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GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND PROBLEM GAMBLING PREVALENCE IN
ONTARIO ETHNO-CULTURAL COMMUNITIES: MINING THE 2005 CPGI DATASET
Report prepared for the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre
By
Matthew M. Young, Ph.D.
Senior Research & Policy Analyst
Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse
75 Albert Street, Suite 500
Ottawa, ON
Agata Falkowski-Ham, MA
Falkowski-Ham Research
9 HernshawCres.
Etobicoke, ON
July, 2011
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................................... 3
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................... 4
LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................ 5
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................................ 6
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 7
PART I: SYSTEMATIC SEARCH OF THE LITERATURE ............................................................................................... 8
METHODS ......................................................................................................................................................... 8 FINDINGS .......................................................................................................................................................... 8 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................................... 10
PART II: ANALYSIS OF THE 2005 ONTARIO GAMBLING PREVALENCE STUDY DATA .............................................. 11
METHODS ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 Original data collection ...................................................................................................................... 11 Secondary Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 11
RESULTS ......................................................................................................................................................... 12 Gambling participation by ethnicity .................................................................................................. 15 Past year participation in specific gambling activities by ethnicity ................................................... 16 Past year frequency of participation .................................................................................................. 20 Past year frequency of participation by ethnicity .............................................................................. 22 Problem gambling by ethnicity .......................................................................................................... 25 Awareness of problem gambling services by ethnicity ...................................................................... 27 Summary of results ............................................................................................................................ 32
DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................................................ 34
Limitations ......................................................................................................................................... 35 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 35
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................ 36
APPENDIX A : GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND PROBLEM GAMBLING PREVALENCE IN CANADA ....................... 38
APPENDIX B : GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND PROBLEM GAMBLING PREVALENCE IN ONTARIO ...................... 48
APPENDIX C: GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND PROBLEM GAMBLING PREVALENCE BY ETHNICITY IN ONTARIO . 55
APPENDIX D: ONTARIO 2005 QUESTIONNAIRE .................................................................................................. 57
APPENDIX E: LIST OF EXLUDED SELF-IDENTIFIED ETHNICITIES NOT INCLUDED IN THE REPORT .......................... 78
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1. DISTRIBUTION OF SELF-REPORTED ETHNICITY IN THE ONTARIO 2005 PREVALENCE STUDY DATA COMPARED TO CENSUS 2006
......................................................................................................................................................................... 13 TABLE 2.PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS REPORTING PAST YEAR GAMBLING PARTICIPATION BY SELF-REPORTED ETHNICITY ................... 16 TABLE 3.GAMBLING ACTIVITIES PARTICIPATED IN THE PAST YEAR (N=3550) .............................................................................. 17 TABLE 4A. PAST YEAR GAMBLING ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION BY SELF-REPORTED ETHNICITY .............................................................. 18 TABLE 5.ROTATED FACTOR LOADINGS ON THE SIX COMPONENTS EXTRACTED BY PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS OF THE FREQUENCY OF
PARTICIPATION IN GAMBLING ACTIVITIES USING THE 2005 ONTARIO GAMBLING PREVALENCE DATA ...................................... 21 TABLE 6. SIX COMPONENTS EXTRACTED BY PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS OF THE FREQUENCY PARTICIPATION IN GAMBLING
ACTIVITIES USING THE 2005 ONTARIO GAMBLING PREVALENCE DATA ............................................................................. 21 TABLE 7.FREQUENCY OF PAST -YEAR GAMBLING BY ACTIVITY CLUSTER AMONG GAMBLERS ONLY (N=2,273) .................................... 22 TABLE 8. GAMBLING FREQUENCY OF THOSE SELF-REPORTING AS AN ETHNICITY OTHER THAN CANADIAN VERSUS THOSE SELF-REPORTING AS
CANADIAN ........................................................................................................................................................... 22 TABLE 9. AVERAGE GAMBLING FREQUENCY SCORE FOR EACH ETHNICITY COMPARED TO SELF-IDENTIFIED AS CANADIAN ..................... 23 TABLE 10. PGSI SCORE BY ETHNICITY. ................................................................................................................................ 26 TABLE11.PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS ENDORSING ONE OR MORE ITEM ON THE PGSI BY SELF-REPORTED ETHNICITY. ..................... 27 TABLE 12: PERCENT OF RESPONDENTS AWARE OF THE RESPONSIBLE GAMBLING COUNCIL BY SELF-REPORTED ETHNICITY .................... 28 TABLE 13 PERCENT OF RESPONDENTS WHO HAVE SEEN A POSTER, SINGS, WARNING LABELS, OR OTHER FORMS OF PUBLIC SERVICE
ANNOUNCEMENTS RELATED TO PROBLEM OR RESPONSIBLE GAMBLING BY SELF-IDENTIFIED ETHNICITY .................................... 29 TABLE 14.AWARENESS OF THE TOLL-FREE GAMBLING HELPLINE IN ONTARIO BY SELF-IDENTIFIED ETHNICITY. ..................................... 30 TABLE 15. PERCENT OF RESPONDENTS WHO ARE AWARE OF ANY GAMBLING COUNSELING SERVICES AVAILABLE IN THEIR COMMUNITY BY
SELF-IDENTIFIED ETHNICITY ...................................................................................................................................... 31
TABLE 16. SUMMARY TABLE OF RESULTS. UP ARROWS ( ) INDICATE THE GROUP MEAN /PERCENTAGE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER
THAN THE COMPARISON GROUP (I.E., THOSE SELF-REPORTING AS ‘CANADIAN’) AND DOWN ARROWS ( ) INDICATE THE GROUP
MEAN/PERCENTAGE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LESS THAN THE COMPARISON GROUP. ................................................................. 32
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1. FLOW DIAGRAM OUTLINING THE SEARCH STRATEGY EMPLOYED TO ASSESS THE PREVALENCE OF GAMBLING AND PROBLEM
GAMBLING AMONG ETHNO-CULTURAL GROUPS IN CANADA IN GENERAL AND IN ONTARIO SPECIFICALLY.................................... 9 FIGURE 2. BAR CHART DEPICTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF ETHINIC GROUPS IN THE ONTARIO 2005 GAMBLING PREVALENCE STUDY
COMPARED TO THE 2006 CENSUS DATA.................................................................................................................... 15
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A : GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND PROBLEM GAMBLING PREVALENCE IN CANADA ...................................................... 38 APPENDIX B : GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND PROBLEM GAMBLING PREVALENCE IN ONTARIO ..................................................... 48 APPENDIX C: GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND PROBLEM GAMBLING PREVALENCE BY ETHNICITY IN ONTARIO ................................... 55 APPENDIX D: ONTARIO 2005 QUESTIONNAIRE ................................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX E: LIST OF EXLUDED SELF-IDENTIFIED ETHNICITIES NOT INCLUDED IN THE REPORT .......................................................... 78
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ABSTRACT
Prevalence studies indicate there may be a higher prevalence of problem gambling (PG) among
some ethno-cultural communities (ECCs) than among the general population. However the
prevalence of gambling and problem gambling in Ontario ECCs is largely unknown. The
research presented in the following report was conducted to better understand the nature of
gambling and problem gambling in Ontario ECCs. In Part I we conducted a systematic search of
the literature and found only two recent (i.e., past decade) prevalence studies conducted in
Ontario that assessed gambling and problem gambling in ECCs. Taken together, these studies
revealed no clear pattern regarding the prevalence of gambling and PG among Ontario ECCs.
In Part II of the current report we conducted secondary analysis of the 2005 Ontario Gambling
Prevalence dataset in order to further assess the prevalence of gambling and PG among Ontario
ECCs. In terms of gambling related problems, compared to those self-identifying as Canadian a
significantly larger proportion of those self-identifying as Polish, South Asian (i.e., those self–
identifying as Indian, South Asian, Sri Lankan, and Pakistani), East Asian (i.e., self–identifying
as Asian, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, or Taiwanese but excluding Chinese), and African
endorsed one or more item on the PGSI.
Though the current report adds to the body of evidence regarding prevalence of gambling and
PG in ECCs, there are limitations. Small sample sizes in many ECC groups and likely biased
sampling procedure (due to the likelihood that many respondents from ECCs were screened out
of the study for not being proficient in English) mean that care should be taken in interpreting
the results. To accurately assess the prevalence of gambling and PG in ECCs it is recommended
that a study that aims to survey ECCs as it‟s primary goal, be conducted. This survey would
sample in such way to achieve adequate sample sizes of all the major ECCs in Ontario and
would enable members of these communities to answer questions in their native language.
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INTRODUCTION
Prevalence studies indicate there may be a higher prevalence of problem gambling (PG)
among some ethno-cultural communities (ECCs) than among the general population both
internationally (Murray, 1993; Raylu & Oei, 2004; Volberg, 1996; Welte, Barnes, Wieczorek,
Tidwell, & Parker, 2001) and within Ontario (Insight Canada Research, 1993; McCready,
Mann, Zhao, & Calla, 2007; Tepperman, Kwan, Jones, & Falkowski-Ham, 2004). However,
there are only a few estimates of gambling participation and PG prevalence rates among Ontario
ECCs (Insight Canada Research, 1993; McCready et al., 2007; Tepperman et al., 2004). Past
research suggests some Ontario ECCs (e.g., South Asians, Aboriginal, and Chinese) may be at
higher risk of developing gambling problems than the general population. However, some of the
aforementioned studies produced conflicting findings for some ECCs (e.g., Irish, French and
British ECCs), while for others the rates of PG are unclear (e.g., Black and Japanese).
These mixed findings may be a result of the methods employed by researchers to
identify ethnic subpopulations and measure their gambling problems. For example, McCready
et al. (2007) used categories from the 2001 Census to identify groups (e.g., „South Asian‟ or
„Black‟), while Tepperman and colleagues (2004) used different logic to group ECCs and their
naming practice for each ECC was different than that used by McCready et al. (2007) (for
example, East Indian vs. South Asian). Both reports (McCready et al., 2007; Tepperman et al.,
2004) were based on secondary data analysis of population surveys, therefore, respondents in
both reports were not selected on the basis of ethnicity. That is, the samples of ECCs used in
both reports were simply a function of the sampling frame employed in each dataset, which was
not stratified by ethnicity. Additionally, some groups discussed in the McCready study were not
represented in the Tepperman paper as sample size was too small (e.g., Black/African).
Though these studies provide valuable information regarding gambling and PG
prevalence rates among ECCs, there is still a need for more studies in order to gain a more
complete picture of gambling participation and PG among ECCs (Young, Sztainert, & Santoro,
2010). This more accurate understanding of gambling and PG in ECCs will in turn permit
policy analysts, prevention specialists, treatment providers, and other stakeholders to develop
more effective ways of treating/reaching these populations.
The current research represents an effort to contribute to this picture by: (1) conducting a
systematic search of the academic and grey literature on the prevalence of gambling and PG in
Canada more broadly and in Ontario more specifically to ensure that all existing research on
gambling participation and PG among ECCs has been examined; and (2) re-analysing existing
data from the 2005 Ontario gambling prevalence study (Wiebe, Mun, & Kauffman, 2006) to
assess gambling participation rates and prevalence of PG among Ontario ECCs. Specifically,
using this dataset we assess which ECCs are most likely to gamble, which gambling activities
they participate in and how frequently, and how aware they are of gambling support services
(such as the Responsible Gambling Council of Ontario or the Problem Gambling Helpline).
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PART I: SYSTEMATIC SEARCH OF THE LITERATURE
Methods
No limitations were placed on search terms in order to maximize sensitivity. Searches
were run to July 7, 2011 and were limited to the following databases: Project CORK, PsycINFO
and PubMed. Search strategies varied based on the database‟s specific controlled vocabulary. In
the Project Cork database, the term “gambling” was used in the keyword field, combined with
each of the following terms in the abstract field: prevalence, survey, interview, random,
telephone, and participation. For PubMed the following searches were conducted using Medical
Subject Heading (MESH) terms: gambling AND prevalence, gambling/epidemiology, and
gambling AND data collection. For PsycINFO the following search was conducted using index
terms: gambling AND epidemiology. The numbers of initial records retuned for each search are
indicated in Figure 1. Additional searches of the grey literature were conducted on the following
Canadian gambling content related websites: l‟Institue de la statistique Québec (searched using
the term “jeu de hazard”), the Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse (searched using the subject
terms: gambling AND statistics, and gambling research), the Alberta Gaming Research Institute
(scanned the Research page for relevant studies), and the Ontario Problem Gambling Research
Centre (conducted a search by category and selected “Prevalence”). References to scholarly
conference papers and posters were excluded unless detailed findings were available.
Findings
After removal of duplicate records this search resulted in a total of 379 records related to
gambling participation and problem gambling prevalence. These records then underwent the
first level of screening in which the Information Specialist conducted a visual scan of titles and
abstracts and removed all non-Canadian records. The result was a set of 116 records that related
to gambling participation and problem gambling prevalence in Canada (see Appendix A). The
Information Specialist then conducted a second visual scan of titles and abstracts and removed
all records that did not assess gambling or problem gambling prevalence in Ontario (Level 2
Screening). This resulted in 32 records (see Appendix B). The final 32 records underwent a full
text scan. Records that did not assess/report the prevalence of gambling or problem gambling
among ethnic groups were removed (Level 3 Screening). This final level of screening resulted
in a total of 8 records (see Appendix C).
Of the 8 records 5 were conducted within the past decade (Lai, 2006; McCready, Mann,
Zhao, & Eves, 2005; McCready et al., 2007; Tepperman et al., 2004; Wynne & McCready,
2004)(Young et al., 2010). Of the remaining 5, two were specifically focused on seniors (Lai,
2006; McCready et al., 2005). This left two papers that examined gambling and problem
gambling patterns among Ontario ECCs (McCready et al., 2007; Tepperman et al., 2004)
The results of these two studies were originally summarized by Young, Sztainert, and
Santoro (2010) as follows. McCready et al. (2007), found that mainstream Canadians were at
greater risk of PG than some ECCs (i.e., Blacks and South Asians), however Italians,
Ukrainians and Portuguese were at higher risk for PG than mainstream Canadians. Tepperman,
Kwan, Jones and Falkowski-Ham (2004) re-examined data collected from the 2001 Ontario
Prevalence Survey (Wiebe, Single and Falkowski-Ham, 2001). Examining the 14 largest ECCs
in their sample, Tepperman and colleagues found that Aboriginal, Chinese and East Indian
participants had higher rates of PG than Canadians, while French and Irish participants had
lower rates of PG. In terms of gambling participation, they found that English, German, and
French Ontarians were significantly more likely to be gamblers than non-gamblers. In terms of
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379 records identified related to gambling participation and problem gambling
prevalence
Project CORK
144 records identified
PsycINFO
140 records identified
PubMed
158 records identified
70 records identified by
specific searches of
Canadian gambling
content related websites
136 Duplicates removed
Level 1 Screening:
263 records excluded
116 RECORDS IDENTIFIED RELATED TO GAMBLING
PREVALENCE IN CANADA (DISCUSSION
32 records identified related to gambling participation and problem gambling
prevalence in Ontario (Appendix B)
8 records identified related to
gambling participation and problem
gambling prevalence by ethnicity in
Ontario (Appendix C)
3 records nominated
by content expert
3 records identified
through reference list
scan
Figure 1. Flow diagram outlining the search strategy employed to assess the prevalence of gambling and
problem gambling among ethno-cultural groups in Canada in general and in Ontario specifically
Level 2 Screening:
84 records excluded
Level 3 Screening:
27 records excluded
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problematic gambling, Chinese and Aboriginal gamblers had significantly higher than average
PGSI scores (indicating greater prevalence of PG) and Irish and English had significantly lower
than average PGSI scores (indicating a lower prevalence of PG among these groups). When
looking at the diversity of gambling activities the groups participate in , the Chinese sample
were more narrow in their preference (tending to gamble primarily on casino table games)
whereas Aboriginal respondents reported gambling on a great diversity of gambling activities
(preferring Bingo, and casino gambling).
In sum, the two studies suggest Ontario ECCs (e.g., Aboriginal, and Chinese) may be at
higher risk of developing gambling problems than the general population. However, past
research studies reported conflicting results regarding some ECCs (e.g., South Asian, Irish,
French, and British ECCs). while for others the rates of PG are unclear (e.g., Arabs, Japanese).
Discussion
Though these Ontario based studies provide valuable information regarding PG
prevalence rates among ECCs, there is still a need for more studies examining gambling and
gambling participation among these groups as the studies reveal no clear pattern regarding the
prevalence of gambling and PG among Ontario ECCs.
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PART II: ANALYSIS OF THE 2005 ONTARIO GAMBLING PREVALENCE STUDY
DATA
Given the paucity of research assessing the prevalence of gambling and PG in ECCs and
the recommendation by Young, Sztainert, and Santoro (2010) that research aimed at
determining the prevalence of PG among Ontario ECCs be conducted, the Ontario Problem
Gambling Research Centre (OPGRC) requested that secondary analysis of the 2005 Ontario
Gambling Prevalence data be conducted. The following section includes the results of that
analysis.
