gale: the grapple adaptive learning environment paul de bra eindhoven university of technology...

GALE:The GRAPPLE Adaptive Learning Environment

Paul De BraEindhoven University of Technology

January 24, 2011GRAPPLE Public Event

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Main GALE Functionality

• Concept access 1. user model updates2. determine adaptive layout3. retrieve and adapt a “page” (xml file)• conditional inclusion of fragments/objects• adapt destination+presentation of links

4. generate additional parts: header, footer, accordion menu, …


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Creating Adaptive Courses

• Creating conceptual adaptation models– using authoring tools– understanding prerequisites

• Creating content (pages) for GALE– using templates and layout definitions– user model operations within pages

• Setting up the GRAPPLE infrastructure– combining an LMS with GALE– exchanging user model information


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Authoring Pages Separately


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Template-Based Authoring


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The GALE course model• A course consists of concepts and relationships• A concept has– properties: value given by the author– attributes:

• value determined by adaptation rules;• properties, includes data type, persistence, …• event code: what to do when the value changes

– a resource (selector): a URL or an expression to determine a URL

– event code: what to do when the concept is accessed


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GALE Code

• An author need not use any GALE code (adaptation rules and expressions)

• An author can use GALE code to make a course more adaptive (than without code)– conditions for inclusion of fragments– insert value of a property or attribute in

the page– complex stuff like generate lists of links


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Conditional Inclusion of Fragments

• Example from the course “hypermedia structures and systems” taught at the TU/e:– Before reading about Xanadu the URL page

shows:…In Xanadu (a fully distributed hypertext system, developed by Ted Nelson at Brown University, from 1965 on) there was only one protocol, so that part could be missing.…

– After reading about Xanadu this becomes:…In Xanadu there was only one protocol, so that part could be missing.…


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Conditional Inclusion of Fragments

• Use the GALE <if>, <then>, <else> tags• Write a GALE expression

…In <gale:a href=“xanadu”>Xanadu</gale:a><gale:if expr=“${xanadu#knowledge}<90”><gale:then>(a fully distributed hypertext system, developed by Ted Nelson at Brown University, from 1965 on)</gale:then></gale:if>there was only one protocol, so that part could be missing.…


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GALE Shorthand Code

• URI syntax, # for attributes, ? for properties

• ${…} for expressions, #{…} for assignments– ${#suitability}– ${#image?title}– ${->(parent)?type}– #{->(parent)#visited, ${->(parent)#visited}

+1};– "page".equals(${->(parent)?type})– #{gale://gale.tue.nl/personal#history,

gale.conceptUri()};January 24, 2011

GRAPPLE Public EventSlide 14

Including Course/User Info


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Including Course/User Info

• Show the user’s name:<gale:variable name="gale://gale.tue.nl/personal#name" />

• Include info generated by a plug-in:<gale:count method="done” uri="gale://gale.tue.nl/cam/MilkyWay />

• Show title of current concept:<gale:variable expr="${?title}"/>

• Include the image with URL from “image” property:<img width=“300”><gale:attr-variable name="src” expr="${?image}"/></img>


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Complex Page Constructs

• We consider one example: generting a list of links:


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Complex Page Constructs

• The <for> tag generates bits of xhtml from a list of objects:<ul> <gale:for var="concept" expr="${<-(isMoonOf)}”> <li><gale:a> <gale:variable expr="${%concept?title}"/> <gale:attr-variable name="href” expr=""%concept""/> </gale:a> </li> </gale:for></ul>


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Link Adaptation in GALE

• Standard schema:– links are good, neutral or bad;– link classes are used by a CSS stylesheet to

create the presentation color scheme

• Implementation:– default: gale://gale.tue.nl/config/link#classexpr– #link.classepr attribute of the current concept– (${#suitability}?($

{#visited}>0?\"neutral\":\"good\"):\"bad\")

• Icons can be configured as well


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Adaptive Link Destinations• Several pages for one concept– create several resources;– define an expression for each resource• Url: gale:/tutorial/readme.xhtml

Property (name): exprValue: ${#visited}==1 • Url: gale:/tutorial/welcome.xhtml

Property (name): exprValue: true

(${#visited)==1 ? ”gale:/tutorial/readme.xhtml” : "gale:/tutorial/welcome.xhtml")


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Adaptive Layout in GALE• A course has a layout with different frames or

“cells” (header, menu, footer, page)• Default layout is defined in

gale://gale.tue.nl/config/presentation#layout<struct cols="250px;*”> <view name="static-tree-view" /> <struct rows="60px;*;40px”> <view name="file-view" file="gale:/header.xhtml" / <content /> <p><hr />Next suggested concept to study: <view name="next-view" /></p> </struct></struct>


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“Complex” Layout Example

• The “hypermedia” course has adaptive layout:(escaping not done to make it easier to read)

(${gale://wwwis.win.tue.nl/2ID65/introductorypart#done} ? ("page".equals(${?type}) ? “<struct cols="20%;*”> <view name="static-tree-view"/> <content/> </struct>” : “” ) : “” )</default>

• If introductorypart is done then there is a non-trivial layout for pages, else there is no layout.


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Extensibility in GALE• Add modules to handle different XML tags• Add processors to handle different formats

(other than XML)• Create your own views• Add plug-ins (generate fragments or

pages)• Change code language (expression

syntax)• Add login managers• Add more Domain services (compile from

other formats besides CAM) January 24, 2011GRAPPLE Public Event

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