fungsi organel 091
DESCRIPTION
FUNGSI ORGANEL 091FUNGSI ORGANEL 091 FUNGSI ORGANEL 091FUNGSI ORGANEL 091 FUNGSI ORGANEL 091 FUNGSI ORGANEL 091FUNGSI ORGANEL 091 FUNGSI ORGANEL 091TRANSCRIPT
FUNGSI ORGANEL SELFUNGSI ORGANEL SELFUNGSI ORGANEL SELFUNGSI ORGANEL SEL• Pentingnya Sel Pentingnya Sel • Semua organisma tersusun oleh sel Semua organisma tersusun oleh sel • Sel adalah kumpulan dari materi yang Sel adalah kumpulan dari materi yang
paling sederhana yang dapat hiduppaling sederhana yang dapat hidup
• Sel Eukaryotik• Mempunyai membran internal yang luas,
membentuk organel• Setiap organel mempunyai fungsi yang
spesifik• contoh
– Sel hewan– Sel tanaman
• A animal cell
Rough ER Smooth ER
Centrosome
CYTOSKELETON
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Microvilli
Peroxisome
Lysosome
Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes
In animal cells but not plant cells:LysosomesCentriolesFlagella (in some plant sperm)
Nucleolus
Chromatin
NUCLEUS
Flagelium
Intermediate filaments
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Mitochondrion
Nuclear envelope
Plasma membrane
Figure 6.9
• A plant cell
In plant cells but not animal cells:ChloroplastsCentral vacuole and tonoplastCell wallPlasmodesmata
CYTOSKELETON
Ribosomes (small brwon dots)
Central vacuole
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth
endoplasmic reticulum
ChromatinNUCLEUS
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Chloroplast
PlasmodesmataWall of adjacent cell
Cell wall
Golgi apparatus
Peroxisome
Tonoplast
Centrosome
Plasma membrane
Mitochondrion
Figure 6.9
Nucleus:
• Inti merupakan “Genetic Library of the Cell”
• Sel Eukaryotic mempunyai suatu inti yang berisi gen selular dalam wujud chromatin.
• Chromatin adalah suatu adalah kompleks DNA dan protein.
• Selama mitosis chromatin membentuk chromosomes.
• Inti di bungkus oleh membran yang memisahkan dengan sitoplasma
Figure 6.10
Nucleus
NucleusNucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear envelope:Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Nuclear pore
Rough ER
Porecomplex
Surface of nuclear envelope.
Pore complexes (TEM). Nuclear lamina (TEM).
Close-up of nuclearenvelope
Ribosome
1 µm
1 µm
0.25 µm
Ribosomes
• Ribosomes• Merupakan pabrik Protein di dalam sel• Ribosomes terdiri atas RNA dan protein
dan mempunyai fungsi akan manyatukan polypeptides dari amino subunit asam.
– Carry out protein synthesis
ER
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Ribosomes Cytosol
Free ribosomes
Bound ribosomes
Largesubunit
Smallsubunit
TEM showing ER and ribosomes Diagram of a ribosome
0.5 µm
Figure 6.11
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Merupakan “Biosynthetic Factory”• Endoplasmic reticulum adalah suatu
sistem membran di dalam sel yang terlibat di dalam berbagai proses seperti sintese protein dan pengangkutan, metabolisme lemak dan sintesa steroid.
• ER dibedakan menjadi 2 bagian:
• Smooth ER • Rough ER Smooth ER
Rough ER
ER lumen
Cisternae
RibosomesTransport vesicle
Smooth ER
Transitional ER
Rough ER 200 µm
Nuclearenvelope
Figure 6.12
Fungsi Smooth ER
• Synthesizes lipids• Metabolizes carbohydrates• Stores calcium• Detoxifies poison
Fungsi Rough ER
• Has bound ribosomes• Produces proteins and membranes,
which are distributed by transport vesicles
• Menerima bahan yang dihasilkan oleh rough ER• Memodifikasi bahan yang dihasilkan oleh rough ER • Merupakan pabrik makromolekul tertentu• Apparatus Golgi adalah bagian dari sistem
membran di dalam sel • Apparatus Golgi memodifikasi protein dan
membawa mereka ke permukaan sel untuk dapat dikeluarkan.