Methods
Original data collection
The secondary data analysis was conducted on data collected by the Responsible
Gambling Council in 2005 (Wiebe et al., 2006). The 2005 Ontario Prevalence Study data were
collected via telephone by the Hitachi Survey Research Center at the University of Toronto,
with a total sample size of 3,604 adults 18 years and older residing in Ontario. The sample was
generated by Random Digit Dialling (RDD), and to qualify for the survey, the interviewer asked
to speak to an individual who was 18 years or older in the household. Responses were entered
into computer-assisted telephone-interviewing system (CATI) in real time by trained telephone
interviewers. Two response rates were calculated by the researchers: the response rate of 82.5%
among those who were proficient in English and were able to complete the survey (i.e.,
physically or mentally able to complete the survey) and an overall response rate of 46.4% for all
respondents regardless of their language or capacity.
All respondents were asked about their past year participation in 18 gambling activities,
and those who indicated that they participated in an activity were asked a series of follow-up
questions. These included how often the respondents participated in the activity, the amount of
time or money spent on each activity, and whether or not they had been negatively affected by
someone else‟s gambling. Lastly, all respondents were asked about spending habits and basic
demographics including age, gender, income, education, and ethnicity. For more detailed
information on the methods employed to collect the data please refer to Wiebe et al. (2006).
In order to ensure the representativeness of the sample, Wiebe et al. (2006) compared
the sample gender and age demographics to Statistics Canada‟s population estimates of Ontario
(Statistics Canada, 2006). The comparison revealed that while age distribution of the sample
closely resembled the census data, female respondents were oversampled. As a result, the
researchers calculated appropriate gender based weights, which were applied to all analyses
conducted in this paper.
Secondary Analysis
For the secondary analysis, we were interested in a number of variables: self-reported
ethnicity, overall participation and frequency of participation in gambling activities, problem
gambling severity, and awareness of various problem gambling services. The following is a
description of the variables analyzed in this paper:
Self-reported ethnicity. The main independent variable of interest is self-reported
ethnicity. In the 2005 Survey, respondents were asked to identify to what ethnic or cultural
group they or their ancestors belonged to upon first coming to Canada. Initially, the respondent
was not read any categories, but if it seemed that the respondent was confused, they were then
given some examples of some ethnic or cultural groups. Out of all respondents, 97.7% chose to
respond to this question.
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Frequency of gambling. Participants were presented with a series of 18 gambling
activities (see Appendix D) and were asked to respond on a scale of 0 to 4 how often they
engaged in that activity (0 = never participated in this gambling activity, 1 = less than once in
the past month, 2 = at least once a month, 3 = at least once a week, and 4 = daily.
Problem gambling severity. To assess the degree of PG in the sample, the Problem
Gambling Severity Index (PGSI: Ferris & Wynne, 2001) was employed. The PGSI is a 9-item
instrument that is a sub-set of the Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI: Ferris & Wynne,
2001). The PGSI is typically more conservative and yields lower prevalence rates than other
more widely used measures such as the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS: Lesieur &
Blume, 1987) (For a discussion see Neal, Delfabbro, & O'Neil, 2005) The PGSI also assesses
gambling problems specifically during the previous 12 months and is thus more conservative
than lifetime prevalence measures. Participants respond to questions such as “Thinking about
the last 12 months, how often have you bet more than you could really afford to lose?” or
“Thinking about the last 12 months when you gambled, how often have you gone back another
day to try to win back the money you lost?”. Responses are given on a 4-point Likert scale
anchored at 1 (Never) and 4 (Almost always).
Awareness of services. Respondents were asked a number of questions about their
awareness of problem or responsible gambling services offered in Ontario. Specifically, they
were asked if they aware of the Responsible Gambling Council of Ontario, whether they had
seen any posters, signs, warning labels, or other forms of public service announcements related
to problem or responsible gambling, if they were aware of the toll free gambling help line, and
if they were aware of any gambling counselling services available in their community.
Respondents answered yeas or no to these questions
Results
Self-reported ethnicity. The frequencies of respondent self-identified ethnicity are listed
in Table 1. To assess gambling participation, problem gambling severity, and awareness of
problem/responsible gambling services, we chose to use those self-identifying as „Canadian‟ as
the comparison group for all analyses. We believe this is an appropriate comparison group as
those who self-identify as Canadian are most likely those who have either been in the country
for multiple generations or have acculturated to the degree to which they self-identify as
Canadian and for whom „mainstream‟ treatment and prevention services and programs are
targeted.
As may be observed in Table 1, many of the self-identified ethnic groups are very small
in number (some as few as 4). Conducting significance testing with small samples exposes the
researcher to an unacceptable rate of Type II errors. While, there is no generally accepted
minimum sample size, when examining sub-group differences in prevalence data sets most
researchers accept a minimum sample size of 50 (Yates, Moore, & McCabe, 1999), while others
would allow as few as 20 (Campbell, 2007). For the current secondary analysis we chose to
analyse ethnic groups with 40 or more respondents, as it allowed us to include some additional
ECCs. Since most of the analysis on ECCs will be done with 2x2 tables with a Chi-square test,
the cut of n=40 will allow us to meet sample size assumptions for chi-square analysis. In cases
where the sample size was too small, other techniques were utilized to appropriately analyse the
data (i.e., recode response categories, calculate combined scores). To achieve groups of 40 or
more some self-reported ethnicities were grouped together, thereby increasing sample size (see
Table 1). For example, the number of respondents self-identifying as Polish was sufficiently
large to form a group that could be analysed (n=56). However, a number of other Eastern
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European ethnicities that had small sample sizes were combined into one category called “Other
Eastern European (excluding Polish). Column one of Table 1 lists the grouping used in the
present report. Column two indicates ethnicities identified in the 2005 Ontario Prevalence
Study, and column three indicates the percentage of the total sample. Column four indicates the
percentage of the Ontario population the group makes up according to the 2006 Census.
Grouping in this manner meant that we were able to use 95% of the total Ontario 2005
Prevalence Study sample for this analysis while still having sufficient power to detect group
differences in participation, problem gambling severity, and awareness of services. Groups that
had less than 40 self-identifying respondents and those who could not be grouped into a larger
group represented 5% of the sample (see Appendix E for a listing of these excluded groups).
Table 1. Distribution of self-reported ethnicity in the Ontario 2005 Prevalence Study Data Compared to Census
2006 Ethnic Groups ( used in report) Ethnic Categories
employed by the
Prevalence Study
Ontario 2005
Prevalence Study Data
Census 2006 (Ontario
single ethnicity)
% (N) % (N) Canadian Canadian 44.8 (1,571) 17.5 (1,201,130)
British British 4.8 (169) N/A
English 6.3 (220) N/A
Total 11.1 (389) 9.3 (639,830)
Irish Irish 4.9 (170) 3.1 (215,115)
Scottish Scottish 4.8 (169) 3.8 (257,535)
French French 4.5 (156) 2.7 (182,510)
Dutch Dutch 1.5 (55) 2.4 (161,710)
German German 2.2 (78) 3.2 (216,630)
Polish Polish 1.6 (56) 2.5 (169,225)
Other Eastern European (excluding Polish) Russian 0.5 (16) 0.6 (39,660)
Ukrainian 0.7 (25) 1.3 (85,610)
Slovak 0.1 (4) 0.2 (12,205)
Czech 0.1 (4) 0.2 (10,995)
Hungarian 0.4 (12) 0.7 (48,090)
Romanian 0.2 (7) 0.5 (37,350)
Latvian 0.1 (2) 0.1 (5,585)
Lithuanian 0.1 (2) 0.1 (7,700)
Total 2.1 (72) 3.6 (247,195)
Italian Italian 2.9 (103) 7.1 (485,680)
Other Southern European (excluding Italian) Albanian 0.1 (3) 0.2 (14,185)
Bosnian 0.1 (2) 0.1 (7,980)
Bulgarian 0.1 (2) 0.1 (8,450)
Croatian 0.3 (12) 0.6 (38,790)
Greek 0.4 (15) 1.2 (79,970)
Macedonian 0.1 (2) 0.3 (17,585)
Maltese 0.2 (6) 0.9 (12,210)
Portuguese 0.9 (32) 2.8 (189,405)
Serbian 0.1 (4) 0.5 (34,195)
Spanish 0.3 (11) 0.5 (32,455)
Yugoslavian 0.1 (4) 0.2 (12,440)
Total 2.6 (93) 6.5 (447,665)
14
South Asian Indian 1.8 (62) 6.6 (454,365)
South Asian 0.3 (12) 0.5 (35,550)
Sri Lankan 0.3 (11) 1.0 (65,585)
Pakistani 0.4 (15) 1.0 (65,800)
Total 2.8 (100) 9.1 (621,300)
Chinese 2.7 (94) 7.9 (543,320)
Other East Asian (excluding Chinese) East Asian 0.1 (2) N/A
Asian 0.8 (26) 0.0 (45)
Filipino 0.6 (22) 2.3 (159,155)
Japanese 0.1 (3) 0.3 (19,425)
Korean 0.1 (3) 1.0 (67,430)
Taiwanese 0.1 (2) 0.1 (3,250)
Total 1.7 (58) 3.6 (249,305)
West Indian/Caribbean West Indian 0.6 (19) 0.3 (21,690)
Caribbean 0.6 (20) 0.1 (3,175)
Jamaican 0.7 (24) 1.8 (120,355)
Cuban 0.0 (1) 0.0 (2,245)
Guyanese 0.2 (8) 0.4 (25,455)
Trinidadian 0.0 (1) 0.3 (19,140)
Total 2.1 (73) 2.8 (192,060)
African African 1.4 (48) 0.4 (26,425)
East African 0.0 (1) N/A
South Africa 0.1 (4) N/A
Total 1.5 (53) 0.4 (26,425)
Middle Eastern Middle Eastern 0.2 (8) N/A
Arabic 0.3 (9) 0.4 (23,880)
Iranian 0.2 (6) 0.8 (57,825)
Lebanese 0.2 (6) 0.6 (39,775)
Iraqi 0.2 (6) 0.2 (16,290)
Persian 0.1 (4) N/A
Afghan 0.1 (2) 0.4 (26,915)
Palestinian 0.0 (1) 0.1 (9,490)
Egyptian 0.1 (3) 0.3 (19,510)
Total 1.3 (45) 2.8 (193,685)
Table 1 includes the final list of ethnic groups that were used in the remainder of this
study along with the comparisons to the Canadian Census 2006 ethnicity breakdown for the
province of Ontario. Though the percentage of most ethnic groups included was similar to that
observed in the census, there are several groups that the 2005 gambling prevalence data either
over or under represented. Those who self-identified as Canadian were over represented in the
Ontario Prevalence data compared to the 2006 Census. However, other ethnic groups were
under-represented, such as Polish, Italian, or Portuguese.
15
Figure 2. Bar chart depicting the distribution of ethinic groups in the Ontario 2005 Gambling Prevalence Study
compared to the 2006 Census Data
Gambling participation by ethnicity
In all but two of the ethnic groups examined, the majority of respondents (i.e., over
50%) indicated they had gambled in the past 12 months – the exceptions being respondents who
identified themselves as Dutch or South Asian (see Table 2). The group with the highest
prevalence of past-year gambling participation were those self-identifying as Middle Eastern,
followed by Italian. Those self –identifying as Canadian were ranked 6th. In order to determine
whether the ethnic groups differed significantly from the „mainstream‟ Canadian subgroup, chi-
square tests of significance were conducted. Compared to those self-identifying as Canadian, a
significantly smaller percentage of South Asian, Dutch, West Indian, and Other East Asian
(excluding Chinese) reported past-year gambling.
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Ontario 2005 Prevalence
Census 2006 (Ontario)
Canadian BritishIrish ScottishFrench DutchGerman PolishOther Eastern European (excluding Polish) ItalianOther Southern European (excluding Italian) South AsianChinese Other East Asian (excluding Chinese)West Indian/ Caribbean AfricanMiddle Eastern
16
Table 2.Percentage of respondents reporting past year gambling participation by self-reported ethnicity
Self-reported ethnicity % (n)
Canadian 65.7 (1032)
Irish 63.2 (108)
British 66.9 (261)
Scottish 61.3 (103)
French 66.7 (104)
Dutch * 44.4 (24)
German 57.7 (45)
Polish 66.1 (37)
Other Eastern Europe (excluding Polish) 63.5 (47)
Italian 67.0 (69)
Other Southern Europe (excluding Italian) 65.2 (60)
South Asian * 42.0 (42)
Chinese 58.1 (54)
Other East Asian (excluding Chinese) * 50.8 (30)
African 58.5 (31)
West Indian/Caribbean * 50.0 (36)
Middle Eastern 69.6 (32)
* Indicates the results of a chi-square test indicating the proportion is significantly different from those self-reporting as
Canadian (p<.05)
Past year participation in specific gambling activities by ethnicity
Regardless of ethnicity, the most common gambling activities reported were lottery
tickets, instant win/scratch tickets, or raffle tickets (see Table 3). Respondents who self-
identified as Canadian were compared to all other ethnicities combined. Those who self-
identified as Canadian were significantly more likely than other ethnicities to report purchasing
scratch or raffle tickets, play coin slot machines at Ontario racetracks, or gamble in casinos
outside of Ontario in the last 12 months.
17
Table 3.Gambling activities participated in the past year (N=3550)
Gambling Activities
Self-Identified
Canadian
% (n)
Other Ethnic
Identities
% (n)
Lottery tickets 54.0 (849) 51.2 (1013)
Instant win or scratch tickets * 29.3 (461) 21.5 (425)
Raffles or fundraising tickets * 30.8 (483) 27.2 (539)
Horse races 4.4 (69) 3.9 (77)
Bingo 5.2 (82) 4.4 (88)
Slots at Ontario Casinos 17.9 (115) 15.5 (119)
Casino table games 7.3 (281) 6.0 (307)
Slots at Ontario racetracks * 7.4 (116) 5.7 (112)
Slots or VLTs outside of Ontario * 3.8 (60) 2.5 (49)
Sport select like Pro line 4.0 (63) 4.6 (91)
Sports pools or outcome of sporting events 3.8 (59) 4.6 (92)
Cards or board games with family and friends 8.7 (136) 8.4 (166)
Games of skill 3.5 (55) 3.9 (78)
Arcade or video games 1.2 (19) 1.8 (36)
Internet 1.5 (23) 1.8 (35)
Sports with a bookie/bookmaker 0.2 (3) 0.5 (9)
Short-term speculative stock 1.6 (25) 2.2 (43)
Casinos out of province 5.9 (92) 4.4 (88)
Total 100 (1571) 100 (1979)
* Indicates the results of a chi-square test indicating the proportion is significantly different from those self-reporting as
Canadian (p<.05)
Next we conducted a more specific analysis of self-reported ethnicity. Despite the low
sample size, the analyses did reveal some significant relationships (see Table 4a & 4b). Other
East Asian and South Asian respondents were less likely than Canadians to have purchased
Lottery tickets in the last year. Similarly West Indian, Chinese, Italian, British and Other
Eastern Europeans respondents were less likely than Canadians to have purchased instant win or
scratch tickets. South Asian and German respondents were less likely than Canadians to have
gambled on slot machines in Ontario casinos. British respondents indicated they were more than
twice as likely as Canadians to have purchased short-terms stocks. Other Southern Europeans
(excluding Italian) were more likely than Canadians to bet on sport pools or the outcome of
sporting events. Finally, respondents who were of Other Eastern European (excluding Polish)
descent were more likely than self-identified Canadians to bet on card or board games with
family or friends.
