gambar cooling tower

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CTI Certified Closed Cross Flow Type Cooling Tower (JNC-70T)

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Basic Info.

Model NO.: JNC-70T

Certification: Cti and ISO

Type: Refrigeration Equipment

Usage: Refrigerator

Control Type: Mechanical

Material: FRP and HDG and Others
http://zjjinling.en.made-in-china.com/product/FMQEcAVusRrk/China-CTI-Certified-Closed-Cross-Flow-Type-Cooling-Tower-JNC-70T-.htmlhttp://zjjinling.en.made-in-china.com/product/FMQEcAVusRrk/China-CTI-Certified-Closed-Cross-Flow-Type-Cooling-Tower-JNC-70T-.htmlhttp://zjjinling.en.made-in-china.com/product/FMQEcAVusRrk/China-CTI-Certified-Closed-Cross-Flow-Type-Cooling-Tower-JNC-70T-.htmlhttp://zjjinling.en.made-in-china.com/product/FMQEcAVusRrk/China-CTI-Certified-Closed-Cross-Flow-Type-Cooling-Tower-JNC-70T-.htmlhttp://zjjinling.en.made-in-china.com/product/FMQEcAVusRrk/China-CTI-Certified-Closed-Cross-Flow-Type-Cooling-Tower-JNC-70T-.html


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Water Flow Rate: 70m3/H

Head Load: 350000kacl/H

Coil Pressure Drop: 57kpa

Spray Pump Power: 2.2

Overall Dimensions: 4200x2200x3575mmTower Body Height: 2860mm

Fan Diameter: 1800mmx1

Air Volume: 93000m3/H

Fan Type: Axial-Flow & V-Belt

Motor Rate Output: 5.5x1

Export Markets: Global

Additional Info.

Trademark: JINLING

Origin: China

HS Code: 8418699090

Production Capacity: 50, 000.00PCS/Year

Product Description

CTI Certified Cross Flow Rectangular Closed Type Cooling Tower JNC-70T( JNC Series)

Advantages:

1. Easy accessible driving system2. CTI certified cooling tower3. Patented cooling module desing

4. High efficient air-foil axial fan

5. Water distribution system6. Signle piece casing basin

7. Rliable mainframe

8. Velocity recovery stack9. Mechanical part

10. Factory assembled

11. High efficient spray water pump

12. Easy fill cleaning and replacement13. Mechanical parts protection

14. Largest working platform

JNC Customer option

1. Automatic water lever control system

2. Low noise operation

3. Ladder, safety cage, external service platform and handrails


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4. Vibration isolater

5. Vibration limit switch

6. Basin heater7. High temperature fill

8. Variable speed drive

9. Corrosion resistant frame work10. Chemical water treatment unit11. Air inlet debris screen

12. Remote liquid sensor display

Skey Specifications/Special Feature:

1. Materials: FRP panels, HDG framework and PVC infill

2. With low noise or ultra low noise

3. Used all over the world

Delivery Details:

1. FOB Port: Ningbo or Shanghai2. Lead Time: 30-45 days

Remark:

