonis te-

ritoriaze arsebuli cixe-qalaqi _ VII-VIII saukuneebSi afxazTa

saerisTavos politikuri centri; VIII s-dan afxazTa samefos

mTavari qalaqi. aq genuelebma md. fsircxis SesarTavTan XIV-

XV s-Si faqtoria daaarses. 1875 wels Zveli anakofiis adgi-

las daarsda axali aTonis monasteri, rogorc aTonis (saber-

ZneTis) rusuli monastris filiali, romelic daiwva 1877-78

wlebis omisas. Semdeg aRadgines da iqca SavizRvispireTis

udides saeklesio centrad. aqvea simon kananelis gumbaTiani

eklesia (IX-X ss.).

[9] rogorc vaxuSti wers (gv. 782), odiSis sasazRvroa ana-

kofia _ aq levan dadianma afxazTagan Tavdasacavad Seavlo

zRude. mis dasavleTiT afxazeTia-o! es xdeba XVII saukuneSi.

[10] isev afxazTa gansaxlebas exeba. Sdr. [1-4] komentarebi.

mercbaxeri osebis Sesaxeb

(90gv.) eTnografiuli sazRvari CrdiloeTiT osebsa da mTi-

el TaTrebs Soris; samxreTiT _ osebs, imerlebsa da svanebTan.

(99gv.) digoris alpebi fasis-mTidan godi-cvikis uRel-

texilamde. am qedis gaswvriv cxovrobs osuri xalxis is Sto,

romelic Tavs digorelebs uwodebs...1

(101-102gv.) osuri alpebi vrceldeba ardonis xeobidan

aRmosavleTiT Tergis da aragvis xeobebamde. esaa yvelaze di-

di CaRrmaveba centralur kavkasionze _ dasavleTiT mamiso-

nis uReltexilidan, aRmosavleTiT saqarTvelos [samxedro]

gzamde... am xeobaSi cxovrobs osebis umravlesoba... sasaz-

Rvro xazi CrdiloeTiT aris ardonis, fiag-donis, gizel-do-

nis, genal-donis da maTi Senakadebis xeobebze; samxreTiT _

TeTri aragvis gaswvrivi xeoba, aseve didi lixvis saTaveebis

naoWa mTebi; aRmosavleTiT Terg-aragvis xazi, e. i. saqarTve-

los gza. geologiuri TvalsazrisiT ki es ar emTxveva. osuri

alpebi or jgufad iyofa: a) mTavari qedi _ saki-Trusos qedi.

1 aqedan warmosdgeba saxelwodeba am mxaris mTavari qalaqis _stir-

digori, romelic qedis ZirSi mdebareobs.

302

erTi mxriv md. sakis xeobiT, meore mxriv Tergis (Trusos)

axalgazrda maRali gverdiTi qediT Semoifargleba. b) Crdi-

loeTis gverdiTi qedi, anu yazbeg-gimarai-teplis jgufi.

151-154 gverdebze literaturis vrceli siaa moTavsebu-

li, romelic saerToa kavkasiis eTnografiisTvis _ g. g.].

(163gv.) osebi warmosdgebian ran-idan da ironi-dan, ro-

gorc Tavis Tavs uwodeben isini.1

(196-205gv.) [yabardoelebis] Semdeg aRmosavleTiT da sam-

xreT-aRmosavleTiT mivadgebiT kavkasionis Suagulze cnobil

xalxs _ osebs an oseTebs, romlebic cxovroben uruxis, belai-

as zemo dinebebze, aseve Tergis samxreTi Senakadebis ar-donis,

fiag-donis, gizal-donis da genal-donis mTel xeobebSi; Sem-

deg TviT Tergze, larssa da balTas Soris da beslansa da el-

xotovs Soris. maTi samosaxloebi aris agreTve mTavari qedis

samxreTiTac _ orive liaxvis, qsnis da aragvis midamoebamde

aRmosavleTiT. es Taviseburi xalxi, eWvgareSea, enaTesaveba

iranul da ara kavkasiur sxva enebs; mas medo-sparsuli warmo-

Sobisad ganixilaven; aseve saxelebsac ran, ironi, rogorc isi-

ni Tavis Tavs uwodeben. Tumca, anTropologiuri niSnebiT,

CveulebebiT, tradiciebiT da xalxuri TqmulebebiT, viwro ga-

gebiT, ufro kavkasiur modgmebs ekuTvnian. me aq movitan xSi-

rad gavrcelebul zog hipoTezas maTi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb.

jer kidev berZnuli wyaroebi _ herodote da sxv. _ aseve

nineviuri lursmuli warwerebi2 gvamcnoben, rom asureTis me-

feebi omis tyveebs TavianTi samefos yvelaze ganapira saz-

RvrebTan asaxlebdnen. xolo, radganac asurelTa gavlena

garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi namdvilad Zalze Sors vrcel-

deboda CrdiloeTiT, ar SeiZleba ar vivaraudoT, rom midiu-

ri patimrebi kavkasiis mTebSi dasaxldnen. msgavsi istoriuli

wyaroebiT viciT agreTve CrdiloeTidan skviTebis, kimerie-

lebis an xazarebis Tavdasxmebis Sesaxeb asureTze... amrigad

xazarebma Tu skviTebma midieli tyveebi, romlebic, Cveulebis

1 saxelwodeba ran-i ueWvelad miuTiTebs iranul, e. i. sparsul

warmomavlobaze. saxeli osi, asi, romlisganac warmosdgeba dRevan-

deli saxelebi osebi, oseTebi, am xalxs qarTvelebisgan unda hqon-

deT Serqmeuli; xolo saxelebi asi da ias-ebi rusebisgan. orive saxe-

li albaT unda miuTiTebdes ranis Serevas ara iranul, aramed skvi-

Turi warmoSobis xalxebTan. 2 roulinsonis teqstebis mixedviT.

303

mixedviT, Tavis samSobloSi wamoasxes, daasaxles kavkasiaSi da

araa daujerebeli, rom maTi STamomavlebi SeiZleba dRevan-

deli osebi iyvnen. diodore sicilielisa da herodotes Ta-

naxmad gadmosaxleba unda momxdariyo Zveli welTaRricxvis

VII saukuneSi. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadmosaxlebuli midielebi

SeiZleba Semdgom Camoyalibdnen Zlier xalxad.

legendebiT aRsavse vaxuStiseuli qarTuli qronika sru-

lebiT gansxvavebul axsnas iZleva osebis Sesaxeb. mis mixedviT

oseTis qveyana Targamosis Zeebs lekans da kavkasoss ergoT

samemkvidrod. roca lekanma es mxare mxolod Tavisad miiTva-

la, xazarebis mefem, romelic samxreTis erT-erTi omidan

ukan brundeboda, kvlav CamoarTva da kavkasoss daubruna.

amasve gadasca mefem Tavisi ran-eli da movakan-eli (albaT mi-

dia da mcire azia igulisxmeba) tyveebi. am kavkasosisgan mii-

Ro albaT kavkasiam saxeli, xolo winamdebare vakem kavkasosis

bolo marcvlidan os, ufro sworad osi; es daujerebel sa-

fuZvlad unda CaiTvalos, radgan os aris ara qarTveluri,

aramed berZnuli daboloeba. urbanosma anu uobosma, xazarTa

mefis vaJma mogvianebiT kavkasosi da misi gvari gaagdo da

qveyana daisakuTra; agreTve iq qarTleli da somxiTeli tyve-

ebi daasaxla _ e. i. qarTveli mxvnelebi (miwaTmoqmedni) _ da

mas mere hqvia mxares ovseTi. xazarulad es gamoTqma niSnavs

`mTesvel xalxs~, romelic man gadmoasaxla kavkasosis gvaris

amowyvetis Semdeg. [1] imave wyaros mixedviT uoboseTi-danac

SeiZleboda saxelwodeba oseTi-s miReba.1

pliniusi da sxva romaeli avtorebi kaspiis karis axlos

(sadac dRes osebi jerac saxloben) mcxovreb xalxs uwodeben

alanebs; amave saxeliT ixseneben maT arabi geografebi Sua sau-

kuneebSic. aqedan warmosdgebian dRevandeli saxelwodebebi:

darialis xeoba, darialis gza, darialis gasasvleli _ Tergis

viwro xeobisTvis, saxeldobr, dar-i-alan-idan = alanTa kars.2

1 Sdr. qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 632. vaxuStisTan saxeli uobosi ar

figurirebs _ g. g. 2 ase uwodebdnen Tavdapirvelad sparselebi adreul xanebSi maT

mier agebul simagreebs skviTuri xalxis_alanebis Tavdasxmebis wina-

aRmdeg, rac Tergis xeobas CrdiloeTidan ketavda. arabma geogra-

febmac amis msgavsad xeobis Camkets uwodes bab-al-alan = alanTa ka-

ri. [aq Cven teqstSi gadmovitaneT mercbaxerTan gv. 791-792-ze moTav-

sebuli cnobebi, rac igive sakiTxs Seexeba _ g. g.]

304

dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arabi mwerlebis _

abulfedas da masudis1 `bab-al-alan~ (alanTa kari) unda gu-

lisxmobdes Tergis xeobas. es saxeli sparselebisgan modis,

romlebic Zvel droSi amierkavkasiis qveynebze batonobdnen

da CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi alanebis xSiri Semosevebis sawina-

aRmdegod gadasasvleli gaamagres da daarqves `dar-i-alan~ _

alanebis kari. aqedan awarmoes qarTvelebma mTeli rigi saxe-

lebi: dargami, dargali, darialmani, darialani da darina da

bolos aqedan warmosdga saxeli _ darialis gasasvleli, rom-

lis mixedviTac uwodeben dRevandel gzasac... osebi gadasas-

vlels uwodeben dairan-s, somxebi _ tarial-s.

vaxuStis qronikis mixedviT qarTvelTa mesame mefem mi-

rianma aago darielis-cixe xazarebisa da osebis TavdasxmaTa

winaaRmdeg Tavdasacavad. aseve mefe daviT aRmaSenebelma

(1089-1125) oseTis gzaze aago cixe. aqve qronikis avtori ga-

moTqvams varauds, rom saxelwodeba dariel-i SesaZloa war-

mosdgebodes Turqulidan, saxeldobr, dar-iol-idan (gzis

kari), an dar-iel-idan (qarebis kari).

axali avtorebic cdiloben osebisa da alanebis identu-

robis dadgenas (koxi, klaproti). koxi wers: `mcire abazas

(CerqezeTis nawilia) zemoT dasaxelebul sazRvrebSi, qedis

mTlad Txemze cxovrobs modgma, romelsac yvela irgvliv

mcxovrebi xalxi uwodebs alanebs, da eWvgareSea, rom esaa

narCenebi Zveli xalxis _ alanebisa~2. Semdgom igive avtori

amyarebs am azrs im monacemebiT, rac mogzaurobisas ubralo

osma nanaxi adgilobrivis Sesaxeb amcno, rom dasaxelebuli

dasavleTeli alanebi iyo osi xalxisgan gamoyofili Sto.

amasTan axsenebs amis Taobaze arsebul Zvel cnobebs graf po-

tockis, i. n. de l’iskis, mamao lambertis, rainegsis da sxvaTa.

alanebis gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb, romlebic albaT skviTuri

warmoSobis xalxia, Cven sxvadasxva sando wyaroebidan vigebT;

gansakuTrebiT amiane marcelines saintereso cnobebidan. er-

Ti mxriv utyuaria cnobebi alanebisa Tu skviTebis Crdiloe-

1 masudi Zveli darielis cixis agebas miawers darios histasps, ro-

melic skviTebis winaaRmdeg brZolisas unda aego. iakut-al-hamasi

XIII s-Si werda, rom is aago xosro I anuSirvanma (530-578) da uwoda

mas darinat-i. 2 koxi: mogzauroba, I, gv. 318; aseve haqsthauzeni, II, gv. 16 sq.

305

Tidan Tavdasxmebis Sesaxeb samxreTis qveynebze _ midiaze,

somxeTze da a. S.; meore mxriv cnobebi midiuri dasaxlebebis

Sesaxeb kavkasionis CrdiloeT zolze; dabolos, Tanamedrove

osebis Tavdapirveli kuTvnileba iranul rasasTan sarwmuno-

ze metia. yovelivedan gamomdinare, alanebi kavkasiaSi gadas-

vlis Semdeg Seejaxnen da daimorCiles iq ukve macxovrebeli

osebi anu ran-i, xolo mere Seerivnen damorCilebul xalxs.

radgan es ukanasknelebi dampyroblebze gacilebiT mraval-

ricxovani da ufro Zlieri individualobisa iyvnen, amaT

[alanebma _ g. g.] namdvilad daTmes. maT aseve miiRes damorCi-

lebulTa ena, xolo saxelwodeba alani mezobeli xalxebis

mexsierebaSi kidev garkveuli xani unda darCeniliyo. skviTur

tomebTan Serevaze sxva wyaroebic miuTiTeben. yvela maTganis

moxsenieba am narkvevis farglebs gascildeboda. gansakuTre-

biT SeiZleba gamovyoT straboni, romelic alanebs skviTebs

miaTvlis. samwuxarod, Cveni istoriuli wyaroebi am Tvalsaz-

risiT ar scildeba Zv. w-is VII saukunes. saxelebi _ skviTebi,

kimerielebi, gimirebi, xazarebi, alanebi unda yofiliyo kre-

biTi saxelebi garkveuli (zogierTi) azieli xalxebisa, rom-

lebic Sua aziidan baqtriis gavliT Crdilo kavkasiisa da sam-

xreT ruseTis velebze movidnen da Semdeg sxva da sxva tomTa

saxelebiT gaagrZeles Tavisi gza dasavleTiTa da samxreTiT

da dunaispira qveynebSic ki SeiWrnen.1

...rac Seexeba gimarai-xox-is saxelwodebas, is mas unda

umadlodes mis CrdiloeTiT mdebare sofel jimara-s, an sam-

xreT ferdze mdebare sofel gimara-s, sadac igive saxelis

mdinare uerTdeba Tergs. anda, xom araa es dakavSirebuli

Zveli kimerielebis SemosevasTan? aseve saxelwodeba Cmi, ro-

melic osur sxvadasxva soflebs hqvia, JReradobiT masTan na-

Tesaobaze unda miuTiTebdes. zogierTebi osebs skviTebad mi-

iCneven, an, sul mcire, ranebis anu osebis narevad maT dam-

pyrobel skviTebTan, romlebic bevrjer daesxnen Tavs kavka-

siis xeobebs. skviTebi esaa krebiTi saxeli Sida aziidan Se-

moWrili sxvadasxva xalxebisa: alanebis, xazarebis, hunebis,

sarmatebis, kimerielebis (agreTve gimiraid moixseneben). aris

raime kavSirSi aRniSnuli mTisa da soflebis saxelebi Zvel

1 aq Cven teqstSi gadmovitaneT mercbaxerTan gv. 879-880-ze moTavse-

buli cnobebi, rac igive sakiTxs Seexeba _ g. g.

306

gimirai-s xalxebTan? me im azris var, rom kavkasiis Zveli

punqtebis saxelebi gamodgeba bneli epoqebis gasaSuqeblad da

zogi xalxebis eTnologiisTvis; maSin roca analebi uars eub-

nebian (ar pasuxoben) istorias, garkveuli wvlilis SetanaSi...

osebis ena gamoikvlies siogrenma, dr. g. rozenma, v. f. mi-

lerma, hiubSmanma da sxvebma1. am gamokvlevebis SedegebiT mtki-

ced dadginda, rom is ar enaTesaveba specifiur kavkasiur enebs

da unda miekuTvnos indo-germanuli enebis iranul jgufs; is

ufro metad unda uaxlovdebodes zendurs. amave dros bevri

sityvis fuZe miuTiTebs evropul enebTan maT msgavsebaze.

Sekrebilia Zveli osuri sagmiro Tqmulebebi, romlebsac

dResac yvela dResaswaulebze imeoreben2. aseve kovalevskim

Seagrova da gamosca samarTlebrivi Cveulebebi3, magram mainc

maTi Zveli istoria jerac bneliTaa moculi da sxvadasxva hi-

poTezebi mis Sesaxeb jerac saWiroebs bevr kvlevas.

osebis fizionomiuri nakvTebis, aRnagobis, saxis wyobis

TvalsazrisiT (metwilad gvxvdeba qera Tma da cisferi Tvale-

bi)4, aseve zogi Cveulebisa da adaT-wesebis mixedviT surT daad-

ginon maTi axlo naTesaoba evropel xalxebTan, gansakuTrebiT

germanelebTan. am TvalazrisiT, kavkasiis sxva xalxebisgan gan-

sxvavebiT, ra Tqma unda, unda dasaxeldes misalmebis wesi qudis

moxdiT; Semdeg zogi wesis mgavseba, gansakuTrebiT qorwinebisa

germanulTan; aseve saojaxo mowyoba da sameurneo WurWeli, ro-

melTac bevri saerTo aqvT germanul mxareebSi igive mizniT xma-

rebulTan. kavkasiis sxva xalxebisgan gansxvavebulia jdoma ska-

mebze da magidasTan; Wamis dros kovzebis, danisa da Canglis xma-

1 siogreni (Sjogren): osuri enis gramatika, mokle osur-germanuli

da germanul-osuri leqsikoniT, spb. 1844. misive: osuri Studiebi

indo-evropuli enebis sagangebo gaTvaliswinebiT.

rozeni dr. g.: osuri ena megruli, svanuri da afxazuri enebis mimo-

xilvasTan erTad. detmoldi, 1846.

mileri, v. f.: osuri Studiebi. st. peterburgi 1881-87 (rusulad).

hiubSmani: osuri enis etimologia da fonetika. strasburgi. 1887. 2 Seagroves akademikosebma Sifnerma da v. milerma; axlaxans kaitma-

zovma; amaTi krebulebidan hanma zogi germanulad Targmna. 3 kovalevski, m.: samarTali da adaT-wesebi kavkasiaSi, moskovi, 1890

(rusulad). misive: osebis xalxuri samarTali... moskovi, 1886 (rusu-

lad). 4 anTropologiuri TvalsazrisiT ixileT: gilCenko n. v.; pantuxo-

vi; erkerti; Santri; diubua de monpere; vaxuSti; haqsthauzeni; hani.