• Yang dikeluarkan meliputi hormon, enzim, antibodi dan molekul lain.
Apparatus Golgi
Golgiapparatus
TEM of Golgi apparatus
cis face(“receiving” side ofGolgi apparatus)
Vesicles movefrom ER to Golgi Vesicles also
transport certainproteins back to ER
Vesicles coalesce toform new cis Golgi cisternae
Cisternalmaturation:Golgi cisternaemove in a cis-to-transdirection
Vesicles form andleave Golgi, carryingspecific proteins toother locations or tothe plasma mem-brane for secretion
Vesicles transport specificproteins backward to newerGolgi cisternae
Cisternae
trans face(“shipping” side ofGolgi apparatus)
0.1 0 µm16
5
2
3
4
• Functions of the Golgi apparatus
Figure 6.13
Lysosomes
• Lysosomes dibungkus oleh membran yang berfungsi dalam membantu mencerna molekul, dan mereka bisa lakukan ini oleh karena bagian dalam yang asam berisi enzim pencernaan.
• Mereka juga membuat gula, asam amino, dan merupakan basis yang dapat membantu menciptakan awalan dari seluruh makromolekul yang mereka cerna.
• Lysosomes carry out intracellular digestion by– Phagocytosis
Figure 6.14 A(a) Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food
1 µm
Lysosome containsactive hydrolyticenzymes
Food vacuole fuses with lysosome
Hydrolyticenzymes digestfood particles
Digestion
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Lysosome
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Nucleus
• Autophagy
Figure 6.14 B(b) Autophagy: lysosome breaking down damaged organelle
Lysosome containingtwo damaged organelles 1 µ m
Mitochondrionfragment
Peroxisomefragment
Lysosome fuses withvesicle containingdamaged organelle
Hydrolytic enzymesdigest organellecomponents
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
Digestion
Lysosome
Vacuoles
• Pada sel tanaman atau fungi
• Food vacuoles– Dibentuk dari hasil phagocytosis
• Contractile vacuoles– Dengan cara memompa air keluar sel protista
• Central vacuoles– Are found in plant cells– Hold reserves of important organic
compounds and water
Central vacuole
Cytosol
Tonoplast
Centralvacuole
Nucleus
Cell wall
Chloroplast
5 µmFigure 6.15
• Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another
• Mitochondria– Are the sites of cellular respiration
• Chloroplasts– Found only in plants, are the sites of
photosynthesis
Mitochondria
• Mitochondria, merupakan organel yang lain di dalam sel eukaryotic, sering dikenal sebagai " pembangkit listrik" dari sel itu.
• Di sini, makanan yang kita makan diubah ke dalam bahan bakar atau energi untuk sel dan badan kita.
• Mitochondria mempunyai DNA mereka sendiri
Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion
• Mitochondria– Are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells
• Mitochondria are enclosed by two membranes– A smooth outer membrane– An inner membrane folded into cristae
Mitochondrion
Intermembrane space
Outermembrane
Freeribosomesin the mitochondrialmatrix
MitochondrialDNA
Innermembrane
Cristae
Matrix
100 µm
Chloroplasts
• Chloroplasts, seperti mitochondria,• Fotosintesis terjadi di dalam
chloroplasts memanfaatkan produk disandikan di dalam CHLOROPLAST
• Chloroplast juga mempunyai ribosomes sendiri
Chloroplasts: Capture of Light Energy
• The chloroplast– Is a specialized member of a family of closely related
plant organelles called plastids– Contains chlorophyll
• Chloroplasts– Are found in leaves and other green organs of plants and
in algae
Chloroplast
ChloroplastDNA
RibosomesStroma
Inner and outermembranes
Thylakoid
1 µm
Granum
• Chloroplast structure includes– Thylakoids, membranous sacs– Stroma, the internal fluid
Membran sel• Membran sel binatang
adalah sangat penting di dalam itu melindungi organelles dan juga menjaga partikel yang tak dikehendaki memasuki badan sel.