Why Choose JNC

1. CTI Certified closed type cooling tower

2. Comparing other same class closed type cooling tower, larger heat exchanging area andefficient.

3. JNC series is high-tech products owing to many patents

4. Scientific and technological achievements apprasial: International Advanced Technology

5. Easy to access and sweep6. Corrosion-free, leak free service

7. Short lead time-4 weeks target

8. Holistic cold water basin and no water splash9. Quick installation, Quiet operation and Low maintenance costs

10. All the cross flow advantages.

Model Unit

Performance Index for JNC Series CTI Certification Cooling Tower

JNC

-

60T

JNC

-

70T

JNC

-

80T

JNC

-

90T

JNC

-

100T

JNC-

120T

02

JNC-

140T

02

JNC-

160T

02

JNC-

180T

02

JNC-

200T

02

JNC-

210T

03

JNC-

240T

03

JNC-

300T

03

Water FlowRate

M3/H

60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 210 240 300

Heat LoadKcal/

h

300

000

350

000

400

000

450

000

500

000

6000

00

7000

00

80000

0

90000

0

10000

00

1050

000

12000

00

15000

00

Water Inlet C 37


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Temp

Water Outlet Temp

C 32

Wet Bulb T

empC 28

Coil Pressure Drop

kPa 56 57 70 96 87 56 57 70 96 87 57 70 87

Spray Pum

p PowerKW 2.2 2.2

1.5

X2

1.5

X2

1.5

X2

2.2X

2

2.2X

21.5X4 1.5X4 1.5X4

2.2X

31.5X6 1.5X6

Length(L) MM 42004800

4800

4800

4200 4200 4800 4200 4800

Width(W) MM 22002400

2400

2400

4400 4400 4800 6600 7200

Overall Hei

ghtMM 3575 3825 3575 3825 3575 3825

Tower Body Height

MM 2860 3060 2860 3060 2860 3060

Fan Diamet

erMM 1800X1 2000x1 1800X2 2000X2

1800

X32000X2

Fan Air Volume

M3/MIN

73000

93000

103000

111600

111600

73000X2

93000X2

103000X2

111600X2

111600X3

93000X3

103000X3

111600X3

Fan Type & Driv

e SystemAxial-Flow & V-Belt Reducer

Motor Type Total Enclosed Fan-cooled

Motor Power Sou

rce 3Phase220V/380V/440V

Motor Rate

OutputKW 4X1

5.5

X1

5.5

X1

7.5

X1

7.5

X14X2

5.5X

25.5X2 7.5X2 7.5X2

5.5X

35.5X3 7.5X3

Casing FRP

Framework STEEL(Hot Dip Galvanized)

Fill/Eliminator/L

ouverPVC

Coiler Red Copper or Others

Distrbution Bsin FRP

Cold Water Basin FRPFan AL-ALLOY or FRP

Fan Stack FRP

Nozzle P.P

Water Inlet Piping

125AX1 150AX1 125AX2 150AX2125AX3

150AX3

Water Outlet Pipi 125AX1 150AX1 125AX2 150AX2 125A 150AX3


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ng X3

Drain Piping 50AX1 50AX1 50AX2 50AX250AX3

50AX3

Over Flow Piping 50AX1 50AX1 50AX2 50AX250A

X350AX3

Make-Up(Auto) Piping

25AX1 25AX1 25AX2 25AX225AX3

25AX3

Make-

Up(Manual) Pipi

ng

25AX1 25AX1 25AX2 25AX225AX3

25AX3

Evaporatio

n% 0.833

Drigt Loss % 0.005

Shipping W

eightkg

151

0

158

0

216

0

224

0

236

03020 3160 4320 4480 4720 4740 6480 7080

OperatingWeight

Kg4050

4250

5100

5300

5500

8100 8500 10200 10600 1100012750

15300 16500

Remark:The cooling tower can be made-to-

measure according to customer`s design conditions and special requirement. "D": Double Fans.


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CTI Certified Cross Flow Closed Type Cooling Tower (JNC-60T)

Basic Info.

Model NO.: JNC-60T

Certification: Cti and ISO

Type: Refrigeration Compressor

Usage: Refrigerator

Control Type: Mechanical

Material: FRP and HDG and Others

Water Flow Rate: 60m3/H

Head Load: 300000kcal/H

Coil Pressure Drop: 56kpa

Spray Pump Power: 2.2kw

Overall Dimensions: 4200x2200x3575mm

Tower Body Height: 2860mm
http://zjjinling.en.made-in-china.com/productimage/OonJNvtEVYRQ-2f0j00HCtQiGFZbngM/China-CTI-Certified-Cross-Flow-Closed-Type-Cooling-Tower-JNC-60T-.html


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Fan Diameter: 1800mmx1

Air Volume: 73000m3/H

Motor Power Source: 3 Phase 220V/380V/440V

Motor Rate Output: 4kwx1

Export Markets: Global

Categorization by air-to-water flow

Crossflow
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crossflow_diagram.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crossflow_diagram.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crossflow_diagram.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crossflow_diagram.svg


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Mechanical draft crossflow cooling tower used in an HVAC application

Crossflow is a design in which the air flow is directed perpendicular to the water flow (seediagram at left). Air flow enters one or more vertical faces of the cooling tower to meet the fill

material. Water flows (perpendicular to the air) through the fill by gravity. The air continuesthrough the fill and thus past the water flow into an open plenum volume. Lastly, a fan forces the

air out into the atmosphere.

A distributionor hot water basinconsisting of a deep pan with holes or nozzlesin its bottom is

located near the top of a crossflow tower. Gravity distributes the water through the nozzles

uniformly across the fill material.

Advantages of the crossflow design:

Gravity water distribution allows smaller pumps and maintenance while in use.

Non-pressurized spray simplifies variable flow. Typically lower initial and long-term cost, mostly due to pump requirements.