307

reba; sawolebSi daZineba; ludis siyvaruli da misi xarSvis os-

tatoba da sxva. osebis evropuli warmomavlobis hipoTezas

amagreben uZvelesi samkaulebis analogiiTac, romlebic naxes

oseTSi yobanis, kamunTas, kumbulTas da sxva nekropolebSi da

galiaSi frankebis SeWris droindel samarxebSi halStatis peri-

odidan1. maSin roca erTni, am garemoebaTa gamo, Zveli osebis

anu alani-xalxis Zlier migracias xedaven evropisken, axali

mkvlevarebi (lombardi, rainaxi da sxva), amis sawinaaRmdegod,

miiCneven evropuli warmoSobis osi-xalxis evropidan kavkasiaSi

gadasaxlebas. am rTuli sakiTxis gadasawyvetad amJamad ar arse-

bobs sakmao damadasturebeli masalebi; metic, dadgenili ar

aris yobanis nekropolidan mopovebuli Tavis qalebis msgavseba

oseTis dRevandeli mcxovreblebis monacemebTan. mxolod SeiZ-

leba iTqvas, rom osebi Zvelad, rogorc Zlieri xalxi, flob-

dnen kavkasionis winamdebare stepebs mdinare donamde, romlis

saxelic osur `don~-Si (niSnavs wyals an mdinares) SegviZlia da-

vinaxoT. zogierTi Zveli geografiuli saxelwodeba am mdinaris

SesarTavTan mcxovrebi xalxisa, rogorc tanaisi donisa da aor-

zeni (romlebic strabonis mixedviT aseve tanaisad wodebul qa-

laqSi mniSvnelovan vaWrobas misdevdnen) imaze unda miuTiTeb-

dnen, rom osebi Zalze Soreul warsulSi am mxareSi saxlobdnen.

istoriulad dadgenilia, rom xalxebi, romlebic cxovrobdnen

osebis dRevandel samosaxloebSi da mis CrdiloeTiT, xSirad

esxmodnen Tavs amierkavkasias, somxeTs, midias, asureTs, pales-

tinas. magram es Tavdasxmebi, rogorc dr. fon ungernSternber-

gma gamoikvlia, sinamdvileSi miewereba Tu ara dRevandeli ose-

bis winaprebs, Tu am mxareebSi ufro adre mcxovreb xalxs,

dResdReobiT arsebul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT Zneli dasadgenia.

Tumca qarTuli qronika ambobs, rom osebi dasabamidan mTebSi

dasaxldnen, magram male CrdiloeTiT vakeze sakmaod gafarTov-

dnen; mogvianebiT ki Sida aziidan mosulma xalxebma gaaZeves iqi-

dan2. dasavleTisken migraciis Sesaxeb, iseve rogorc adreul

xanaSi osebis Sejaxebaze aRmosavleTidan mosul xalxebTan (xa-

zarebi, skviTebi, hunebi, avarebi da a. S.), sxvadasxva niSnebi mig-

viTiTeben. am brZolebis Sedegad osebis nawili gaZevebul iqna

1 am gverdze (201) mocemulia fotosuraTi _ osi mamakaci Tof-ia-

raRiT da qali zurgze mokidebuli wylis WurWliT _ g. g. 2 vaxuSti, gv. 427 [Sdr. `qarTlis cxovreba~, IV, gv. 654-655 _ g. g.]

308

dasavleTisken, xolo darCenilebma, ricxobrivad Zalze Semci-

rebulebma, dampyrobelTa gavleniT mravalgvari cvlileba ga-

nicades garegnobaSi, Cveulebebsa da a. S. adreuli sarmatuli

dasaxlebebi qvemo dunaize, saiTac osebma, albaT hunebisgan Tan

walekilebma CaaRwies1, namdvilad rom pirvelebisgan warmosdge-

bian, jer-jerobiT araa dadgenili. saxelwodeba donau (dunai _

g. g.) momdinareobs osuri don-idan (=wyals) da imazeve miuTi-

Tebs2, rogorc qalaq iasas saxelwodeba os xalxze, an, rogorc

mas aseve uwodeben, asi an iasi-s. is, rom osebi skandinaveli aze-

bis identuria, rogorc amas zogi mkvlevari gveubneba3, aris

ufro saeWvo; aseve naklebadaa cnobili, rom maT tacitusis

osi-sTan hqondeT raime saerTo. istoriidan viciT Cingiz-xanisa

da Temur-lengis urdoebis Semosevebis Sesaxeb, romelTa Sede-

gad kavkasionis CrdiloeT kalTebze mcxovrebi osi xalxi TiT-

qmis mTlianad amowyda4. darCenilebi gaiqcnen maRali xeobebis-

ken, sadac osebi dResac saxloben. SesaZlebelia maTi erTi nawi-

li ukve maSinve cxovrobda iq da qedebisgan daculma xalxuri

TviTmyofoba SeinarCuna. Cans, rom samxreT kalTebisken osebi

Cerqezebma gamodevnes ufro dasavleTiT mdebare mxareebidan;

es ufro mogvianebiT moxda, mas Semdeg, rac amaT (osebma _ g. g.)

Tavis mxriv iq mcxovrebi dvaleTis qarTuli modgma gandevnes5.

saxeli dvalTa anu TvalTa, rogorc amierkavkasiel am osebs

dRes eZaxian, SeiZleba amiT aixsnas [2].

rogorc Cans, osebs winaistoriul xanaSi myari, erTiani

saxelmwifoebrivi organizacia ar hqoniaT; Tumca maT legen-

debSi, aseve qarTul qronikaSi xSiradaa saubari os mefeebze.

osebi albaT gansakuTrebuli gvarebis beladebs (=aristokra-

tiis garkveuli saxeoba)6 Soris iyvnen dayofilni, romlebic

1 hunebTan Sexebaze miuTiTeben Zveli adgilebis saxelebi osebTan;

ase mag., or sofels Tmenkovis CrdiloeTiT hqviaT: xusur-xunZag da

cagat-xunZag. 2 dunais Zvel saxelwodebad fiqroben ister-s, romelic aseve

dnestrs gvaxsenebs. 3 vivien de st. martini: xazarTa Sesaxeb, parizi 1851.

4 vaxuSti, gv. 461 da 437 sq. [Sdr. `qarTlis cxovreba~, IV, gv. 654 _

g. g.] 5 dval, sxvaTaSoris, qarTulad niSnavs `qveyanas~(`Land); amitom

dvaleTi aris Znelad saRiarebeli eTnografiuli cneba. 6 vaxuSti, gv. 437.

309

Tavdasxmis an Tavdacvisas saerTo xelmZRvanelobis qveS er-

Tiandebodnen. dResac isini sxvadasxva gvarebad iyofian, rom-

lebic rogorc garegnulad, aseve mkveTrad gansxvavebuli di-

aleqtebiTac gamoirCevian erTmaneTisgan. Semdeg dasavleTiT,

urvanis saTaveebis xeobebSi saxloben digorelebi, ardonis

xeobaSi _ alagirelebi, sa-donisa da fiag-donis midamoebSi

qurTaelebi, xolo Tergze, gizal-donsa da genal-donze _

Tagaurelebi. es bolo samni laparakoben digorulisgan

mkveTrad gansxvavebul gansakuTrebul dialeqtze, e. w. iri-

ulze anu ironiulze. samxreT kalTebze mcxovrebi osebis ena,

TvalTa(dvalTa)-sgan sapirispirod, Zalze hgavs iriuls.

osebis nawili mahmadianebi, nawili qristianebi arian; Tum-

ca maTi umravlesoba mxolod saxelebiT da zogierTi wesCveu-

lebebisa da moqmedebebis (saqmianobis) zedapiruli gamovleniT

[3]. sinamdvileSi Tavisi CveulebebiT da religiuri wesebiT,

Zveli warmarTuli tradiciebiT cxovroben, rac miuTiTebs ad-

reul elementarul kultze da ufro metad ki maTSi mogviane-

biT qristianobisa da islamis Semotanaze. axal droebaSi or-

Todoqsuli eklesiis warmatebebi metad unda Candes1.

sacxovreblebis bunebidan gamomdinare, osebi umTavre-

sad misdeven miwaTmoqmedebasa da mesaqonleobas, Tumca didi

sibejiTiT ar gamoirCevian. ZiriTadi samuSaoebi, aseve min-

dvrisa, qalTa kiserzea. xalxis Cveulebebi da cxovrebiseuli

wesebi Seesabamebian umravlesi kavkasieli mTielebis kultu-

ris dones; es ki namdvilad mTeli safexuriT dabla dgas ami-

erkavkasiis vakeze mcxovreb qarTvel xalxze2. osTa raodeno-

ba daaxloebiT 130000-s Seadgens.

1 ix. qvemoT gv. 812-814 _ g. g.

2 saocrad axasiaTebs vaxuStis qronika(gv. 431) xalxis Cveulebebs; xaz-

gasmulia, rom osebi saxlSi mciredi puriTa da rZiT kmayofildebian,

magram stumrad yofnisas gaumaZRrebi arian. aseve ar arian mamacebi da

eSiniaT omebis; magram RamiT arian guladi qurdebi; arian uxeSebi wes-

CveulebebSi, amayi da Tavxedi, sisxlis moyvaruli, yaCaRi, qurdi da

matyuara. qalebi sanam gaTxovdebian arian saTnoni, magram gaTxovebis

Semdeg trabaxoben Tayvanis- mcemlebis raodenobiT [Sdr. `qarTlis

cxovreba~ IV, gv. 637 _ g. g.]. religiuri wesebis, eklesiebis, arqiteqtu-

ris, Cveulebebis, sufris Sesaxeb vrcel cnobebs gvawvdian koxi (mogza-

uroba, II, gv. 85-135); abixi (samogzauro werilebi); hani (kavkasiidan); er-

kerti, dr. v. pfafi (mogzauroba Crdilo oseTis xeobebSi); aseve haq-

sthauzenis, klaprotis, kovalevskis da sxvaTa Sromebi.

310

(690-691gv) Cegemis akldamebis aRwerisas mercbaxeri am-

bobs: `maT ufro osurs amgvaneben; Tumca gansxvavdebian Cems

mier nanaxi osi xalxis akldamebisgan saxuravis sxva kon-

struqciiT da Sida sivrcis mowyobiT. mainc araa daujerebe-

li, rom isini osuri warmoSobisa iyvnen; aseve amosavali SeiZ-

leba is iyos, rom es mxare odesRac osebiT iyo dasaxlebuli,

sanam TaTrebi SemoiWrebodnen.

(793gv.) qarTvelTa samefos dasustebasTan erTad Tagau-

rebis osurma gvarma daikava Tergze arsebuli yvela gadasas-

vleli da uReltexilic (gasasvleli), raTa eZarcvaT mogzau-

rebi da tvirTiani qaravnebi. mxolod Zlieri dacviT iyo Se-

saZlebeli uReltexilze gadasvla; Tumca, arc Tu iSviaTad,

gacemuli xarki ver icavda maT Tavdasxmisagan.

(795gv.) sadgurebis saxelebi, maTi mdebareoba zRvis do-

nidan da daSoreba erTmaneTisgan:

1. vladikavkazi _ 715 m

2. balTa _ 839 m _ 12 1/4 versi

3. larsi _ 1122 m _ 17 1/4 versi

4. darialis cixe _ 1257 m

5. yazbegi _1750 m _ 14 1/2

versi

6. kobi _ 1981 m _ 17 1/2 versi

7. uReltexili _ 2379 m

8. gudauri _ 2209 m _ 16 versi

9. mleTi _ 1513 m _ 14 1/2 versi

10. fasanauri _ 1050 m _ 18 1/2

versi

11. ananuri _ 712 m _ 21 versi

12. duSeTi _ 938 m _ 16 1/4 versi

13. wilkani _ 611 m _ 17 3/4 versi

14. mcxeTa _ 487 m _ 14 3/4 versi

15. tfilisi _ 453 m _ 20 1/3 versi

sul _ 200 1/2 versi

(806-825gv.) ... iq sadac md. kistinka aRmosavleTidan da

sorgomi dasavleTidan erTvian erTmaneTs, aris patara simag-

re yazarmiT; forti jeraxovski darajobs am midamos, rome-

lic warmoadgens mkveTr eTnografiul sazRvars aRmosavle-

TiT CeCnebisa da dasavleTiT osebis samosaxloebs Soris da

kavkasiis omis xangrZlivi periodis manZilze (roca pirvelad

dasaxelebuli xalxi ruseTis mosisxle mteri iyo) didi mniS-

vneloba hqonda. fortis sapirispiro mxares, maRal terasaze

ganlagebulia osuri sofeli Cmi. es punqti germaniaSic cno-

bilia iq aRmoCenili mniSvnelovani sami samarxiT, romlebic

winaistoriuli periodisaa _ erTi brinjaos, xolo ori rki-

nis xanisa. am patara soflis saxlebi uxeSi, uTanabro fiqa-

lis naWrebisganaa nagebi. isini [saxlebi _ g. g.] erTmaneTze

devs safexurebad, SuaSi morRveuli oTxkuTxa koSkebiT; fan-

311

jrebis magivrad aqvT saTofurebis msgavsi Riobebi. yovelive

qmnis Raribul da pirquS STabeWdilebas _ ufro hgavs yaCaR

raindTa Zvel sakontrabando nangrevebs, an meliebis da bue-

bis samyofels, vidre adamianTa sacxovrebels1. aq cxovroben

Tagaureli modgmis mahmadiani osebi.

... [9 saaTiani Ramis marSis Semdeg mividnen sanivaSi]... meo-

re diliT droulad gamoCnda sneuli starSina _ patara osi

warCinebuli(aznauri)2... saniva aris orad gayofili (zemo da

qvemo _ g. g.) xalxmravali auli. [qvemo sanivaSi] sufTad mov-

lil saxlebs, romelTa kedlebi duRabis gareSe saocrad gul-

dagulaa nagebi sxvadasxva zomis qvebiT, aqvT brtyeli (banuri)

saxuravi, dafaruli uxeSi fiqalis filebiT da qvebiT damZime-

buli [5]. zog [saxls] hqonda fanjrebi minebis gareSe; xSirad

SeimCneoda xis irgvlivi aivnebi qarTul yaidaze. beReli iSvia-

Tia; Tiva, Cala da marcvleuli ubralod saxlis garSemo awyvia

maRal grovebad (zvinebad). zemo sofels ki raindTa naxevrad

dangreuli simagris sabrZolo Sesaxedaoba aqvs. is sakmao xnisa

Cans da aqvs muqi fiqalis kedlebi, romlebic aRmarTulia mci-

re terasis cicabo napirze _ qvemo soflisken daSvebul fer-

dze; mas aqvs cilindruli (sakvamle milis msgavsi), 12-15 metri

simaRlis, zemoTken daviwroebuli kvadratuli kveTis koSkebi.

mxolod saTofurebis msgavsi xvrelebidan Sedis sinaTle cal-

keul saTavsebSi, romlebisganac Sedgebian cixeTa es jgufebi3.

starSinas cnobiT, soflis es Zveli nawili amJamad sanivaSi

mcxovrebi osebis mier ar unda yofiliyo naSeni, aramed didi

xnis win aqedan gadasaxlebuli xalxis mier.

rogorc osebis umetes maRal xeobebSi, miuxedavad zRvis

donidan mniSvnelovani simaRlisa, marcvleulis kultura

1 aq, (gv. 807) mocemulia sofel Cmis suraTi _ g. g. 2 Tumca wodebrivi dayofa osebTan ar aris _ iseve rogorc aras-

dros hqoniaT wesieri saxelmwifoebrivi mowyoba: ZvelTagan calkeu-

li gvaris ufrosebi (beladebi) hyavdaT. gansakuTrebiT gamoCenili

mebrZolebi (nartebi) imsaxurebdnen sagangebo Zalauflebas da gav-

lenas xalxis calkeul jgufebze. ufrosebs dResac did pativs sce-

men. warCinebul os gvarTagan vaxuSti asaxelebs _ badeliZes, Taga-

urs, sidamo-s, CerkeliZe-s, jaxaliZe-s da a. S. [4]. saxalxo cxovrebis

safuZvels qmnian gvarebis kavSirebi da ara xalxTa gaerTianeba (haq-

sthauzeni, II. gv. 26). 3 Zveli osuri soflebis mSeneblobisa da ganlagebis Sesaxeb daw-

vrilebiT naxavT haqsthauzenTan (II, gv. 4, 11, 48).

312

Zalze mosavliania. qeri mwifdeba 2400 metrze maRla, Wvavi

2000 metramde. maRali kirqviani kedlebi CrdiloeTidan ica-

ven am daxurul osur mxares stepebis mSrali, Zlieri qare-

bisgan... tyeebi saerTod araa, mxolod erTeuli xeebis jgu-

febi da Zalze meCxeri buCqnaria am fiqalian terasebze...

garegnulad Cans mosaxleTa erTgvari SeZlebuloba(keTil-

dReoba). yvelgan gvxvdebian tanadi, kargad Cacmuli mamakacebi,

romlebic metwilad usaqmod midi-modian, maSin roca qalebi ya-

nebsa da saxlSi mZime samuSaoTi bejiTad arian dakavebuli. qali

TviT qristian osebSic sasapalne pirutyviviT aris damcirebu-

li, xolo cxovrebiT tkbobis ufleba, rogorc Cans, kacs ekuT-

vnis. qalebs arasdros miscemiaT neba saxalxo dResaswaulisas

Sesuliyvnen erovnul wminda adgilebSi (wminda gamoqvabulebi,

Walebi da a. S.). Cveni qalebi, romlebic Tanasworuflebianobis

gamo emetoqebian mamakacebs, usamarTlod miaweren TavianTi sa-

zogadoebrivi statusis arasrulyofilebas dasavleTis kultu-

ris Tavisebur ganviTarebas. osebis SegnebaSi, msgavsad aRmosav-

leTis sxva xalxebisa, qalebs Tumca Tavisi SromiTi SesaZleb-

lobebisTvis zRvari farTod aqvT gaxsnili, magram evropis sa-

pirispirod, maT gzas uxsnis Sromisa da ara siamovnebisken. ase-

Ti mahmadianurad miRebuli, sinamdvileSi sayovelTao aziuri

cxovrebis gageba, aqac gabatonebulia.

osuri mosaxleobis naxevarze meti Tavs qristianad

Tvlis; oRond narevia crumorwmuneobis, mkiTxaobis. ZRvenis

mirTmeva, wmindad miCneuli saocari kldovani Sverilebi an

wminda gamoqvabulebi da xeebi, zvarakTan da qeifTan erTad,

CaTvlilia qristianul Cveulebebad. osebis cxovrebaSi wmin-

danTa Tayvaniscema TvalSi sacemia. amaT Soris yvelaze gan-

Tqmulni arian giorgi (gerki), elias-i (ilia), nikolausi (ni-

kolozi); maTi saxelobisaa naxsenebi, wmindad miCneuli adgi-

lebi. ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom qristianulma wminda-

nebma qristianobis winare xanis RvTaebrivi personifikaciebis

adgili daikaves1. mTeli religiuri qmedeba Cveulebriv Semo-

1 wm. eliasi, rogorc quxilis RmerTi, icavs uamindobisas; aq ig-

rZnoba ebrauli gavlena, rogorc yvela kavkasielebSi. nikolozs

kargi mosavali mohyavs; giorgis wylis gaWirvebisas uxmoben. garkve-

uli borcvebi, gamoqvabulebi, xeebi, aseve SiSveli qvebis grove-

bi_aRmarTuli nacnob mTebze, warmoadgenen kultis sagans, romleb-

sac rogorc qristianebi, ise mahmadianebi erovnul siwmindeebad mi-

313

ifargleba pirjvris gadaweriT da wmindad miRebuli sityve-

bis butbutiT, gansazRvrul dros ki wminda adgilebSi max-

verplSewirviT. berZnul-orTodoqsulma kultma Zalze nela

gaikvlia gza. am TvalsazrisiT arc islamis mimdevar osebSia

ukeTesad saqme. dResac sakmaod marTldeba vaxuStis sityvebi,

rom qristianebi da mahmadianebi erTmaneTisgan imiT gansxvav-

debian, rom erTni Wamen Roris xorcs, meoreni cxenisas1. sani-

vas da mezobeli soflebis mosaxleobam arc Tu didi xnis win

miiRo qristianoba. axlos mdebare patara eklesia Tavisi ar-

qiteqturiT gviCvenebs, rom Tavdapirvelad is iyo meCeTi.

