future and mobility – a glimpse of future transports · case study: energy consumption for road...

FUTURE AND MOBILITY – A GLIMPSE OF FUTURE TRANSPORTS VOLKSWAGEN AG | KONZERNFORSCHUNG ANTRIEBE | DR. MARTIN LOHRMANN KSLA WORKSHOP │ STOCKHOLM │ 26. AUGUST 2016

2 Group Research | Energy Carriers | K-GERAB/E | Dr. Martin Lohrmann

VOLKSWAGEN GROUP RESEARCH THE BRANDS – OUR CUSTOMERS


HEADQUARTER Wolfsburg VTT

Technical Representative Tokyo

VRC Volkswagen Research Lab China

Shanghai

VOLKSWAGEN VARTA Microbattery/Ellwangen

CARNET Barcelona

BALLARD COOPERATION Vancouver, Kanada

ERL ELECTRONIC RESEARCH LAB

Belmont, California

VOLKSWAGEN GROUP RESEARCH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LOCATIONS


VALUE CREATION IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY IS UNDERGOING CHANGE

E-mobility

Downsizing

Plug-In-Hybrid

Digitalization

CO2-emissions

Connected Car

Car-Sharing

Battery technology

Hydrogen

Sustainability Urbanization

Major cities

Climate change

Peak Oil Lithium-ion Autonomous Driving


CHALLENGES CO2-REGULATION

Greenhouse-Gas II

2020 125 g CO2/km

Draft: emissions from passenger cars (Phase IV)

2020 5 l/100km

premise 2025 87 g CO2/km

premise 2025 4 l/100km

CO2-emissions from new passenger cars

2020 95 g CO2/km

premise 2025 ≤ 78 CO2/km

Europe USA China


2010 2050

Fuel

con

sum

ptio

n [l/

100k

m]

FUEL TRENDS FOR TRANSPORT

politics mileage efficiency

busin

ess e

nviro

nmen

t

2010 2050

-70%

Tota

l EU

tran

spor

t CO

2 em

issio

ns [t

]

2010 2050

Tota

l tra

nspo

rt m

ileag

e [k

m]

fuel

tren

ds

(1) Electrification of transport

(2) CO2-reduced fuels for transport


CASE STUDY: ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR ROAD TRAFFIC IN THE EU* FUEL TRENDS FOR PRIVATE AND COMMERCIAL TRANSPORT

fossil fuels CO2-reduced fuels electric mobility

2010 2050

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

road

traf

fic E

U

[Mto

e]

2030

100

200

300 Political target*: reduction of GHG-emissions of transport by 70%

The use of fossil fuels for road traffic needs to be reduced to one third until 2050.

* 2011 EU WHITE PAPER: Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system



(1) Electrification 50% of individual mobility will be covered electrically by 2050 (BEV + PHEV)

How much energy will be consumed by road transport in total?

2010 2050

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

road

traf

fic E

U

[Mto

e]

2030

100

200

300

? (2) CO2-reduced fuels Amount of „green“ fuels for transport will sevenfold by 2050.


CASE STUDY: ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR ROAD TRAFFIC IN THE EU*

FUEL TRENDS FOR PRIVATE AND COMMERCIAL TRANSPORT

*based on data of IEA Mobility Modell, progtrans, World Transport reports 2012/2013, own consumptions





2010 2050

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

road

traf

fic E

U

[Mto

e]

2030

100

200

300

(2) CO2-reduced fuels Amount of „green“ fuels for transport will sevenfold by 2050.




E-GOLF TODAY

Technical Data

Maximum speed: 140 km/h

Electric motor: 85 kW

Torque: 270 Nm

Consumption, NEFZ: 12.7 kWh/100 km

Electrical range (NEFZ): 190 km

Energy content battery 24.2 kWh


LITHIUM-ION BATTERY: ROADMAP FOR HIGH-ENERGY BATTERIES

Conventional lithium-ion technology

All-electric range in km **

2010 2020

* Energy density per cell ** Based on a battery with a cell volume of approx. 100 litres

100

200

300

400

500

600

2030

700

190 km 260 Wh/L*

300 km 380 Wh/L*

11 Powertrain research

Timescale research level


BEYOND LITHIUM-ION BATTERY: SOLID STATE BATTERY Solid-state battery

New battery technologies

Conventional lithium-ion technology

All-electric range in km **

2010 2020

* Energy density per cell ** Based on a battery with a cell volume of approx. 100 litres

100

200

300

400

500

600

2030

700

190 km 260 Wh/L*

300 km 380 Wh/L*

380 km 510 Wh/L*

500 km 650 Wh/L* 700 km

1000 Wh/L*

12 Powertrain research

Timescale research level


Access charging station Standardized authentication and billing

Charging interface Worldwide standardization of the charging plug

Charging capacity HV-batteries with high energy content require higher charging capacities.

Regenerative energy Further expansion of CO2-neutral mobility

Charging infrastructure Extensive provision of charging stations

Charging comfort Automatic charging via induction

Operation Economic efficiency of operation of charging stations

CHALLENGES OF CHARGING


ASSUMPTION: 5 % OR 30 % BEV IN 2030 HIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTURE FOR BEVS*

Influence of vehicle range

Example: highway trip

BEV (2030)

Gasoline / Diesel

Refueling at service area necessary Route without refueling

Number of refueling operations is increasing Individual demand adaption

charging time ~15 minutes for 80% state-of-charge Stressing of the battery

Fast-charging stations (200kW)

− −

current parking placeper service area

DC charging stations

5 % BEV: 14

70

30 % BEV: 103

+

Connecting power from the grid for service areas of 2.5 MW for 5 % BEV and 20 MW for 30 % BEV in 2030 is required!