Disadvantages of the crossflow design:

More prone to freezing than counterflow designs.

Variable flow is useless in some conditions.

Counterflow
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Factory_assembled_crossflow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Factory_assembled_crossflow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Factory_assembled_crossflow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Factory_assembled_crossflow.jpg


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Forced draft counter flow package type cooling towers

In a counterflow design, the air flow is directly opposite to the water flow (see diagram at left).Air flow first enters an open area beneath the fill media, and is then drawn up vertically. Thewater is sprayed through pressurized nozzles near the top of the tower, and then flows downward

through the fill, opposite to the air flow.

Advantages of the counterflow design:

Spray water distribution makes the tower more freeze-resistant.

Breakup of water in spray makes heat transfer more efficient.

Disadvantages of the counterflow design:

Typically higher initial and long-term cost, primarily due to pump requirements. Difficult to use variable water flow, as spray characteristics may be negatively affected.

Common aspects

Common aspects of both designs:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Package_Type_Forced_Draft_Counter_Flow_Cooling_Towers.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Package_Type_Forced_Draft_Counter_Flow_Cooling_Towers.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Counterflow_diagram.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Counterflow_diagram.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Package_Type_Forced_Draft_Counter_Flow_Cooling_Towers.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Package_Type_Forced_Draft_Counter_Flow_Cooling_Towers.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Counterflow_diagram.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Counterflow_diagram.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Package_Type_Forced_Draft_Counter_Flow_Cooling_Towers.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Package_Type_Forced_Draft_Counter_Flow_Cooling_Towers.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Counterflow_diagram.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Counterflow_diagram.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Package_Type_Forced_Draft_Counter_Flow_Cooling_Towers.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Package_Type_Forced_Draft_Counter_Flow_Cooling_Towers.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Counterflow_diagram.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Counterflow_diagram.svg


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Fan-induced draft, counter-flow cooling tower

Using these flow rates and concentration dimensional units:

M = Make-up water in m/h

C = Circulating water in m/h

D = Draw-off water in m/h

E = Evaporated water in m/h

W = Windage loss of water in m/h

X = Concentration inppmw(of any completely soluble salts ... usually chlorides)

XM = Concentration ofchloridesin make-up water (M), in ppmw

XC = Concentration of chlorides in circulating water (C), in ppmw

Cycles = Cycles of concentration = XC/ XM(dimensionless)

ppmw = parts per million by weight
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts_per_notationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts_per_notationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts_per_notationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloridehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloridehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloridehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CoolingTower.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloridehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts_per_notation


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A water balance around the entire system is then:[13]

M = E + D + W

Since the evaporated water (E) has no salts, a chloride balance around the system is:[13]

and, therefore:[13]

From a simplified heat balance around the cooling tower:

where:

HV = latent heat of vaporization of water = 2260 kJ / kg

T = water temperature difference from tower top to tower bottom, in C

cp = specific heat of water = 4.184 kJ / (kg C)

Windage (or drift) losses (W) is the amount of total tower water flow that is evaporated into the

atmosphere. From large-scale industrial cooling towers, in the absence of manufacturer's data, itmay be assumed to be:

W= 0.3 to 1.0 percent of C for a natural draft cooling tower without windage drift eliminators

W= 0.1 to 0.3 percent of C for an induced draft cooling tower without windage drift eliminators

W= about 0.005 percent of C (or less) if the cooling tower has windage drift eliminators

W= about 0.0005 percent of C (or less) if the cooling tower has windage drift eliminators and

uses sea water as make-up water.

Cycles of concentration
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-Beychok2-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-Beychok2-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-Beychok2-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-Beychok2-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-Beychok2-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-Beychok2-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-Beychok2-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-Beychok2-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-Beychok2-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-Beychok2-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-Beychok2-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-Beychok2-13


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Cycles of concentration represents the accumulation of dissolved minerals in the recirculating

cooling water. Draw-off (or blowdown) is used principally to control the buildup of these

minerals.

The chemistry of the make-up water including the amount of dissolved minerals can vary widely.

Make-up waters low in dissolved minerals such as those from surface water supplies (lakes,rivers etc.) tend to be aggressive to metals (corrosive). Make-up waters from ground water

supplies (wells) are usually higher in minerals and tend to bescaling(deposit minerals).

Increasing the amount of minerals present in the water by cycling can make water less aggressiveto piping however excessive levels of minerals can cause scaling problems.