sanivaSi Sevxvdi simpatiuri da Ria saxis gamometyvelebis

mraval pirovnebas; amasTan arc Tu cotas hqonda Ria feris

Tvalebi da qera Tma. Sesaferis samosSi rom gvenaxa, SeiZle-

boda gagvxseneboda vestfalieli soflelebi. qarTvelebisgan

osebi gansxvavdebian zemodasaxelebuli niSnebiT, aseve Zval-

msxvilobiT, ufro didi xelebiTa da fexebiT, maRali da ga-

nieri SubliT, viwro nikapiT, gamoweuli RawvebiT, megobruli,

mSvidi gamometyvelebiT da tlanqi mixra-moxriT. TaTrebis-

gan gansxvavdebian meti simaRliT, didi TvalebiT da Zlieri

muskulaturiT2. ise xSirad da imdeni Tqmula osebis germane-

iCneven. aseT adgilas micemul fics an dapirebas aqvs valdebulebi-

Ti mniSvneloba cxovrebaSi. garkveul dReebSi momlocvelebi modian

aqeT dResaswaulebTan, msxverplSewirvasTan da qeifTan dakavSire-

biT. swiraven msxverpls: Wrel nakuwebs amagreben xeebze da klaven

cxvars, romlis xorcs maSinve xarSaven da miirTmeven, xolo mis gar-

kveul nawilebs, rogorc Sesawirs, xeze hkideben. Sesawirad moaqvT

agreTve fuli, WurWeli, xis naWrebi, pirutyvis rqebi (metwilad

mTis Txis). Semdegi wminda adgilebia gansakuTrebiT sapatio: goraki

tatar-tebe Tergze; gamoqvabuli vaC-ilia-lexete gizel-donis xeo-

baSi (sofel lamardonis axlos); gamoqvabuli genala-tarnili-dag

genal-donis xeobaSi; gamoqvabuli olisai-dona uruxis xeobaSi; re-

komis egvteri ardonis xeobaSi; iqve wminda Wala; igive abanoTis xeo-

baSi da wminda xeebis jgufi javasTan liaxvze. [ufro dawvrilebiT

amis da legendebis Sesaxeb VIII TavSi da avtorebTan: diubua de mon-

pere(t. II, Tavi32-34), dalbeSevi, haqsthauzeni(t. II, gv. 4-50), klapro-

ti, hani (mogzaurobani kavkasiaSi), Santri (t. IV, gv. 154, 162), koxi (t.

II, gv. 85-135), erkerti, kovalevski, v. f. mileri, pfafi (Pfaff) da a. S.

dabolos abixis samogzauro werilebi (t. I)... 1 Sdr. `qarTlis cxovreba~, IV, gv. 632 _ g. g.

2 ufro dawvrilebiT maTi aRnagobis, Tmisa da Tvalebis feris, Tavis

qalis formis da a. S. SexvdebiT vilCenkos da pantuxovis naSromebSi

314

lebTan naTesavobaze, rom bolos maTac daijeres. amitom

araviTar sagangebo yuradRebas ar iqcevda, roca esmodaT,

rom axlad movlenili `barini~ germanelia.

rac Seexeba osebis saxlis Sida mowyobas da WurWels,

romlebic bevrma mogzaurma Crdilogermaneli glexebisas Se-

adara, me unda vaRiaro, rom is saxlebi, romlebic sxvadasxva

soflebSi movinaxule, aseTi daskvnebis gamotanis saSualebas

nakleb iZlevian. Tuki uxeS, dabal samfexa sadgams magidad,

msgavs taburets skamad, Taros msgavs xis xaraCos sawolad

warmoadgen (daxatav), xolo xisgan gamoTlil kaTxas `rome-

rad~1 CaTvli, patara, uxeSad gaformebul Tixis tolCebs ki

germanul ludis qvis kaTxebad, maSin es aRwera-daxasiaTebebi

dasabuTebulad gamoCndeba. mxolod erTi aveji vnaxe osur

soflebSi mogzaurobisas, romelic, miuxedavad uxeSi garan-

dvisa, amJRavnebda garkveul midrekilebas ukeTesi cxovrebis

yaidisken. es iyo samfexa, naxevrad momrgvalebuli (naxevar-

wriseburi) savarZeli (golatkir), formiT daaxloebiT samefo

taxtisa, romelzec ori adamiani Tavisuflad moTavsdeboda2.

osur luds (lud), romlis damzadebaSic osebs gansakuT-

rebul ostatobas uqeben, iseve rogorc mis smaSi, me janmrTe-

lobis Seryevis gamo mxolod imdenad zedapirulad gavecani,

rom am mniSvnelovani sagangebo saqmisadmi arasakmarisi midgo-

mis gamo albaT yvela gamocdili miunxenelis sakmao ukmayofi-

lebas davimsaxureb. Cemi gagebiT, aseve Cemi tirolelis azriT,

romelic ukeT gaecno Tmenkausa da sanivaSi morTmeul kaTxebs,

ver daveTanxmebi zogi mogzauris maqebar gamoTqmebs osuri

ludis mimarT. es albaT imiT aixsneba, rom osebma amasobaSi an

ukan gadadges nabiji ludis gamoxdis saqmeSi, an osuri xmau-

ris aqamdel msajulebs saerTod arasdros ar gausinjavT `nam-

dvili wveTi~. Cemi azriT, axlo momavalSi `osuri ludi~ lu-

dis msmelTa Soris ar CaiTvleba upirates xarisxisad.

axla vTxov mkiTxvels, gamomyvnen, saxeldobr, sanivas sa-

saflaoze. Tavisi nagebobebiT da samarxis formiT igi warmoa-

da SantrTan (t. IV, gv. 172). 1 esaa zemoTken Seviwroebuli bokali _ g. g.

2 haqsthauzenis Semdeg, romelmac mogvca osuri avejis suraTebi, Se-

saZlebelia, osTa saxlebis mowyobilobaSi bevri ram Seicvala. Zveli

formebi nawilobriv gaqra an Seicvala, xolo maTi adgili qarTuli

da rusuli warmoSobisa da formebis inventarma daikava.

315

Cens yvela Taviseburebebs, romelTa umetesoba Zvel osur sa-

saflaoze gvxvdeba, anu mis tipiur suraTs1. samarxis ori for-

maa gavrcelebuli: koSki, ewodeba sappad; kvadratuli (iSvia-

Tad rvawaxnaga) gegmarebis, samSeneblo xsnariT nagebi wyoba,

Taviseburi Savi fiqalis naWrebiT da fenovani piramidis for-

mis saxuraviT. amas garda sacxobi Rumelis formis dabali,

qviT gawyobili, aseve fiqalis filebiT fenebad dalagebuli

orferda saxuraviT2. orive saxeoba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba mog-

viano formisgan, rac gansakuTrebiT mravladaa warmodgenili

sanivaSi. esaa momcro, sworad gamoTlili qvebisgan guldagul

nagebi akldama, zemoT odnav Seviwroebuli da Cveulebriv 7

futi sigrZis, 4 futi siganisa da 3 futi simaRlis. maT gver-

diT gvxvdeba agreTve axali drois qristianuli saflavebi Ta-

viseburi (sakuTari) stelebiT; agreTve mahmadianTa saflavis

borcvebi, maTze dadebuli daumuSavebeli qvis filebiT3.

maSin roca yvela Cems mier gamokiTxuli osi marwmunebda,

rom zemoT aRwerili orive tipis samarxi maTi warmomavlobis

araa, aramed am mxareSi maT mosvlamde mcxovreb xalxs ekuT-

vnoda, profesorma dalbeSevma miTxra, rom yvela isini `adgi-

lobrivi gadmocemis mixedviT dRes iq mcxovreb osur modgmas

unda ekuTvnodes. gadmocema asaxelebs gvarebs, romlebic ama

Tu im koSks adre sxvadasxva wevrebis dasasaflaveblad iyeneb-

dnen. es cnoba Cadis meSvide, zogjer meaTe Taobamde da amde-

nad Cvenamde 200-300 wliT adre unda TariRdebodnen. magram

aseve unda gaviTvaliswinoT garemoeba, rom faqtiurad 50-60

wlis win gvamebs xandaxan im koSkebSi aTavsebdnen, saidanac Sem-

deg micvalebulebs mogvianebiT marxavdnen; amdenad ukanaskne-

li dasaflaveba am koSkebSi sul didi 50 wlis win moxda~.

aq naTlad Cans winaaRmdegoba erTi mxriv mxareebisa da

1 816 gv-ze mocemulia sasaflaos Canaxati. suraTi #98 _ g. g.

2 abixi: samogzauro werilebi, I, gv. 567. xSirad eseni saocrad gva-

nan Zveli etruriis samarxebs; ixsenebs kornetoSi nanax osuri nage-

bobis tips. 3samarxTa arseboba xalxis warmarTobis xanidan, iseve rogorc qris-

tianuli da mahmadianuri epoqebidan erTi da igive sasaflaoze, sau-

keTeso magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor nakleb Rrmaa fesvebi am ori da-

saxelebuli kultis religiasTan Cveulebriv dakavSirebuli Seuwyna-

reblobisa; rac samarxTa TvalsazrisiT dRmde am xalxTan (oseb-

Tan_g. g.) zRvardadebulia.

316

xalxis mkvlevarsa da meore mxriv _ adgilobrivebis mier Cem-

Tvis mravaljer ganmeorebul mtkicebas Soris. agreTve ar

warmoadgenda CemTvis siZneles, gavcnobodi koSks SigniT: Tu

ra SehqondaT osebs Tavisi ojaxis gardacvlili wevrebisTvis

wminda dReebSi. ueWvelia, am samarxebs jer kidev arsebuli

gvarebisad ganixilaven. me survili mqonda samarxebidan nimu-

Sebi wameRo. mosaxleobis mWidro dakavSireba nawilobriv

qristianul, nawilobriv mahmadianur religiur formebTan

aixsneba TvalSisacemi faqtebiT. SesaZlebelia agreTve, rom

macxovrebelTa janmrTelobisaTvis mavne gavlenis gamo, ra-

sac micvalebulTa `saxlebi~ gamoscemen momwamlavi anaor-

Tqlis saxiT, uari Tqves miwiszeda dasaflavebis am wesze.

koSkebs, rogorc sacxob Rumelebis kameras, karebis nac-

vlad kedelSi Cveulebriv datanebuli aqvs fanjrismagvari

Riobi (xvreli), romlis dasagmans warmoadgens fiqalis fila.

gvami am xvreliT SeaqvT SigniT da meliebisa da turebisgan

dasacavad fiqalis filiT xuraven. zogierT saTavsSi (kamera-

Si) 10-12 gvami ido gverdi-gverd, romelTagan zogi ConCxad

qceuliyo, zogi mTlianad mumificirebuli an gaqvavebuli

iyo. zogi kedlis gaswvriv dabal qvis merxze zis, zogi gaWi-

muli wevs iatakze. rogorc naxevrad sibneleSi davinaxe, gva-

mebis gverdiT da maTzec ewyo Tixis doqebi (kaTxebi), larna-

kebi da sxva WurWeli. zogi gvami Semosilia, maSin roca cal-

keul koSkebSi gvxvdeba Seumosavic. aseT SemTxvevaSi tanisa-

mosi kedelSi SerWobil joxze vnaxe dakiduli. ucnauri Sesa-

xedavia mjdomare gvamebi. ase magaliTad, Zveli, gamxmari osi

batoni medidurad daWimuli ijda Tavis skamze da daupatiJe-

bel stumars Tvalebis budeebidan TiTqos borotad aSterde-

boda. meores, fiqrebSi wasuls, Tavi mkerdze daexara; zogs ki

sulac muxlebs Soris Camovardnoda. zogierTi koSkis gare

kedlebze ubralod mieyudebinaT micvalebuli, romelTa kar-

gad Senaxuli ConCxebi dResac iq dganan. yoveli ConCxis gver-

diT awyvia Tixis doqebi (kaTxebi), romlebsac micvalebulis

yovelwliur dReebSi avseben Sesawiri sasmeliT _ludiT an

aryiT. zogierT am `batons~(Standesherr) Tavi ukve gverdze ga-

davardnia. rogorc Tmen-kaus macxovreblebma dinniks1 uambes,

1 `fiag-donisa da gizel-donis xeobebi~, (ruseTis saimp. geogr. saz.

kavk. gany.-is Canawerebi, t. XV, gv. 80).

317

gvamebiT akldamebis (koSkebis) gadavseba moxda 100 wlis win

epidemiis gamo; amitom iq adgili aRar moiZebneboda. pirve-

lad maSin daiwyes sxva saxis damarxvaze gadasvla. aseve das-

neulebis SiSiT veRaravin bedavda koSkebSi Sesvlas.

dRevandeli osebi micvalebuls miwaSi marxaven da safla-

vebze saocrad Tavisebur stelebs dgamen (qvis wyobiani, sarko-

fagis msgavsi nagebobebi ukve gardasul epoqas ganekuTvnebian).

es stelebi 4 futi simaRlis da 1 ½ futi siganisaa; TeTr fonze

maT Wreli naxati axlavs, romelic erTi SexedviT Svarcvaldur

saaTs mogagonebT. roca kargad daakvirdebiT, naxavT, rom Wrel

xazebs Soris patara asoebia xan ganivad, xan sigrZivad moTavse-

buli. Semxvda rogorc qarTuli, ise arabuli damwerloba. yo-

vel stelas aqvs momcro gadmonaSveri (damcveli saxuravi).

mTlad gansxvavebulia stelebi, romlebic gzis siaxloves gan-

martoebiT dganan trial mindvrebze; isini daaxloebiT 4 futi

simaRlis qvis viwro filebia Taviseburi Wreli naxatiT (gamosa-

xulebiT): iaraRis, cxenebis, abjris da saraindo sxva atribute-

bis. zogierT maTganze vxedavT qarTul jvars; zogze qarTuli,

zogze arabuli warwerebia. me ver davadgine, iyo es saflavis

Zegli, yanis samani (mijna), Tu didebuli gvaris ufrosis memo-

rialuri dafa1. SeiZleba esaa memorialuri dafebi, romlebic

gvanan tirolis zogierTi mxareebis saflavis dafebs. micvale-

bulTa pativiscema ZvelTagan osebis cxovrebis lamazi da mniS-

vnelovani wesia. vaxuSti wers cxenebiT Sejibrze2, roca osi

warCinebuli gardaicvleba. mxedrebs gzavnian Zalian Sors gar-

kveuli mizniT; Semdeg, romelic yvelaze male dabrundeba, asa-

Cuqreben da yovelgvari pativiT xvdebian. amas osebi gansakuT-

rebuli SemarTebiT icaven micvalebulis sulis gadasarCenad [6].

xom ar aqvT memorialur qvebs amasTan saerTo?..

...gzad gaiares sofeli jaxaTi, romlis mcxovreblebi me-

gobrulad Sexvdnen.

`aq SevniSne bevri lamazi, sasiamovno saxis graciozuli

axalgazrda qaliSvili. zogierTma mamakacma muyaiTad Semog-

vTavaza morigeba tvirTis gadasazidad~...

1 haqsthauzeni (II, gv. 21) ambobs, rom adamianebs, romelTac mexi

klavs, iTvlebian wmindanebad da wm. elias mier wayvanilad; rom im

adgilze marxaven, sadac mexi daecaT da am saflavs pativs scemen. 2 vaxuSti, gv. 441 [Sdr. `qarTlis cxovreba~, IV, gv. 641 _ g. g.].

318

sofeli Tmenkau mdebareobs 1900 m simaRleze. mis irgvliv

are-mare moSenebulia da SeiZleba mcxovrebTa keTildReobaze

ifiqro; oRond arsad axarebs Tvals xe da buCqi. soflis ax-

los ganze aris zemoT aRwerilis msgavsi sasaflao. Senebis ti-

pi yvela osuri soflisTvis damaxasiaTebelia: Seuxedavi sax-

lebi agebulia sakmao gulisyuriT duRabis gareSe fiqalis na-

texebiT; maT Soris kvlav cixis msgavsi Zveli warmoSobis Seno-

bebi koSkebiT. qviSaqvis filebis mSvenieri, soliduri kedle-

bis fragmentebi, saguldagulod damuSavebuli galavnis TaRis

da sxva samSeneblo elementebis nawilebi, romlebic saxlebis

primitiul kedlebSia Casmuli, imaze miuTiTeben, rom aq erT

dros adreuli kulturuli epoqis ukeTesi mSenebloba unda

arsebuliyo [7]. albaT es aris eklesiis naSTebi. Tumca sacxov-

reblebi aqac didi sisufTaviT gamoirCevian; soflis mraval-

ricxovan mosaxleobaSi siamovnebiT vnaxe sufTa da movlili

tansacmeli, rogorsac SeiZleba Sexvde kavkasiis mTebSi. bav-

Svebic ki, romlebic sxvagan naxevrad SiSvlebi, WuWyianebi da

ZonZebSi dadian, aq sufTad da lamazad iyvnen Cacmuli. Tu ka-

cebs lamazi da tanadi eTqmiT, `soflis lamazebi~ am saxels

srulad imsaxureben. Zalze mimzidvelia maTi saxis wyoba; muqi

mbrwyinavi Tvalebi sasiamovnod upirispirdeba (kontrastSia)

kanis naz fers. sxeuli iSviaTi proporciulia, xolo moZrao-

bis gracia zog qalaqel qalbatonsac Searcxvenda. adamianTa

jiSi miuTiTebs qarTul an Cerqezul sisxlTan Serevaze [8].

aq Cven gagvimaspinZldnen ludiT, iyvnen zrdilobiani da

Tavaziani; mxolod damRala am bunebisSvilebis momabezrebelma

cnobismoyvareobam. [mercbaxeris mdgomareoba gauaresda _ sic-

xe, guliscema da gadaRla _ g. g.]. am sofelSi cxovrobs Zveli

jixvebze monadire, saxelad tifsarxo caraxo, romelic iT-

vleboda maRalmTianeTis are-maris saukeTeso mcodned. is

1889 wels gayolia rus topograf pastuxovs yazbegze...1

Taviseburi Sesaxedaoba aqvs osebis sazidars, romliTac

isini Tivas ezidebian xeobis garedan. ZiriTadi formebiT is

hgavs qarTul urems (arbas)2, oRond ufro uxeSadaa gamoTli-

1 am monadires Sexvda cota mogvianebiT da aRwers mis garegnobas

da asvlas yazbegze CrdiloeTis mxridan (gv. 831-832) _ g. g. 2 am sazidaris suraTi mocemulia I tomis 763-e gverdze. esaa or-

Tvala uremi. qveS miwerilia _ kavkasiuri arba _ g. g.

