fundamentals of detector physics and measurements lab -...
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1
U.S. Particle Accelerator School
Fundamentals of Detector Physics
and Measurements Lab - II
Carl Bromberg
Michigan State University
Dan Green
Fermilab
June 18-22, 2012
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Outline
Lecture I
Constants, atoms, cross sections
Photoelectric, TOF
PMT, SiPM Scint, Cerenkov
Lecture II
Collisions, cross sections
Multiple scattering, radiation length
dE/dx, MIP, Range
Critical Energy
2
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Outline II
Lecture III
B fields, trajectories
Quadrupoles, focal length
Drift and Diffusion
Pulse formation in unity gain and gas gain
Lecture IV
Radiation NR, Thompson, Compton
Relativistic radiation
Bremm, Pair Production
3
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Dark Matter ?
There is no SM candidate for DM. Can we produce DM in the LHC?
Is it the SUSY LSP? Searches at LHC, in direct (recoil) measures –
e.g. CDMS, in annihilations - e.g. FERMI, PAMELA , may find new
aspects of DM. The LHC is actively searching for SUSY particles.
~ , ~1/v r v r
4
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DM and Colliding Galaxies
Galaxy has a
visible
component and a
dark component
which interacts
only
gravitationally
(see by lensing).
Colliding
galaxies show
different
interactions of the
neutral DM and
the visible matter,
which has EM
interactions.
5
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Wimp – Elastic Recoils Cross sections ~ 10^-44 cm^2. M = wimp mass ~ 100
GeV.
Measure the rate of recoils and the Q dependence.
Vary the target mass m.
Do not know the density of Wimps or the velocity
distribution vo
6
M, vo
m=Amp
Q
v
/ ( )Mm M m
reduced mass
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Wimp Recoils - II
T + p conservation
Do not know vo or angle
Spin independent cross section, Q = recoil
K.E. Nuclear FF is ~1, coherent over
nucleus.
Use different nuclei to break “degeneracy”.
Integrate over vo from min value to Inf. –
vo ~ 200 km/sec => Q ~ 10 keV.
7
0(2 / ) cosv m v
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Dark Matter Searches -“Full Court Press”
8
Produce it Scatter it Observe it
LHC FNAL annihilate
These 3 could converge, making a tremendous scientific
breakthrough
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DM - CDMS
Solid State or Nobel Liquids – scaleable to the
needed tonnage? Expect decisive results soon.
9
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Demo -Scattering – Target Mass
10
M = 1 M = 10
What are the differences in scattering as
the mass ratio of projectile to target varies
– think pool sharks…
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Demo – SR and Decays
11
In SR you can
convert mass to
energy =>
unstable particles
can decay into
sets of lighter
particles.
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Coulomb Collision
12
~ ( ) , /
~ / , 2 /
~ 2 /
T
T T
R
p F b t F dp dt
p p p Z bv
Z pvb
vbt
bZebF
/2
/)( 22
( ) ~
~ 2 /
~ ( ) ~ tan
T
T T
E b
t b c
p e E b t cons t
The force is active only for
r ~ b which occurs for a
time ~ 2b/v. The
momentum transfer goes as
1/v due to scattering off the
Coulomb field of the
nucleus.
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Demo – Electric Field in SR
13
As the velocity
increases the
transverse E
field increases
in peak value.
However the
time over
which the field
is active
decreases by
the same factor
=> MIP
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Demo – Energy Transfer
14
v/c = 0.01 v/c = 0.99
Note the growth of the vertical E field
scale and the shrinkage of the time scale.
Note time scale is in b/v units expected in
NR mechanics.
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Impact -> Cross section
15
~
~ , sin
sin
dP db d
dd bdbd d d d d
d
d b db
d d
2
4
2~ /Rd Z
d Mv
2
2 2 4
~ ~
( ) ~ ( ) /
( ) ~ ( ) /
Tq p p
A q Ze e q
A q Z
Basic idea is that you cannot ‘aim” so that all area
elements w.r.t. the target are equally probable. Then
change variables from b (unknown) to angle (measured)
Coulomb
collision
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Demo - Rutherford
16
F~1/r^2, Attractive F~ 1/r^4, repulsive
Different force laws give different relationships between
b and scattering angle. Use scattering to infer the force
law – particle physics.
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Demo – Born Approx
17
V=1/r^3
The Born approximation assumes
plane waves for incoming and
outgoing, scattered, waves. Again,
different angular distributions for
different targets.
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Multiple Scattering
18
min ~(2 ) / oZ pva
min
min
2 2 3
min
~ 2 2
~ ~1/ ~ /
oa
o
o
dd bdb
d
a d
2
2
3
2
min max min
( / )~
( / )
~ 2 ln ( / )
dd d
dd ddd
Formally Rutherford
scattering cross section
diverges. However, it is
cut off when the e
shield the nuclear
charge – at impact
parameter ~ the Bohr
radius. There are many
small angle scatters at
large impact
parameters. The mean
scattering angle is
therefore close in value
to the minimum angle.
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Multiple Scattering - II
19
2 2
/ , ( )
/
MS
o
N
N N A dx LectureI
dx L
2
2 22 ln ( )o
MS
N dx Z
A p c
2 2 2 2
1 2 2 2
/
16/ ln( )
3
MS
o
oo
dxm p
X
NX Z m
A
Consider N scatters at
small angle. Use
Coulomb cross section.