18
Table 4a. Past year gambling activity participation by self-reported ethnicity
Self-Identified Ethnicity N Lottery
Tickets
Scratch
Tickets
Raffle
Tickets
Horse
Races Bingo
Slots in
Ontario
Casinos
Casino
Table
Games
Slots at
Ontario
racetracks
Canadian 1571 54.0%(849) 29.3%(461) 29.3%(461) 4.4%(69) 5.2%(82) 17.9%(281) 7.3%(115) 7.4%(116)
Irish 171 54.4%(93) 31.2%(53) 35.1%(60) 4.1%(7) 3.5%(6) 13.5%(23) 4.7%(8) 4.1%(7)
British 390 54.2%(211) 23.8%(93)* 33.9%(132) 4.1%(16) 5.4%(21) 16.9%(66) 5.4%(21) 6.7%(26)
Scottish 169 53.0%(89) 24.9%(42) 27.4%(46) 7.1%(12) 4.1%(7) 18.9%(32) 7.1%(12) 7.1%(12)
French 156 57.3%(90) 26.3%(41) 28.2%(44) 1.9%(3) 7.1%(11) 17.9%(28) 7.1%(11) 5.7%(9)
Dutch 55 33.3%(18)* 16.7%(9)* 25.5%(14) 3.6%(2) 5.5%(3) 10.9%(6) 1.8%(1) 9.1%(5)
German 78 46.2%(36) 24.4%(19) 24.4%(19) 2.6%(2) 3.8%(3) 7.7%(6)* 2.6%(2) 6.4%(5)
Polish 56 58.9%(33) 25.0%(14) 26.3%(15) 1.8%(1) 5.3%(3) 21.1%(12) 3.6%(2) 8.9%(5)
Other Eastern European (excluding Polish) 73 55.4%(41) 13.5%(10)* 31.1%(23) 4.1%(3) 1.4%(1) 17.6%(13) 6.8%(5) 4.1%(3)
Italian 103 58.3%(60) 19.4%(20)* 29.8%(31) 6.7%(7) 1.9%(2) 17.5%(18) 12.6%(13) 7.8%(8)
Other Southern European (excluding Italian) 91 53.3%(49) 22.0%(20) 21.7%(20) 4.3%(4) 7.6%(7) 19.6%(18) 9.8%(9) 7.6%(7)
South Asian 99 35.0%(35)* 10.0%(10)* 8.1%(8)* 1.0%(1) 0.0%(0)* 6.0%(6) 2.0%(2)* 2.0%(2)
Chinese 94 47.9%(45) 7.4%(7)* 17.0%(16)* 0.0%(0)* 1.1%(1) 13.8%(13) 2.2%(2) 1.1%(1)*
Other East Asian (excluding Chinese) 58 35.6%(21)* 12.1%(7)* 22.0%(13) 1.7%(1) 3.4%(2) 15.5%(9) 6.9%(4) 6.9%(4)
African 53 47.2%(25) 11.3%(6)* 18.5%(10) 1.9%(1) 1.9%(1) 15.1%(8) 3.8%(2) 3.7%(2)
Middle Eastern 45 53.3%(24) 17.8%(8) 17.8%(8) 4.4%(2) 4.4%(2) 20.0%(9) 4.4%(2) 4.3%(2)
West Indian/ Caribbean 73 43.8%(32) 17.8%(13)* 19.4%(14)* 4.1%(3) 5.5%(4) 16.4%(12) 1.4%(1) 5.5%(4)
* Indicates the results of a chi-square test indicating the proportion is significantly different from those self-reporting as Canadian (p<.05)
19
Table 4b (continued) .Past year gambling activity participation by self-reported ethnicity.
N
Slots or
VLTs
outside
of
Ontario
Sports
select
Sport
Pools
Cards or
board
games with
family or
friends
Games of
Skill
Arcade
or video
games
Internet
Sports
with a
bookie
Stocks
Casinos
out of
province
Canadian 1571 3.8%(60) 4.0%(63) 3.8%(59) 8.7%(136) 3.5%(55) 1.2%(19) 1.5%(23) 0.2%(3) 1.6%(25) 5.9%(92)
Irish 171 1.8%(3) 6.5%(11) 4.1%(7) 8.8%(15) 5.3%(9) 1.2%(2) 2.4%(4) 0.0%(0) 1.2%(2) 2.9%(5)
British 390 3.6%(14) 4.6%(18) 2.8%(11) 8.2%(32) 2.8%(11) 1.3%(5) 1.8%(7) 0.5%(2) 3.8%(15)* 5.1%(20)
Scottish 169 1.8%(3) 4.7%(8) 6.0%(10) 8.9%(15) 4.1%(7) 0.6%(1) 0.6%(1) 0.6%(1) 1.2%(2) 4.1%(7)
French 156 3.2%(5) 5.1%(8) 5.7%(9) 8.3%(13) 2.6%(4) 1.3%(2) 3.2%(5) 0.0%(0) 3.2%(5) 5.1%(8)
Dutch 55 3.6%(2) 1.9%(1) 0.0%(0) 3.7%(2) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 5.5%(3)
German 78 1.3%(1) 2.6%(2) 1.3%(1) 2.6%(2) 1.3%(1) 0.0%(0) 1.3%(1) 0.0%(0) 1.3%(1) 2.6%(2)
Polish 56 0.0%(0) 5.4%(3) 0.0%(0) 8.8%(5) 1.8%(1) 3.6%(2) 1.8%(1) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0)
Other Eastern European (excluding Polish) 73 2.7%(2) 4.1%(3) 8.1%(6) 16.4%(12)* 2.7%(2) 0.0%(0) 1.4%(1) 1.4%(1) 5.5%(4)* 6.8%(5)
Italian 103 1.9%(2) 6.7%(7) 6.7%(7) 10.7%(11) 6.7%(7) 2.9%(3) 2.9%(3) 1.0%(1) 0.0%(0) 5.8%(6)
Other Southern European (excluding Italian) 91 3.3%(3) 5.5%(5) 8.7%(8)* 6.6%(6) 5.4%(5) 1.1%(1) 1.1%(1) 0.0%(0) 1.1%(1) 2.2%(2)
South Asian 99 1.0%(1) 0.0%(0) 4.0%(4) 2.0%(2)* 2.0%(2) 2.0%(2) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 1.0%(1) 1.0%(1)*
Chinese 94 1.1%(1) 3.2%(3) 1.1%(1) 2.2%(2)* 1.1%(1) 1.1%(1) 1.1%(1) 0.0%(0) 1.1%(1) 5.3%(5)
Other East Asian (excluding Chinese) 58 0.0%(0) 3.4%(2) 5.2%(3) 12.1%(7) 6.9%(4) 1.7%(1) 1.7%(1) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 5.2%(3)
African 53 0.0%(0) 5.7%(3) 5.6%(3) 5.7%(3) 3.8%(2) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0)
Middle Eastern 45 4.4%(2) 2.2%(1) 0.0%(0) 11.1%(5) 4.4%(2) 6.7%(3)* 4.4%(2) 0.0%(0) 6.7%(3)* 2.2%(1)
West Indian/ Caribbean 73 1.4%(1) 2.8%(2) 2.8%(2) 4.1%(3) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 0.0%(0) 4.1%(3)
* Indicates the results of a chi-square test indicating the proportion is significantly different from those self-reporting as Canadian (p<.05)
20
Past year frequency of participation
As may be seen in Table 4a and 4b small sample sizes results in responses to questions
about participation in many of the 18 gambling activities asked about in the survey are too small
to conduct any meaningful analysis Therefore in order to assess whether the type of gambling
activity asked about in the CPGI differs systematically by ethnicity, we decided to combine
responses to gambling activities that have similar patterns of participation through the use of a
common scaling technique –principal component analysis (PCA). In short, PCA allows us to
form clusters of correlated gambling activities. Once we obtain the gaming clusters, we will
then examine ethnic variations in game clusters, and variations in CPGI by game clusters. This
technique increases the power of our analysis and was used by Tepperman et al.,(2004) to
combine the number of distinct gaming categories and examine ethnic variations in game
clusters.
To evaluate the suitability of the data for PCA, we performed the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO)
and Bartlett‟s test for sphericity. Small values of KMO indicate that PCA may not be
appropriate for the data. Values of .9 or higher are desirable, while values below .5 are
unacceptable. For the current data the KMO statistic was .755, well-within the accepted range.
We therefore felt comfortable proceeding with the PCA on the frequency of participation in the
18 gambling activities. This analysis was followed by a Varimax rotation with Kaiser
normalization to identify the main components, or clusters and to maximize the statistical
independence of the clusters identified. The rotated component loadings were sorted by size,
and coefficient with values of less than .1 were suppressed. The PCA produced six components
with eigenvalues greater than 1 (3.50, 1.81, 1.48, 1.14, 1.10, and 1.09) that explained 56.2% of
the variance. The component loadings for each activity are presented in
Table 5. The six components were labelled as follows: Social Betting, Sports Betting, Casino
Betting, Casino Gaming Outside of Ontario, Stocks/Internet Betting, and Ticket Betting. Table
6, lists these labels and the activity clusters they represent.
21
Table 5.Rotated factor loadings on the six components extracted by principal components analysis of the frequency
of participation in gambling activities using the 2005 Ontario Gambling Prevalence data
Gambling Activities Component
1 2 3 4 5 6
Games of skill .754 .160
Cards or board games with family or friends .687 .155 .136 .145
Arcade or video games .665 .112 -.101 .195
Casino table games .456 .368 .207 .234
Sports with a bookie/bookmaker .731 .149
Sports pools or outcome of sporting events .340 .723
Sport select like Pro line .207 .652 .147
Slot machines at an Ontario racetrack .810 .102
Slot machines in ONTARIO casinos .118 .747 .199 -.101
Horse races .156 .306 .476 .326
Bingo .224 -.199 .379 .271
Casinos out of province .864 .107
Slot machines or VLTs OUTSIDE of Ontario .114 .854
Scratch tickets .106 .247 .696
Lottery tickets -.132 -.105 .675 .104
Raffles or fundraising tickets .153 .616
Short-term speculative stock .802
Internet .319 .108 .630
% of Variance 11.54 10.33 9.772 9.321 8.021 7.195
Cumulative % 11.54 21.87 31.64 40.96 48.98 56.18
Table 6. Six components extracted by principal components analysis of the frequency participation in gambling
activities using the 2005 Ontario Gambling Prevalence data Component Label Gambling activity
1 Social Betting Games of skill
Arcade or video games
Cards or board games with family or friends
Casino table games
2 Sports Betting Sports pools or outcome of sporting events
Sport select like Pro line
Sports with a bookie/bookmaker
3 Casino Betting Slot machines at an Ontario racetrack
Slot machines in ONTARIO casinos
Horse races
Bingo
4 Casino Betting Outside of Ontario Casinos out of province
Slot machines or VLTs OUTSIDE of Ontario
5 Stocks/Internet Betting Short-term speculative stock
Internet
6 Ticket Betting Lottery tickets
Scratch tickets
Raffles or fundraising tickets
22
Past year frequency of participation by ethnicity Participant responses to gambling frequency questions for each gambling cluster were
assessed by calculating the mean frequency of the activities that made up the cluster. For
example, to assess gambling frequency of a participation in sports betting one would simply
calculate the mean response to the three activities that comprise the cluster (i.e., Sports pools or
outcome of sporting events, Sport select like Pro line, and Sports with a bookie/bookmaker).
Scores ranged from 0 to 4 (M = 0.25, SD = 0.21).
Table 7 lists the mean frequency scores for each of the 6 gambling activity clusters. The
activities with the highest frequency of play are ticket betting, followed by social betting, and
slots/horse race betting. The least frequent set is gambling in a venue outside of Ontario.
Table 7.Frequency of past -year gambling by activity cluster among gamblers only (N=2,273)
Frequency Scores Mean SD
Social Betting 0.13 0.34
Sports Betting 0.08 0.29
Casino Betting 0.16 0.31
Casinos Out of Province Betting 0.07 0.26
Stocks or Internet Betting 0.05 0.26
Ticket Betting 0.96 0.63
Next, we tested for significant relationships between the frequency scores for each
activity cluster and whether the respondent self-identified as Canadian versus another ethnicity.
Overall Canadians reported gambling significantly more frequently (M = 0.17, SD = 0.21) then
those self-identifying as another ethnicity (M = 0.15, SD = 0.20), F(1,3 548) = 5.57, p < .02.
When compared to other ethnic identities combined, respondents self-identified as Canadian
gambled significantly more frequently on following gaming clusters: casino betting, casinos out
of province and ticket betting (see Table 8).
Table 8. Gambling frequency of those self-reporting as an ethnicity other than Canadian versus those self-
reporting as Canadian Frequency Scale Ethnic Identity Mean SD N
Social Betting Canadian 0.08 0.26 1571
Other 0.08 0.28 1979
Sports Betting Canadian 0.04 0.21 1571
Other 0.05 0.25 1979
Casino Betting * Canadian 0.11 0.27 1571
Other 0.09 0.24 1979
Casinos Out of Province
Betting *
Canadian 0.06 0.24 1571
Other 0.04 0.18 1979
Stocks or Internet Betting Canadian 0.02 0.17 1571
Other 0.04 0.24 1979
Ticket Betting * Canadian 0.65 0.71 1571
Other 0.57 0.65 1979
* Indicates significant results of an F-test indicating the proportion of those self-reporting as an ethnicity other than Canadian
is significantly different from the proportion of those self-reporting as Canadian (p<.05)
23
When examining the gambling frequency score of those self-reporting as an ethnicity
other than Canadian versus those self-reporting as Canadian, there were several significant
relationships. For example, British, French, Middle Eastern and other Eastern Europeans
(excluding Polish) engage more frequently than Canadians in stock market or internet betting.
Italian respondents engage in social betting and sports betting more frequently than those self-
identified as Canadian, while West Indian/ Caribbean respondents engage in social betting less
frequently. South Asian, Chinese and Other East Asian (excluding Chinese), and African
respondents engage less frequently in ticket betting, when compared to those who self-identified
as Canadian. South Asian and Chinese respondents were also less likely to engage in casino
betting. Both Dutch and African respondents had a lower overall gambling frequency score than
respondents who self-identified as Canadian (see Table 9).
Table 9. Average Gambling Frequency Score for each Ethnicity compared to Self-Identified as Canadian
Mean SD
Canadian Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.17 0.21
Social Betting 0.08 0.26
Sports Betting 0.04 0.21
Casino Betting 0.11 0.27
Casinos Out of Province Betting 0.06 0.24
Stocks or Internet Betting 0.02 0.17
Ticket Betting 0.65 0.71
Irish Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.17 0.20
Social Betting 0.08 0.29
Sports Betting 0.05 0.22
Casino Betting 0.09 0.23
Casinos Out of Province Betting 0.04 0.28
Stocks or Internet Betting 0.03 0.18
Ticket Betting 0.67 0.72
British Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.16 0.20
Social Betting 0.07 0.25
Sports Betting 0.04 0.22
Casino Betting 0.10 0.26
Casinos Out of Province Betting 0.04 0.19
Stocks or Internet Betting * 0.05 0.25
Ticket Betting 0.61 0.65
Scottish Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.16 0.18
Social Betting 0.07 0.22
Sports Betting 0.07 0.29
Casino Betting 0.11 0.23
Casinos Out of Province Betting 0.03 0.15
Stocks or Internet Betting 0.02 0.17
Ticket Betting 0.61 0.66
French Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.17 0.16
Social Betting 0.07 0.21
Sports Betting 0.04 0.18
Casino Betting 0.09 0.18
Casinos Out of Province Betting 0.04 0.19
Stocks or Internet Betting * 0.06 0.28
Ticket Betting 0.68 0.69
Dutch Overall Gambling Frequency Score * 0.11 0.16
24
Social Betting 0.02 0.09
Sports Betting 0.01 0.05
Casino Betting 0.09 0.22
Casinos Out of Province Betting 0.04 0.19
Stocks or Internet Betting 0.00 0.00
Ticket Betting 0.47 0.69
German Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.12 0.14
Social Betting 0.02 0.10
Sports Betting 0.03 0.15
Casino Betting 0.07 0.21
Casinos Out of Province Betting 0.03 0.17
Stocks or Internet Betting 0.03 0.16
Ticket Betting 0.55 0.65
Polish Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.16 0.18
Social Betting 0.08 0.25
Sports Betting 0.03 0.16
Casino Betting 0.11 0.26
Casinos Out of Province Betting 0.00 0.00
Stocks or Internet Betting 0.04 0.29
Ticket Betting 0.63 0.63
Other Eastern European
(excluding Polish)
Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.17 0.21
Social Betting 0.10 0.25
Sports Betting 0.08 0.30
Casino Betting 0.10 0.24
Casinos Out of Province Betting 0.05 0.19
Stocks or Internet Betting * 0.07 0.29
Ticket Betting 0.61 0.68
Italian Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.18 0.21
Social Betting * 0.15 0.46
Sports Betting * 0.09 0.33
Casino Betting 0.10 0.22
Casinos Out of Province Betting 0.04 0.17
Stocks or Internet Betting 0.03 0.17
Ticket Betting 0.61 0.59
Other Southern European
(excluding Italian)
Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.16 0.20
Social Betting 0.11 0.29
Sports Betting 0.08 0.27
Casino Betting 0.11 0.24
Casinos Out of Province Betting 0.03 0.16
Stocks or Internet Betting 0.02 0.12
Ticket Betting 0.57 0.62
South Asian Overall Gambling Frequency Score * 0.06 0.11
Social Betting 0.03 0.16
Sports Betting 0.02 0.12
Casino Betting * 0.02 0.08
Casinos Out of Province Betting 0.01 0.08
Stocks or Internet Betting 0.02 0.22
Ticket Betting * 0.26 0.39
Chinese Overall Gambling Frequency Score * 0.09 0.11
Social Betting 0.03 0.12
Sports Betting 0.03 0.15
Casino Betting * 0.04 0.12
Casinos Out of Province Betting 0.03 0.14
25
Stocks or Internet Betting 0.02 0.12
Ticket Betting * 0.39 0.47
Other East Asian (excluding
Chinese)
Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.12 0.20
Social Betting 0.11 0.30
Sports Betting 0.07 0.27
Casino Betting 0.07 0.17
Casinos Out of Province Betting 0.03 0.12
Stocks or Internet Betting 0.01 0.07
Ticket Betting * 0.40 0.59
African Overall Gambling Frequency Score* 0.11 0.15
Social Betting 0.05 0.17
Sports Betting 0.05 0.21
Casino Betting 0.07 0.19
Casinos Out of Province Betting 0.00 0.00
Stocks or Internet Betting 0.00 0.00
Ticket Betting * 0.45 0.58
Middle Eastern Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.16 0.19
Social Betting 0.14 0.36
Sports Betting 0.03 0.16
Casino Betting 0.10 0.20
Casinos Out of Province Betting 0.03 0.16
Stocks or Internet Betting * 0.08 0.27
Ticket Betting 0.54 0.65
West Indian/ Caribbean Overall Gambling Frequency Score 0.12 0.18
Social Betting * 0.01 0.06
Sports Betting 0.03 0.15
Casino Betting 0.10 0.26
Casinos Out of Province Betting 0.03 0.14
Stocks or Internet Betting 0.00 0.00
Ticket Betting 0.54 0.73
* Indicates the results of a F-test indicating the proportion is significantly different from those self-reporting as Canadian
(p<.05)
Problem gambling by ethnicity
The average PGSI score for all respondents who have gambled in the last 12 months was
0.47 (SD=2.11). With the exception of British respondents, there were no significant
differences between respondents who self-identified as Canadian and any other ethnic group
(see Table 10).