As the cycles of concentration increase, the water may not be able to hold the minerals insolution. When thesolubilityof these minerals have been exceeded they canprecipitateout as

mineral solids and cause fouling and heat exchange problems in the cooling tower or theheat

exchangers.The temperatures of the recirculating water, piping and heat exchange surfaces

determine if and where minerals will precipitate from the recirculating water. Often a

professional water treatment consultant will evaluate the make-up water and the operatingconditions of the cooling tower and recommend an appropriate range for the cycles of

concentration. The use of water treatment chemicals, pretreatment such aswater softening,pHadjustment, and other techniques can affect the acceptable range of cycles of concentration.

Concentration cycles in the majority of cooling towers usually range from 3 to 7. In the UnitedStates, many water supplies are well waters and have significant levels of dissolved solids. On

the other hand, one of the largest water supplies, forNew York City,has a surface rainwater

source quite low in minerals; thus cooling towers in that city are often allowed to concentrate to

7 or more cycles of concentration.

Water treatment

Besides treating the circulating cooling water in large industrial cooling tower systems to

minimize scaling andfouling,the water should befilteredand also be dosed withbiocidesand

algaecidesto prevent growths that could interfere with the continuous flow of the water.[12]

Under certain conditions, a biofilm of micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae can

grow very rapidly in the cooling water and can reduce the heat transfer efficiency of the cooling

water. Biofilm can be reduced or prevented by using chlorine or other chemicals. Other

technologies to control algae and biofilm include:[14][15]

Pulsed Technology: applies high frequency electrical pulses to break open biosolid cell

membranes. Ultrasonic algae and biofilm control: controls algae by emitting ultrasonic frequencies which

can rupture different cell organelles such as the vacuoles tonoplast, cell wall or membrane and

the gas vesicles of blue-green algae. Specific ultrasonic vibrations around a submerged surface

can inhibit bacteria from settling and thus forming a biofilm.

Chlorine Dioxide Generation Systems:[16]Chlorine dioxide is effective in the control of

microbiological growths in industrial cooling waters under conditions unfavorable to chlorine. It

is particularly effective in systems having a high pH, ammonia-nitrogen contamination,

persistent slime problems, or where the microbial contamination is aggravated by
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limescalehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limescalehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limescalehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchangershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchangershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchangershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchangershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softeninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softeninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softeninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foulinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foulinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foulinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_%28water%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_%28water%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_%28water%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaecidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaecidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-Beychok-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-Beychok-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-Beychok-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-Beychok-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaecidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_%28water%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foulinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softeninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchangershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchangershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limescale


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contamination with vegetable or mineral oils, phenols or other high chlorine-demand producing

compounds.

For closed loop evaporative towers,corrosion inhibitorsmay be used, but caution should be

taken to meet local environmental regulations as some inhibitors usechromates.

Legionnaires' disease

Legionella pneumophila(5000x magnification)

Further information:LegionellosisandLegionella

Another very important reason for using biocides in cooling towers is to prevent the growth ofLegionella,including species that causelegionellosisor Legionnaires' disease, most notablyL.

pneumophila,[17]

orMycobacterium avium.[18]

The variousLegionellaspecies are the cause of

Legionnaires' disease in humans and transmission is via exposure toaerosolsthe inhalation of

mist droplets containing the bacteria. Common sources ofLegionellainclude cooling towers

used in open recirculating evaporative cooling water systems, domestic hot water systems,fountains, and similar disseminators that tap into a public water supply. Natural sources include

freshwater ponds and creeks.

French researchers found thatLegionellabacteria travelled up to 6 kilometres through the air

from a large contaminated cooling tower at a petrochemical plant in Pas-de-Calais, France. Thatoutbreak killed 21 of the 86 people who had a laboratory-confirmed infection.

[19]

Drift (or windage) is the term for water droplets of the process flow allowed to escape in thecooling tower discharge. Drift eliminators are used in order to hold drift rates typically to 0.001

0.005% of the circulating flow rate. A typical drift eliminator provides multiple directional

changes of airflow while preventing the escape of water droplets. A well-designed and well-fitted drift eliminator can greatly reduce water loss and potential forLegionellaor other chemicalexposure.