319

li da uzarmazar borblebs Soris hkidia tirifis wnulis ka-

laTebi, romlebic qvemoT wvetiania, daaxloebiT kiliani na-

vis formisa. ubralod, magram gaazrebulad damagrebuli ka-

laTebi mudam horizontalurad dakidebuli rCebian, rac ar

unda daxrilad idges sazidari. borblis salteebi, erTTavad

xis patara naWrebisgan uxeSad SeerTebuli, mrgvali formis

magivrad sinamdvileSi mravalwaxnagaa. am saocrad mouqnel

urems ewevian xarebi Zalze cicabo ferdobis gaswvriv; amas-

Tan, xSirad erTi borbali qvedaze ramdenime futiT maRal

doneze moZraobs, Tumca amis gamo sazidari ar gadabrundeba

da arc tvirTi kargavs wonasworobas...1

(801 gv.) [gudauridan mleTisken gzaze] ...zemodan mar-

cxniv, aragvis xeobis zemo Sverilebis irgvliv da marjvniv,

qsnis xeobaSi, rogorc patara saTamaSoebi, ise Canda mravali

osuri sofeli...2

(851-852gv.) saxelwodeba `yazbegi~ araa mTis Tavdapirve-

li da namdvili saxeli, aramed is pirvelad rusebma Searqves.

qarTvelebi mas uwodeben myinvars, e. i. yinulovani, sityvidan

yinuli. osebi mas eZaxian urs-xox-s, e. i. TeTri an Tovliani

mTa (_ anu meore monblani), aseve weristi-wub-s, e. i. qristes

mTa. pirvelad am saukunis dasawyisSi ixmares saxelwodeba

yazbegi. roca qarTuli samefo kidev arsebobda, mis Crdilo

sazRvarze, yazbegis Ziras, sofel stefanwmindaSi gzis dasa-

cavad daayenes sazRvris mmarTveli (mouravi) saxelad yazbegi.

mis movaleobas Seadgenda Tavisi xalxiT wesrigSi hqonoda

gza, xidebi, miwayrilebi da a. S., daecva mogzaurebi, mieca

maTTvis mzidavebi, etlebi da cxenebi. es mniSvnelovani dava-

lebebi maT bevrjer akavSirebda mogzaur rus maRali Tanam-

debobis pirebTan. mouravis saxelo yazbegis gvarisaTvis mem-

kvidreobiTi iyo; da roca rusebma mxare da misi batonic dai-

1 gamovtoveT gzad cxeli samkurnalo wylis Sesaxeb cnoba, rome-

lic myinvaris gverdze gadmodis, sadac xalxi samkurnalod adis. is

mdebareobs 2330 m simaRleze. aRwerilia wylis Semadgenloba, tempe-

ratura da a. S. (828-829 gv). aq man xuTi dRe avadmyofobaSi gaatara

(gv. 836) _ g. g. 2 aq Cven gamovtoveT yazbegis mwvervalebisa da myinvarebis aRwera

(841-845 gv.); zvavebi da katastrofebi Tergis xeobaSi (845-846 gv.) da

legendebi gergetze (848-50 gv.) _ g. g.

320

morCiles, sofel stefanwmindasac da mis sapirispirod aR-

marTul mTasac yazbegi uwodes...1

(903 gv.) [rodesac mercbaxerma cxel wyaroebTan arsebul

qoxis patrons zedmeti fuli gadauxada, am ukanasknelma] di-

di madlobis gamosaxatad moindoma aucileblad xelze ekoc-

na. adamianurad! _ osebSi, rogorc evropaSi...

(907-913 gv.)... [Rame gaatara larsSi, radgan surda saxel-

ganTqmuli saqarTvelos samxedro gza dRisiT enaxa _ g. g.].

saqarTvelos gzis sadguris Senobebi iseTi didi da elegan-

turi nagebobebia, TiTqos evropul sastumroebs xedavde da

mimndobni Sesvlisas elian komfortul sastumro oTaxebs sa-

ukeTeso sawolebiTa da sxva fufunebiT, magram sadgurTa um-

ravlesobaSi msgavsi araferia; aqvT cota raodenobiT didi

oTaxebi mogzaurTa saerTo sargeblobisTvis. kedlis gas-

wvriv dganan tyavgadakruli merxebi, romlebzec sakuTari

sabnebiTa da qveSagebiT unda moiwyo Ramis saTevi. ar aqvT

calke oTaxebi da sawolebi. mxolod zogierT sadgurze SeiZ-

leba cxeli sakvebis miReba; samagierod bufetis karada savsea

civi da sakmaod saeWvo delikatesebiT _ yovelnairi Zexveu-

lisa da yvelis saxiT, aseve boTlebis mTeli jari aucilebe-

li arayiT da sxva SnapsebiT. Wreli etiketebiT Camwkrivebu-

li es boTlebi qmnian kedlis morTulobas. arc kaxuri Rvino

akliaT; tfilisuri ludic da saeWvo Sampanuri macdunebeli

warweriT elian moyvaruls (gurmans). dabolos, mogzaurs

survilisamebr eZleva samovari, raTa TviT moiduRos Cai. yo-

veli sadguris gadaRma, rogorc wesi, dgas erTi an ramdenime

duqani, sadac SeiZleba iyido puri, xorci da sxva produqte-

bi... Tavis mosawesrigebeli wyalic ki yvelgan SesaZenia (SeiZ-

leba iSovno). Tumca simarTlis siyvaruliT cnobili netari

aleqsandre diuma ambobda, rom sityva `wylis taSti~ rusul

leqsikonSi ar gvxvdeba da rom ruseTSi, peterburgisa da

moskovis garda, wyals mdinareTa garda versad naxav, isic

Tovlis dnobis periodSi. gonebamaxvili fantasti Semdgom

gviambobs, rom erTxel mas miawodes pirsabani taSti (jami),

amasTan vercxlis, magram carieli da mepatronem gaikvirva,

roca masSi Casxmuli wyalic moindoma. zogierT sadgurze

moyvarulebi naxuloben gasayidad gamotanil jixvis rqebs da

1 aq gamovtoveT asvlebi yazbegze (852-54 da 862-70 gv.) _ g. g.

321

didi raodenobiT kristalebs.......... larsis sadguri Zevs buC-

qnariT dafaruli maRali, gumbaTovani (momrgvalebuli) Txe-

mis mqone cicabo ferdis ZirSi; es kldeebi ekuTvnian yazbegis

jgufis CrdiloeTwina mwvervalebs... fiqaliani ferdis (ked-

lis) winwamoweul kalTaze aRmarTulia dangreuli cixis uZ-

velesi qvis kedeli. misi mepatroneebi ganTqmuli iyvnen sima-

maciT, romliTac, germaneli yaCaRi raindebis msgavsad, erT

dros Tavs esxmodnen da Zarcvavdnen mimaval mgzavrebs.

Tergis kalapotSi, sadguris sapirispirod, gvaocebs

uzarmazari dagorebuli lodebi, romliTac Zalze mdidaria

xeoba zemoT samxreTisken. cnobilia ermolovis lodi; esaa 29

metri sigrZis, 15 metri siganisa da 13 metri simaRlis grani-

tis bloki....

[8 oqtombers diliT] eqvscxenSebmuli, oTxadgiliani et-

li gveloda tfilisisken wasayvanad. mgzavrobis fasi _ 47. 88

man. ar unda iyos maRali manZilis sigrZis (daaxl. 170 versi)

da cxenebis cxragzis Secvlis gaTvaliswinebiT. etli Zalian

kargi iyo, bevrad komfortuli, vidre omnibusi, romelic

mxolod 5 maneTiT iafi jdeboda1.

sam kilometrze larsis gza gadadis Tergis marjvena na-

pirze aleqsandres didi xidiT da miemarTeba 1800 m simaRlis

pirquS, Sveul kedlebs Soris.....

1 amas garda mgzavrebis gadasayvanad daniSnulia regularuli mi-

mosvla diliJansiT, romelSic vladikavkaz-tfilisis mTeli marSru-

tisTvis pirveli klasis adgili 18 man. Rirs, meore klasis _ 12 man.,

mesame klasis _ 11 man. aqedan Cans, rom oTxkaciani jgufi ufro ia-

fad mgzavrobs, roca etls iqiravebs, amasTan ufro komfortula-

dac. mgzavrobis siCqare damokidebulia naCuqari fulis (na-Cai, na-

vodka) sidideze, romelsac aZlev yovel sadgurze Secvlil meetles.

batoni guluxvia Tu ara, amas Secvlili meetle maSinve atyobinebda

momdevnos. 20-30 kapiki minimumia, magram girCevnia gasce 50 kapiki da

cxenebis Sembmel msaxurs mcire saCuqari uboZo. es xelgaSliloba

dafasdeba cxenebis swrafi da mzrunveli SebmiT. e. w. telega (oT-

xTvala) rom daiqiravo, saSineli ryevisa da janjRaris gamo mgzav-

roba am uresoro yuTSi uazrobaa; gansakuTrebiT, roca bevri bargi

gaqvs, radgan telega yvela sadgurze icvleba da bargis gadatanac

xelaxla gixdeba. meetleebi _ metwilad TaTrebi _ araCveulebrivad

marjve arian da cxens ucvlelad miaWeneben aRmarTebSic da daRmar-

TebSic. amasTan mkveTr mosaxvevebSi iseTive SiSis momgvreli gabe-

dulebiT Sedian, rogorc engadineli (=xeoba Sveicariis alpebSi _ g.

g.) safosto gzis meetleebi.

322

[bneli viwro xeobidan gamovidnen jer wiklauris wyaros-

Tan da mividnen stefanwmindaSi (yazbegSi). aqvea misi da Semo-

garenis xedi _ g. g.]. Cveni mgzavrobisas yvelgan gzaze Canda

saSineli ganadgurebis kvali, rac wvimiani zafxulis wyaldi-

dobam Caidina. mravali aseuli muSa dakavebuli iyo miyenebu-

li zaralis aRsadgeni samuSaoebiT. gansakuTrebiT yazbegis

sadgurTan ireoda xalxi WianWvelebiviT, romlebic waRebu-

lis nacvlad axal xids sdebdnen Tergze; sxvebi ki, gzisTvis

usafrTxo saxe rom miecaT, gadmovardnisgan Tavis dasacavad,

TokiT ekidnen kldovan kedelze da gnomebiviT urtyamdnen

uros...... kobi aris bolo sofeli qedis CrdiloeT mxare-

ze....... zogan, magaliTad, e. w. kuloginis xidTan gza kveTs

iseTive velur xeobas1, rogoric darialia. aq yuradRebas iq-

cevs zogan xis, zogan qvis galereebi, romlebmac zamTris

zvavebis dros unda daicvan mgzavrTa mimosvla.... meore

TvalSisacemi movlenaa daklaknil gzaze mTaTa kedlebidan

gadmomavali mineraluri wyaroebi, romlebic iseTi raodeno-

biT da siZlieriT moCqefen, rom ara marto ferds aZleven

moyviTalo-wiTel fers, aramed gzis gamyol wyaluxv nakadu-

lebsac Rebaven. zogi 25-30 m simaRlidan CanCqerad vardeba

mdinareSi. esaa civi, naxSirmJaviT Zalze mdidari wyaroebi.....

(74 gv.) rokis gadasasvleliT (2992 m) _ liaxvis xeobidan,

romelic mtkvars erTvis, sakis xeobaSi gadadixar; is ardonis

aRmosavleTis Senakadia. radgan ardoni iwyeba mTavari qedis

samxreTiT da mas kveTs CrdiloeTisken dinebiT, amitom es ga-

dasasvleli uSualod aerTebs samxreTs CrdiloeTTan. sakmao

simaRlis miuxedavad, SedarebiT damreci ferdebis gamo man

kavkasiis komunikaciisTvis mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba

unda SeZlos: rogorc sarkinigzo makavSirebels samxreTsa da

CrdiloeTs Soris, am adgilze yvelaze mcire teqnikuri dab-

rkolebebi Sexvdeboda. danarCeni gadasasvlelebi Tovliania

da mxolod zafxulSia maTze gza gaxsnili.

1 es viwrobi cnobilia baidara-xeobis saxeliT, romelic momdinare-

obs osi beladis baidaras saxelidan; mas rusebis mier amierkavkasiis

dakavebamde qarTvel mefe erekle II-Tan cxoveli urTierToba hqon-

da: mas evaleboda am Znel monakveTze transportisa da mgzavrebis

daxmareba.

323

II tomi

(56 gv.) roca avtori saubrobs xevsurebTan sisxlis fas-

ze, miyenebuli Wrilobis safasze xorblis marcvlis raode-

nobiT, haqsthauzenze dayrdnobiT (t. II. gv. 30) ambobs, rom

msgavsi wesi arsebobs osebTanac.

(77 gv.) roca mercbaxeri saubrobs Crdilo xevsureTSi

xats Sewirul jixvis (irmis) rqebs xanjliT Cexen, rom qur-

debma ar moiparon vladikavkazSi gasayidado, ambobs, rom

msgavsi samsxverploebi aris osebSico da iSveliebs abixs (t, I,

gv. 567).

(89 gv.) osebSi SeiniSneba xevsurebis analogiuri zogi

wes-Cveuleba.

(100 gv.) micvalebulebs xevsurebi Zvelad miwis zemoT ka-

merebSi aTavsebdnen; axla ki miwaSi marxaven... osebis msgavsad.

(102 gv.) micvalebulis saxelze xevsureTSi doRi imarTe-

ba; iseTi, rogorc sanivaSi osebTan aRvwere.

(106 gv.) osebis saSualo simaRle Tergis mxareSi aris 1,

695 m.

mcire komentarebi:

[1] vaxuSti ase gadmogvcems am ambavs:`xazarTa mefeman

misca queyana kavkasosi Zesa Tvissa urbanoss da tyueni

qarTl-somxiTisani. aman amoswyvida naTesavi kavkasosi, da da-

eSena aqa TvisiTa da tyviTa miT da uwoda ovseTi. ese ars xa-

zarulad `zogi Tesvad~, viTam _`zogi movswyvide da zogi

davsxi Tesvad~ (qarTlis cxovreba, IV, batoniSvili vaxuSti.

aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. simon yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT.

Tbilisi, 1973. gv. 632).

[2] q-cx. vaxuSti: `emZlavrnen ovsTa iqiT TaTarxanni da

aqeT laqTemuris elni mahmadianni, da Semoivltodnen kavkasi-

asa Sina, da daipyrnes kavkasTa naTesavni, romel arian dual-

ni... ganyofasa qarTlisasa sam samefod, daSTa... dualeTi qar-

TvelTa mefeTa, romelni moscemen dRemde xarkTa mefeTa~ (gv.

654-655).

`pirvelad saxlebulan qarTvelni glexni. Semdgomad me-

patroneTa maTTagan gadmosaxlebulan osni, da qarTvelni

barTa Sina Camosulan~ (gv. 363-364).

324

`sarwmunoebiT arian Zuelad qristeaneni da samwysoni ni-

qozlisani, da ufros dualni. aramed awindelTa JamTa dual-

ni saxeliT oden qristeaneni...~(gv. 638).

rogorc Cans, dvaleTi ZvelTagan saqarTvelos ekuTvno-

da. aq iyo `kari kldisagan da qviTkiriT qmnuli, didkamariani

mdinaresa zeda... ... mefeTagan qmnuli~, rom àra vidoden Tvi-

nier maTsa ovsni~ (gv. 655, 639). mas CrdiloeTisken hqonda er-

Ti gasasvleli, maSin roca samxreTisken _ TerTmeti. XIX s-Si

jer tfilisis guberniis mTiuleTis olqSi Sedioda, Semdeg

SeuerTes Tergis olqs.

[3] vaxuSti (gv. 638) `Tavni da warCinebulni maTni arian

mahmadianni, da dabalni glexni qristeaneni, garna umecarni

orives rjulisani~...

[4] vaxuStisTan es gvarebi asea dasaxelebuli: èse ovsi

ganiyofebis esoden guarad: sidamonad, WaxiliZed, Tagaurad,

qurTaulad, badeliZed, CerqesiZed, basianad da arianca eseni

uwarCinebulesni sxuaTa zeda~... (gv. 639 da 634).

[5] da [7] rac Seexeba mSeneblobas, vaxuSti ambobs: àrRa-

ra xmaroben qvitkirsa. garna aRaSeneben saxlTa usarkmelod,

da mravalsa erTmanerTsa zeda, da koSksa fiqalTa qvaTagan

miwiT... xolo Zueladni arian cixeni, koSkni, eklesiani qvit-

kirisani mefeTagan naSenni...~(gv. 640).

[6] vaxuSti Semdegnairad aRwers am Sejibrs: ùwyian sul-

Ta mkudarTa maTTa saxsrad da mosaxseneblad, romelsa uwo-

deben doRsa, rameTu cxenosanTa kacTa oris samis dRis sav-

lidam gamouSveben, da romeli maTgani upirveles mivals, mas

miscemen niWsa da gardaixdian purobasa da lxinsa didsa, vis

rai Zal-ucs, da hgoneben amas salxinebelad da sacxorebelad

sulTaTvis mkudarTa maTTa~ (gv. 641).

[8] vaxuStic uqebs osebs garegnobas: `xolo kacni da qal-

ni arian Suenierni, haerovanni, Sav-Tual-warbni, Sav-Tmosanni,

TeTr-yirmizni, tanovanni, werwetni, garna umetes qalni wer-

wetni~ (gv. 637).

325

Gia Gelashvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Senior Scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Gottfried Merzbacher (1843-1926) about

Abkhasians and Ossetians The German scientist-traveller Gottfried Merzbacher organized in

1891 an expedition to the Caucasian Highland. The outcome of this journey is His two-volumed work – `In the Highlands of Caucasus~, published in 1901, where He describes both North and South sides of central Caucasus range. We can say that this monographe is one of the best among the travelling literature of 19-th century, for its significance to make a study of the history and ethnography of Georgia and Caucasian peoples.

Here We give a Georgian translation of Merzbacher’s information about Abkhasians and Ossetians. We add also some commentaries and a short preface to the text.

Merzbacher narrates about denomination of Abkhasians, their language, descent, settlement, their banishment. He describes their appearance, faith, activity, merchandise; tells about their interrelations with Russia and Prince of Mingrelia. Author names and uses many European and Georgian historical sources.

In respect of Ossen, Merzbacher travelled all over the North Caucasus and describes their mode of life, language, religion, ceremony; relates about buildings, sepulcher types; talks about looks, vicinity and nature of Ossetian men and women. Author pays much heed to origin of Ossetian. Merzbacher doesn’t forget Ossetian beer; interestingly acquaint us with inns, conveyance types and transportation.

The information given by Merzbacher have importance of original sources and are significant for researchers.