On average, British respondents scored lower on PGSI items than their Canadian
counterparts. Although the relationship was not significant, respondents of West Indian and
East Asian descent had a higher average PGSI score than Canadians.
26
Table 10. PGSI score by ethnicity.
Self reported ethnicity % (n)
Canadian 13.2 (136)
Irish 11.2 (12)
British 10 (26)
Scottish 11.7(12)
French 13.5 (14)
Dutch 4.2 (1)
German 8.9 (4)
Polish* 27.0 (10)
Other Eastern European (excluding Polish) 19.1 (9)
Italian 11.6 (8)
Other Southern European (excluding Italian) 22.0 (13)
South Asian* 26.2 (11)
Chinese 14.8 (8)
Other East Asian (excluding Chinese)* 34.5 (10)
African* 32.3 (10)
Middle eastern 18.8 (8)
West Indian/Caribbean 22.2 (8)
* Indicates the results of a F-test indicating the proportion is significantly different from those self-reporting as Canadian
(p<.05)
The vast majority of respondents in each ethnic group were classified as non-problem
gamblers. As a result, when conducting a cross tabs analysis of PGSI level by ethnicity cell
sizes were too small to provide meaningful results. Therefore PGSI scores were recoded into
two categories: non-problem gamblers (PGSI score of 0) versus those who have had
encountered any problems with gambling (PGSI score of 1 or more). The analysis below
compares ethnic groups based this division.
27
Table11.Percentage of respondents endorsing one or more item on the PGSI by self-reported ethnicity.
Self reported ethnicity % (n)
Canadian 13.2 (136)
Irish 11.2 (12)
British 10 (26)
Scottish 11.7(12)
French 13.5 (14)
Italian 11.6 (8)
Other Southern European (excluding Italian) 22.0 (13)
Chinese 14.8 (8)
German 8.9 (4)
South Asian* 26.2 (11)
Polish* 27.0 (10)
Other Eastern European (excluding Polish) 19.1 (9)
Dutch 4.2 (1)
African* 32.3 (10)
Middle eastern 18.8 (8)
West Indian/Caribbean 22.2 (8)
Other East Asian (excluding Chinese)* 34.5 (10)
* Indicates the results of a chi-square test indicating the proportion is significantly different from those self-reporting as
Canadian (p<.05)
Dutch and German respondents were the least likely group to experience any problems
as a result of their gambling, while respondents self-identifying as South Asian, Polish, African,
and East Asian were more likely than Canadians to have scored 1 or more on the PGSI scale
(see Table11).
Awareness of problem gambling services by ethnicity
As part of the survey respondents were asked a number of questions about their
awareness of various problem gambling services. First, they were asked if they were aware of
the Responsible Gambling Council of Ontario (RGCO). The results are presented in Table 12.
Overall, 28.5% of Canadians are aware of the RGCO. Among the ethinic groups, Germans were
the most likely group to be aware of RGCO while those of Other East Asian descent were least
likely to be aware of RGCO. Furthermore, German respondents were significantly more likely
than Canadians to be aware of RGCO, while South Asian, Chinese and other East Asians, as
well as those of African descent were significantly less likely than Canadians to be aware of
RGCO.
28
Table 12: Percent of respondents aware of the Responsible Gambling Council by self-reported ethnicity Self-reported ethnicity % (n)
Canadian 28.5(446)
Irish 27.8(47)
British 25.4(99)
Scottish 30.8(52)
French 22.3(35)
Dutch 25.9(14)
German * 41.0(32)
Polish 26.8(15)
Other Eastern European (excluding Polish) 31.1(23)
Italian 30.1(31)
Other Southern European (excluding Italian) 26.1(24)
South Asian * 12.0(12)
Chinese * 16.0(15)
Other East Asian (excluding Chinese) * 8.5(5)
African * 14.8(8)
Middle Eastern 22.2(10)
West Indian/Caribbean 20.5(15)
* Indicates the results of a chi-square test indicating the proportion is significantly different from those self-reporting as
Canadian (p<.05)
Next, respondents were asked if they had seen any posters, signs or other forms of
public service announcements related to problem or responsible gambling. Almost half of self-
identified Canadians respondents (46.4%) have seen some kind of public service announcement
related to gambling. Overall, those of Scottish and Dutch descent were most likely ethnic
groups to have seen such announcements, while those of South Asian descent were least likely.
Overall, South Asian, Chinese and other East Asian respondents, African, Middle Eastern, and
those from West Indies/Caribbean were significantly less likely than Canadians to have seen
public service announcements related to problem or responsible gambling. These results are
presented in Table 13.
29
Table 13 Percent of Respondents who have seen a poster, sings, warning labels, or other forms of public service
announcements related to problem or responsible gambling by self-identified ethnicity
Self-Identified Ethnicity % (n)
Canadian 46.4(728)
Irish 47.4(81)
British 46.8(182)
Scottish 51.5(87)
French 49.4(77)
Dutch 50.0(27)
German 40.3(31)
Polish 42.9(24)
Other Eastern European (excluding Polish) 41.7(30)
Italian 43.1(44)
Other Southern European (excluding Italian) 44.6(41)
South Asian * 16.0(16)
Chinese * 26.6(25)
Other East Asian (excluding Chinese) * 25.9(15)
African * 24.1(13)
Middle Eastern * 30.4(14)
West Indian/Caribbean * 32.9(24)
* Indicates the results of a chi-square test indicating the proportion is significantly different from those self-reporting as
Canadian (p<.05)
Respondents were asked if they were aware of the toll-free gambling helpline in Ontario
(see Table 14). Among those self-identifying as Canadian, 39% were aware of such service.
Overall, Irish, Dutch, and Polish respondents were most likely to have heard of the toll-free
gambling helpline, while Chinese respondents were the least likely group to have heard of this
service. Other Eastern European (excluding Polish), South Asian, Chinese, African, and West
Indian/Caribbean respondents were significantly less likely than Canadians to be aware of the
toll-free gambling helpline in Ontario.
30
Table 14.Awareness of the toll-free gambling helpline in Ontario by self-identified ethnicity. Self-Identified Ethnicity % (n)
Canadian 39.2(617)
Irish 43.5(74)
British 37.9(147)
Scottish 36.3(61)
French 37.8(59)
Dutch 40.7(22)
German 37.2(29)
Polish 40.4(23)
Other Eastern European (excluding Polish) * 23.3(17)
Italian 33.0(34)
Other Southern European (excluding Italian) 35.2(32)
South Asian * 23.2(23)
Chinese * 17.2(16)
Other East Asian (excluding Chinese) 31.0(18)
African * 24.1(13)
Middle Eastern 30.4(14)
West Indian/Caribbean * 22.5(16)
* Indicates the results of a chi-square test indicating the proportion is significantly different from those self-reporting as
Canadian (p<.05)
Finally, respondents were asked if they were aware of any gambling counseling services
available in their community. Overall, few respondents were aware of such services, with only
18% of self-identified Canadians being aware of these counseling services. Other Eastern
European (excluding Polish) and Irish respondents were most likely to have heard about
gambling counseling services available in the community, while Dutch, West Indian/Caribbean
and Dutch respondents were the least likely group to be aware of such service. In fact, Dutch,
Other Southern European (excluding Italian) and West Indian/Caribbean respondents were
significantly less likely to be aware of gambling counseling services in their community.
31
Table 15. Percent of respondents who are aware of any gambling counseling services available in their community
by self-identified ethnicity Self-identified Ethnicity % (n)
Canadian 18.4 (288)
Irish 23.8 (40)
British 17.8 (69)
Scottish 16.1 (27)
French 17.3 (27)
Dutch * 7.5 (4)
German 14.3 (11)
Polish 16.1 (9)
Other Eastern European (excluding Polish) 24.3 (18)
Italian 18.6 (19)
Other Southern European (excluding Italian) * 8.9 (8)
South Asian 12.0(12)
Chinese 10.8(10)
Other East Asian (excluding Chinese) 11.9(7)
African 11.1(6)
Middle Eastern 17.8(8)
West Indian/Caribbean * 8.3(6)
* Indicates the results of a chi-square test indicating the proportion is significantly different from those self-reporting as
Canadian (p<.05)
32
Summary of results
Table 16. Summary table of results. Up arrows ( ) indicate the group mean /percentage was significantly greater than the comparison group (i.e., those self-
reporting as ‘Canadian’) and down arrows ( ) indicate the group mean/percentage was significantly less than the comparison group. Self-
reported
ethnicity
Gambling
Participation
Gambling Frequency on specific types of gambling a Problem
Gambling
Awareness of responsible/problem gambling services
% who have
gambled in
past 12
months
Overall Social
Betting
Sports
Betting
Casino
Betting
Casino
Betting
Outside
Ontario
Stocks/
Internet
Betting
Ticket
Betting
% with
>= 1on
the PGSI
% Heard of
the RGCO
% reporting
exposure to
problem or
responsible
gambling
information
% aware
of toll
free
gamblin
g help
line
% aware
of
gambling
counseling
services
Irish
British
Scottish
French
Dutch
German
Polish
Other
Eastern
European
(excluding
Polish)
Italian
Other
Southern
European
(excluding
Italian)
South Asian
Chinese
Other East
Asian
(excluding
Chinese)
33
African
Middle
Eastern
West Indian/
Caribbean
a Scores range from 0 to 4 (0 = never participated in this gambling activity, 1 = less than once in the past month, 2 = at least once a month, 3 = at least once a week, and 4 = daily
34
DISCUSSION
The research presented in the preceding report was conducted to better understand the
nature of gambling and problem gambling in Ontario Ethno-cultural communities. In Part I we
conducted a systematic search of the literature and found only two recent (i.e., past decade)
prevalence studies conducted in Ontario that assessed gambling and problem gambling in
ECCs. Taken together, these studies revealed no clear pattern regarding the prevalence of
gambling and PG among Ontario ECCs. However, both studies were secondary analyses of data
collected for purposes other than to assess gambling and PG among ethnic communities.
Therefore neither study used methods required to accurately assess gambling or PG prevalence
rates in ECCs (e.g., stratified sampling designed to acquire representative samples from the
largest ECCs in Ontario, offering the survey in multiple languages to avoid non-random
response bias in favour of English speaking members of ECCs).
In Part II of the current report we conducted secondary analysis of the 2005 Ontario
Gambling Prevalence dataset in order to further assess the prevalence of gambling and PG
among Ontario ECCs. The key findings are presented in Table 16 and are as follows.
Compared to those self-identifying as „Canadian‟:
Those self-identifying as Irish, Scottish, and Other Southern European (excluding
Italian) were not significantly different on any of the variables assessed
Those self-identifying as British and French reported gambling on stocks/internet
significantly more frequently than „Canadians‟
A significantly smaller proportion of those self-identifying as Dutch reported past year
gambling, reported gambling less frequently, and were significantly less likely to be
aware of gambling counseling services
A significantly larger proportion of those self-identifying as Polish endorsed one or
more item on the PGSI.
A significantly larger proportion of those self-identifying as German indicated they
were aware of the RGCO.
Those who self-identified as another Eastern European (excluding Polish) ethnicity
reported gambling on stocks/internet significantly more frequently and were less likely
to be aware of the Ontario gambling help line or other gambling counseling services.
Those who self-identified as Italian reported social betting and sports betting
significantly more frequently
A significantly smaller proportion of those self-identified as South Asian reported past
year gambling, they also reported gambling less frequently (particularly so on Casino
and ticket gambling). However a significantly greater proportion endorsed one or more
symptom of problem gambling (PGSI). They were also less likely to be aware of
responsible/problem gambling services.
Those who self-identified as Chinese reported gambling significantly less frequently
(Casino betting, ticket betting). They were also less likely to be aware of
responsible/problem gambling services.
A significantly smaller proportion of those self-identified as other East Asian
(excluding Chinese) reported past year gambling, they also reported ticket betting.
However a significantly greater proportion endorsed one or more symptom of problem
35
gambling (PGSI). They were also less likely to be aware of responsible/problem
gambling services.
Those who self-identified as African reported gambling significantly less frequently
(ticket betting less frequently). However a significantly greater proportion endorsed one
or more symptom of problem gambling (PGSI). They were also less likely to be aware
of responsible/problem gambling services.
The group with the highest prevalence of past-year gambling participation were those
self-identifying as Middle Eastern (though not significantly greater than „Canadian‟).
They also reported stock/internet betting significantly more frequently
Finally, a significantly smaller proportion of those self-identified as West
Indian/Caribbean reported past year gambling. They also reported engaging in social
betting significantly less frequently and were less likely to be aware of
responsible/problem gambling services.
Limitations
As the sample for this data set was selected via random digit dialling and not stratified
by ethnicity, sample sizes of many ethnic groups were too small to detect significant differences
from the mainstream population of respondents self-identifying as „Canadian‟. This was
particularly true when assessing gambling problems, less so when examining gambling
participation or awareness of responsible/problem gambling services.
Another limitation to the current study is the response rate. Recall that two response
rates were calculated for this study. The first calculation of 82.5% is the response rate among
those who were proficient in English and were capable to complete the survey. The second
response rate of 46.4% is the rate achieved without consideration of language or capacity. Given
that it is possible many members of ECCs are not proficient in English, it is likely that they
were perhaps screened out of the survey. If one is to accurately assess the gambling
participation and PG rates among ECCs, the survey methodology will need to be capable of
asking the questions in multiple languages. Otherwise it is likely that those who do not have a
sufficient command of the English will be screened out. This will likely systematically
influence estimates of gambling and PG among some groups given that language barriers may
be a factor influencing PG rates among some ECCs (Young et al., 2010)
Recommendations
Though the current report adds to the body of evidence regarding prevalence of
gambling and PG in ECCs, there are limitations. To accurately assess the prevalence of
gambling and PG in ECCs it is recommended that a study that aims to survey ECCs as it‟s
primary goal be conducted. This survey would sample in such way to achieve adequate sample
sizes of all the major ECCs in Ontario and would enable members of these communities to
answer questions in their native language.
36
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discussion of the findings. Ottawa, ON: Health Canada.
McCready, J., Mann, R. E., Zhao, J., & Eves, R. (2005). Seniors and gambling:
Sociodemographic and mental health factors associated with problem gambling in older
adults in ontarioOntario Problem Gambling Research Centre.
McCready, J., Mann, R. E., Zhao, J., & Calla, M. (2007). Gambling and ethnicity:
Sociodemographic and mental health factors associated with problem gambling in
members of ethno-cultural groups in ontarioOntario Problem Gambling Research Centre.
McIntyre, R. S., McElroy, S. L., Konarski, J. Z., Soczynska, J. K., Wilkins, K., & Kennedy, S.
H. (2007). Problem gambling in bipolar disorder: Results from the canadian community
health survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 102(1-3), 27-34.
44
Miller, N. V., & Currie, S. R. (2008). A canadian population level analysis of the roles of
irrational gambling cognitions and risky gambling practices as correlates of gambling
intensity and pathological gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies / Co-Sponsored by the
National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and
Commercial Gaming, 24(3), 257-274.
Ministère de la santé, Nouveau-Brunswick. (2007). Enquête sur la consommation de drogues
par les élèves du nouveau-brunswick : Points saillants pour 2007. Fredericton, Nouveau-
Brunswick: Author.
Munro, B. (2003). Seniors who gamble: A summary review of the literature. Edmonton,
Alberta: The Alberta Gaming Research Institute.
Newman, S. C., & Thompson, A. H. (2007). The association between pathological gambling
and attempted suicide: Findings from a national survey in canada. Canadian Journal of
Psychiatry.Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie, 52(9), 605-612.
Northwest Territories Health and Social Services. (2010). NWT addictions report : Prevalence
of alcohol, illicit drug, tobacco use and gambling in the northwest territoriesAuthor.
Papoff, K. M., & Norris, J. E. (2009). Instant ticket purchasing by ontario baby boomers:
Increasing risk for problem gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies / Co-Sponsored by the
National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and
Commercial Gaming, 25(2), 185-199.
Philippe, F., & Vallerand, R. J. (2007). Prevalence rates of gambling problems in montreal,
canada: A look at old adults and the role of passion. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23(3),
275-283.