Many governmental agencies, cooling tower manufacturers and industrial trade organizations

have developed design and maintenance guidelines for preventing or controlling the growth of

Legionellain cooling towers. Below is a list of sources for such guidelines:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_inhibitorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_inhibitorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_inhibitorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellosishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellosishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellosishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellosishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellosishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellosishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_aviumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_aviumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legionella_pneumophila_(SEM)_2.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legionella_pneumophila_(SEM)_2.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legionella_pneumophila_(SEM)_2.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legionella_pneumophila_(SEM)_2.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_aviumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower#cite_note-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellosishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellosishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_inhibitors


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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)PDF (1.35 MB)- Procedure for Cleaning Cooling

Towers and Related Equipment (pages 225 and 226)

Cooling Technology InstitutePDF (240 KB)- Best Practices for Control of Legionella, July, 2006

Association of Water TechnologiesPDF (964 KB)- Legionella 2003: An Update and Statement

California Energy CommissionPDF (194 KB)- Cooling Water Management Program Guidelines For

Wet and Hybrid Cooling Towers at Power Plants

SPX Cooling TechnologiesPDF (119 KB)- Cooling Towers Maintenance Procedures

SPX Cooling TechnologiesPDF (789 KB)- ASHRAE Guideline 12-2000 - Minimizing the Risk of

Legionellosis

SPX Cooling TechnologiesPDF (83.1 KB)- Cooling Tower Inspection Tips {especially page 3 of 7}

Tower Tech Modular Cooling TowersPDF (109 KB)- Legionella Control

GE Infrastructure Water & Process Technologies Betz DearbornPDF (195 KB)- Chemical Water

Treatment Recommendations For Reduction of Risks Associated with Legionella in Open

Recirculating Cooling Water Systems

Terminology

Fill plates at the bottom of theIru Power Plantcooling tower (Estonia). Tower is shut down, revealing

numerous water spray heads.

Telescopic handlerused for moving fill inside cooling tower
http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/guidelines/eic_in_HCF_03.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/guidelines/eic_in_HCF_03.pdfhttp://www.cti.org/downloads/WTP-148.pdfhttp://www.cti.org/downloads/WTP-148.pdfhttp://www.awt.org/Legionella03.pdfhttp://www.awt.org/Legionella03.pdfhttp://www.energy.ca.gov/2005publications/CEC-700-2005-025/CEC-700-2005-025.PDFhttp://www.energy.ca.gov/2005publications/CEC-700-2005-025/CEC-700-2005-025.PDFhttp://spxcooling.com/pdf/M99-1342.pdfhttp://spxcooling.com/pdf/M99-1342.pdfhttp://spxcooling.com/pdf/guide12.pdfhttp://spxcooling.com/pdf/guide12.pdfhttp://spxcooling.com/pdf/M92-1474C.pdfhttp://spxcooling.com/pdf/M92-1474C.pdfhttp://www.towertechinc.com/documents/Legionella_Control_White_Paper_05072004.pdfhttp://www.towertechinc.com/documents/Legionella_Control_White_Paper_05072004.pdfhttp://www.gewater.com/pdf/tech73.pdfhttp://www.gewater.com/pdf/tech73.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iru_Power_Planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iru_Power_Planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iru_Power_Planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopic_handlerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopic_handlerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telescopic_handler_used_for_cooling_tower_construction.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telescopic_handler_used_for_cooling_tower_construction.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Floor_of_cooling_tower,_Iru_Power_Plant,_2.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Floor_of_cooling_tower,_Iru_Power_Plant,_2.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telescopic_handler_used_for_cooling_tower_construction.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telescopic_handler_used_for_cooling_tower_construction.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Floor_of_cooling_tower,_Iru_Power_Plant,_2.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Floor_of_cooling_tower,_Iru_Power_Plant,_2.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telescopic_handler_used_for_cooling_tower_construction.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telescopic_handler_used_for_cooling_tower_construction.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Floor_of_cooling_tower,_Iru_Power_Plant,_2.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Floor_of_cooling_tower,_Iru_Power_Plant,_2.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telescopic_handler_used_for_cooling_tower_construction.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telescopic_handler_used_for_cooling_tower_construction.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Floor_of_cooling_tower,_Iru_Power_Plant,_2.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Floor_of_cooling_tower,_Iru_Power_Plant,_2.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopic_handlerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iru_Power_Planthttp://www.gewater.com/pdf/tech73.pdfhttp://www.towertechinc.com/documents/Legionella_Control_White_Paper_05072004.pdfhttp://spxcooling.com/pdf/M92-1474C.pdfhttp://spxcooling.com/pdf/guide12.pdfhttp://spxcooling.com/pdf/M99-1342.pdfhttp://www.energy.ca.gov/2005publications/CEC-700-2005-025/CEC-700-2005-025.PDFhttp://www.awt.org/Legionella03.pdfhttp://www.cti.org/downloads/WTP-148.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/guidelines/eic_in_HCF_03.pdf


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Windageor DriftWater droplets that are carried out of the cooling tower with the exhaust

air. Drift droplets have the same concentration of impurities as the water entering the tower.