* assuming 500km NEFZ-range in 2030


FUEL CELL

Volkswagen NMS HyMotion

Audi A7 Sportback h-tron quattro


HYMOTION4 – TWO VEHICLE CONCEPTS WITH ONE FUEL-CELL SYSTEM FOURTH GENERATION OF FUEL CELL VEHICLES IN VOLKSWAGEN GROUP RESEARCH

HyMotion 4 Performance: 80 kW

E-machine: 100 kW vmax: 160 km/h 0-100 km/h: 12 sec Range: 420 km Battery: 1.1 kWh

E-machine: 2 x 85 kW vmax : 180 km/h 0-100 km/h: 8 sec Range: > 500 km Battery: 9.5 kWh

Audi A7 Sportback h-tron quattro Volkswagen NMS HyMotion


HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP (INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY – IEA)

“Based on the scenario results […], the market for passenger FCEVs could be fully sustainable 15 years after introduction of the first 10 000 FCEVs.“ Requirements • Fuel/energy tax exemption • No car and registration taxes • Rapid market penetration supported by

subsidies for customer, OEM and infrastructure

[U

SD/k

m]

Source: IEA 2015, Technology Roadmap, Hydrogen and Fuel Cells


0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%M

cK IC

E

McK

EV

McK

FC

V

IPC

C 2

100

Frau

nhof

er M

ediu

m

Frau

nhof

er 4

50pp

m

Frau

nhof

er 4

00pp

m

IEA

2DS

NR

C e

ffici

ency

onl

y

NR

C P

EV

inte

nsiv

e

NR

C F

CV

inte

nsiv

e

NR

C C

NG

inte

nsiv

e

WE

C F

reew

ay

WE

C T

ollw

ay

Existing scenarios

Shar

e of

veh

icle

s or

trac

tion

Batteries

Hydrogen

Fuels

MOBILITY SCENARIOS 2050

Source: McKinsey & Company (2010), Palzer & Henning (2014), IPCC (2014), Schade et. Al. (2010), IEA (2012), NRC (2013), WEC (2011)

Fuels including hybridisation

PHEV: 50% Battery, 50% Fuel

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Mean


Diesel Hybrid Truck

ENERGY CARRIER TRENDS IN CARGO AND PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION

Catenary Truck

CNG City Bus Battery / Fuel Cell City Bus




2010 2050

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

road

traf

fic E

U

[Mto

e]

2030

100

200

300

(2) CO2-reduced fuels Amount of „green“ fuels for transport will sevenfold by 2050.




21 Group Research | Energy Carriers | K-GERAB/E | Dr. Martin Lohrmann 21

CO2-REDUCED FUELS

CO2

Photosynthesis Decomposition of biomass

Conversion to fuel

Combustion


CO2-REDUCED FUELS

Biomass

Biomass-to-Liquid

Ethanol Biomethane

Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO)

CO2 / Light Green Electricity Algae

based fuels

Power-to- Liquid

Power- to-Gas


CLASSIFICATION OF BIOFUELS AND THEIR COMPETITION

Type Example No competition with

• Conversion/use of sugar, starch and oil

• Conversion of cellulose

• Conversion of cellulose from residues via algae/bacteria/yeast

• „Green” electricity as basis • Modified photosynthesis with algae

or bacteria

• Ethanol from sugar beets, wheat • HVO** from rape seed

• Biomethane from grass silage • Diesel from wood

• Ethanol from straw • Biomethane from straw • Diesel from residual wood

• Power-to-Fuel / E-Gas • Ethanol

Evo

lutio

n pa

thw

ay o

f bio

fuel

s

food land use* biomass

* Agricultural land ** HVO Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil


MODIFIED PHOTOSYNTHESIS WITH ALGAE OR BACTERIA

Challenges biotechnology:

► Fuel production with limited cell growth

► Optimized metabolism for fuel

► Tolerance of the cells (e.g. salt, temperature)

► Secretion of the fuel

Cyanobacteria as miniaturised plant for direct fuel production

25 Renewable fuels | Audi e-gas project | AUDI AG Seite

Audi e-diesel/e-ethanol demonstration plant in Hobbs, New Mexico, USA


Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

CxHy H2

Diesel filling station

Grid “Green” electricity Charging station

Electricity Electricity

Methanation

H2

Methane storage / Natural gas network

Natural gas filling station

CH4

CO2 Direct feeding

The question of future vehicle concepts can only be answered in context with future energy solutions of the energy sector.

Power plant

H2

Power plant

CH4

Electricity

Electrolysis

H2 storage H2 filling station

H2

H2 Electricity

OPTIONS FOR STORING AND USING „GREEN“ ELECTRICITY


Power-to-Gas: Audi e-gas plant | Werlte (Germany) Q

uelle

: EW

E N

etz


Electrolysis & Methanisation Unit


Technological highlights of the Audi e-gas plant

► Complex heat management with biogas plant ► Target: Overall efficiency ratio >70%

► World’s largest methanation reactor (manufactured by MAN) ► e-gas production: max. approx. 1000 t p.a.

► World’s first industrial power-to-gas plant ► Rated output of electrolysis: 6 MW ► Target: Intermittent operation, use of surplus renewable electricity


POSSIBLE EVOLUTION OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR

REEV

FCEV

BEV

ICE

Hybrid

Ene

rgy

(100

%)

Conventional fuels

Biofuels

Short distance mobility

Electricity

Long distance mobility

2010 2040 2020 2030


THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

future and mobility – a glimpse of future transports · case study: energy consumption for road...

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