Poulin, C. (2000). Problem gambling among adolescent students in the atlantic provinces of
canada. Journal of Gambling Studies, 16(1), 53-78.
Poulin, C. (2002). "Problem gambling among adolescent students in the atlantic provinces of
canada": Erratum. Journal of Gambling Studies, 18(1), 95.
Procopio, M. (2005). Pathological gambling and cross-addiction. The Canadian Journal of
Psychiatry / La Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie, 50(5), 302-303.
Room, R., Turner, N. E., & Ialomiteanu, A. (1999). Community effects of the opening of the
niagara casino. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 94(10), 1449-1466.
Rush, B. R., Bassani, D. G., Urbanoski, K. A., & Castel, S. (2008). Influence of co-occurring
mental and substance use disorders on the prevalence of problem gambling in canada.
Addiction (Abingdon, England), 103(11), 1847-1856.
45
Rush, B., Veldhuizen, S., & Adlaf, E. (2007). Mapping the prevalence of problem gambling and
its association with treatment accessibility and proximity to gambling venues. Journal of
Gambling Issues, 20, 193-213.
Schrans, T., Schellinck, T., & Walsh, G. (2000). Highlights report : 2000 regular VL players
follow up : A comparative analysis of problem development & resolution. Halifax, NS:
Department of Health, Government of Nova Scotia.
Schrans, T., & Schelllinck, T. (2008). 2007 adult gambling prevalence study. Halifax, NS:
Nova Scotia Department of Health and Promotion and Protection, Addiction Services.
Sevigny, S., Ladouceur, R., Jacques, C., & Cantinotti, M. (2008). Links between casino
proximity and gambling participation, expenditure, and pathology. Psychology of Addictive
Behaviors : Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 22(2), 295-301.
Shaffer, H. J., & Hall, M. N. (2001). Updating and refining prevalence estimates of disordered
gambling behaviour in the united states and canada. Canadian Journal of Public
Health.Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique, 92(3), 168-172.
Shaffer, H. J., Hall, M. N., & Vander Bilt, J. (1999). Estimating the prevalence of disordered
gambling behavior in the united states and canada: A research synthesis. American Journal
of Public Health, 89(9), 1369-1376.
Smart, R. G., & Ferris, J. (1996). Alcohol, drugs and gambling in the ontario adult population,
1994. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry.Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie, 41(1), 36-45.
Smith, G., & Wynne, H. (2002). Measuring gambling and problem gambling in alberta using
the canadian problem gambling index (CPGI): Final report. Edmonton, Alberta: Alberta
Gaming Research Institute.
Smith, G., & Wynne, H. (2004). VLT gambling in alberta : A preliminary analysis : Final
report. Edmonton, AB: Alberta Gaming Research Institute.
Smith, G., & Wynne, H. (2004). VLT gambling in alberta: A preliminary analysis. Edmonton,
Alberta: Alberta Gaming Research Institute.
Spiers, A., & Walker, G. J. (2009). The effects of ethnicity and leisure satisfaction on
happiness, peacefulness, and quality of life. Leisure Sciences, 31(1), 84-99.
Insight Canada Research (1993). Prevalence of problem & pathological gambling in Ontario
using the South Oaks Gambling Screen. Toronto, ON: Canadian Foundation on
Compulsive Gambling (Ontario)
Turner, N. E., Preston, D. L., Saunders, C., McAvoy, S., & Jain, U. (2009). The relationship of
problem gambling to criminal behavior in a sample of canadian male federal offenders.
Journal of Gambling Studies / Co-Sponsored by the National Council on Problem
46
Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming, 25(2), 153-
169.
Walker, G. J., Deng, J., & Spiers, A. (2009). Leisure, acculturative stress, and immigrants'
subjective well-being. In B. D. Kivel, & H. Gibson (Eds.), Abstracts from the 2009 leisure
research symposium national recreation and park association congress, salt lake city, utah
october 13-16, 2009 (pp. 192-195) (). Ashburn, VA: National Recreation and Park
Association.
Walker, G., Hinch, T., & Weighill, A. (2005). Inter-and intra-gender similarities and differences
in motivations for casino gambling. Leisure Sciences, 27(2), 111-130.
Walker, G. J., & Hinch, T. (2006). Segmenting casino tourists by mode of experience. Annals of
Tourism Research, 33(2), 568-571.
Walker, G. J., Courneya, K. S., & Deng, J. Y. (2006). Ethnicity, gender, and the theory of
planned behavior: The case of playing the lottery. Journal of Leisure Research, 38(2), 224-
248.
Wardman, D., el-Guebaly, N., & Hodgins, D. (2001). Problem and pathological gambling in
north american aboriginal populations: A review of the empirical literature. Journal of
Gambling Studies, 17(2), 81-100.
Wiebe, J., Single, E., & Falkowski-Ham, A. (2001). Measuring gambling and problem
gambling in ontarioCanadian Centre on Substance Abuse, Responsible Gambling Council
(Ontario).
Wiebe, J., & Turner, N. (2008). Gambling patterns & problem gambling service utilization by
ontario local health integration networksOntario Problem Gambling Research Centre.
Williams, R. J., Belanger, Y. D., & Arthur, J. N. (2011). Gambling in alberta: History, current
status, and socioeconomic impacts. final report to the alberta gaming research institute.
Edmonton, Alberta: Alberta Gaming Research Institute.
Williams, R. J., & Volberg, R. A. (2010). Best practices in the population assessment of
problem gambling. Guelph, Ontario: Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre.
Williams, R. J., & Wood, R. T. (2007). Internet gambling: A comprehensive review and
synthesis of the literature. Guelph, Ontario: Ontario Problem Gambling.
Williams, R., Wynne, H., Nixon, G., & Frank, L. (2005). Using participatory action research to
study canadian aboriginal gambling. 66Th
European Conference on Gambling Studies and
Policy Issues, Malmo Sweden.
47
Williams, R. J., Royston, J., & Hagen, B. F. (2005). Gambling and problem gambling within
forensic populations: A review of the literature. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32(6), 665-
689.
Wilson, D. H., Gilliland, J., Ross, N. A., Derevensky, J., & Gupta, R. (2006). Video lottery
terminal access and gambling among high school students in montreal. Canadian Journal
of Public Health, 97(3), 202-206.
Wood, R. T., & Williams, R. J. (2008). Internet gambling: Prevalence, patterns, problems, and
policy options. Guelph, Ontario: Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre.
Wood, R. T., & Williams, R. J. (2007). Problem gambling on the internet: Implications for
internet gambling policy in north america. New Media & Society, 9(3), 520-542.
Young, M., Sztainert, T., & Santoro, M. (2010). The treatment and prevention of problem
gambling in ontario ethno-cultural communitiesOntario Problem Gambling Research
Centre.
48
APPENDIX B : GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND PROBLEM GAMBLING
PREVALENCE IN ONTARIO
Adlaf, E. M., Demers, A., & Gliksman, L. (2005). Canadian campus survey 2004. Toronto, ON:
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.
http://www.camh.net/Research/Areas_of_research/Population_Life_Course_Studies/CCS_
2004_report.pdf
Adlaf, E. M., Paglia, A., & Beitchman, J. H. (2006). The mental health and well-being of
Ontario students 1991-2005 : Detailed OSDUS findings. Toronto, ON: Centre for
Addiction and Mental Health.
http://www.camh.net/Research/Areas_of_research/Population_Life_Course_Studies/OSDU
S/OSDUS2005_mental_detailed_fnl.pdf
Adlaf, E. M., & Ialomiteanu, A. (2000). Prevalence of problem gambling in adolescents:
Findings form the 1999 ontario student drug use survey. The Canadian Journal of
Psychiatry / La Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie, 45(8), 752-755.
Determined the prevalence of gambling disorders in adolescent students in Ontario and
described the psychometric characteristics of the South Oaks Gambling Screen revised for
adolescents (SOGS-RA). Data were based on a random survey of 2,371 Ontario students in
grades 7 to 13 using the SOGS-RA. In total, 5.8% of students met the criteria for past-year
problem gambling, and an additional 7.5% met the criteria for at-risk gambling. Gambling
disorders were significantly higher among male students than female, but did not differ
significantly by age or region. The SOGS-RA has a mean of 0.68 and standard deviation of
2.15 and a reliability alpha of 0.82, with distributions similar to those of other studies. The
prevalence of gambling disorders among adolescents warrants thorough investigation and
ongoing monitoring. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission. (2003). Alberta, ontario and nova scotia
substance use and gambling activities (profile). Edmonton, AB: Author.
http://www.aadac.com/documents/profiles_ab_on_ns_substance_use.pdf
Azmier, J. J. (2000). Canadian gambling behaviour and attitudes : Main report (gambling in
canada research report ; no. 11). Calgary, AB: Canada West Foundation.
Azmier, J. J. (2005). Gambling in canada 2005: Statistics and context. Calgary, AB: Canada
West Foundation.
https://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/47412/1/GamblingInCanada.pdf
Azmier, J., & Smith, G. (1998). The state of gambling in canada : An interprovincial roadmap
of gambling and its impact. Calgary, AB: Canada West Foundation.
Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. (1998). Problem gambling across canada. Ottawa, ON:
Author.
http://www.ccsa.ca/2003%20and%20earlier%20CCSA%20Documents/ccsa-009383-
1998.pdf
49
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. (2005). Internet gambling among ontario adults.
CAMH Populations Studies Ebulletin, 6(4), 1-2.
http://www.camh.net/Research/Areas_of_research/Population_Life_Course_Studies/eBulle
tins/ebv6n4_InternetGambling200003.pdf
Chipman, M., Govoni, R., Jazmaji, V., Wilson, S., & Gao, P. (2008). High vs. low risk
gambling: What is the difference?Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre.
http://www.gamblingresearch.org/download.php?docid=10542
Cox, B. J., Yu, N., Afifi, T. O., & Ladouceur, R. (2005). A national survey of gambling
problems in canada. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry.Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie,
50(4), 213-217.
OBJECTIVE: The 1990s saw widespread expansion of new forms of legalized gambling
involving video lottery terminals (VLTs) in community settings (that is, in bars and
restaurant lounges) and permanent casinos in several Canadian provinces. To date, there
has never been a national survey of gambling problems with representative interprovincial
data. Using a new survey, we sought to compare prevalence figures across the 10 Canadian
provinces. METHOD: Using the Canadian Problem Gambling Index, we investigated the
current 12-month prevalence of gambling problems in the Canadian Community Health
Survey: Cycle 1.2--Mental Health and Well-Being, in which a random sample of 34,770
community-dwelling respondents aged 15 years and over were interviewed. The response
rate was 77%. The data are representative at the provincial level and were compared with
the availability of VLTs per 1000 population and with the presence of permanent casinos
for each province. RESULTS: Manitoba (2.9%) and Saskatchewan (also 2.9%) had the
highest prevalence of gambling problems (specifically, moderate and severe problem levels
combined). These 2 provinces had significantly higher levels than the 2 provinces with the
lowest prevalence of gambling problems: Quebec (1.7%) and New Brunswick (1.5%).
CONCLUSIONS: The 12-month prevalence of gambling problems in Canada was 2.0%,
with interprovincial variability. The highest prevalence emerged in areas with high
concentrations of VLTs in the community combined with permanent casinos. These
findings support earlier predictions that the rapid and prolific expansion of new forms of
legalized gambling in many regions of the country would be associated with a considerable
public health cost.
Currie, S. R., Hodgins, D. C., Wang, J., el-Guebaly, N., Wynne, H., & Miller, N. V. (2008).
Replication of low-risk gambling limits using canadian provincial gambling prevalence
data. Journal of Gambling Studies / Co-Sponsored by the National Council on Problem
Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming, 24(3), 321-
335.
A set of low-risk gambling limits were recently produced using Canadian epidemiological
data on the intensity of gambling behavior and related consequences (Currie et al.
Addiction 101:570-580, 2006). The empirically derived limits (gambling no more than two
to three times per month, spending no more than $501-$100o CAN per year or no more
than 1% of gross income spent on gambling) accurately predicted risk of gambling-related
harm after controlling for other risk factors. The present study sought to replicate these
limits on data collected in three independently conducted Canadian provincial gambling
50
surveys. Dose-response curves and logistic regression analyses were applied to gambling
prevalence data collected in surveys conducted in 2001-2002 within the provinces of
Alberta, British Columbia, and Ontario (combined sample N = 7,675). A comparable dose-
response relationship between gambling intensity and risk of harm was found in each
province. The optimal thresholds for defining an upper limit of low-risk gambling were
similar across the three provinces despite variations in the availability and organization of
legalized gambling opportunities within each region. These results provide additional
evidence supporting the validity of the low-risk gambling limits. Quantitative limits could
be used to augment existing responsible gambling guidelines.
Huang, J. H., & Boyer, R. (2007). Epidemiology of youth gambling problems in canada: A
national prevalence study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry.Revue Canadienne De
Psychiatrie, 52(10), 657-665.
OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiology of gambling problems among youth aged 15
to 24 years in Canada and to examine whether these gambling prevalence patterns differ by
sex and (or) by geographic region. METHOD: We used data from The Canadian
Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being. Gambling problems were
determined according to the Canadian Problem Gambling Index. All prevalence estimates
used appropriate sampling weights and bootstrap variance estimation procedures developed
by Statistics Canada. Multivariate logistic regression modelling was also employed to
supplement the above prevalence comparisons by age, sex, and region. RESULTS: Among
Canadian youth aged 15 to 24 years (n=5666), 61.35% gambled in the past 12 months and
the national prevalence of moderate-risk or problem gambling was 2.22% (3.30% in male
respondents and 1.10% in female respondents). Male respondents had significantly higher
prevalence of gambling problems than female respondents. Regional prevalence estimates
of youth moderate-risk or problem gambling were 1.37% in British Columbia, 2.17% in the
Prairie provinces, 2.75% in Ontario, 2.12% in Quebec, and 1.71% in the Atlantic
provinces. CONCLUSIONS: Youth, particularly young men, are at greater risk for
gambling problems than adults. More prevention and research efforts are also needed to
address the observed sex differences and interregional variability in the prevalence of
gambling problems among youth. The national prevalence estimates from this study
provide important baseline data against which future cohorts of Canadians can be
monitored and measured.
Insight Canada Research (1993). Prevalence of problem & pathological gambling in Ontario
using the South Oaks Gambling Screen. Toronto, ON: Canadian Foundation on
Compulsive Gambling (Ontario)
Lai, D. W. L. (2011). Gambling and experience of ethno-cultural minorities. A poster
presentation at Lost in Translation: Seeking Answers in Addiction and Concurrent
Disorders. University of British Columbia Point Grey Campus, Life Sciences Institute.
https://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/48427/1/Lai_Gambling_Ethnocultural_Minoritie
s_Feb_2011.pdf
Lai, D. W. (2006). Gambling and the older chinese in canada. Journal of Gambling Studies /
Co-Sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of
51
Gambling and Commercial Gaming, 22(1), 121-141.
In Canada, there is a lack of research on gambling among the older adults from ethnic
minority groups, especially the older Chinese. In this study, two research questions were
used to examine gambling among the older Chinese: (1) What is the pattern of gambling
among the older Chinese in Canada? (2) What are the predictors associated with gambling
among the older Chinese in Canada? The data for this study were collected as part of a
multi-site study on health and well-being of 2272 older Chinese in Canada. Four main
questions related to gambling were used in this study. Among the 2257 participants who
answered the questions on gambling, 26.6% of them reported that they gambled. Results of
the hierarchical logistic regression analysis showed that being male, having lived in Canada
longer, having a higher level of social support, having more service barriers, and having a
stronger level of Chinese ethnic identity would increase the probability for an older
Chinese to participate in gambling. Conversely, having a post-secondary and above level of
education and having a higher level of life satisfaction would reduce one's probability of
gambling. Although city of residency was also significant in predicting gambling, further
analysis showed that its effect was actually caused by other factors including services
barriers, social support, life satisfaction, Chinese ethnic identity, and education.
MacNeil, P., & Webster, I. (1994). Canada's alcohol and other drugs survey 1994 : A
discussion of the findings. Ottawa, ON: Health Canada.
http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/H39-338-1-1994E.pdf
McCready, J., Mann, R. E., Zhao, J., & Eves, R. (2005). Seniors and gambling:
Sociodemographic and mental health factors associated with problem gambling in older
adults in ontarioOntario Problem Gambling Research Centre.
http://www.gamblingresearch.org/download.php?docid=7031
McCready, J., Mann, R. E., Zhao, J., & Calla, M. (2007). Gambling and ethnicity:
Sociodemographic and mental health factors associated with problem gambling in
members of ethno-cultural groups in ontarioOntario Problem Gambling Research Centre.
http://www.gamblingresearch.org/download.php?docid=8432
Munro, B. (2003). Seniors who gamble: A summary review of the literature. Edmonton,
Alberta: The Alberta Gaming Research Institute.
https://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/1631/1/Munro_Seniors.pdf
Papoff, K. M., & Norris, J. E. (2009). Instant ticket purchasing by ontario baby boomers:
Increasing risk for problem gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies / Co-Sponsored by the
National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and
Commercial Gaming, 25(2), 185-199.