The drift rate is typically reduced by employing baffle-like devices, called drift eliminators,

through which the air must travel after leaving the fill and spray zones of the tower. Drift can

also be reduced by using warmer entering cooling tower temperatures.

Blow-outWater droplets blown out of the cooling tower by wind, generally at the air inlet

openings. Water may also be lost, in the absence of wind, through splashing or misting. Devices

such as wind screens, louvers, splash deflectors and water diverters are used to limit these

losses.

PlumeThe stream of saturated exhaust air leaving the cooling tower. The plume is visible

when water vapor it contains condenses in contact with cooler ambient air, like the saturated air

in one's breath fogs on a cold day. Under certain conditions, a cooling tower plume may present

fogging or icing hazards to its surroundings. Note that the water evaporated in the cooling

process is "pure" water, in contrast to the very small percentage of drift droplets or water blown

out of the air inlets.

Draw-offor Blow-downThe portion of the circulating water flow that is removed (usually

discharged to a drain) in order to maintain the amount ofTotal Dissolved Solids(TDS) and other

impurities at an acceptably low level. Higher TDS concentration in solution may result fromgreater cooling tower efficiency. However the higher the TDS concentration, the greater the risk

of scale, biological growth and corrosion. The amount of blow-down is primarily designated by

measuring by the electrical conductivity of the circulating water. Biological growth, scaling and

corrosion can be prevented by chemicals (respectively, biocide, sulfuric acid, corrosion

inhibitor). On the other hand, the only practical way to decrease the electrical conductivity is by

increasing the amount of blow-down discharge and subsequently increasing the amount of

clean make-up water.

Make-upThe water that must be added to the circulating water system in order to

compensate for water losses such as evaporation, drift loss, blow-out, blow-down, etc.

NoiseSound energy emitted by a cooling tower and heard (recorded) at a given distance and

direction. The sound is generated by the impact of falling water, by the movement of air by fans,the fan blades moving in the structure, vibration of the structure, and the motors, gearboxes or

drive belts.

ApproachThe approach is the difference in temperature between the cooled-water

temperature and the entering-airwet bulb temperature(twb). Since the cooling towers are

based on the principles of evaporative cooling, the maximum cooling tower efficiency depends

on the wet bulb temperature of the air. The wet-bulb temperature is a type of temperature

measurement that reflects the physical properties of a system with a mixture of a gas and a

vapor, usually air and water vapor

RangeThe range is the temperature difference between the warm water inlet and cooled

water exit.

FillInside the tower, fills are added to increase contact surface as well as contact time

between air and water, to provide better heat transfer. The efficiency of the tower depends on

the selection and amount of fill. There are two types of fills that may be used:

o Film type fill(causes water to spread into a thin film)

o Splash type fill(breaks up falling stream of water and interrupts its vertical progress)

Full-Flow FiltrationFull-flow filtration continuously strains particulates out of the entire

system flow. For example, in a 100-ton system, the flow rate would be roughly 300 gal/min. A

filter would be selected to accommodate the entire 300 gal/min flow rate. In this case, the filter
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typically is installed after the cooling tower on the discharge side of the pump. While this is the

ideal method of filtration, for higher flow systems it may be cost-prohibitive.

Side-Stream FiltrationSide-stream filtration, although popular and effective, does not

provide complete protection. With side-stream filtration, a portion of the water is filtered

continuously. This method works on the principle that continuous particle removal will keep the

system clean. Manufacturers typically package side-stream filters on a skid, complete with a

pump and controls. For high flow systems, this method is cost-effective. Properly sizing a side-

stream filtration system is critical to obtain satisfactory filter performance, but there is some

debate over how to properly size the side-stream system. Many engineers size the system to

continuously filter the cooling tower basin water at a rate equivalent to 10% of the total

circulation flow rate. For example, if the total flow of a system is 1,200 gal/min (a 400-ton

system), a 120 gal/min side-stream system is specified.

Cycle of concentrationMaximum allowed multiplier for the amount of miscellaneous

substances in circulating water compared to the amount of those substances in make-up water.