326

igor kveselava

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, sa-

qarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti,

socialur mecnierebaTa departamen-

tis ufrosi

msoflio saganmanaTleblo sistemis Teoriuli

da praqtikuli aspeqtebi da saqarTvelo

XXI saukunis dasawyisi saqarTveloSi bevr movlenasTan

aris dakavSirebuli, maT Soris iyo prusiul-germanuli war-

momavlobis sabWouri ganaTlebis sistemis Secvla axali, ame-

rikuli saganmanaTleblo sistemiT, romlis damkvidreba sak-

maod rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi aRmoCnda.

axali saganmanaTleblo sistemis Teoriul-ideologiuri

da organizaciuli damkvidrebis procesSi didi roli iTamaSa

„vardebis revoluciis“ erT-erTma damfinansebelma, msofli-

oSi cnobilma miliarderma jorj sorosma, romelic ameriku-

li politikisa da ideologiis ganxorcielebis radikalur

gzas uWers mxars, kritikuladaa ganwyobili kapitalizmis ar-

sebuli sistemis mimarT da misi e. w. „perestroikis“ Tu re-

formirebis momxrea.

amerikeli miliarderis saxels ukavSirdeba narkobizne-

sis erTgvari sistemis Seqmna, romelmac moicva kulturisa da

xelovnebis sferosken mswrafi axali Taobis interesebi.

1995 wels j. sorosis mier Camoyalibebuli axali insti-

tutis _ „Ria sazogadoebis“ mTavar miznad iqca sxva qveynebSi

sazogadoebrivi azris amerikul yaidaze gardaqmna da ganaT-

lebis, kulturis, mecnierebis, xelovnebis da sxva sferoebSi

dasavluri ideologiis mxardamWeri inteleqtualuri kadre-

bis momzadeba.

cxadia, erTiani msoflio politikis, ekonomikis da ide-

ologiis Seqmnis ideis erT-erT iniciators j. soross msof-

lio xelisuflebis idealur gansaxierebad amerika miaCnda.

udavoa, msoflio gaerTianebis idea ar SeiZleboda mxolod

iaraRis JRarunTan da omebTan yofiliyo dakavSirebuli, miT

327

umetes, win wamoiwia „rbili“ Tu „gonivruli“ Zalis Teoriebi.

swored am Teoriebis praqtikulad ganxorcielebis CarCoSia

mosaazrebeli amerikuli e. w. „enjeoebis, arasamTavrobo or-

ganizaciebis, Ria sazogadoebebis, sxvadasxva fondebisa da

centrebis dafuZneba mTel msoflioSi.

aRniSnuli institutebis uzarmazari qselis meSveobiT

axla im funqciebis ganxorcieleba xdeboda, romelsac adre

sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis saidumlo agentebi Tu TanamSrom-

lebi axorcielebdnen.

am mxriv arc saqarTvelo iyo gamonaklisi. XX saukunis

bolos da XXI saukunis dasawyisSi qveyanaSi dafuZnda „Ria sa-

zogadoeba _ saqarTelo“, „Tavisuflebis instituti“, „axal-

gazrda iuristTa asociacia“, „kavkasiuri saxli“, „kmara“, „Ta-

nasworobis instituti“ da sxva, romlebic Sors idgnen qar-

Tuli cnobierebisa da sulierebisagan [1].

am problemas erT-erTi ZiriTadi adgili uWiravs akade-

mikos elizbar javeliZis vrcel monografiaSi „avahme, Cemo

mamulo!..,“ romelic 2007 wels gamoica calke wignad da mkiT-

xvelTa didi yuradReba daimsaxura, amitom dawvrilebiT mas-

ze ar vCerdebiT; Tumca erTi unda iTqvas, avtors naTlad

aqvs axsnili j. sorosis „filanTropiuli“ damokidebulebis

arsi qarTveli erisadmi da dasaxelebuli hyavs j. sorosis

qarTveli Tanamoazreebi: k. benduqiZe, a. lomaia, g. TevzaZe, s.

janaSia, l. ramiSvili, b. wifuria, g. miminoSvili, g. xubua, g,

gabaSvili da sxvebi [1].

rogorc j. sorosis axali Tanamoazre v. soiferi SeniS-

navs, amerikelma miliarderma araCveulebrivi xedvis, fulis

dabandebis axleburi meTodis, birJis operaciebis origina-

luri Teoriebis, maTematikuri da statistikuri analizisa da

filosofiuri azrovnebis Sedegad asamde qveyanaSi moipova

gavlena. maT Soris iyo saqarTvelo. rogorc Cans, e. Sevar-

dnaZe moxibluli iyo j. sorosis Semdegi cnobili meTodebi-

Ta da SegonebiT:

1. SeqmeniT sakuTri kadrebi... yoveli laboratoria, yove-

li kaTedra da instituti Cveni kadrebis samWedlod unda iqces.

2. roca scenidan midis (ufro marTebulad, aZeveben _ e.

j.) ufrosi Taoba, mas ufro... moRonierebuli axalgazrdoba

unda Seenacvlos. saamisod rac SeiZleba adre unda wamovwi-

oT sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebze Cveni axalgazrdoba.

328

3. SeqmeniT sakuTari koleqtivebi da... gariyeT, gaaZeveT

Cveni mowinaaRmdegeni.

4. ilaparakeT da imoqmedeT... mtkiced, agresiulad, Tav-

gzis ambnevad, Tavzardamcemad. atexeT xmauri da gamoiyeneT

lamaz-lamazi sityvebi. ixmareT rac SeiZleba ufro gaugebari

da viTom mecnieruli terminebi. mniSvneloba ar aqvs, ras it-

yviT, mTavaria, rogor ityviT.

5. Tqven TviTdajerebulobas rwmenad miiCneven, ambicias

_ gonebis simaRled, Wkuis swavlebas da SeniSvnebis micemis

maneras _ upiratesobad.

6. nervebi daawyviteT im pirovnebebs, vinc gewinaaRmde-

gebaT. gatexeT maTi neba, saxeli gautexeT metiCrebs da myvi-

ralebs da amrigad imoqmedeT maT Tavmoyvareobaze.

7. yvela movlena imis gaTvaliswinebiT unda ganixiloT,

Tu ras moutans Cvens momxreebs: sargeblobas Tu zians.

8. Cveni valia, erTmaneTs gavagebinoT, ras apirebs mowi-

naaRmdege mxare.

9. xelT gepyraT propagandisa da informaciis saSuale-

bebi: presa, radio, televizia, kino. nebismieri sakiTxis Sesa-

xeb SeqmeniT iseTi sazoagdoebrivi azri, Cvens interesebs

rom Seesabameba... arc erTi sazogadoebrivi procesi ar unda

mieces TviTdinebas. Tu romelime maTgani sargeblobis momta-

ni ar iqneba CvenTvis, unda SeaCeroT an Cveni mtrebis winaaR-

mdeg warmarToT.

10. iq, sadac ori mowinaaRmdegea, erTi Cvengani mainc un-

da iyos gareuli. iyaviT yvelgan! Tuki axalgazrda, perspeq-

tiuli mowinaaRmdegeebis blokirebasa da gamofitvas ver SeZ-

lebT, aqcieT marTvadad, miizideT Tqven kompaniaSi da Cveni

garemocvis mWidro rkalSi moaqcieT.

11. mieciT qrTami, saCuqrebi, asviT Rvino da koniaki,

umjobesia _ falsificirebuli arayi.

12. iyaviT fxizlad... CanasaxSive mospeT antidemokrati-

uli tendenciebi... faSizmi swored iq iCens Tavs, sadac jero-

van Sefasebas ver vaZlevT adgilobrivi mosaxleobis miswra-

febas, iyos Tavisi miwis baton-patroni (sic!) 13. SeisyideT, daitaceT da gaanadgureT da nu dauSvebT

iseTi naSromebis xelmeored gamocemas, sadac gaSifrulia

Cveni strategia da taqtika.

14. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcieT urCebsa da jiu-

329

tebs, visac ar surs qedi moidrikos Cveni upiratesobis wina-

Se, ar surs imuSaos CvenTvis. isini jiutad amoCemebuli

erovnuli Rirsebis ideis CanasaxSive unda CaixSon da Caifer-

flon (sic!). nebismieri sababiT amxileT amgvari urCebi da sa-

xeli gautexeT, xmebi dauyareT, saeWvo reputacia SeuqmeniT...

mouSaleT kavSirebi, kontaqtebi, ar misceT efeqturi muSao-

bis saSualeba, eWvqveS daayeneT maTi saqmianobis mizanSewoni-

loba, Tanamdeboba, moaqcieT izolaciaSi, aumxedreT brbo,

mouSaleT gavleniani pozicia sazogadoebaSi, gamoiwvieT kon-

fliqtze...

15. mTavaria brali dasdoT. romc gamarTldnen, arafe-

ria, radganac vinc Tavs imarTlebs, ukve naxevrad damnaSavea.

e. javeliZis azriT, es iyo is sabrZol programa da miz-

nis misaRwevi meTodebi, romelic j. sorosma „Tavisuflebis

instituts“ da mis megobar arasamTavrobo organizaciebs ga-

mougzavna. is erTgvarad gasaidumloebul xasiaTs atarebda,

magram Jurnalma „pres-premierma“ SeZlo misi mopoveba da ga-

moqveyneba [1].

j. sorosis gaaqtiureba 1993 wlis dekembridan iwyeba,

rodesac mecnierebaTa akademiis aRmosavleTmcodneobis in-

stitutis bazaze Camoyalibda arasamTavrobo organizacia:

„aRmosavleT-dasavleTis urTierTobaTa kvlevis saerTaSori-

so centri“, romlis prezidenti e. SevardnaZe iyo, Tavmjdo-

mare ki akademikosi Tamaz gamyreliZe; ucxoelebidan am cen-

tris wevrebi iyvnen zbignev bJezinski, butros gali, suleiman

demireli, jimi karteri, jeims beikeri, jorj sorosi da sxve-

bi [1].

v. soiferi wignSi „inteleqtualTa elita da filanTro-

pia“ (moskovi, 2005 w.) adasturebs, rom j. sorosis qselis

damkvidreba saqarTveloSi e. SevardnaZis xeldasmiT moxda.

masTan aris dakavSirebuli sorosiseuli „saganmanaTleblo

fondis“ daarsebac.

aRniSnuli programa safuZvlad daedo saqarTvelos ga-

naTlebis sistemis reformas. sorosis fondi „Ria sazogadoe-

ba _ saqarTvelo“ erTi SexedviT ganaTlebis, mecnierebis da

kulturis sferos mecenatobiT iyo dakavebuli, Tumca Tavisi

finansuri fesvebiT mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli saqarTvelo-

Si mimdinare politikur da ekonomikur procesebTan. im dro-

isTvis sorosis samoqmedo arealSi moqceuli iyo respubli-

330

kuri partia, saxalxo damcvelis instituti da satelevizio

arxi „rusTavi-2“.

aRniSnul procesebs e. javeliZe ase axasiaTebs:

„e. w. vardebis revoluciis Semdgom daiwyo kadrebis

mTliani sorosizacia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sorosma iyida sa-

qarTvelos mTeli xelisufleba. igi xelfass pirdapir Tu

„grantis“ saxiT uxdida TiTqmis yvela maRalCinosans _ qvey-

nis prezidents, premier-ministrs, saxelmwifo ministrs da

ministrebs, parlamentis Tavmjdomares, qalaqis mers, TiTqmis

ar darCa met-naklebad mniSvnelovani posti, sorosis finanse-

biT rom ar sazrdoobda. saintereso is aris, rom am faqts

msoflio istoriaSi analogi ar moeZebneba“ [1].

niSandoblivia, rom erTiani msoflios Seqmnis idea da

marTvis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis gegma mocemulia z. bJe-

zinskis naSromSi „teqnotronuli era“. avtori miiCnevs, rom

sazogadoeba informaciuli revoluciis procesSi cxovrobs,

sadac sxvadasxva gasarTobebi Tu masobrivi sanaxaobebi kidev

erTi narkotikis saxeobas warmoadgens. bJezinski adasturebs,

rom TandaTanobiT matulobs pirovnebis socialuri da poli-

tikuri kontrolis SesaZlebloba:

„TandaTan matulobs SesaZleblobani pirovnebis socia-

luri da politikuri kontrolisa. male SesaZlebeli iqneba

yvela moqalaqeze TiTqmis mudmivad ganxorcieldes kontro-

li da aseve mudmivad ganaxldes kompiuteruli fail-dosie,

romelic garda Cveulebrivi informaciisa, moicavs agreTve

konfidencialur detalebs yoveli adamianis janmrTelobisa

da qcevebis Sesaxeb“ _ SeniSnavs cnobili moRvawe [1].

teqnotronulma eram unda migviyvanos teqnotronul era

diqtaturamde, rodesac politikuri procedurebi Tavis

funqcias dakargavs, es ki saukunis dasasrulisTvis aris nava-

raudevi. rogorc irkveva, adamianTa cnobierebis bioqimiuri

da genetikuri manipulaciebis SesaZlebloba migviyvans iseTi

arsebebis Seqmnamde, romlebic ara mxolod imoqmedeben, ara-

med imsjeleben rogorc adamianebi da es seriozul proble-

maTa rigs warmoSobs.

e. javeliZis azriT, sayovelTao kontrolis qselSi Tan-

daTanobiT ebmeva dedamiwis TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba. dRes

am kontrols axorcielebs natos Stab-bina da misi uzarmaza-

ri kompiuteri, romlis koduri nomeria „666“. sakmarisia am

331

satanuri cifris qveteqsti gaviazroT, rom naTlad warmog-

vidgeba am „eSmakis Tvalis“ daniSnuleba. mas Seswevs potenci-

uri SesaZlebloba, ramdenime miliardi adamianis dosies

flobdes, rac totaluri kontrolis dawesebis garantias

qmnis. es kontroli ki korporatokratiis TvalTaxedviT, au-

cilebelia msoflioSi wesrigis dasamyareblad“ [1].

uaRresad sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom aSS-Si xdeba ga-

naTlebisa da mecnierebis Sejereba da miRweuli Sedegebi maq-

simalurad gamoiyeneba politikur da saxelmwifoebriv cxov-

rebaSi. amerikaSi arsebobs mravali instituti da universite-

ti, romlebic amuSaveben saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis Temebs. ma-

galiTad, amerikis „samecniero politikis kvleviTi institu-

ti“, „brukingis instituti“, „huZonis instituti“, „momavlis

instituti“ da a. S. ikvleven fsiqologiur, socialur, poli-

tikur, samxedro, axalgazrdrobis aRzrdis, maTSi modisa da

ideebis Camoyalibebis, maTi amboxis, ufrosi Taobisagan ga-

mijvnisa da sxva problemebs.

cxadia, yovelive amas Sedegic moaqvs. evropis wamyvan

qveynebs TandaTanobiT ipyrobs multikulturis da cxovre-

bis wesis amerikidan daZruli nakadi. mkvlevarebi imasac miu-

TiTeben, rom amerikuli politikur-ekonomikuri, sulieri

Tu kulturuli zegavlenis gamo, evropa kargavs politikur,

kulturul da erovnul identobas.

cxadia, msoflios „gaamerikelebis idea“ axali ar aris.

jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi prezidentma Teodor ruz-

veltma Camoayaliba Teza eTnonacionalur sakiTxebTan dakav-

SirebiT:

„Cven unda SevqmnaT maTgan (ucxo eTnikuri elementebisa-

gan) yovelmxriv amerikelebi: enis, politikuri Sexedulebebisa

da principebis, eklesiasa da saxelmwifosTan damokidebulebe-

bisa da maTi gagebis TvalsazrisiT. Cven mivesalmebiT germane-

lebs, irlandielebs, romlebic cdiloben amerikelebad iqcnen,

magram Cven ar gvinda ucxotomelebi, Tavis erovnebaze uaris

Tqma rom ar surT. Cven ar gvinda germaneli _ amerikelebi, ir-

landieli _ amerikelebi, romlebic qmnian Cvens sazogadoebriv

da politikuri cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebul fenas. Cven aravis

cnoba ar SegviZlia, garda amerikelebisa“.

mosaxleobis gaamerikelebis procesi yvela saSualebebiT,

maT Soris Zalis gamoyenebiT, dawyebulia da warmatebiT

332

grZeldeba. Tumca erT eTnikur-kulturul niadagze dafuZ-

nebas dro sWirdeba, miT umetes amerikeli eri sulierad da

fizikurad Seumdgari eria da erTgvar erovnebaTa kognlome-

rats warmoadgens.

cnobilia aSS-is prezidentis jeims monros, jer kidev

1823 wels gacxadebuli doqtrina, romlis mixedviT aSS-s cen-

tralur da samxreT amerikis nebismier qveyanaSi SeWris uf-

leba eniWeboda, Tu isini ar iziarebdnen amerikis politikas.

amerikis prezidenti uiliam tefti 1910 wels werda:

„amerikam daiwyo „oqros omi“ mTeli msoflios winaaR-

mdeg da am omSi dolarebi ibrZoleben ara marto amerikeli

jariskacebis nacvlad, aramed maTze ukeTesadac ki“.

es iyo erTgvari gafrTxileba msoflios mimarT, rom ame-

rikas SeeZlo finansuradac daepyro mowinaaRmdege qveynebi.