Instant ticket purchase gambling (ITPG) is pervasive in Ontario and has features that mimic
slot machine play. Previous researchers have reported that ITPG is one preferred activity
for at-risk/problem gamblers. In the general Canadian population, rate of participation in
ITPG is second only to lottery ticket gambling. Both are particularly favored by youth and
seniors. The next cohort of seniors will be Canada's baby boomers, one-third of whom live
in Ontario. Secondary analysis of Statistics Canada data revealed that adults in this cohort
52
who buy instant gambling tickets (N = 1781) are significantly different from the complete
group of their age peers (N = 4266) in number of activities pursued and frequency of
involvement. At-risk/problem gambling prevalence was 10.2% amongst Ontario baby
boomers who participate in instant ticket gambling, significantly higher than the 6.7%
found amongst the total group of baby boom gamblers. For those who reported
experiencing one or more of the Canadian Problem Gambling Index indicators for problem
gambling (N = 237), 73% were buying instant tickets. Future research should consider
cohort effects and explore combinations of preferred gambling activities that may increase
risk for problem gambling. Social policy recommendations include the use of all ITPG
venues as key locations for promoting awareness of problem gambling treatment services.
Room, R., Turner, N. E., & Ialomiteanu, A. (1999). Community effects of the opening of the
niagara casino. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 94(10), 1449-1466.
AIMS: The impacts on the community of the opening of a casino in Niagara Falls are
studied. DESIGN: The study uses a pre/post design for the community data, with pre/post
data from Ontario as a whole as a comparison. SETTING: The study site is the city of
Niagara Falls, Ontario, where a casino opened in early December, 1996. PARTICIPANTS:
Using random-digit dialing, telephone interviews were conducted with adult residents of
Niagara Falls in 1996 and 1997, and with adult residents of Ontario in 1995 and 1997.
MEASUREMENTS: Aside from demographic variables, measures included general
attitudes to gambling, expectations about (1996) and experiences with (1997) the casino's
opening, extent of participation in 11 types of gambling and 18 items on problems with
gambling: five key items from a standard gambling problems score (SOGS), five life-area
problems items, and items on pressures from others concerning the respondent's gambling
and on gambling problems among family and friends. FINDINGS: Attitudes to gambling
remained stable in Niagara Falls, while there was some evidence of decline in approval in
Ontario as a whole. While strong majorities of 1996 respondents had expected many
positive and negative effects on The Community of the Casino's opening, Significantly
fewer respondents in 1997 reported actually experiencing most of these effects. While a
small increase in employment was found, it fell far below projections, a result probably
reflecting displacement effects. The rate and level of casino gambling increased in Ontario,
but increased even more in Niagara Falls, with little displacement of other gambling.
Reported gambling problems increased significantly in Niagara Falls for two of 10
gambling problem items and for the short SOGS score, while rates were generally stable or
declining in the province. Pressure from others about gambling rose significantly in
Niagara Falls (in contrast to the province), and reported rates of family members or friends
with gambling problems also rose substantially. There was an increasing trend in Niagara
Falls for all 18 problem indicators. CONCLUSIONS: The casino's opening brought more
gambling by local residents, and an increase in reported gambling problems; yet support for
the casino, already strong, if anything grew. At least in the short term, problems from the
increased availability of gambling manifested themselves not in the public arena but rather
in the arena of private life.
Rush, B., Veldhuizen, S., & Adlaf, E. (2007). Mapping the prevalence of problem gambling and
its association with treatment accessibility and proximity to gambling venues. Journal of
Gambling Issues, 20, 193-213.
53
This study examined geographic variation in the prevalence of problem gambling in
Ontario and the association with various demographic factors and proximity to treatment
for problem gambling and gambling venues. Drawing upon multiple sources, secondary
data analysis was undertaken based on multivariate statistical methods and techniques of
geographic information systems (GIS). Regional variation in prevalence of problem
gambling was found in the province. Prevalence of problem gambling was associated with
many demographic characteristics, as well as mental disorders, co-occurring substance
abuse problems, and physical health status. Geographic access to treatment was not
associated with the risk of being a problem gambler. However, proximity to gambling
venues was marginally important in predicting risk of problem gambling. Results are
interpreted in the context of needs-based planning of treatment and prevention programs
for problem gambling. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
Schrans, T., Schellinck, T., & Walsh, G. (2000). Highlights report : 2000 regular VL players
follow up : A comparative analysis of problem development & resolution. Halifax, NS:
Department of Health, Government of Nova Scotia.
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/63f0002x/63f0002x1999026-eng.pdf
Smart, R. G., & Ferris, J. (1996). Alcohol, drugs and gambling in the ontario adult population,
1994. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry.Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie, 41(1), 36-45.
OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the link between gambling, alcohol and drug problems
among Ontario adults and to present information on the relationship between expenditures
on gambling and type of gambling with gambling problems. METHOD: Using data
collected in a 1994 telephone survey of 2,016 randomly chosen Ontario adults, gambling
problems are related to the CAGE scale of alcohol problems and the ICD-10 measure of
alcohol dependence, as well as smoking, other drug use, and demographic variables.
Descriptive tables based on crosstabulations and means are provided, as well as a series of
9 logistic regression models. RESULTS: The most significant predictor of gambling
problems was the amount spent on gambling in the preceding 30 days, with alcohol
dependence on the ICD-10 scale and age also important predictors. Lottery players,
compared to other gamblers, are more likely to be male, relatively less affluent, older on
average, more likely to report alcohol problems (but not dependence) and be currently
smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The results make clear that heavy drinking and drinking
problems are associated with higher levels of spending on gambling and reports of
gambling problems. This leads to the suggestion that treatment programs for those with
gambling, alcohol or other drug problems should assess that possibility of comorbidity,
since the presence of more than one of these problems can significantly affect the success
of treatment and contribute to relapse.
Tepperman, L., Kwan, A., Jones, C., & Falkowski-Ham, A. (2004). Dreaming the Numbers:
Ethnocultural Gambling in Ontario. Guelph, Ontario: Ontario Problem Gambling Research
Centre.
http://www.gamblingresearch.org/download.php?docid=6273
Wiebe, J., Single, E., & Falkowski-Ham, A. (2001). Measuring gambling and problem
gambling in ontarioCanadian Centre on Substance Abuse, Responsible Gambling Council
54
(Ontario).
http://www.responsiblegambling.org/articles/CPGI_report-Dec4.pdf
Wiebe, J., & Turner, N. (2008). Gambling patterns & problem gambling service utilization by
ontario local health integration networksOntario Problem Gambling Research Centre.
http://www.gamblingresearch.org/download.php?docid=10415
Williams, R. J., & Volberg, R. A. (2010). Best practices in the population assessment of
problem gambling. Guelph, Ontario: Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre.
http://www.gamblingresearch.org/download.php?docid=11224
Williams, R. J., & Wood, R. T. (2007). Internet gambling: A comprehensive review and
synthesis of the literature. Guelph, Ontario: Ontario Problem Gambling.
http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/bitstream/10133/432/1/2007-InternetReview-OPGRC.pdf
Wood, R. T., & Williams, R. J. (2008). Internet gambling: Prevalence, patterns, problems, and
policy options. Guelph, Ontario: Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre.
https://www.uleth.ca/dspace/bitstream/handle/10133/693/2009-InternetPPPP-
OPGRC.pdf?sequence=4
Young, M., Sztainert, T., & Santoro, M. (2010). The treatment and prevention of problem
gambling in ontario ethno-cultural communitiesOntario Problem Gambling Research
Centre.
55
APPENDIX C: GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND PROBLEM GAMBLING
PREVALENCE BY ETHNICITY IN ONTARIO
Faveri, A., & Gainer, L. (1995). A report on gambling activities and related issues among
clients of multicultural service providers in ontario. Toronto: Addiction Research
Foundation, University Settlement Recreation Centre and Chinese Family Life Services of
Metro Toronto.
Insight Canada Research (1993). Prevalence of problem & pathological gambling in Ontario
using the South Oaks Gambling Screen. Toronto, ON: Canadian Foundation on
Compulsive Gambling (Ontario).
Kwan, K. (1998). Gambling alcohol and other drug uses among chinese adults in greater
toronto: A summary report of a telephone survey. Toronto: Chinese Family Life Services
of Metro Toronto.
Lai, D. W. (2006). Gambling and the older chinese in canada. Journal of Gambling Studies /
Co-Sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of
Gambling and Commercial Gaming, 22(1), 121-141.
In Canada, there is a lack of research on gambling among the older adults from ethnic
minority groups, especially the older Chinese. In this study, two research questions were
used to examine gambling among the older Chinese: (1) What is the pattern of gambling
among the older Chinese in Canada? (2) What are the predictors associated with gambling
among the older Chinese in Canada? The data for this study were collected as part of a
multi-site study on health and well-being of 2272 older Chinese in Canada. Four main
questions related to gambling were used in this study. Among the 2257 participants who
answered the questions on gambling, 26.6% of them reported that they gambled. Results of
the hierarchical logistic regression analysis showed that being male, having lived in Canada
longer, having a higher level of social support, having more service barriers, and having a
stronger level of Chinese ethnic identity would increase the probability for an older
Chinese to participate in gambling. Conversely, having a post-secondary and above level of
education and having a higher level of life satisfaction would reduce one's probability of
gambling. Although city of residency was also significant in predicting gambling, further
analysis showed that its effect was actually caused by other factors including services
barriers, social support, life satisfaction, Chinese ethnic identity, and education.
McCready, J., Mann, R. E., Zhao, J., & Eves, R. (2005). Seniors and gambling:
Sociodemographic and mental health factors associated with problem gambling in older
adults in ontarioOntario Problem Gambling Research Centre.
http://www.gamblingresearch.org/download.php?docid=7031
McCready, J., Mann, R. E., Zhao, J., & Calla, M. (2007). Gambling and ethnicity:
Sociodemographic and mental health factors associated with problem gambling in
members of ethno-cultural groups in ontarioOntario Problem Gambling Research Centre.
http://www.gamblingresearch.org/download.php?docid=8432
56
Smart, R. G., & Ferris, J. (1996). Alcohol, drugs and gambling in the ontario adult population,
1994. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry.Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie, 41(1), 36-45.
OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the link between gambling, alcohol and drug problems
among Ontario adults and to present information on the relationship between expenditures
on gambling and type of gambling with gambling problems. METHOD: Using data
collected in a 1994 telephone survey of 2,016 randomly chosen Ontario adults, gambling
problems are related to the CAGE scale of alcohol problems and the ICD-10 measure of
alcohol dependence, as well as smoking, other drug use, and demographic variables.
Descriptive tables based on crosstabulations and means are provided, as well as a series of
9 logistic regression models. RESULTS: The most significant predictor of gambling
problems was the amount spent on gambling in the preceding 30 days, with alcohol
dependence on the ICD-10 scale and age also important predictors. Lottery players,
compared to other gamblers, are more likely to be male, relatively less affluent, older on
average, more likely to report alcohol problems (but not dependence) and be currently
smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The results make clear that heavy drinking and drinking
problems are associated with higher levels of spending on gambling and reports of
gambling problems. This leads to the suggestion that treatment programs for those with
gambling, alcohol or other drug problems should assess that possibility of comorbidity,
since the presence of more than one of these problems can significantly affect the success
of treatment and contribute to relapse.
Tepperman, L., Kwan, A., Jones, C., & Falkowski-Ham, A. (2004). Dreaming the Numbers:
Ethnocultural Gambling in Ontario. Guelph, Ontario: Ontario Problem Gambling Research
Centre.
http://www.gamblingresearch.org/download.php?docid=6273
57
APPENDIX D: ONTARIO 2005 QUESTIONNAIRE
HITACHI RESEARCH
INTERVIEWER: PHONE: ( __ __ __ ) - __ __ __ - __ __ __ __
(1) Hi, my name is (first & last) and I‟m calling from a research Centre at the University of Toronto. We
are (describe organization)……….. and today we‟re calling a random sample of 3000 Ontario residents
on behalf of the Responsible Gambling Council of Ontario, a non-profit organization aimed at reducing
gambling-related problems. As you probably know, in recent years opportunities to gamble have become
more common in Ontario and this has resulted in both positive and negative effects on individuals as
well as society. The Responsible Gambling Council is conducting a study to determine adult Ontarians‟
attitudes and behaviours towards gambling and we would like to include your views, regardless of
whether you gamble or not. Your input is most valuable for determining the extent of gambling
participation in Ontario and minimizing any related problems. For the purposes of this study we would
like to speak to the person living in your household who is 18 or over, and whose birthday will come
next. Would that be you?
IF NO, ASK TO SPEAK TO THE PERSON WHO DOES MEET THE REQUIREMENTS. IF THE
PERSON WHO MEETS THE REQUIREMENTS IS NOT AT HOME, ASK FOR ANY PERSON
WHO IS 18 OR OVER. IF NO ONE PRESENTLY AT HOME QUALIFIES, ARRANGE A TIME TO
CALL BACK.
(2) The survey will take no more than 20 minutes of your time. You can quit the survey at any time, or
refuse to answer any question. All of your answers will remain confidential; you will not be identified in
any report that may arise from this study. Only the researchers on this project will have access to all of
the information collected. If the data is shared with other researchers in the future, all identifiers would
be removed.
(3) If you want further information on this study, you may call a toll free number from the University of
Toronto (insert U of T number here) or the Responsible Gambling Council (1-888-391-1111)
(4) Would you be willing to participate?
(5) The survey will ask you questions in the following areas:
• Gambling behaviours and other leisure spending activities
• Difficulties you may have experienced from your own or someone else‟s gambling
• Your background such as level of education, and marital and financial status
58
AWARENESS Q1 Before this survey, had you heard of the Responsible Gambling Council of Ontario?
Yes....................................................................................................#1
No....................................................................................................#2
Don‟t know......................................................................................#3
Refused............................................................................................#4
Q2 Have you seen any posters, signs, warning labels, or other forms of public service
announcements related to problem or responsible gambling?
Yes....................................................................................................#1
No....................................................................................................#2 GO TO Q3
Don‟t know......................................................................................#5 GO TO Q3
Refused............................................................................................#6 GO TO Q3
Q2A Where did you see them? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)
At gambling venues (e.g., casinos, racetracks)..............................#1
On gaming products themselves (e.g., lottery tickets, slots)....... .#2
Television advertisement/PSA........................................................#3
Television program (e.g., talk show, news programs)...................#4
Radio...............................................................................................#5
Newspaper/Magazines....................................................................#6
Internet............................................................................................#7
Outdoor advertisement .................................................................#8
School..............................................................................................#9
Books/other media.......................................................................#10
Mail................................................................................................#11
Conversation with others ............................................................#12
Don‟t know....................................................................................#13
Refused..........................................................................................#14
Q3 Are you aware of the toll free gambling help line in Ontario?
Yes....................................................................................................#1
No....................................................................................................#2
Don‟t know......................................................................................#3
Refused............................................................................................#4
Q4 Are you aware of any gambling counseling services available in your community?
Yes....................................................................................................#1
No....................................................................................................#2 GO TO Q5
Don‟t know......................................................................................#3 GO TO Q5
Refused............................................................................................#4 GO TO Q5
Q4A What are they? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)
Gamblers Anonymous....................................................................#1
Doctors/medical professions (e.g., psychiatrist)...........................#2
Addictions Centre...........................................................................#3
Psychologist/social worker.............................................................#4
Other (specify)................................................................................#5
Don‟t know......................................................................................#3 GO TO Q5
Refused............................................................................................#4 GO TO Q5
59
GAMBLING ACTIVITIES INTERVIEWER: IF NON-GAMBLER STARTS GETTING IMPATIENT:
Please bear with me, I need to take about 30 seconds to ask about these activities to ensure that you get
the proper questions.
a) Lottery tickets like 649, Super 7, Pick 3 or Lottario
b) Instant win or scratch tickets like break open, pull tab or Nevada strips
c) Raffles or fundraising tickets
d) Horse races - both live at track and off track betting
e) Bingo
f) Coin slot machines in ONTARIO COMMERCIAL or CHARITY casino
g) Games other than slot machines at an ONTARIO COMMERCIAL or CHARITY casino such as
poker, blackjack, roulette or keno
g) Coin slot machines at an Ontario RACETRACK
i) Coin slot machines or video lottery terminals (VLTs) OUTSIDE of Ontario
j) Sport select like Pro line, over/under and point spread
k) Sports pools or outcome of sporting events
l) Cards or board games anywhere other than at a casino such as at home, a friends house, work or
card rooms
m) Games of skill such as pool, bowling or darts
n) Arcade or video games
o) Internet which includes day trading, casino table games, VLTs/slot machines, poker and sports
betting
p) Sports with a bookie/bookmaker
q) Short-term speculative stock or commodity purchases such as day trading,but not including long
term investments such as mutual funds or RRSPs
r) Casinos out of province such as at Las Vegas, Atlantic City or another province
For those that are “yes” go to frequency questions
Q5 In the past 12 months, how often did you spend money on Lottery tickets like the 649, Super
7, Pick 3 or Lottario? Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least once a
month (but not weekly), less than once a month or never?