Treated timberA structural material for cooling towers which was largely abandoned about

10 years ago.[when?]It is still used occasionally due to its low initial costs, in spite of its short life

expectancy. The life of treated timber varies a lot, depending on the operating conditions of the

tower, such as frequency of shutdowns, treatment of the circulating water, etc. Under properworking conditions, the estimated life of treated timber structural members is about 10 years.

LeachingThe loss of wood preservative chemicals by the washing action of the water flowing

through a wood structure cooling tower.

Pultruded FRPA common structural material for smaller cooling towers,fibre-reinforced

plastic(FRP) is known for its high corrosion-resistance capabilities. Pultuded FRP is produced

usingpultrusiontechnology, and has become the most common structural material for small

cooling towers. It offers lower costs and requires less maintenance compared to reinforced

concrete, which is still in use for large structures.

Fog production

Fog clouds produced by Eggborough Power Plant (UK)

Under certain ambient conditions, plumes of water vapor (fog) can be seen rising out of the

discharge from a cooling tower, and can be mistaken as smoke from a fire. If the outdoor air is at

or near saturation, and the tower adds more water to the air, saturated air with liquid waterdroplets can be discharged, which is seen as fog. This phenomenon typically occurs on cool,

humid days, but is rare in many climates.
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This phenomenon can be prevented by decreasing the relative humidity of the saturated

discharge air. For that purpose, in hybrid towers, saturated discharge air is mixed with heated

low relative humidity air. Some air enters the tower above drift eliminator level, passing throughheat exchangers. The relative humidity of the dry air is even more decreased instantly as being

heated while entering the tower. The discharged mixture has a relatively lower relative humidity

and the fog is invisible.

Salt emission pollution

When wet cooling towers with seawater make-up are installed in various industries located in ornear coastal areas, the drift of fine droplets emitted from the cooling towers contain nearly 6%

sodium chloride which deposits on the nearby land areas. This deposition of sodium salts on the

nearby agriculture/vegetative lands can convert them intosodic salineorsodic alkaline soils

depending on the nature of the soil. The salt deposition problem from such cooling towersaggravates where national pollution control standards are not imposed or not implemented to

minimize the drift emissions from wet cooling towers using seawater make-up.[20]

Respirable suspended particulate matter,of less than 10micrometers(m) in size, can be present

in the drift from cooling towers. Larger particles above 10 m in size are generally filtered out in

the nose and throat via cilia and mucus but particulate matter smaller than 10 m, referred to asPM10, can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems. Similarly, particles smaller

than 2.5 m, (PM2.5), tend to penetrate into the gas exchange regions of the lung, and very small

particles (less than 100 nanometers) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs. Thoughthe total particulate emissions from wet cooling towers with fresh water make-up is much less,

they contain more PM10and PM2.5than the total emissions from wet cooling towers with sea

water make-up. This is due to lesser salt content in fresh water drift (below 2,000 ppm)

compared to the salt content of sea water drift (60,000 ppm).[20]

Use as a flue-gas stack

Largehyperboloidcooling towers made of structural steel for a power plant in Kharkov (Ukraine)

At some modern power stations equipped withflue gas purification,such as thePower StationStaudinger Grosskrotzenburgand thePower Station Rostock,the cooling tower is also used as aflue-gas stack(industrial chimney), thus saving the cost of a separate chimney structure. At

plants without flue gas purification, problems with corrosion may occur, due to reactions of raw

flue gas with water to formacids.

Sometimes, natural draft cooling towers are constructed with structural steel in place of concrete

(RCC) when the construction time of natural draft cooling tower is exceeding the construction

time of the rest of the plant or the local soil is of poor strength to bear the heavy weight of RCCcooling towers or cement prices are higher at a site to opt for cheaper natural draft cooling

towers made of structural steel.
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Operation in freezing weather

Some cooling towers (such as smaller building air conditioning systems) are shut down

seasonally, drained, and winterized to prevent freeze damage.

During the winter, other sites continuously operate cooling towers with 40 F (4 C) waterleaving the tower. Basin heaters, tower draindown, and other freeze protection methods are oftenemployed in cold climates. Operational cooling towers with malfunctions can freeze during very

cold weather. Typically, freezing starts at the corners of a cooling tower with a reduced or absent

heat load. Severe freezing conditions can create growing volumes of ice, resulting in increasedstructural loads which can cause structural damage or collapse.