Tumca msoflio imperiis Seqmnis idea iTvaliswinebda ara

marto iaraRiT da fuliT brZolas, aramed paralelurad win

iweoda adamianTa cnobierebis Scvla _ ojaxisa da ganaTlebis

meSveobiT. amerikuli ideologiis erT-erTi Zlieri mxarea

ganaTlebisa da aRzrdis prioritetuloba, romelic skolis

periodidan iwyeba da exeba adamianur urTierTobebs, kanonebs,

axali Teoriebis filosofias.

cxadia, ganaTlebis sistemaSi gamorCeuli adgili uWi-

ravs umaRles saswavleblebs, kerZod, universitetebs, sadac

xdeba axalgazrdis msoflmxedvelobrivi damokidebulebis Ca-

moyalibeba samyarosadmi. miT umetes amerika dgas axali moZ-

Rvrebis praqtikulad ganxorcielebis gzaze, romlisgan ga-

daxveva SeuZlebelia.

sainteresoa is faqti, rom msoflio gaerTianebis ameri-

kuli idea amerikuli ganaTlebis erTgvari daqveiTebis fonze

xorcieldeba. statistika aCvenebs, rom amerikis ufrosi kla-

sis moswavleebis werisa da kiTxvis unari gasuli saukunis mi-

wurlisaTvis gacilebiT dabali iyo, vidre wina saukuneebSi.

amerikeli mkvlevris j. kolemanis azriT, amerikuli ganaTle-

bis sistema daprogramebulia TviTganadgurebaze. miT umetes,

90-iani wlebisaTvis aSS ganaTlebis donis mixedviT msoflio-

Si 39-e adgils ikavebda. cxadia, es sagangaSo signali iyo, ami-

tom amerikis administraciam daiwyo ganaTlebis reformis _

„amerika 2000“ _ ganxorcieleba. 1991 wlis aprilSi preziden-

tma jorj buSma warmoadgina ganaTlebis axali strategia. mi-

333

si gancxadebiT: „amerikul ganaTlebas XXI saukuneSi ar unda

gaaCndes toli. ganaTleba aris Cveni cxovrebis maRali xaris-

xis safuZveli. is warmoadgens guls Cveni ekonomikuri siZli-

eris da usafrTxoebisa, Cveni SemoqmedebiTi niWierebisa nati-

fi xelovnebis da mxatvruli literaturis sferoSi, Cveni ga-

momgoneblobisa mecnierebaSi da bolos, Cveni kulturul fa-

seulobaTa gamaradiulobisa. ganaTleba _ es aris gasaRebi,

romelic saerTaSoriso doneze uzrunvelyofs amerikis kon-

kurentunarianobas“ [1].

miuxedavad imisa, rom prezidentma buSma ganaTlebis sfe-

ro amerikis Sida politikis prioritetad gamoacxada, zogi-

erTi rgolis warmatebis miuxedavad, saerTo gamarjveba ar

mohyolia da 39-e adgilidan, 2000 wlisaTvis 49-e adgilze ga-

dainacvla. magaliTad, maTematikis mecnierebaTa sferoSi ga-

naTlebis donis mixedviT aSS 40 mowinave qveynebs Soris 28-e

adgilze aRmoCnda. evropulma qveynebma amerikas gaaswres sa-

mecniero da sainJinro specialistebis raodenobis mixedviT

da saxelmwifo xarjebis dabandebiT samecniero kvleva-Ziebis

sferoSic. amerika CamorCeba evropas samecniero literatu-

ris gamoSvebiT. 28 procentiT Semcirda ucxoeli studente-

bis ricxvi, romlebsac surT aSS-is umaRles saswavleblebSi

swavla [1].

am konteqstSi sainteresod gveCveneba cnobili britanu-

li gamocemis „ekonomistis“ mier Catarebuli gamokvleva, ro-

melmac gamocemuli wignebis raodenobiT saqarTvelo msof-

lios yvelaze wignieri qveynebis xuTeulSi Seiyvana. reitin-

gSi, romelic 2013 wlis monacemebs eyrdnoba, saqarTvelos

mxolod didi britaneTi, slovakeTi, taivani da espaneTi us-

wreben [2].

udavoa, rom amerikuli ganaTleba xasiaTdeba pragmatiz-

miT da individualuri TavisuflebiT. jer kidev XIX saukunis

ingliseli filosofosi da sociologi herbert spenseri miu-

TiTebda, rom ganaTlebis udidesi mizani ganaTleba ki ar iyo,

aramed moqmedeba, amave azrs imeorebs prinstonis universi-

tetis prezidenti jon pibeni, romelic ganaTlebas ase gan-

sazRvravs: „ganaTleba _ es aris unari da moxerxebuloba ne-

bismier cxovrebiseul situaciaSi sworad moqcevisa“. aRsaniS-

navia, rom swored es azri mihyveba wiTel zolad deil karne-

gis Sromebs, romlebmac udidesi roli Seasrules amerikuli

334

praqtikuli cxovrebisa da, saerTod, ganaTlebis sistemis Ca-

moyalibebaSi.

dRevandel msoflioSi amerikelebi prioritets aniWeben

informaciis mopovebas. informaciis mflobeli gansxvavdeba

ganaTlebulisagan, konkurentunariania Sromis bazarze, war-

matebebs aRwevs politikaSic da advilad Zlevs winaaRmdego-

bebs Zalauflebis mopovebis gzaze.

cxadia, profesionalizmi, specialistoba da ganaTlebu-

loba erTi rgolia, magram informaciuloba ukana planze

wevs fundamenturi codnis prioritetulobas da win gamodis

praqtikuli gamoyenebis fenomeni, anu yuradReba gadaitaneba

sainformacio teqnologiebze (interneti, kompiuteri da a. S.).

cxadia, ucxouri warmomavlobis sabWour saganmanaTleb-

lo sistemas bevri xarvezi hqonda, magram ar SeiZleba is mi-

viCnioT yavlgasul, uvargis sistemad. umjobesi iqneboda mis-

Tvis Camogvecilebina calkeuli negatiuroba da komunisturi

ideologiuri dogmebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi SegveZlo migveRo

srulyofili germanuli saganmanaTleblo sistema, romelic

iqneboda Tavisufali, demokratiuli da pragmatulic.

„nacionaluri moZraobis“ periodSi ganxorcielebul sa-

ganmanaTleblo reformebs Tan mohyva ukiduresi pragmatizmi.

yuradRebis miRma darCa igive aSS-Si damkvidrebuli codnis

SeZenis da misi praqtikuli realizaciis sakiTxi da xelisuf-

lebam TviTmiznad gaixada „nacionaluri moZraobis“ ideolo-

giis mexotbe pragmatikosi pirovnebis Camoyalibeba.

aRniSnulis Sesaxeb aseT azrs gamoTqvams e. javeliZe: „es

gansxvaveba, albaT, imiTac aris ganpirobebuli, rom saqarTe-

lo ganviTarebadi qveynis statusiT aris „Semkobili“, xolo

am statusis xalxs ganaTlebaze da „kritikul azrovneba-

ze“ ar unda hqondes pretenzia da momsaxure personalis do-

nis „codniT“, ufro sworad, unar-CvevebiT unda dakmayofil-

des“ [1].

saqarTvelos ganaTlebis mesveurebi cdilobdnen emtki-

cebinaT, rom sabWouri (prusiul-germanuli) ganaTlebis sis-

tema efuZneboda „marTvis centralizebul struqturas, swav-

lebis da ara Seswavlis process“ da amis sapirispirod axali

kanoni farTo gasaqans aZlevda profesionalizms da decen-

tralizebul _ demokratiul administrirebas.

Tumca „reformatorebi“ ver iTvaliswinebdnen, rom mo-

335

zardebSi arsebobda niWierebis, SeTvisebis da azrovnebis mi-

xedviT gansxvavebebi, amitom saswavlo programa unda agebu-

liyo oqros Sualedis principiT da ara erT romelime jgu-

fis niWierebis Tu uniWobis gaTvaliswinebiT.

reformatorebi irwmunebodnen, rom ganaTlebis axali

sistema gzas uxsnida profesionalizms, magram oponentebi-

saTvis gaugebari iyo _ visi profesionalizmi, maswavleblis

Tu moswavlis profesionalizmi igulisxmeboda aq. miT umetes,

axali modeli skolis gareSe tovebda Zveli Taobis profesi-

onal maswavleblebs, xolo axali Taobis warmomadgenlebi

profesionalebad naklebad yalibdebodnen.

profesionaluri codnis miRebis gzaze dabrkolebad iq-

ca integrirebuli swavlebis danergva. erTi mxriv, saqarTve-

los istoriis, geografiis, msoflio istoriis da, meore

mxriv, biologiis, qimiis, fizikisa da sxva sagnebis gaerTiane-

buli swavlebis SemTxvevaSi moswavle ver Rebulobda Rrma

ganaTlebas, faqtobrivad, is eufleboda informacias, rome-

lic ar iyo sakmarisi fundamenturi codnis misaRebad.

ganaTlebis sistemis axali modelis mesityveebma Zveli

„daxuruli“ anu „diqtatoruli“ mmarTveloba Secvales

„Ria“ diqtatoruli mmarTvelobiT, skola mTlianad _ admi-

nistraciiT, finansurad, swavlis procesiT _ damokidebuli

aRmoCnda ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministroze. zogadsa-

ganmanaTleblo skolebSi Zveli, komkavSiruli mmarTveloba

Secvala moswavleTa TviTmmarTvelobam, romelsac mieca mi-

TiTeba, saqmianoba waremarTa liberalur-demokratiuli su-

liskveTebiT da ZiriTadad yuradReba gaemaxvilebina sami

faqtoris _ usafrTxoebis, sakuTrebis da Tavisuflebis win

wamosawevad. aqcenti gadaetanaT individis da ara xalxis

erovnul Rirebulebebze.

gaugebrobas iwvevda moswavleTa TviTmmarTvelobis mier

maswavlebelTa Sefasebis, misi codnisa da gadacemis unaris

wesis SemoReba. sabWouri ganaTlebis modelTan axlos idga

skolebSi moswavleTa klubebis Tu wreebis Seqmna. calkeul

SemTxvevebSi skolebSi gaCnda tendencia Camoyalibebuliyo

„geebis“, „lesboselebis“ da maT TanamgrZnobTa klubebi, rom-

lebsac mxardamWerebi uCndebodaT sazogadoebaSi da mecenat-

Ta daxmarebiT da sxvadasxva grantebiT sargeblobdnen. yofi-

li xelisuflebis periodSi ganaTlebis uwyebis xelmZRvane-

336

lobis mxardaWeriT damuSavda proeqti, romelic iTvaliswi-

nebda kaTolikuri moZRvrebis arealis gafarToebas saqar-

Tvelos skolebSi.

2004 wlis ivlisSi „kaTolikuri daxmarebis samsaxu-

ri“ mTavrobisadmi gagzavnil dokumentSi irwmuneboda, rom am

samsaxuris mier SemuSavebuli gegma iTvaliswinebda saqarTe-

loSi, afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis CaTvliT, saSualo sko-

lebis bazaze, axalgazrduli klubebis Camoyalibebas; aRniS-

nuli proeqtis mixedviT 10 arasamTavrobo organizacia 5

wlis manZilze ganaxorcielebda 5,3 milioni aSS dolaris Ri-

rebulebis samuSaos, xolo adgilobriv arasamTavrobo orga-

nizaciebs unda uzrunveleyoT axalgazrduli klubebis Camo-

yalibeba da mizanmimarTuli marTva.

„nacionaluri moZraobis“ xelisuflebis mmarTvelobis

dros daiwyo kidevac programis „vaSenoT momavali“ ganxor-

cieleba saganmanaTleblo arealSi. rogorc Cans, is qveynis

200-ze met skolaze iyo gaTvlili, Tumca mkvlevarebis SeniS-

vniT, mTeli msoflios masStabiT maT mxolod 102 skolaSi

SeZles SeRweva [1].

dRevandel msoflioSi miCneulia, rom mTavari resursi

ganaTlebaa, anu ufro zustad, codna da misi gamoyenebis una-

ri. miT umetes, amJamad msoflio simdidris mxolod 16% mo-

dis tradiciul, fizikur kapitalze, 20% _ bunebrivze, xolo

danarCeni 64% adamianuri kapitalia, romelsac ZiriTadad

qmnis ganaTlebaze dafuZnebuli kvalifikaciis done.

yvela ganviTarebul qveyanaSi kolejis Tu umaRlesi saswav-

leblis kursdamTavrebulebs meti Semosavali aqvT, vidre ganvi-

Tarebad qveynebSi. amitom es ukanasknelebi angariSs uweven gan-

viTarebad qveynebs da iZulebulni xdebian ekonomikuri faqto-

ris da saxelmwifo politikis gaTvaliswinebiT saganmanaTleb-

lo mijna gansazRvron da garkveul SezRudul wreSi moeqcnen.

am iZulebiT dilemas verc postsabWouri saqarTvelo ac-

da. jer „moqalaqeTa kavSiris“ da Semdeg „nacionaluri moZra-

obis“ xelisuflebebma ver ganaxorcieles qveyanaSi srulyo-

fili, winaswar gaTvlili saganmanaTleblo sistemis reforma,

ris gamoc Seferxda saxelmwifo, politikuri, ekonomikuri da

kulturuli struqturebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis

procesi, Tundac im mizezis gamoc, rom ver upasuxa erovnul

interesebs.

337


1. elizbar javeliZe, avahme, Cemo mamulo, Tbilisi, 2007.

2. gazeTi „rezonansi“, 2016, 20 Tebervali.

3. goCa gvasalia, formacia da civilizacia, Tbilisi, 2005.

4. guram abesaZe, politikuri kultura, Tbilisi, 2005.

Igor Kveselava Doctor of Historical Sciencies, Georgian Technical University, Head of the De-partment Social Sciencies

The Theoretical and Practical Aspects of World Educational System and Georgia

Summary

There exist several educational models in the world. Experts argue

about certain features of Prussian-German and American educational systems. Among them is worth to be discussed the issue of received and usage offundamental and informational education. The paper discusses the above mentioned issue in the aspects of the prism of governmental, “Citizens Union” and “National Movement” attitude of reforming the educational system and the implementation itspractical-theoretical sides.

338

zviad tyeSelaSvili

istoriis doqtori, saerTaSoriso asocia-

cia `s-o-s bavSvTa sofeli~, axalgazrdu-

li saxlis pedagogi, Tamar mefis saxelo-

bis universitetis profesori

xelovnebisa da mecnierebis, rogorc kulturuli

qmedebis problema

dRes, rodesac samecniero kvlevebi moeqca sxvadasxva

kulturuli inovaciebis centrSi, xelovnebisa da mecnierebis,

rogorc kulturuli qmedebis problemis gaazrebas didi adgi-

li eTmoba filosofiis, istoriis filosofiis, sociologe-

bis, fizikosebisa da sxva dargis mkvlevarTa nawerebSi. samec-

niero kvlevebis Sedegebi ganmsazRvrel zegavlenas axdens

ara marto zogadad azrovnebaze, aramed socialur yofazec.

kulturuli fenomeni monawileobs samecniero gegmebis Semu-

SavebaSi, kvlevebis mimdinareobasa da maTi Sedegebis analizSi.

yvela xelovans ainteresebs ra xdeba teqnikur mecnierebaSi,

ra siaxleebi mosdevs samecniero Ziebebs da, piriqiT, mecnie-

rebsa da teqnologebs izidavT informaciebi mxatvrul eqspe-

rimentTa da siaxleeebis Sesaxeb. xelovneba da mecniereba _

es ori gansxvavebuli, magram garkveulwilad msgavsi kultu-

rebia. es ori sfero _ kulturis ori udidesi mamoZravebeli

Zala, Semoqmedebis, STagonebisa da koleqtiuri identurobis

ori wyaroa. aRorZinebis epoqamde isini erT ganuyofel

mTlianobas warmoadgenda. filosofosebi erTnairad msje-

lobdnen xelovnebasa da mecnierebaze, WeSmaritebasa da rwme-

naze. pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi filosofosebi, Samanebi da

mxtvrebi erTi da igive adamianebi iyvnen. vizualuri da saSem-

sruleblo xelovneba ritualisa da yoveldRiuri cxovrebis

qsovilSi iyo Cawnuli. legendebis SeqmniTa da kerpebis ga-

moTliT, rogorc wesi, dakavebulni iyvnen gansakuTrebuli

sibrZniTa da dakvirvebis unariT gamorCeuli adamianebi, ro-

melTac unari hqondaT SeecnoT zecisa da dedamiwis niSnebi,

gamoecnoT amindi, ra bedi eweodaT cxovelebsa da mcenareebs,

ewinaswarmetyvelaT sicocxle da sikvdili.

dasavleTSi aRorZinebam specializaciis epoqas daudo

339

saTave. daiwyo mecnierebis aRqma, rogorc procedurebisa da

msoflaRqmis calke nakrebisa. misi miRwevebi da Zveli sai-

dumloebebis axleburi gageba TandaTan mis mimarT ndobas iw-

vevda. amave dros, xelovneba Tavisi sakuTari gziT viTarde-

boda, yovelnairad ignorirebas ukeTebda mecnierebas. samrew-

velo revoluciis epoqaSi mecniereba teqnikis ganviTarebas

emsaxureboda, teqnika ki _ mecnierebisa. kvlevebi da gamogo-

nebebi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi iWrebodnen, garda xelovne-

bisa, romelic maTgan xeluxlebeli rCeboda. droTa ganmav-

lobaSi ganaTlebuli adamianis yofa sul ufro naklebad niS-

navda erTdroulad arsebobas orive am sferoSi. XX saukunis

60-ian wlebSi publicistma C. snoum Seqmna `ori kulturis~

popularuli Teoria, romelic acxadebda, rom erTi mxriv

kultura da humanitaruli mecnierebebi da meore mxriv, zus-

ti da sabunebismetyvelo _ ori sxvadasxva enaa da erTmaneTis

msoflmxedvelobis winaaRmdeg mwvave polemikisas ukve aRar

SeuZliaT urTierTgageba. aris ki bolomde amgvari Tvalsaz-

risi misaRebi?

mkvlevarTa azriT, samyaros Secnoba SeiZleba iyos sta-

tikuri, sufTa mWvretelobiT-SemecnebiTi da meore, _ dinami-

uri, moZravi, Sesacnobisadmi kvalSi mimyoli. samyaros Secno-

bis pirvel models mecniereba warmoadgens, meores _ xelov-

neba. es ukanaskneli qmnis meore samyaros, sxva axal, gansa-

kuTrebul sinamdviles. mkvlevrebi fiqroben, rom mecniere-

bas aqvs xelovnebis elementebi, iseve, rogorc xelovnebas

mecnierebisa[4, 9-12]. Tu mecnieri cdilobs mis mier Secnobi-

li samyaro obieqturad dagvanaxos, xelovnebis mizania Sem-

cnobelis ( mxtvris, msmenelis, mkiTxvelis, mayureblis) gan-

cdebi gaamZafros, avtorTan erTad, anda misgan damoukideb-

lad Seqmnas axali mxatvruli realoba. ase iqmneba teqstis

ramdenime wakiTxva, gageba Tu gancda. xelovnebas `mravali si-

marTle~ aqvs, mecnierebas erTi da argumentirebulad obieq-

turi.

xelovnebisa da mecnierebis urTierTSepirispirebisas

yvelaze gavrcelebuli Sablonuri Sexeduleba isaa, rom mec-

nierebis ena `erTmniSvnelovania~, xelovnebisa ki `mravalmniS-

vnelovani~da ganusazRvreli. meore mxriv, zust mecnierebeb-

Sic ki, farTo gavrceleba hpova metaforebma, swored samec-

niero cnebaTa mravalmniSvnelianobaa erT-erTi umniSvnelo-

340

vanesi winapiroba principulad axali warmodgenebis Camoya-

libebisa mecnierebis ganviTarebis procesSi. rogorc mxat-

vruli teqstis Sreebs Soris, rac ufro Rmad CavdivarT, au-

cileblad icvleba misi azri, samecniero revoluciebis dro-

sac radikalurad icvleba mecnierebis ZiriTadi Sexedulebe-

bi, xSirad, mTlianad Teoriuli sistemebic ki. amasTan, iseve,

rogorc xelovnebaSi Zveli azrebisa da Sexedulebebis, ro-

gorc usargeblos, gadayra ki ar xdeba, aramed CarTva ufro

ganzogadebul koncefciaSi, rogorc kerZo SemTxveva.

amgvarad, mecnierebis istoriaSi vpoulobT ueWvel ana-

logias mxatvruli nawarmoebis semantikasTan. Tumca, xelovne-

basa da mecnierebas mniSvnelovani gansxvavebac axasiaTebT. xe-

lovnebas ukve gaaCnia sawyisi semantikuri masala bunebriv ena-

Si, is mxolod amdidrebs mxatvruli formebis rTul azrs.

mecniereba ki sakuTar enas qmnis, romelic mudmivad rCeba se-

mantikurad ganusazRvreli. adre arsebuli samecniero cnebaTa

erTmniSvnelovaneba absoluturi WeSmaritebis miRwevis iluzi-

as ukavSirdeboda. magram XX saukuneSi, mecnierebis formire-

bis procesSi, rodesac periodulad sawyisi Sexedulebebis

sruli gadaxedva xdeboda, mosazreba mecnierebis mravalmniS-

vnelianobis Sesaxeb sul ufro misaRebi gaxda, miT umetes, XXI

saukuneSi es cneba kidev ufro gafarTovda. SemTxveviTi araa,

rom Tanamedrove mecnierebi sul ufro xSirad interesdebian

xelovnebis gamomsaxvelobiTi SesaZleblobebiT, iswrafvian,

gamoimuSavon adekvaturi logikuri saSualebebi, xarisxobri-

vad cvalebadi codnis asasaxad. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sul uf-

ro met interess iwvevs logikis araklasikuri saxeebi: mraval-

mniSvnelovani, modaluri, savaraudo da a. S.

mecniereba unda gavigoT, rogorc realobis kanonebis

Secnoba. mecnieruli saqmianobis mTavari daniSnulebaa cod-

nis miReba realobis Sesaxeb. am codnas kacobrioba didi xania

agrovebs. Tumca, Tanamedrove codnis didi nawili ukanaskne-

li ori saukunis ganmavlobaSia mopovebuli. aseTi araTanazo-

miereba ki imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom mecnierebaSi swored

am drois ganmavlobaSi iqna aRmoCenili misi uamravi SesaZleb-

loba. istoriuli masStabiT Tu mivudgebiT, mecniereba Seda-

rebiT axalgazrda socialuri warmonaqmnia. is ar arsebobda 2,

5 aTas welze adre. da Tumca, mecnierebis warmoSobis zusti

TariRi sakamaToa, sazRvris gavleba `mecnierebasa~ da `wina-

341

remecnierebas~ Soris mainc SesaZlebelia. amis saSualebas sa-

mecniero codnis araerTi aSkarad gamoxatuli Tavisebureba

iZleva.

samecniero codna xasiaTdeba sistematurobis idealize-

buli obieqtebiTa da codnis erTi safexuridan axali codnis

logikuri miRebis unariT.