• Terbuat dari phospholipid bilayer yang mempunyai protein mengapung di dalamnya.
• Protein merupakan membran yang melapisi permukaan dalam dan luar dari sel
Peroxisomes: Oxidation
• Peroxisomes– Produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water
ChloroplastPeroxisome
Mitochondrion
1 µm
Figure 6.19
The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell
• The cytoskeleton– Is a network of fibers extending throughout the
cytoplasm
Figure 6.20
Microtubule
0.25 µm MicrofilamentsFigure 6.20
Roles of the Cytoskeleton: Support, Motility, and
Regulation
• The cytoskeleton– Gives mechanical support to the cell
– Is involved in cell motility, which utilizes motor proteins
VesicleATP
Receptor formotor protein
Motor protein(ATP powered)
Microtubuleof cytoskeleton
(a) Motor proteins that attach to receptors on organelles can “walk”the organelles along microtubules or, in some cases, microfilaments.
Microtubule Vesicles 0.25 µm
(b) Vesicles containing neurotransmitters migrate to the tips of nerve cell axons via the mechanism in (a). In this SEM of a squid giant axon, two vesicles can be seen moving along a microtubule. (A separate part of the experiment provided the evidence that they were in fact moving.)Figure 6.21 A, B
Components of the Cytoskeleton
• There are three main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton
Table 6.1
Microtubules• Microtubules
– Shape the cell– Guide movement of organelles– Help separate the chromosome
copies in dividing cells
Centrosomes and Centrioles
• The centrosome– Is considered to be a “microtubule-
organizing center”
– Contains a pair of centrioles
Centrosome
Microtubule
Centrioles
0.25 µm
Longitudinal sectionof one centriole
Microtubules Cross sectionof the other centrioleFigure 6.22
Cilia and Flagella
• Cilia and flagella– Contain specialized arrangements of
microtubules– Are locomotor appendages of some
cells
Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)• Microfilaments
– Are built from molecules of the protein actin– Are found in microvilli
0.25 µm
Microvillus
Plasma membrane
Microfilaments (actinfilaments)
Intermediate filaments
Figure 6.26
• Microfilaments that function in cellular motility– Contain the protein myosin in addition to actin
Actin filament
Myosin filament
Myosin motors in muscle cell contraction. (a)
Muscle cell
Myosin arm
Figure 6.27 A
Intermediate Filaments
• Intermediate filaments– Support cell shape– Fix organelles in place
Cell Walls of Plants
• The cell wall– Is an extracellular structure of plant cells
that distinguishes them from animal cells
• Plant cell walls– Are made of cellulose fibers embedded in other
polysaccharides and protein– May have multiple layers
Central vacuoleof cell
PlasmamembraneSecondarycell wallPrimarycell wall
Middlelamella
1 µm
Centralvacuoleof cell
Central vacuole CytosolPlasma membrane
Plant cell walls
PlasmodesmataFigure 6.28
The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells
• Animal cells– Lack cell walls– Are covered by an elaborate matrix, the ECM
• The ECM– Is made up of glycoproteins and other macromolecules
Collagen
Fibronectin
Plasmamembrane
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
Micro-filaments
CYTOPLASM
Integrins
Polysaccharidemolecule
Carbo-hydrates
Proteoglycanmolecule
Coreprotein
Integrin
Figure 6.29
A proteoglycan complex
• Functions of the ECM include– Support– Adhesion– Movement– Regulation