To prevent freezing, the following procedures are used:

Do not operate the tower unattended. Remote sensors and alarms may be installed to monitor

tower conditions.

Do not operate the tower without a heat load. Basin heaters may be used to keep the water inthe tower pan at an above-freezing temperature. Heat trace ("heating tape") is a resistive

heating element that is installed along water pipes to prevent freezing in cold climates .

Maintain design water flow rate over the tower fill.

Manipulate or reduce airflow to maintain water temperature above freezing point.[21]

Fire hazard

Cooling towers constructed in whole or in part of combustible materials can support internal firepropagation. Such fires can become very intense, due to the highsurface-volume ratioof the

towers, and fires can be further intensified by natural convection or fan-assisted draft. The

resulting damage can be sufficiently severe to require the replacement of the entire cell or towerstructure. For this reason, somecodesand standards

[22]recommend that combustible cooling

towers be provided with an automaticfire sprinkler system.Fires can propagate internally within

the tower structure when the cell is not in operation (such as for maintenance or construction),

and even while the tower is in operation, especially those of the induced-draft type, because ofthe existence of relatively dry areas within the towers.

[23]

Structural stability

Being very large structures, cooling towers are susceptible to wind damage, and several

spectacular failures have occurred in the past. AtFerrybridge power stationon 1 November

1965, the station was the site of a majorstructural failure,when three of the cooling towerscollapsed owing to vibrations in 85 mph (137 km/h) winds. Although the structures had been

built to withstand higher wind speeds, the shape of the cooling towers caused westerly winds to

be funnelled into the towers themselves, creating avortex.Three out of the original eight coolingtowers were destroyed, and the remaining five were severely damaged. The towers were later

rebuilt and all eight cooling towers were strengthened to tolerate adverse weather conditions.

Building codes were changed to include improved structural support, andwind tunneltests wereintroduced to check tower structures and configuration.
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Counter Flow Type

This cooling tower uses power driven fan to push or draw air through the filling of tower withoutbeing influenced by weather conditions (except for wet bulb temperature). The major principle of

mechanical draft counter flow tower is that air flows upward through the filling vertically and

water falls down in opposite direction, so water and air are encountered in parallel.

Menara pendingin ini menggunakan daya driven fan untuk mendorong atau mengalirkan udara

melalui pengisian menara tanpa dipengaruhi oleh kondisi cuaca (kecuali untuk suhu bola basah).

Prinsip utama rancangan kontra menara aliran mekanik adalah bahwa udara mengalir ke atasmelalui mengisi vertikal dan air jatuh di arah yang berlawanan, sehingga air dan udara yang

ditemui secara paralel.

LDC Series|LBC Series
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Cross Flow Type

The major principle of mechanical draft cross flow uses fan drive for ventilation, so the airvelocities can be higher. The water is gravitating through the filling and air is crossing the filling

and water horizontally. For same water distribution area and horsepower, a crossflow design

usually provides a low air resistance thus enabling the tower to pass more air than counter flow

design.

Prinsip utama mekanik rancangan lintas aliran menggunakan fan drive untuk ventilasi, sehingga

kecepatan udara bisa lebih tinggi. Air gravitasi melalui mengisi dan udara melintasi mengisi danair horizontal. Untuk sama daerah distribusi air dan tenaga kuda, desain crossflow biasanya

memberikan hambatan udara rendah sehingga memungkinkan menara untuk lulus udara lebihdari desain aliran yang berlawanan.

LRC Series|LHC Series
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FanLess Type

This cooling tower is taking the advantage of the water pressure circulation pump forming thewater screen through special ejection pipe nozzles. High speed ejected water screen drives

ambient air nearby by moving the air and converting it into kinetic energy. Meanwhile, heat

exchange is proceeding. When water is mixed with air, it will enter the diffuser to increase the

pressure, when the heat is reaching the top of cooling tower, the high efficient eliminator canseparate water from hot air.

Menara pendingin ini adalah mengambil keuntungan dari tekanan sirkulasi pompa airmembentuk layar air melalui pipa khusus ejeksi nozel. Kecepatan tinggi dikeluarkan layar air

mendorong udara ambien terdekat dengan menggerakkan udara dan mengubahnya menjadienergi kinetik. Sementara itu, pertukaran panas melanjutkan. Ketika air dicampur dengan udara,itu akan memasuki diffuser untuk meningkatkan tekanan, ketika panas mencapai puncak menara

pendingin, eliminator efisien tinggi dapat memisahkan air dari udara panas.

gambar cooling tower

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