• samecniero (Teoriuli) codnis obieqtebia ara realu-

ri samyaros sagnebi an movlenebi, aramed maTi Taviseburi ana-

logebi _ idealizebuli obieqtebi;

• samecniero Semecnebis mniSvnelovani niSania axali

codnis miRebis proceduris Segnebuli kontroli, Semecnebis

meTodebis fiqsireba da mis mimarT mkacri moTxovnebis waye-

neba;

• sakvlevi obieqtebis samecniero aRWurva moiTxovs

enis simkacresa da erTmniSvnelovanebas, zustad fiqsirebul

azrs da cnebebis mniSvnelobas;

• samecniero codnas axlad aRmoCenili WeSmaritebis

oboeqturobisa da zogadsavaldebulos pretenzia aqvs, imis-

gan damoukideblad, vinaa Semmecnebeli subieqti;

• mecniereba mxolod ganmeorebad movlenebs Seiswavlis,

amitom, misi mTavari amocanaa eZebos kanonebi, daadasturos

maTi arseboba

Tavisi arsebobis 2,5 aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi mecniereba

rTul, sistemurad Camoyalibebul warmonaqmnad iqca, zustad

Camoyalibebuli struqturiT.

samecniero codnis ZiriTadi elementebia: mtkiced dad-

genili faqtebi; faqtebis jgufebis ganmazogadebeli kanonzo-

mierebani; Teoriebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, kanonzomiereba-

Ta sistemebis codnaa da moicavs realobis zogierT fragmen-

tsac; samyaros mecnieruli suraTebi, romlebic realobis

ganzogadebul saxeebs gvixatavs da romelSic Tavmoyrilia

yvela Teoriis erTgvari sistemuri erToblioba, Teoriebisa,

romlebic urTierTTanxmobaSi arian;

zemoT vTqviT, rom samecniero kvlevebi Tu miRwevebi ara

marto adamianis azrovnebaze, mis socialur garemozec axdens

gavlenas, ganapirobebs mis ganviTarebasa da winsvlas. mecnie-

rebis amgvari farTo CarTuloba adamianis yofaSi kargad da-

inaxa axalgazrda ilia WavWavaZem jer kidev XIX saukunis 60-

342

ian wlebSi. 1862 wels daweril statiaSi _ `saqarTvelos moam-

bezed~ ilia werda: `mecniereba da xelovneba, romelnic dRe-

mudam zed dastrialeben cxovrebasa, rom yoveli cvlileba

misi cnobierad gadmoiRon, rom yoveli yvavili misi mohkri-

fon, Seityon, risTvis arian igini da rani arian, _ mecniereba

da xelovneba sxvadasxva gziT ikisreben axalis viTarebis ax-

snasa, cnobaSi moyvanasa, xalxis dawinaurebuli Taoba maSinve

mixvdeba _ rom dro icvleba... rom Zveli cxovreba aivso,

damwifda, rac daTesili iyo, imis nayofi moitana da axla am

nayofidam unda gamoikrifos axali Tesli axalis cxovrebisa~

[5, 526].

marTalia, ilia WavWavaZis statia vrceli araa, magram

masSi amomwuravad aris gacemuli pasuxi mecnierebisa da xe-

lovnebis (romelSic mwerali, uwinaresad, literaturasa da

Teatrs moiazrebda) ara marto kulturuli qmedebis proble-

maze, aramed am qmedebiT ganpirobebul warmatebuli cxovre-

bis raobaze. peterburgidan axlad dabrunebuli, evropul

ideebs naziarebi mwerali zedmiwevniT sworad svams sakiTxs

problemis aqtualobaze da savaraudo kiTxvebs zust pasu-

xebs scems. `mecniereba da xelovneba, _ eg sakvirvelni sala-

roni kacis gonierebisa, _ arian kanonierni memkvidreni genio-

sisa, igini Tavis ukeTes warmomadgenelTa xeliT geniosisgan

naCveneb saZirkvelzed gaagrZeleben xolme muSaobasa, genio-

sis axals azrzed, axsnazed daamyareben xolme Semdgoms ga-

mokvlevasa da cnobierebis win wawevasa. cxovrebisagan daba-

debuli faqtebi, geniosis Wkuisgan axsnilni da cnobaSi moy-

vanilni, mecnierebisagan miRebulni, rogorc kanonni da xel-

TmZRvaneli momavlisaTvis, gadadian danarCen xalxSic~ [5,

528]. mwerlis azriT, es siaxleebi gadadian xalxSi, ikaveben

Zveli Sexedulebebis adgils, mecnierebis cxovel nayofad

moweulni `isev cxovrebasve daubrundebian xolme warmatebi-

saTvis~. `cxovrebaze amosul Stoebs~ uwodebda axlgazrda

ilia mecnierebasa da xelovnebas da misi siaxleebis misaRebad

saWirod miiCnevda xalxis gonebriv da sulier momzadebas. es

iyo mis mier gamocemuli Jurnalis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba, ase

gaiazrebda didi qarTveli mwerali `saqarTvelos moambis~ da

misi redaqtoris misias qarTveli eris winaSe. ilias mier Se-

motanili konceptebi cnobierebis, mecnierebisa da xelovne-

bis urTierTobaze, saocrad Tanamedrovea da exmianeba sadRe-

343

isod arsebul mowinave kvlevebs. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs stiven

uilsonis statia, sadac mkvlevari saubrobs rogorc mecnie-

rebisa da literaturis kulturul qmedebaze, aseve, gadafa-

sebis Teoriaze, rogorc ganviTarebis winapirobaze, rasac

ilia WavWavaZec exeba Tavis saukunenaxevris winandel statia-

Si da swori aqcentebiTac gamoyofs mis ZiriTad mimarTule-

bebs. ilias azriT, mecnieruli codniTa da Tanamedrove ga-

naTlebiT aRWurvilma xelovanma adamianebma unda asaxon

cxovreba ise, rom obieqturobac SeinarCunon da mxatvruli

donec, riTac met gavlenas moaxdenen sazogadoebis mzard

winsvlaze. Tanamedrove teqnikuri progresisa da globaliza-

ciis fonze stiven uilsoni am problemas amgvarad svams:

`SeuZliaT Tu ara xelovnebasa da mecnierebas XXI saukune-

Si sazRvris sxvadasxva mxares darCnen? Cveni mizania xelovne-

bisa da samecniero-teqnikuri kvlevebis urTierTkavSiris ax-

leburad gaazreba mecnierebis sferoSi xelovnebis warmomad-

genelTa kvleva-Ziebebisa da maTi Semdgomi urTierTgavlenebis

perspeqtivis Seswavlis saSualebiT. kulturisa da xelovnebis

urTierTdamokidebulebis msgavsi gadafasebis aucileblobas

erTdoulad ramdenime kulturuli faqtori mowmobs: 1) mecni-

erebis gavlena Cveni cxovrebis yvela aspeqtze; 2) samecniero

kvlevebis gavlena filosofiur warmodgenebze samyaros bune-

bisa da kacobriobis Sesaxeb; 3) kritikuli Teoria, romelic

radikaluri eWvis qves ayenebs kulturis kvlevis im tradici-

ul meTodebs, romlebic xelovnebis, humanitaruli da teqni-

kuri mecnierebebis ganxilvas erTmaneTisgan sruliad gancal-

kevebulad iTvaliswineben; 4) xelovanTa sul ufro mzardi aq-

tivoba mecnierebisa da teqnikis arealSi [6, 112]~.

uilsons miaCnia, rom Tanamedrove etapze garduvalia xe-

lovnebis asimilacia mecnierebasa da komerciasTan. misi az-

riT, sayovelTaod miRebuli warmodgena teqnikis, mxatvruli

eqsperimentebis Tanmimdevruli ganviTarebisa da orives ko-

merciuli gamoyenebis Sesaxeb xelovnebisa da mecnierebis ur-

TierTdamokidebulebis istoriis yvelaze TavSesaqcevi nawi-

lia, romelic Cven mier mxolod nawilobriv ganixileba. am

sferoSi momuSave xelovanTa nawili gatacebiT axdens sakuTa-

ri mxatvruli ideis safuZvelze Seqmnili personaluri ko-

merciuli produqtis warmoebis organizebas, sxvebi sakuTar

proeqtebs didi korporaciuli kvlevebis nawilad warmoadge-

344

nen, romelTa saboloo mizania miRebuli Sedegebis ekonomi-

kuri danergva. arian iseTebic, romlebic saerTod uaryofen

aseT meTodebs da cxared icaven TavianT SemoqmedebiT damo-

ukideblobas.

mainc saidan iReben sakuTar ideebs mecnierebi da xelo-

vanni? rogor aviTareben isini am ideebs? riTi gansxvavdeba

samecniero-teqnikuri gamokvleva mxatvruli gamokvlevisgan?

droTa ganmavlobaSi ra emarTeba samecniero aRmoCenebs? mar-

Talia Tu ara, rom samecniero-teqnikuri produqciis saerTo

masaSi asimilacia, ama Tu im doziT, amcirebs xelovnebis na-

warmoebis Rirebulebas? _ kiTxulobs uilsoni.

bolo wlebis kritikuli Teoria iyo xelovnebis, infor-

maciis, mecnierebisa da teqnologiis urTierTgadaZaxilis

provokaciuli wyaro. TiToeuli, ZiriTad sci-art-Tagan, rom-

lebic dRevandelobisaken arian mimarTulni, gvTavazobs misi

TematikisaTvis Sesatyvis, aseTi analizis magaliTebs. amasTan,

Tavis miswrafebaSi, moaxdinos samecniero gamokvlevisa da

teqnologiuri inovaciis, rogorc metanarativebis manifesta-

ciis, struqturis dekonstruqcia, kritikuli Teoria TiT-

qmis ar tovebs adgils sakuTriv inovaciis gamoCenisa da axa-

li SesaZleblobebisaTvis. kritikulma Teoriam SeiZina sayo-

velTao batonoba xelovnebis dargSi, Tumca mecnierebisa da

teqnologiebis sferoSi mas ase TvaldaxuWulad rodi iReben.

mecniereba da teqnologia arcTu iSviaTad, erTmaneTs

erwymian; orive sferos mkvlevrebic ki xSirad ibnevian am sa-

kiTxSi. aseve arian xelovannic, romlebic arc ise didi xnis

win gaCenili teqnologiebis saSualebiT muSaoben da isinic,

visi SemoqmedebiTi STagonebis wyaroc samecniero aRmoCenebia.

mainc, ra aris mecniereba? sabunebismetyvelo da zusti

mecnierebebis saxelmZRvaneloebi, mecnierebaTa filosofose-

bi da maTi komentatorebi mraval kriteriums gvTavazoben,

mis gansasazRvrad. sabazo ideebis es nakrebi moicavs: gagebis

mcdelobas, saidan da rogor Cndebian esa Tu is movlenebi;

yuradRebis velis SezRudvas `bunebis~ samyaroTi; ndobas em-

piriuli informaciis mimarT; obieqturobis maRal Rirebule-

bas, romlis miRweva ivaraudeba dakvirvebis yvela operaciis

detaluri SemuSavebiT; kanonebisa da principebis gamoyvanas

(ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, maTematikurad damtkicebadi) da

bolos, hipoTezebis gulmodgine Semowmebas da dazustebas.

345

mecnieruli midgomis safuZvelSi arsebuli winapirobebi

gvamcnoben, rom dakvirvebis obieqti, bunebis samyaro, realu-

ria, rom bunebaSi arsebobs erTgvari wesrigi, xolo obieqtu-

robis Tavdebia TviTdisciplina da iseTi wesebis dacva, ro-

goricaa cdebis ganmeorebadoba, maTi mravaljeradi versifi-

kacia da instrumentebis kalibri. es sabazo principebi mra-

valricxovan variaciebs aCenen, TiToeuli maTgani ki iZleva

gadaxras ama Tu im mxares. magaliTad, empirikosebi aqcents

akeTeben dakvirvebis rolze, racionaluri midgomis momxree-

bi ki _ Teoretizirebisa da daskvnebis gamotanis logikur

procesebze. erTni xazs usvamen dakvirvebaze dafuZnebuli

induqciis rols, meoreni ixrebian Teoriisgan gamomdinare

deduqciisken.

kritikuli Teoria mecnierebas modernizmis epoqisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel crurwmenad miiCnevs. misTvis mecnieris/dam-

kvirveblis figuris TviTganviTareba mTeli rigi kulturu-

li teqstebis gagrZelebaa, romelTa centrSi batonoba da eq-

spluatacia dganan. kritikul Teorias obieqturobis SesaZ-

leblobac ki problematurad miaCnia, ris argumentadac moh-

yavs samecniero diskursis yovlismocveli genderuli, socia-

luri, nacionaluri da istoriuli ganpirobebuloba. is yu-

radRebas miapyrobs sazogadoebriv Zalebsa da metanarativebs,

romlebiTac ganpirobebulia samecniero kvlevis sakiTxebi da

paradigmebi, aseve _ socialuri struqturebisa da pirobebis

gavlenas kvlevis yvela etapze, dakvirvebis subieqtis da obi-

eqtis urTierTgavlenas. radikalebi saerTod eWvqveS ayeneben

Cven unars, SevZloT yvela epoqisa da kulturisaTvis swori

WeSmaritebis formulireba.

mecnierebis kritikiT bevri analitikosi iyo dakavebuli.

magaliTad, tomas kuni naSromSi `samecniero revoluciebis

struqtura~ aRwers, dominanti paradigmebi rogor ayalibeben

samecniero sazogadoebisaTvis saintereso da misaReb samecni-

ero sakiTxebs. paul foierebendi naSromSi _ `meTodis wina-

aRmdeg~ akritikebs samecniero racionalizmis safuZvlebs,

miuTiTebs, rom sxvadasxva samecniero midgomebi sxvadasxva

pasuxebs iZlevian erTsa da imave sabazo kiTxvebze. dona ha-

rauei wignSi `maimunebi, kiborgebi da qalebi: bunebis xelaxa-

li gamogoneba~ mecnierebis metaforul enas, mis avtorita-

rulobasa da damalul patriarqalur sarCuls aanalizebs.

346

eTnografis poziciidan laboratoriebSi momuSave mecniereb-

ze dakvirvebis Sedegad, laturma, wignSi `mecniereba moqmede-

baSi~ SemogvTavaza mecnierebis qseluri Teoria, romlis Ta-

naxmad, organizaciebi, adamianebi, cxovelebi da nazi masalebi

erToblivad ayalibeben Teoretikosis moqmedebis saSualebas.

peter harisoni da qerolain diqsoni wignSi `xelovnebis gamo-

xatviT vqmniT mecnierebas~ ganixilaven, rogor axdens repre-

zentacia Rrma gavlenas koncefciis Seqmnasa da kvlevis pro-

cesze. saistorio mecniereba interdisciplinuri kvlevebiTa

da zogadi samecniero miRwevebis gamoyenebiT dargis kvlevas

ufro sainteresos, da rac mTavaria, sazogadoebisTvis sasar-

geblos gaxdis.


1. А. Б. Мигдал, Физика и философия, `Вопросы философии~, Мо-сква, 1990, №1.

2. Е. Л. Фейнберг, Интелектуальная револуция. На пути к соедине-нию двух культур, `Вопросы философии~, Москва, 1986, №8.

3. Е. Л. Фейнберг, Две культуры. Интуиция – логика в искустве и науке, 1992.

4. Д. С. Лихачев, Очерки по философии художественного творчества, СПб, 1996.

5. ilia WavWavaZe, Txzulebani erT tomad, gamomcemloba

`sabWoTa saqarvelo~, Tbilisi, 1984.

6. Стивен Уилсон, Искусство и наука как культурные действия, анто-логия Bio-mediale: Современное общество и геномная культура, под ред. Дмитрия Булатова, Калининград, 2004.

347

Zviad Tkeshelashvili Doctor of History, SOS Children`s Village YF2, educator, professor of King Tamar Univercity of the Georgian Patriarchate

The Problem of Art and Science as Cultural Action

Summary

This paper is about the interrelation between Art and Science at the

contemporary stage. Nowadays, when scientific research is in the centre of various cultural innovations, understanding the problem of Art and Science as cultural action is given much attention in the works of researchers studying the fields such as: philosophy, philosophy of history, sociology, physics etc. The findings of scientific research have great influence not only on the way of thinking, in general, but on social life as well. Cultural phenomenon participates in developing scientific plans, in the process of conducting studies and analysing their findings and results. All artist need to know what is happening in the field of technical sciences, about the findings of scientific studies and, vice versa, scientists and technologists are interested in the information about artistic experiments and novelties in this field. Scientific studies and achievements do not only influence human mind and their way of thinking, but also the social environment they live in, represent a strong precondition for the development and progress.