Daily................................................................................................#1
At least once a week........................................................................#2
At least once a month.....................................................................#3
Less than once a month..................................................................#4
Never...............................................................................................#5
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6
Refused............................................................................................#7
Q6 In the past 12 months, how often did you spend money on instant win or scratch tickets
like break open, pull tab or Nevada strips? Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not
daily), at least once a month (but not weekly), less than once a month or never?
Daily................................................................................................#1
At least once a week........................................................................#2
At least once a month.....................................................................#3
Less than once a month..................................................................#4
Never...............................................................................................#5
(DO NOT READ)
60
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6
Refused............................................................................................#7
Q7 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on raffles or fundraising
tickets? Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least once a month (but
not weekly), less than once a month or never?
Daily................................................................................................#1
At least once a week........................................................................#2
At least once a month.....................................................................#3
Less than once a month..................................................................#4
Never...............................................................................................#5
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6
Refused............................................................................................#7
Q8 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on horseraces (i.e. live at the
track or off track)? Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least once a
month (but not weekly), less than once a month or never?
Daily................................................................................................#1
At least once a week........................................................................#2
At least once a month.....................................................................#3
Less than once a month..................................................................#4
Never...............................................................................................#5 GO TO Q9
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6 GO TO Q9
Refused............................................................................................#7 GO TO Q9
Q8A Roughly how much time do you spend on horse races in a typical month?
IF ONLY MINUTES, ENTER 0 FOR HOURS.
Hours______________________________
Don‟t know....................................................................................#98
Refused..........................................................................................#99
Q8B Roughly how much money do you spend on horse races in a typical month?
(ENTER NUMBER OF DOLLARS). ROUND UP TO NEAREST DOLLAR.
$_____________________________________________
Don‟t know....................................................................................#98
Refused..........................................................................................#99
Q9 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on bingo? Would you say daily,
at least once a week (but not daily), at least once a month (but not weekly), less than once a
month or never?
Daily................................................................................................#1
At least once a week........................................................................#2
At least once a month.....................................................................#3
Less than once a month..................................................................#4
Never...............................................................................................#5 GO TO Q10
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6 GO TO Q10
Refused............................................................................................#7 GO TO Q10
61
Q9A Roughly how much time do you spend on bingo in a typical month? IF ONLY MINUTES,
ENTER 0 FOR HOURS.
Hours______________________________
Don‟t know....................................................................................#98
Refused..........................................................................................#99
Q9B Roughly how much money do you spend on bingo in a typical month?
(ENTER NUMBER OF DOLLARS). ROUND UP TO NEAREST DOLLAR.
$_____________________________________________
Don‟t know....................................................................................#98
Refused..........................................................................................#99
Q10 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on coin slot machines in an
Ontario commercial or charity casino? Would you say dailyat least once a week (but not
daily), at least once a month (but not weekly), less than once a month or never?
Daily................................................................................................#1
At least once a week........................................................................#2
At least once a month.....................................................................#3
Less than once a month..................................................................#4
Never...............................................................................................#5 GO TO Q11
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6 GO TO Q11
Refused............................................................................................#7 GO TO Q11
Q10A Roughly how much time do you spend on these coin slot machines in a typical month?
IF ONLY MINUTES, ENTER 0 FOR HOURS.
Hours______________________________
Don‟t know....................................................................................#98
Refused..........................................................................................#99
Q10B Roughly how much money do you spend on these coin slot machines a typical month?
(ENTER NUMBER OF DOLLARS). ROUND UP TO NEAREST DOLLAR.
$_____________________________________________.............
Don‟t know....................................................................................#98
Refused..........................................................................................#99
Q11 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on games other than slot
machines in an Ontario commercial or charity casino such as poker, blackjack, roulette or
keno? Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least once a month (but not
weekly), less than once a month or never?
Daily................................................................................................#1
At least once a week........................................................................#2
At least once a month.....................................................................#3
Less than once a month..................................................................#4
Never...............................................................................................#5 GO TO Q12
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6 GO TO Q12
Refused............................................................................................#7 GO TO Q12
Q11A Roughly how much time do you spend on these games in a typical month?
62
IF ONLY MINUTES, ENTER 0 FOR HOURS.
Hours______________________________
Don‟t know....................................................................................#98
Refused..........................................................................................#99
Q11B Roughly how much money do you spend on these games in a typical month?
(ENTER NUMBER OF DOLLARS). ROUND UP TO NEAREST DOLLAR.
$_____________________________________________
Don‟t know....................................................................................#98
Refused..........................................................................................#99
Q12 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on coin slot machines at an
Ontario racetrack? Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least once
a month (but not weekly), less than once a month or never?
Daily................................................................................................#1
At least once a week........................................................................#2
At least once a month.....................................................................#3
Less than once a month..................................................................#4
Never...............................................................................................#5 GO TO Q13
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6 GO TO Q13
Refused............................................................................................#7 GO TO Q13
Q12A Roughly how much time do you spend on these coin slot machines in a typical month?
IF ONLY MINUTES, ENTER 0 FOR HOURS.
Hours______________________________
Minutes____________________________
More than 8 hours........................................................................#97
Don‟t know....................................................................................#98
Refused..........................................................................................#99
Q12B Roughly how much money do you spend on these coin slot machines in a typical month?
(ENTER NUMBER OF DOLLARS). ROUND UP TO NEAREST DOLLAR.
$_____________________________________________
Don‟t know....................................................................................#98
Refused..........................................................................................#99
Q13 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on coin slot machines or
video lottery terminals located outside of Ontario? Would you say daily, at least once a week
(but not daily), at least once a month (but not weekly), less than once a month or never?
Daily................................................................................................#1
At least once a week........................................................................#2
At least once a month.....................................................................#3
Less than once a month..................................................................#4
Never...............................................................................................#5 GO TO Q14
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6 GO TO Q14
Refused............................................................................................#7 GO TO Q14
Q13A Where were they? (province/state) __________________________
Don‟t know....................................................................................#98
Refused..........................................................................................#99
63
Q14 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on Sport Select (e.g. Pro Line,
Over/Under, Point Spread)? Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least
once a month (but not weekly), less than once a month or never?
Daily................................................................................................#1
At least once a week........................................................................#2
At least once a month.....................................................................#3
Less than once a month..................................................................#4
Never...............................................................................................#5
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6
Refused............................................................................................#7
Q15 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on sports pools or the
outcome of sporting events? Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at
least once a month (but not weekly), less than once a month or never?
Daily................................................................................................#1
At least once a week........................................................................#2
At least once a month.....................................................................#3
Less than once a month..................................................................#4
Never...............................................................................................#5
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6
Refused............................................................................................#7
Q16 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on cards or board games
anywhere other than at casinos (at home, friends‟ homes, work, card rooms, etc.)? Would
you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least once a month (but not weekly),
less than once a month or never?
Daily................................................................................................#1
At least once a week........................................................................#2
At least once a month.....................................................................#3
Less than once a month..................................................................#4
Never...............................................................................................#5
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6
Refused............................................................................................#7
Q17 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on games of skill such as
pool, bowling or darts? Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least
once a month (but not weekly), less than once a month or never?
Daily................................................................................................#1
At least once a week........................................................................#2
At least once a month.....................................................................#3
Less than once a month..................................................................#4
Never...............................................................................................#5
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6
Refused............................................................................................#7
Q18 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money on arcade or video games?
64
Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least once a month (but not
weekly), less than once a month or never?
Daily................................................................................................#1
At least once a week........................................................................#2
At least once a month.....................................................................#3
Less than once a month..................................................................#4
Never...............................................................................................#5
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6
Refused............................................................................................#7
Q19 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money gambling on the Internet?
Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least once a month (but not
weekly), less than once a month or never?
Daily................................................................................................#1
At least once a week........................................................................#2
At least once a month.....................................................................#3
Less than once a month..................................................................#4
Never...............................................................................................#5 GO TO Q20
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6 GO TO Q20
Refused............................................................................................#7 GO TO Q20
Q19A What activities did you bet on? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)
Day trading.....................................................................................#1
Casino table games.........................................................................#2
VLTs/slots machines........................................................................#3
Sports betting..................................................................................#4
Poker................................................................................................#5
Other (specify)................................................................................#6
Q19B Roughly how much time do you spend on gambling in a typical month? IF ONLY
MINUTES,
ENTER 0 FOR HOURS.
Hours______________________________
Don‟t know....................................................................................#98
Refused..........................................................................................#99
Q19C Roughly how much money do you spend on Internet gambling in a typical month? (ENTER
NUMBER OF DOLLARS). ROUND UP TO NEAREST DOLLAR.
$_____________________________________________
Don‟t know....................................................................................#98
Refused..........................................................................................#99
Q20 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money gambling on sports with a
bookie/bookmaker? Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least once
a month (but not weekly), less than once a month or never?
Daily................................................................................................#1
At least once a week........................................................................#2
At least once a month.....................................................................#3
Less than once a month..................................................................#4
Never...............................................................................................#5 GO TO Q21
65
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6 GO TO Q21
Refused............................................................................................#7 GO TO Q21
Q20A Roughly how much money do you spend on sports betting with a bookie in a typical
month? (ENTER NUMBER OF DOLLARS). ROUND UP TO NEAREST DOLLAR.
$_____________________________________________
Don‟t know....................................................................................#98
Refused..........................................................................................#99
Q21 In the past 12 months, how often have you made short-term speculative stock or
commodity purchases such as day trading, not including long-term investments such as
mutual funds or RRSPs? Would you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least
once a month (but not weekly), less than once a month or never?
Daily................................................................................................#1
At least once a week........................................................................#2
At least once a month.....................................................................#3
Less than once a month..................................................................#4
Never...............................................................................................#5 GO TO Q22
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6 GO TO Q22
Refused............................................................................................#7 GO TO Q22
Q21A Roughly how much money do you spend on these kinds of short-term speculative
purchases in a typical month? (ENTER NUMBER OF DOLLARS). ROUND UP TO
NEAREST DOLLAR.
$_____________________________________________
Don‟t know....................................................................................#98
Refused..........................................................................................#99
Q22 In the past 12 months, how often did you bet or spend money gambling in casinos out of
province (e.g. at Las Vegas or Atlantic City or casinos in other Canadian provinces)? Would
you say daily, at least once a week (but not daily), at least once a month (but not weekly), less
than once a month or never?
Daily................................................................................................#1
At least once a week........................................................................#2
At least once a month.....................................................................#3
Less than once a month..................................................................#4
Never...............................................................................................#5 GO TO Q23
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6 GO TO Q23
Refused............................................................................................#7 GO TO Q23
Q22A Where were the casinos located? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)
Other Canadian province/territory...............................................#1
United States...................................................................................#2
Overseas...........................................................................................#3
Cruise ship......................................................................................#4
Other (specify)................................................................................#5
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
66
_______________________________________________
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6
Refused............................................................................................#7
IF A PERSON HAS NOT GAMBLED ON ANY OF THESE ACTIVITIES IN THE PAST YEAR,
GO DIRECTLY TO Q47
Q23 Roughly how many hours or minutes do you spend each month on all of these gambling
activities? Please give the total amount of time spent on gambling in an average month.
[ASK OF EACH ACTIVITY THEY PARTICIPATED IN] IF ONLY MINUTES, ENTER 0 FOR
HOURS.
Hours______________________________
Minutes____________________________
Don‟t know....................................................................................#98
Refused..........................................................................................#99
Q24 Considering all the amounts you have won and lost from gambling in the past year how
would you describe the overall outcome? READ LIST
I won a lot.......................................................................................#1
I won a little....................................................................................#2
I broke even.....................................................................................#3
I lost a little......................................................................................#4
I lost a lot.........................................................................................#5
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6
Refused............................................................................................#7
CPGI Thinking about the last 12 months, would you say you never, sometimes, most of the time or almost
always … ROTATE. (IF THEY ANSWER YES (I.E., #2-#4) ASK WHETHER THEY DID IT IN THE
PAST 6 MONTHS AND PAST MONTH (SEE Q25A-Q33A BELOW) YOU MAY CHECK BOTH IF
RESPONDENT DID IT IN BOTH PAST 6 MONTHS AND PAST MONTH)
FREQUENCY
Never Sometimes
Most of the time
Almost always DK REF
Q25 Bet more than you could really afford to
lose? #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Q26 Need to gamble with larger amounts of
money to get the same feeling of excitement? #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Q27 Go back another day to try to win back the
money you lost? #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Q28 Borrow money or sold anything to get
money to gamble? #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Q29 Feel that you might have a problem with
gambling? #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Q30 Feel gambling has caused you any health
problems, including stress or anxiety? #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Q31 Have people criticizing your betting or
telling you that you have a gambling problem,
regardless of whether or not you think it is true? #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
67
Q32 Feel your gambling has caused financial
problems for you or your household? #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Q33 Feel guilty about the way you gamble or
what happens when you gamble? #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
RECENCY
Past 6 Months?
Past month? DK REF
Q25A Bet more than you could really afford to lose? #1 #2 #3 #4 Q26A Need to gamble with larger amounts of money to get the
same feeling of excitement? #1 #2 #3 #4
Q27A Go back another day to try to win back the money you lost? #1 #2 #3 #4
Q28A Borrow money or sold anything to get money to gamble? #1 #2 #3 #4
Q29A Feel that you might have a problem with gambling? #1 #2 #3 #4 Q30A Feel gambling has caused you any health problems,
including stress or anxiety? #1 #2 #3 #4 Q31A Have people criticizing your betting or telling you that you
have a gambling problem, regardless of whether or not you think it
is true? #1 #2 #3 #4 Q32A Feel your gambling has caused financial problems for you or
your household? #1 #2 #3 #4 Q33A Feel guilty about the way you gamble or what happens when
you gamble? #1 #2 #3 #4
DIFFICULTIES RELATED TO GAMBLING The next series of questions asks if you have had any difficulties related to your own gambling. By
difficulties in general I mean at work, finances, with relationships or any other area I have not
mentioned.
Q34 Have you ever had any difficulties related to your gambling?
Yes....................................................................................................#1
No....................................................................................................#2
GO TO Q44
Don‟t know......................................................................................#3
GO TO Q44
Refused............................................................................................#4
GO TO Q44
Q35 When last did you have these difficulties?
Less than 3 months ago..................................................................#1
4-6 months ago...............................................................................#2
7-12 months ago.............................................................................#3
13 - 24 months ago.........................................................................#4
Over two years ago..........................................................................#5
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6
Refused............................................................................................#7
68
Q36 When did these difficulties first occur?
Less than 3 months ago..................................................................#1
4-6 months ago...............................................................................#2
7-12 months ago.............................................................................#3
13-24 months ago...........................................................................#4
Over two years ago..........................................................................#5
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6
Refused............................................................................................#7
Q37 Did your difficulties from gambling start gradually, building slowly over
time, or was it a fairly abrupt or sudden change in your play?
Gradual start...................................................................................#1
Sudden change................................................................................#2
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#3
Refused............................................................................................#4
Q38 At the time you started developing difficulties with your gambling was
there anything in particular or different going on in your life? (CHECK ALL
THAT APPLY)
Nothing...........................................................................................#1
Change in job..................................................................................#2
Loss of job.......................................................................................#3
Retired from job..............................................................................#4
Problems with spouse/partner.......................................................#5
Loss of spouse/partner...................................................................#6
Divorce/separation..........................................................................#7
Spouse/partner absent/away working ...........................................#8
Children leaving home...................................................................#9
Illness.............................................................................................#10
Lonely............................................................................................#11
Bored ............................................................................................#12
Depressed......................................................................................#13
Financial problems.......................................................................#14
Other (specify)..............................................................................#15
Don‟t know....................................................................................#16
Refused..........................................................................................#17
Q39 Thinking of the last 12 months, have you experienced any of the following? If yes, please
indicate how severe a problem it was for you with 1=Not much of a problem 2=A little bit of
a problem 3=A large problem 4=A very large problem 5=An overwhelming problem
Problems Yes Severity (if yes) No Maybe DK REF
Q39A A personal relationship (e.g., marriage, friendship)
has been negatively affected due to my gambling #1 Q39AS #2 #3 #4 #5 Q39B My gambling made it harder to make money last from
one payday to the next #1 Q39BS #2 #3 #4 #5 Q39C My gambling negatively affected my performance at
work (includes study, home duties, care duties, voluntary
work among others) or employment status #1 Q39CS #2 #3 #4 #5
69
Q39D I thought about committing suicide because of the
difficulties related to my gambling behaviour. #1 Q39DS #2 #3 #4 #5 Q39E Gambling led me to obtain money illegally (even if I
intended to pay it back) #1 Q39ES #2 #3 #4 #5
Q39F I used credit cards for a cash advance to gamble #1 Q39FS #2 #3 #4 #5
Q39G I gambled to make money #1 Q39GS #2 #3 #4 #5 Q39H I Gambled with money that was budgeted for
something else #1 Q39HS #2 #3 #4 #5
These next questions concern any gambling-related difficulties you‟ve experienced whether or not they
occurred in the past 12 months.
Q40 Is there a specific type or several types of gambling activity that causes or caused difficulties
for
you?
