future trends in natural hazard losses dave petley, durham university 6 th april 2013 email:...
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Future trends in natural hazard losses
Dave Petley, Durham University
6th April 2013
Email: [email protected]: @davepetley
Blog: http://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/
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Context
Copyright © AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
Prediction is very difficult, especially about the future.Niels Bohr
The future, according to some scientists, will be exactly like the past, only far more expensive.John Sladek
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IPCC view of role of physical and social issues in hydrometeorological disasters
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Number of natural hazard events and number of fatalities (EM-DAT data)
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Flooding in China
Flooding in China
Fatalities
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Number of natural hazard events and number of fatalities (EM-DAT data)
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Number of natural hazard events and number of fatalities (EM-DAT data)
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Trends in total numbers are driven by hydrometeorological events
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In the last decade Tropical cyclone energy has been unusually low
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Ryan Maue: http://policlimate.com/tropical/
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Or: international strategies?
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1970 1980 1990 2000 20100
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Earthquakes and volcanoes
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Simkin and Siebert (1994): number of active volcanoes
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USGS data on occurrence of large earthquakes (M≥6.5)
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USGS data on occurrence of large earthquakes (M≥6.5)
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Future of hydro-meteorological hazards – IPCC SREX report
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• Mean temperature (or precipitation etc) might rise
• Weather may become more variable
• Change in shape – shift towards higher extremes
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Exposure to Tropical cyclones
Exposure to Floods
IPCC SREX report
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Future earthquake hazard – a case study from Nepal
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Copyright © AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
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Kathmandu destroyed in an earthquake in 1934?20,000 deaths
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x of x Version 3.0 Copyright © AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
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Himalayan Seismic gaps (Roger Bilham)
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Himalayan earthquake potential (Roger Bilham)
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Scenario – rupture of 1505 fault section
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Geology map of Nepal
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Dahal 2013
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Topographic map of Nepal
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NPCS 2013
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Population density map of Nepal
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NPCS 2013
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Likely pattern of shaking – Wenchuan data
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Xiao Yun Li
Pea
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atio
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gals
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x of x Version 3.0 Copyright © AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
Pea
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n (
gals
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Likely pattern of shaking – Wenchuan dataXiao Yun Li
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x of x Version 3.0 Copyright © AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
Pea
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Likely pattern of shaking – Wenchuan dataXiao Yun Li
50 km = 200 gal
100 km = 100 gal
10 km = 550 gal
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Population density map of Nepal
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NPCS 2013
Zone of >0.2 g shaking
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Population density map of Nepal
x of x Version 3.0 Copyright © AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
NPCS 2013
Zone of >0.2 g shaking
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Impacts
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• Kathmandu – even a M=7.0 event is expected to kill 100,000 people in the city
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Hospitals, schools and the airport
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Road network
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Kathmandu access roads are very landslide prone
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Nepal earthquake scenario
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• M=8 earthquake affects Western Nepal
• >100,000 people killed in Kathmandu Valley (probably much higher)• Most of 2.5 million people rendered homeless• All utilities (water, power, communications) lost
• Kathmandu airport runway inoperable• Kathmandu valley access roads completely blocked by landslides• Current thinking is that it will be three weeks before communication lines
are reopened• All access via north India, which will also have been profoundly affected
• Very high levels of loss in rural areas• Communications lines exceptionally difficult in those regions
• i.e. Haiti, but much worse
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The future: threatened cities from earthquakes
Map: University of Colorado and NYT
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Arctic sea ice death spiral: https://sites.google.com/site/pettitclimategraphs/pettit-climate-graphs
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Future patterns of loss
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• Greater economic costs are inevitable – more assets to destroy
• Hazardous events:– Hydrometeorological disasters will probably increase as extremes become more
common
• But some may decrease in some areas (e.g. tropical cyclones?)
– No effective change in rate of tectonic hazards
• Patterns of vulnerability will change– Greater economic assets provide resilience– But a larger urban population changes patterns of risk– Increased pressures from climate change?
• We should anticipate the million fatality or trillion dollar loss event