A stereotyped view dominating in the process of juxtaposing Art and Science is that the language of Science is “unambiguous”, while the language of Art is “ambiguous” and indefinite. On the other hand, metaphors, at present, are quite common in hard sciences; ambiguity of scientific concepts is one of those strong preconditions that helped establish fundamentally new understanding in the process of scientific progress. Just like in the process of penetrating into the depth of a literary text, we gain a new insight and completely new understanding of its essence; scientific revolutions help scientists to radically change their fundamental principles and, quite often, even the entire well-established theoretical systems. And besides, like in the field of Art, old concepts and views are not discarded as something useless and worthless, but are instead incorporated in broader concepts as particular cases.

348

gamoxmaureba


istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori

qarTuli istoriografiis mniSvnelovani SenaZeni

(nino maisuraZe, „qarTuli tradiciuli musika da

erovnuli cnobiereba“)

n. maisuraZis monografia `qarTuli tradiciuli musika

da erovnuli cnobiereba~ (Tbilisi, 2015) mravalmxriv aris

saintereso. masSi musikalur-eTnografiuli masalis analizis

safuZvelze gamokvleulia xalxuri musikis kulturul-yofi-

Ti da eTnikuri funqciebi, eTnokulturuli da eTnogeneti-

kuri problemebi. mkvlevari musikalur enas, sametyvelo enis

analogiurad, eTnosis, rogorc socialuri organizmis, erT-

erT ZiriTad maxasiaTebel niSnad miiCnevs. aqedan gamomdinare,

igi xalxur musikas ganixilavs rogorc istoriul wyaros eT-

nikuri istoriis, eTnokulturuli da eTnogenetikuri prob-

lemebis kvlevisaTvis.

musikalur-eTnografiuli masalis intensiurad da kom-

pleqsurad Seswavlis, agreTve istoriul-SedarebiTi anali-

zis safuZvelze n. maisuraZem daadastura odesRac saerTo-

qarTveluri musikaluri fuZe-enis arseboba, romelic eTno-

sis socialur-fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebis Semcvelia.

cnobilia, rom sametyvelo enis analogiurad, musikaluri

enis ganviTarebis procesi xangrZliv periods moicavs. igi

aTaswleulebis manZilze viTardeba. nela icvleba zogierTi

struqturuli kanonzomiereba, romelic tipologiurad ax-

los dgas enis gramatikul kanonzomierebebTan. q. -ni ninos

dakvirvebiT, saerTo-qarTveluri musikaluri fuZe-ena, rome-

lic melodiuri formulis (formulebis) saxiT arsebobs, eT-

nikuri tradiciebisa da wes-Cveulebebis msgavsad, daleqilia

mTel qarTul xalxur sasimRero SemoqmedebaSi, magram imav-

droulad ganviTarebadia. fuZe-enis anu fuZe-hangis infil-

349

tracia yofis sxvadasxva sferoSi, misi semantikuri tran-

sformacia, cvlilebebi musikaluri teqstis formasa da Sina-

arsSi, mkvlevarma mravalferovani musikaluri Janrebis for-

mirebas daukavSira. aq igi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas ani-

Webs eTnografiul masalas, qristianobis winare xanidan mom-

dinare rwmena-warmodgenebs da wes-Cveulebebs, romelTa wi-

aRSi aRmocenda qarTveluri musikaluri ena. cxadia, rom sim-

Rera cxovrebis materialur, socialur da sulier mxareeb-

Tan erTobliobaSi Seiswavleba, ganixileba rogorc zednaSe-

nuri movlena bazisur kategoriebTan urTierTmimarTebaSi.

avtoris mier gaanalizebuli mravalricxovani musikalu-

ri teqstebidan (naSromSi tipiuri nimuSebia warmodgenili)

Cans, rom masSi qarTveli xalxis musikaluri azrovnebis gan-

viTarebis TiTqmis yvela safexuria mocemuli. faqtia, rom

istoriul-eTnologiuri sakiTxebis kvlevisaTvis am masalas

wyaroTmcodneobiTi mniSvneloba aqvs. q-nma ninom yuradReba

miaqcia im garemoebas, rom metyveleba da musika dakavSirebu-

lia adamianis azrovnebasTan. es ori elementi bgeriT (`xmiT~)

gamoixateba. Tavdapirveli intonacia (`sityvis~) elementaru-

li gamovlineba, adamianis mier ama Tu im movlenis aRqmisa da

Sesabamisi SegrZnebis, gancdis, sulieri mRelvarebis Sedegia.

aqedan gamomdinare, sametyvelo intonacia, ufro mogvianebiT,

musikaluri intonacia, misi azriT, organulad aris dakavSi-

rebuli sulTan. es ki imaze miuTiTebs, rom musika RvTaebri-

vi movlenaa, romelmac mniSvnelovani adgili daimkvidra ro-

gorc qristianobis winare xanis rwmena-warmodgenebSi, ise

qristianul RvTismsaxurebaSi.

n. maisuraZem musikalur eTnologiaSi daamkvidra termi-

ni `musikaluri fuZe-ena~. man, rogorc iTqva, daadastura

qarTvelur tomTaTvis odesRac saerTo musikaluri fuZe-

enis arseboba, misi ganviTarebisa da diferenciaciis procesi,

musikaluri dialeqtebis warmoqmna da, Sesabamisad, musikalu-

ri monacemebiT daadastura odesRac erToblivi qarTveluri

eTnosis arseboba, misi diferenciacia, calkeuli eTnografi-

uli jgufebis (kuTxeebis) Camoyalibeba. sayuradReboa musika-

luri dialeqtis anu kilos, rogorc kuTxobrivi specifikis

gamomxatveli terminis avtoriseuli interpretacia: kilo,

`...garda mravalxmianobis formebis, melodiur-intonaciuri

da harmoniuli Taviseburebebisa, gulisxmobs Sesrulebis

350

kuTxur xasiaTs, kerZod, im intonaciur Taviseburebas (niuan-

sebs), romelic sametyvelo enis kuTxur intonaciur Tavisebu-

rebasTan uSualo kavSirSi yalibdeba. gaiTvaliswina ra samet-

yvelo enisa da musikaluri enis sinkretizmi, musikaluri az-

rovnebis ganviTarebis adreul safexurebze, agreTve fuZe-

hangis anu fuZe-enis xniereba da misi adgili yofaSi, mkvle-

varma saerTo-qarTveluri musikaluri fuZe-ena qarTvelur

enaTa fuZe-enis arsebobis qronologiur CarCoebSi moaTavsa.

sazogadod, musikis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebul mosazrebebs

Soris, avtors sayuradRebod miaCnia herbert spenseris mo-

sazreba musikis emociuri metyvelebidan anu metyvelebis

prosodiuli elementebisagan SesaZlo gaCenis Sesaxeb. musika-

luri fuZe-enis diferenciaciis sakiTxebi ganxilulia lin-

gvistur monacemebTan urTierTkavSirSi. Rrma mecnieruli

analiziT aris axsnili saqarTvelos calkeuli kuTxeebis sim-

Rerebis maxasiaTeblebi.

qarTuli polifonia qarTvelTa mentalitetis da qar-

TvelobasTan identobis gamomxatvelia. avtoris mier gazia-

rebulia Sexeduleba, rom mravalxmianoba `Sinagani smeniTi

wyobaa~, qarTvelTa fsiqikis struqturuli elementia. n. mai-

suraZis azriT, qarTul xalxur simRerebSi banis gaCena uSua-

lo kavSirSia kilos organizebasTan, musikaluri fuZe-enis,

fuZe-hangis CamoyalibebasTan, romlis damaboloebeli bgera

imTaviTve gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens, ris Sedegad

Cndeba burdonuli (gabmuli) bani. q-ni ninos SexedulebiT

mravalxmianoba stadialuria. am sakiTxs igi gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas aniWebs eTnikuri istoriis, eTnogenezis kvlevi-

sas.

n. maisuraZe mravalxmianobis ganviTarebis erT-erT uZve-

les etapad miiCnevs musikaluri fuZe-enis wiaRSi, burdonuli

mravalxmianobis Semdeg, mravalxmianobis kompleqsuri (xmaTa

kompleqsur-paraleluri) formis Casaxvas, romlis matareb-

lebi qarTveluri, svanuri tomebi iyvnen. musikaluri monace-

mebiT mkvlevari varaudobs saerTo-qarTveluri musikaluri

fuZe-enidan Tavdapirvelad svanuri musikaluri dialeqtis

gancalkevebas da mis ganfenas farTo teritoriaze, ufro

mogvianebiT ki _ megruli musikaluri dialeqtis gamoyofas.

man naTlad gviCvena, rom mravalxmianobis kompleqsuri for-

mis gavrcelebam dasavleT saqarTveloSi, ufro mogvianebiT,

351

ganapiroba qarTuli musikaluri kulturis ori didi wris Ca-

moyalibeba: aRmosavluri da dasavluri. es movlena Seesat-

yviseba saqarTvelos mosaxleobis dayofas or mTavar jgu-

fad: iberiuli da kolxuri. sagulisxmo mosazrebas gvTava-

zobs avtori moxeur simRerebTan dakavSirebiT, sadac svaniz-

mebis kvals xedavs. aqedan gamomdinare, igi dasaSvebad miiC-

nevs werilobiT wyaroebSi naxseneb xevSi mosaxle wanarebis

svanur samyarosTan dakavSirebas.

musikaluri fuZe-enis diferenciacias da misi qronolo-

giis sakiTxebs q-ni nino enaTmecnierul monacemebTan mimar-

TebaSi ganixilavs. mniSvnelovnad mimaCnia misi Semdegi miniS-

neba: Tu svanuri da megruli qarTveluri enebia, saerTo-qar-

Tvelur musikalur fuZe-enas isini musikaluri dialeqtebis

doneze gamoeyofa.

zemoxsenebuli sakiTxebis Seswavlis Semdeg n. maisuraZe

afarToebs kvlevis sazRvrebs da qarTul tradiciul musikas

kavkasiuri musikis konteqstSi ganixilavs. kerZod, exeba qar-

Tul da Crdilokavkasiur musikalur enaTa urTierTmimarTe-

bas da maTi erTobis problemas. am mizniT aris Seswavlili

afxazuri, adiReuri, osuri, CaCnur-inguSuri da nawilobriv

daRestnuri musikaluri teqstebi. retrospeqtuli da isto-

riul-SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze q-nma ninom afxazur

musikalur enaSi gamoavlina uZvelesi melodiur-intonaciuri

fena, romelic genetikur kavSirSia saerTo-qarTvelur musi-

kalur-fuZe-enasTan da mTel afxazur musikalur Semoqmede-

baSia ganfenili. igi wers: afxazuri musikaluri ena, ganviTa-

rebis uZveles etapebze, organulad iyo dakavSirebuli saer-

To qarTvelur musikalur enasTan. amave dros, afxazuri da

adiReuri musikaluri masala, garkveulwilad, melodiur-in-

tonaciur da harmoniul elementTa gansakuTrebul siaxlo-

ves amJRavnebs, Tumca orive maTganSi harmoniuli azrovnebis

safuZveli qarTveluria. harmoniul elementTa ganviTarebis

procesSi afxazuri asrulebda Sualedur rols qarTulsa da

adiReurs Soris. iqneb amiT aixsnas is garemoeba, rom afxazu-

ri xalxuri musika qarTulTan naTesaobis srul suraTs iZle-

va. gansxvavebiT afxazurisagan, adiReurSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi,

wyvetili Cndeba, romlis tipologiuri Sevseba afxazuri sim-

Rerebis saSualebiT xerxdeba. daskvna Semdegia: afxazuri mu-

sikaluri ena Camoyalibda saukuneebis manZilze afxazurSi

352

adiReuri musikaluri elementebis SeRwevisa da Serwymis Se-

degad. specifikur niSanTa zrdasTan erTad sul ufro

Rrmavdeboda afxazuris, rogorc odesRac saerTo-qarTvelu-

ris erT-erTi musikaluri dialeqtis divegenciis procesi,

rac sabolood qarTuli musikaluri kulturis arealSi Sema-

vali, qarTulis monaTesave afxazuri musikaluri enis Camoya-

libebiT dasrulda.

rac Seexeba sazogadod, qarTul-Crdilokavkasiur musika-

lur enaTa urTierTmimarTebas, am mxrivac uaRresad mniSvne-

lovani Sedegebia miRebuli. n. maisuraZem qarTul-Crdilokav-

kasiuri musikaluri monacemebiT daasabuTa qarTvelur tomTa

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, maTi wamyvani roli iberiul-kav-

kasiuri musikaluri kulturis Camoyalibebasa da Semdgom gan-

viTarebaSi, romelic ZiriTadad kavkasiuri musikaluri-into-

naciuri da harmoniuli azrovnebis farglebSi mimdinareobda.

`im uZveles xanaSi, _ wers mkvlevari, _ qarTveluri tomebi,

rogorc Cans, farTo teritoriaze iyvnen ganfenilni da am

tomTa polifoniurma azrovnebam substratis roli Seasrula

iberiul-kavkasiuri musikaluri kulturis CamoyalibebaSi~.

mniSvnelovania agreTve q-ni ninos mier adre gamoTqmuli Sem-

degi varaudi: `musikaluri monacemebiT kavkasiis teritoriaze

odesRac mosaxle monaTesave tomebi SesaZloa emTxveva zoga-

dad `qarTveluri saxelwodebiT xsenebul tomebs, romelTa

gavrcelebis are TandaTan izRudeboda. niSandoblivia, rom

xsenebul tomTa musikaluri azrovnebis ganviTarebis Tanmim-

devrul, uwyvet suraTs mxolod qarTuli musikaluri masala

iZleva, romelTanac mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli mdidari da mra-

valferovani Crdilokavkasiuri musikaluri enebi, rogorc ge-

netikurad, ise kulturul-istoriuli kavSirebiT~. n. maisura-

Zem daasabuTa, rom iberiul-kavkasiuri musikaluri enebis is-

toriul-geografiuli sazRvrebi ufro farToa, vidre iberi-

ul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxisa: masSi Sedis osuri musikaluri ena

miuxedavad imisa, rom osuri ena ganekuTvneba indoevropuli

enebis Crdilo iranul jgufs. osuri musikaluri enis sub-

strati kavkasiuria, qarTveluria. amgvarad, mkvlevarma Semog-

vTavaza iberiul-kavkasiuri musikaluri kulturis Camoyalibe-

bis sakuTari xedva, misi istoriuli aspeqti.

naSromSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba qarTveli xalxis

winaparTa genetikur Tu mWidro kulturul-istoriul kon-

353

taqtebs Zveli aRmosavleTis uZveles mosaxleobasTan, rac

asaxulia musikaluri nimuSebis uZveles SreebSi, musikalur

terminebsa da sakravebSi.

aranakleb mniSvnelovania n. maisuraZis mosazreba xalxu-

ri simRerebis da sagaloblebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiT-

xTan dakavSirebiT. cnobilia, rom ioane petriwma `galobis~

da `simReris~ mravalsaukunovani cnebebi `musikis~ erTiani

ganzogadebuli cnebiT Secvala. musikas moxsna dayofis mij-

nebi sasuliero da saero sferos Soris. ioane petriwis am na-

azrevSi q-nma ninom erovnuli cnobiereba da saxelmwifoebri-

vi azrovneba amoikiTxa. igi wers: `qarTul qristianul RvTis-

msaxurebaSi sagaloblebi qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis ga-

momxatveli unda yofiliyo. erovnuli sagaloblebi cariel

adgilze ver Seiqmneboda, aramed mas safuZvlad unda dasde-

boda qristianobis winare xanidan momdinare musikalur-eTni-

kuri monapovari, romelic odesRac qarTvelur tomebSi Camo-

yalibda da sabolood qarTuli eTnosSi damkvidrda rogorc

erovnuli fsiqologiis struqturuli elementi~.

nino maisuraZis gamokvleva axali sityvaa mecnierebaSi.

naSromis maRali Rirseba ganapiroba avtoris erudiciam da

Rrma profesionalizmma. q-ni nino ara mxolod istorikos-eT-

nologia, aramed eTnomusikologi. man daadastura, rom isto-

riuli kavSirebis kvlevaSi musikalur-eTnikur monacemebs sa-

Tanado adgili uWiravs. momijnave dargebis (enaTmecniereba,

istoria, arqeologia, anTropologia) analogiurad, musika-

lur eTnologias Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs xalxTa eTnikuri is-

toriis, eTnogenezis, xalxTa migraciebisa da integraciis

kvlevaSi. n. maisuraZis samecniero moRvaweobas ukavSirdeba

xalxuri musikis `istoriuli mecnierebis samsaxurSi~ Cayeneba.

aRniSnuli monografia mniSvnelovani SenaZenia ara mxolod

samecniero wreebisaTvis, aramed _ farTo sazogadoebisaTvis.

354

profesori niko javaxiSvili latviis sagareo

saqmeTa saministros sapatio sigeliT dajildovda

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis

axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis mTavar mecnier-Ta-

namSromels, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtors, Tsu profesor

niko javaxiSvils xangrZlivi da mWidro TanamSromloba aqvs

baltiis respublikebis samecniero da saswavlo centrebTan.

misi samecniero naSromebi, romlebSic Seswavlilia qarTul-

baltiur urTierTobaTa istoriis sakiTxebi, sistematurad

ibeWdeba qarTul da ucxour enebze. misi monografia `qar-

Tul-baltiuri urTierTobis istoriis narkvevebi~ ukanas-

knel xuT weliwadSi gamoqveynda sam (qarTul, latviur da

rusul) enaze, rogorc TbilisSi, aseve rigaSi.

2014 wlis 10 ivniss latviis respublikis mecnierebaTa

akademiis senatis gadawyvetilebiT, profesor n. javaxiSvils

mieniWa latviis mecnierebaTa akademiis sapatio doqtoris wo-

deba.

2016 wlis 16 maiss profesori niko javaxiSvili dajil-

dovda latviis sagareo saqmeTa saministros sapatio sigeliT.

355

dokumentSi aRniSnulia, rom n. javaxiSvili jildovdeba lat-

viasa da saqarTvelos Soris saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTo-

bis gaRrmavebaSi Setanili gansakuTrebuli wvlilisaTvis.

26 maiss, latviis respublikis sagangebo da srulufle-

bianma elCma saqarTveloSi, qalbatonma elita gavelem Tbi-

lisSi akreditebul latviis saelCoSi gamarTa sazeimo miReba,

romelsac daeswro saqarTveloSi oficialuri vizitiT Camo-

suli latviis (seimis) parlamentis spikeri, qalbatoni inara

murniece. Sexvedras aseve daeswrnen sxva oficialuri pirebi,

maT Soris, saqarTvelos sagangebo da sruluflebiani elCi

latviis respublikaSi, batoni Teimuraz janjalia. Sexvedra-

ze profesor niko javaxiSvils gadaeca latviis respublikis

sagareo saqmeTa saministros sapatio sigeli.

vulocavT Cvens TanamSromels am morig saerTaSoriso

aRiarebas da vusurvebT Semdgom warmatebebs.

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis

institutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis

ganyofilebis mecnier-TanamSromlebi

356

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: universal@internet. ge