Yes....................................................................................................#1
No....................................................................................................#2 GO TO Q44
Don‟t know......................................................................................#3 GO TO Q44
Refused............................................................................................#4 GO TO Q44
Q41 Which activities cause or caused you difficulties? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)
VLTs/Slots........................................................................................#1
Bingo...............................................................................................#2
Lottery/scratch tickets....................................................................#3
Horse races......................................................................................#4
Casino table games.........................................................................#5
Speculative investments..................................................................#6
Sports betting with bookie.............................................................#7
Internet............................................................................................#8
Sports select....................................................................................#9
Card or board games with friends etc..........................................#10
Other (please specify)...................................................................#11
Don‟t know....................................................................................#12
Refused..........................................................................................#13
Q42 How long have or had you been gambling on this activity? (IF ONLY MONTHS, ENTER 0
FOR YEARS) „
Q43 Did you do any of the following to address these gambling-related difficulties? (CHECK ALL
THAT APPLY)
Limited access to money................................................................#1
Increased other activities................................................................#2
Stopped gambling...........................................................................#3 ASK Q43A
Other (please specify).....................................................................#4
Sought professional help (e.g., counselor, psychologist)..............#5 ASK Q43B & Q43C
Did not do anything.......................................................................#6 ASK Q43D
Refused............................................................................................#7
Q43A How successful were you in stopping gambling? READ LIST
Not at all (I was never able to stop)...............................................#1
70
Somewhat (I was for a while but then started again)...................#2
Very (I was for a long time, but then started again).....................#3
Extremely (I still do not gamble)...................................................#4
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#5
Refused............................................................................................#6
Q43B For how long did you receive this professional help?
________ months
Don‟t know....................................................................................#98
Refused..........................................................................................#99
Q43C How helpful was the professional assistance you received in making a
difference for the better with your gambling? READ LIST
Very helpful.....................................................................................#1
Somewhat helpful...........................................................................#2
A little helpful.................................................................................#3
Not at all helpful.............................................................................#4
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#5
Refused............................................................................................#6
Q43D Why didn‟t you seek professional help? Was it because:
Did not know where to get it.........................................................#1
Thought I could solve it myself......................................................#2
I was not concerned enough (not serious enough)......................#3
Embarrassed (did not want anyone to know)...............................#4
It was inconvenient for me.............................................................#5
Other (specify)................................................................................#6
Don‟t know......................................................................................#7
Refused............................................................................................#8
RESPONSIBLE GAMBLING ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOURS
Now I would like to ask you some questions regarding your gambling spending behaviour.
Q44 In the past 12 months, how often did you do any of the following to manage your gambling?
Strategy Never Sometimes Often
Very
Often DK REF
Q44ALimit amount of time playing #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
Q44B Limit how often you play #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
Q44C Reduce the bet level per wager #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
Q44D Restrict access to additional cash (i.e.,
leaving bank cards at home) #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
Q44E Play with friends and/or family present #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
Q44F Have spouse or someone else control
your finances #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
Q44G Get involved in other activities instead
of gambling #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
Q44H Set a predetermined spending limit or #1GO #2GO TO #3GO #4GO #5GO #6GO
71
budget where you decided in advance how
much you would spend gambling
TO Q45 Q44HI TO
Q44HI
TO
Q44HI
TO
Q45
TO
Q45
Q44HI What percentage of the time that you set a budget did you exceed it?
0%....................................................................................................#1
1%-25%...........................................................................................#2
26%-50%.........................................................................................#3
51%-75%.........................................................................................#4
76%-100%.......................................................................................#5
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6
Refused............................................................................................#7
Q45 How much do you agree with the following statement: “If I lose money at gambling, I just
consider it
another way to spend money on a recreational activity.” READ LIST
I completely agree...........................................................................#1
I somewhat agree............................................................................#2
I somewhat disagree.......................................................................#3
I completely agree...........................................................................#4
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#5
Refused............................................................................................#6
Q46 When you‟re placing a bet, which of the following best describes how you feel?
READ LIST
Chances are good that you will win...............................................#1
50/50 chance...................................................................................#2
Chances are good that you will lose...............................................#3
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#4
Refused............................................................................................#5
AFFECTED ISSUES
Q47 Have you ever experienced difficulties from someone else‟s gambling? By difficulties in
general I mean at work, finances, with relationships or any other area I have not mentioned.
Yes....................................................................................................#1
No....................................................................................................#2 GO TO Q53
Don‟t know......................................................................................#3 GO TO Q53
Refused............................................................................................#4 GO TO Q53
Q48 What is the nature of the difficulties you experienced as a result of this person‟s gambling?
(CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)
Been threatened by this person......................................................#1
Had money or credit cards stolen or used without permission...#2
Had other valuables taken or sold.................................................#3
Been pushed, hit, or physically abused in any way........................#4
Had loans not paid back.................................................................#5
Manipulated into lending money..................................................#6
Been neglected/abandoned............................................................#7
Other (specify)................................................................................#8
72
Refused............................................................................................#9
Q49 What is this person‟s relationship to you?
Spouse ............................................................................................#1
Partner.............................................................................................#2
Child................................................................................................#3
Sibling..............................................................................................#4
Grandchild......................................................................................#5
Grandparent....................................................................................#6
Parent..............................................................................................#7
Other relative (e.g. uncle, cousin)..................................................#8
Friend..............................................................................................#9
Acquaintance.................................................................................#10
Co-worker.......................................................................................#5
Employee.........................................................................................#6
Neighbour.......................................................................................#7
Other...............................................................................................#8
Don‟t know......................................................................................#9
Refused..........................................................................................#10
Q50 How often did or do you gamble with this person? READ LIST
Never...............................................................................................#1
I used to, but not any more............................................................#2
Rarely...............................................................................................#3
Occasionally....................................................................................#4
Sometimes.......................................................................................#5
Often................................................................................................#6
Always..............................................................................................#7
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#8
Refused............................................................................................#9
FINANCIAL SITUATION
The following are some questions concerning your general spending behaviour and financial situation.
Q51 During the past 12 months how often did you spend more than you could afford on drinking
and/or socializing? READ LIST
Very often........................................................................................#1
Somewhat often..............................................................................#2
Once in a while...............................................................................#3
Never...............................................................................................#4
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#5
Refused............................................................................................#6
Q52 During this same period how often did you spend more than you could afford on eating out or
ordering take-out? READ LIST
Very often........................................................................................#1
Somewhat often..............................................................................#2
Once in a while...............................................................................#3
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Never...............................................................................................#4
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#5
Refused............................................................................................#6
Q53 Again during the past 12 months, how often did you spend more than you could afford to see
a sporting event, movies or other entertainment events? READ LIST
Very often........................................................................................#1
Somewhat often..............................................................................#2
Once in a while...............................................................................#3
Never...............................................................................................#4
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#5
Refused............................................................................................#6
Q54 Please indicate in the past 12 months, how often each of the following occurred due to a
shortage of money:
Never
happened Sometimes
Somewhat
Often
Very
Often DK REF
Q54A Went without meals #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
Q54B Borrowed money or used credit cards to
pay for items you used to pay for with cash #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
Q54C Sought assistance or financial help from
friends/family or welfare/community organization #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
Q54D Pawned or sold something #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
Q54E Could not pay rent on time #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
Q54F Could not pay utility/ telephone bill on time #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
Q54G A collection agency called about an
overdue bill #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
DEMOGRAPHICS Finally, we would like to ask you some basic demographic questions. Like all your other answers, this
information will be kept strictly confidential.
Z1 RECORD GENDER (DO NOT READ)
Male.................................................................................................#1
Female.............................................................................................#2
Z2 What is your age? (if unwilling, go to Z2A)
Z2A Instead of giving us your exact year of birth, could you please tell us to which of the following
age categories you belong? READ LIST.
18 to 24............................................................................................#1
25 to 34............................................................................................#2
35 to 49............................................................................................#3
50 to 59............................................................................................#4
60 or over........................................................................................#5
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6
Refused............................................................................................#7
74
Z3 Currently are you married, living with a partner, widowed, divorced, separated or have you
never been married?
Married (incl widowed and divorced who remarried).................#1
Living with a partner......................................................................#2
Widowed (not remarried)..............................................................#3
Divorced or separated (not remarried).........................................#4
Separated.........................................................................................#5
Single, never married......................................................................#6
Never married.................................................................................#7
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know......................................................................................#8
Refused............................................................................................#9
Z4 To what ethnic or cultural group did you or your ancestors belong on first coming to this
country? IF RESPONDENT IS NOT CLEAR SAY “Are you Scottish, Chinese, Greek or
something else?” IF RESPONDENT SAYS CANADIAN ASK ”In addition to being Canadian, to
what ethnic or cultural group did you or your ancestors belong on first coming to this country?”
(CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)
Native Indian, Inuit......................................................................#01
Australian......................................................................................#02
Austrian.........................................................................................#03
Bahamian......................................................................................#04
Bangladeshi...................................................................................#05
Black / African...............................................................................#06
Dutch / Netherlands / Holland....................................................#07
English / British............................................................................#08
Canadian.......................................................................................#09
Chilean..........................................................................................#10
Chinese..........................................................................................#11
Croatian.........................................................................................#12
Czech.............................................................................................#13
Danish...........................................................................................#14
East Indian....................................................................................#15
El Salvadorian...............................................................................#16
Ethiopian.......................................................................................#17
Finnish...........................................................................................#18
French............................................................................................#19
German.........................................................................................#20
Greek.............................................................................................#21
Guyanese.......................................................................................#22
Haitian...........................................................................................#23
Hungarian.....................................................................................#24
Inuit...............................................................................................#25
Irish...............................................................................................#26
Israeli.............................................................................................#27
Italian.............................................................................................#28
Jamaican........................................................................................#29
Japanese.........................................................................................#30
Jewish.............................................................................................#31
Korean...........................................................................................#32
Lebanese........................................................................................#33
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Macedonian..................................................................................#34
Metis..............................................................................................#35
New Zealander..............................................................................#36
Nigerian.........................................................................................#37
Norwegian.....................................................................................#38
Pakistani........................................................................................#39
Philipino........................................................................................#39
Polish.............................................................................................#41
Portugese.......................................................................................#42
Russian..........................................................................................#43
Scottish..........................................................................................#44
Serbian...........................................................................................#45
Sikh................................................................................................#46
Slovakian.......................................................................................#47
Somalian........................................................................................#48
Spanish..........................................................................................#49
Sri Lankan.....................................................................................#50
Swedish..........................................................................................#51
Tamil..............................................................................................#52
Trinidadian....................................................................................#53
Ukrainian......................................................................................#54
Vietnamese....................................................................................#55
Welsh.............................................................................................#56
Yugoslavian...................................................................................#57
Other (specify below)...................................................................#58
Don‟t know....................................................................................#59
Refused..........................................................................................#60
Z5 What is the highest level of education you have completed?
Some high school / junior high or less..........................................#1
Completed high school...................................................................#2
Some post secondary school..........................................................#3
Completed post secondary school.................................................#4
Completed post graduate education..............................................#5
Don‟t know......................................................................................#6
Refused............................................................................................#7
Z6 How many people under the age of 18 live with you?
None................................................................................................#1
One..................................................................................................#2
Two..................................................................................................#3
Three...............................................................................................#4
Four.................................................................................................#5
Five..................................................................................................#6
Six....................................................................................................#7
Seven or more.................................................................................#8
Don‟t know......................................................................................#9
Refused..........................................................................................#10
76
Z7 What is your present job status? Are you employed full time, employed part time, unemployed,
a student, retired or a homemaker? IF RESPONDENT GIVES MORE THAN ONE ANSWER,
RECORD THE ONE THAT APPEARS FIRST ON THE LIST.
Employed full time (30 or more hrs/wk)......................................#1
Employed part time (less than 30 hrs/wk)....................................#2
Unemployed....................................................................................#3 GO TO Z9
Student – employed part or full time............................................#4
Student – not employed.................................................................#5 GO TO Z9
Retired.............................................................................................#6 GO TO Z9
Homemaker....................................................................................#7 GO TO Z9
Other (specify)___________________________........................#8 GO TO Z9
Don‟t know......................................................................................#9 GO TO Z9
Refused..........................................................................................#10 GO TO Z9
Z8 What type of work do you currently do (or do you do when you are employed)? Job title.
________________________________________________________________________
Z9 What is your best estimate of your total PERSONAL income last year, please include income
from all sources such as savings, pensions, rent and employment?
_________dollars
Don‟t know......................................................................................#1
Refused............................................................................................#2
IF HESITATION, READ INCOME RANGES
Less than $20,000..................................................................................#1
Between $20,000 and $39,999..............................................................#2
Between $40,000 and $59,999..............................................................#3
Between $60,000 and $79,999..............................................................#4
Between $80,000 and $99,999..............................................................#5
Between $100,000 and $119,999..........................................................#6
Between $120,000 and $139,999..........................................................#7
Between $140,000 and $159,999..........................................................#8
Between $160,000 and $179,999..........................................................#9
Between $180,000 and $199,999........................................................#10
$200,000 or more................................................................................#12
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know.........................................................................................#13
Refused................................................................................................#14
Z10 Could you please tell me how much income you and other members of your household
received
in the year ending December 31st 1999. Please include income form all sources such as savings,
pensions, rent and employment insurance as well as wages? We don‟t need the exact amount:
could
you tell me which of these broad categories it falls into.. READ LIST.
_________dollars
Don‟t know......................................................................................#1
Refused............................................................................................#2
IF HESITATION, READ INCOME RANGES
Less than $20,000............................................................................#1
Between $20,000 and $39,999........................................................#2
Between $40,000 and $59,999........................................................#3
77
Between $60,000 and $79,999........................................................#4
Between $80,000 and $99,999........................................................#5
Between $100,000 and $119,999....................................................#6
Between $120,000 and $139,999....................................................#7
Between $140,000 and $159,999....................................................#8
Between $160,000 and $179,999....................................................#9
Between $180,000 and $199,999..................................................#10
$200,000 or more..........................................................................#12
(DO NOT READ)
Don‟t know....................................................................................#13
Refused..........................................................................................#14
Z11 Can I just confirm that the first three digits of your postal code are ___ ___ ___
Z12 We hope to speak to some people again. May we call you for a short follow up?
Yes....................................................................................................#1
No....................................................................................................#2 GOTO END
Don‟t know / Refused.....................................................................#3 GOTO END
Z13 (IF YES) Can I have your first name so that I make sure that it is you I speak to when I call
back?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Z14 May I just confirm that your phone number is (READ NUMBER DIALED)
( __ __ __ ) __ __ __ - __ __ __ __
Z15 In order to make future contact easier, if applicable, may we also have your email address?
_____________________________________________________________
In case we have trouble reaching you at this number, is there another telephone number, like a work
number, where we could try to reach you? We would only try this number if we weren‟t able to reach
you at your home number and we wouldn‟t reveal to anyone who answered the reason why we are
calling.
Could you give me the phone number of a friend or relative who would know how we could contact you,
in case we have trouble reaching you? Again, we would only try this number if we weren‟t able to reach
you at the other numbers and we wouldn‟t reveal to anyone why we are calling.
Friend or relatives name
I‟d like to thank-you for taking the time to participate in this survey and to advise you that my supervisor
may be calling you later to verify your participation.
END
We‟ve reached the end of the interview. I would like to thank you very much for your participation.
78
APPENDIX E: LIST OF EXLUDED SELF-IDENTIFIED ETHNICITIES NOT
INCLUDED IN THE REPORT
Self-Reported Ethnicity
Ontario 2005
Prevalence Study
Data
% (N)
Census 2006 (Ontario
single ethnicity)
% (N)
Jewish 0.47 (17) 1.12 (76,750)
North American Indian Total 0.69 (24) 1.28 (87,900)
Aboriginal 0.42 (15)
Native American 0.17 (6)
First Nations 0.07 (2)
N. American Indian 0.03 (1)
Métis 0.12 (4) 0.14 (9,825)
American 0.42 (15) 0.14 (9,360)
South East Asian 0.23 (8) 0.06 (3,840)
Austrian 0.2 (7) 0.15 (9,940)
Welsh 0.19 (7) 0.17 (11,800)
Vietnamese 0.16 (5) 0.92 (63,390)
Belgian 0.16 (5) 0.17 (11,430)
Finnish 0.14 (5) 0.27 (18,445)
Israeli 0.11 (4) 0.02 (1,625)
Mexican 0.09 (3) 0.16 (11,005)
Brazilian 0.08 (3) 0.04 (2,780)
Swedish 0.06 (2) 0.08 (5,370)
Scandinavian 0.05 (2) 0.01 (895)
Latin American 0.07 (2) 0.09 (6,325)
Chilean 0.07 (2) 0.1 (6,720)
Colombian 0.06 (2) 0.23 (15,525)
Uruguayan 0.06 (2) 0.01 (965)
Turkish 0.06 (2) 0.19 (13,255)
Celtic 0.03 (1)
Nicaraguan 0.03 (1) 0.05 (3,740)
Armenian 0.03 (1) 0.22 (14,905)
New Zealander 0.03 (1) 0.0 (245)
Specify (Other) 1.34 (47)
79