Define a length = the
radiation length
(arbitrary for now).
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Radiation Length
20
2
2
4( ) 21s
sMS
o
E mc MeV
E dx
p X
tE
X
dxEppp s
o
s
MSTMSTMS
,/
2
2
2
2
,
1 / 2
/ 2 / 3
y y y
MS
y
y
yM
yy y
t
t t
2
2
1 0
0 /12
y
MS y
s
Myt
It is
conventional
to define the
scattering
energy
Define an overall
transverse
momentum
impulse given by
the N scatters in
the material.
Larger
scatters lead
to larger
displacements
– correlations.
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NR/SR Collisions
21
o
o
p p k
m e
mTQ
meT
/
2
max
2
2
2
2
max
22
2
cos~/
0,2)(22
1
)(2
)cos()(
)cos(2
M
p
M
m
M
mQ
MMm
MQ
o 0
In NR collisions T and vector
velocity are conserved. In SR
energy and momentum are
conserved.
90
degrees
Algebra for a SR collision
Note delta
rays
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Energy Transfer in a Collision
22
2
2 2 2
~ 2 / , 1
~ / 2
~ 2 /
T
T
p bv Z
p m
b v m
2
2 2 2
( / )
22
d db bdbd d dT dT
d dbb
dT dT c T m
2
22
( )
o edN N Z
dTd x A T
MeVTcmgm
xddN oTT o
1,/
%8.7~)(/
2
If we are interested not in
scattering angles (nucleus)
but in significant energy
transfer (recall billiards) we
must consider scattering off
the electrons (incoherent0)
in the atom.
Note energy transfer ~ 1/m.
Change variables to recoil
energy from impact
parameter b.
The probability to eject an e
(delta ray) with T > 1 MeV
is a few % per gm/cm^2.
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dE/dx and MIP
23
min
2 2 2
2 2
max
/ ~ 2 /
~ 2 ( / )
~ 4 / [ln( / )]
d db b v m
d bdb d db
mv b b
2 2
/ ( ) ~ ( / )
~ 4 ( / )( )(1/ )[ln()]
I o
o e
dE d x N Z A d
N Z A
2
min/ ( ) (1.5 / / )IdE d x MeV gm cm MIP
Energy loss by projectile goes as
inverse square of projectile
velocity. As velocity -> c all
singly charged particles deposit
the same energy.
At NR velocity the specific
energy loss goes as the inverse
square of the velocity.
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dE/dx and Range
24
2
2
0
0
2 4
/ 2
/ ~ 1/ ~ 1/ ~ /
~
~ ~
o
I
R
T
o o
T p M
dE dx p T dT dx
TdT dx
R T p
At some depth in material the
particle loses all the energy
and “ranges out”. The range
goes as the square of the
incident energy, the fourth
power of the incident
momentum for NR particles.
1/v^2 MIP
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Relativistic Rise
25
1
min max
1
max
2 2
max min
~ ~
~ /
( / ) ~ /
o
Bethe o
b T M
b
b b Mc
The rise at very high energies
is caused by the fact that the
electric field extends very far
in the transverse direction –
so far that it can interact with
more than one atom. This
effect is clearly most
important at high densities. It
shows up in the log factor at
high b
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Range vs. Momentum
26
Plots taken from the
Particle Data Group
– review of Particle
Properties.
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Demo – Range, T
27
Proton, 100 MeV = To.
Note that the deposited
energy is largest at the
end of the range. That is
the idea behind p and
ion cancer therapy.
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dE/dx vs p for Particle ID
28
If you measure the particle momentum (B field discussed later)
and you measure dE/dx => mass, or “particle ID”
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Particle ID – dE/dx in Tracker
Use energy deposited in
several Si strip layers
(restricted energy loss)
to measure dE/dx.
Useful for particle id.
Once commissioned,
use in heavy stable
particle searches.
-mass measurement
using P and dE/dx
from tracker
2 2 2/ ~1/ ~ /dE dx M P
min ion
29
US PAS, June 18-22, 2012
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LAr – dE/dx vs. Range
30
Use the neutrino
target as the detector.
Look at remaining
range vs. dE/dx.
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dE/dx – e on Cu, Pb
31
At very high energies,
electrons begin to radiate a
substantial amount of
energy. A critical energy,
Ec, is defined when the
radiative energy loss = the
ionization energy loss. For
e on Cu it is about 20 MeV
(or E/m ~40). For Pb it is ~
6 MeV.
We discuss the radiation
properties later.
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Critical Energy – Muons
32
2 2
2 '
[ / ( )] / [ / ( )] ~
[16 / 3( / )( )( ) ln() ] /
[4 ( / ) ( ) ln ()]
B I
o p
o T
dE d x dE d x
N A Z E
N A Z
2~ (3 / 4)( / )[ / ]
~ 166 /
p T pE m m m c Z
MeV Z
Bremmstrahlung is due to the strong
electric field of the nucleus accelerating
the electrons (projectile). It is coherent
over the size of the nucleus. Ionization
is due to electron recoil in the atom and
is incoherent. Therefore Ec ~ 1/Z.
Accel ~ 1/mass
Ec for mu is
~(mu/me)^2