fundamentals hysics

fundamentals of physics

David Hallida y

Robert Resnick

)earl Walker

VOLUME 1

Chapter 24 Gauss' Law

Chapter 25 Electric Potentia l

Chapter 1

Measurement

Chapter 26 Capacitance

Chapter 2

Motion Along a Straight Line

Chapter 27 Current and Resistanc e

Chapter 3

Vectors

Chapter 28 Circuits

Chapter 4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions Chapter 29 Magnetic Field s

Chapter 5 Force and Motion-I

Chapter 30 Magnetic Fields Due to Current s

Chapter 6 Force and Motion-II

Chapter 31 Induction and Inductanc e

Chapter 7 Kinetic Energy and Work

Chapter 32 Magnetism of Matter ; Maxwell' s

EquationChapter 8 Potential Energy and Conservation

of Energy

Chapter 33 Electromagnetic Oscillations an d

Chapter 9

Systems of Particles

Alternating Curren t

Chapter 10 Collisions

Chapter 11 Rotation

ErCgr=tChapter 12 Rolling, Torque, and Angular

Chapter 34 Electromagnetic Wave s

Momentum

Chapter 35 Images

Chapter 36 Interference

Chapter 37 Diffraction

Chapter 13 Equilibrium and Elasticity

Chapter 38 Relativity

Chapter 14 Gravitation

Chapter 15 Fluids

4 -PART 'S-

Chapter 16 Oscillations

Chapter 17 Waves-I

Chapter 39 Photons and Matter Wave s

Chapter 18 waves-II

Chapter 40 More About Matter Waves

Chapter 19 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law Chapter41 All About Atoms

of Thermodynamics

Chapter 42 Conduction of Electricity in Solid s

Chapter 20 The Kinetic Theory of Gases

Chapter 43 Nuclear Physics

Chapter 21 Entropy and the Second Law

Chapter 44 Energy from the Nucleu s

of Thermodynamics

Chapter 45 Quarks. Leptons, and the Big Bang

VOLUME 2

Appendices

Answers to Checkpoints and Odd-Numbere d

Chapter 22 Electric Charge

Questions, Exercises, and Problems

Chapter 23 Electric Fields

Index

Review & Summary 2 5

Questions 26

Exercises & Problems 2 7

ri

CHAPTER:

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Vectors 31y

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How can rectors he used in card e-i/1lorirr ,I

3-1 Vectors and Scalars 32

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3-2 Adding Vectors Geometrically 3 2

3-3 Components of Vectors 34

3-4 Unit Vectors 3 7

CHAPTE -

3-5 Adding Vectors by Components 38

3-6 Vectors and the Laws of Physics 40Measurement 1

3-7 Multiplying Vectors 40How can sunsets he used to measure Earth? Review & Summary 441-1 Measuring Things 2 Questions 4 51-2 The International System of Units 2 Exercises & Problems 4 51-3 Changing Units 3

1-4 Length 4

1-5 Time 61-6 Mass 7

Review &summary 8

CHAPTER 4

Exercises & Problems 8

Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 4 8How can the placement of the net be determined for ahuman cannonball ?

4-1 Moving in Two or Three Dimensions 49

4-2 Position and Displacement 49CHAPTER 2

;'i'`

4-3 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity 51

Motion Along a Straight Line 11

4-4 Average Acceleration and InstantaneousHow lone does a barrel fall from Niagara Falls?

Acceleration 5 3

2-1 Motion 12

4-5 Projectile Motion 5 4

2-2 Position and Displacement 12

4-6 Projectile Motion Analyzed 5 6

2-3 Average Velocity and Average Speed 13

4-7 Uniform Circular Motion 6 02-4 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed 15

4-8 Relative Motion in One Dimension 62

2-5 Acceleration 17

4-9 Relative Motion in Two Dimensions 6 3

2-6 Constant Acceleration : A Special Case 19

Review & Summary 65

2-7 Another Look at Constant Acceleration 22

Questions 6 6

2-8 Free-Fall Acceleration 23


CHAPTER 5"14,' .' . .

6`

CHIME" -

Force and Motion-I 72

Potential Energy and Conservatio n

Can a man pull two railroad passenger cars with his

of Energy 13 9teeth?

Did the placement of the giant statues on Easter Island

5-1 What Causes an Acceleration? 73

require a mysterious energy source ?

5-2 Newton's First Law 73

8-1 Potential Energy 14 0

5-3 Force 74

8-2 Path Independence of Conservative Forces 14 1

5-4 Mass 75

8-3 Determining Potential Energy Values 14 3

5-5 Newton's Second Law 76

8-4 Conservation of Mechanical Energy 14 6

5-6 Some Particular Forces 80

8-5 Reading a Potential Energy Curve 14 9

5-7 Newton's Third Law 84

8-6 Work Done on a System by an External Force 15 2

5-8 Applying Newton's Laws 85

8-7 Conservation of Energy 15 5

Review & Summary 90


Questions 91

Questions 15 9



CHAPTER ä 3 ,

CHAPTE' r rForce and Motion-II 98

Systems of Particles 168Why do cats sometimes survive long falls better than

How does a ballerina seemingly "tto rn off" th eshorter ones?

gravitational force ?

6-1 Friction 99

9-1 A Special Point 16 9

6-2 Properties of Friction 100

9-2 The Center of Mass 169

6-3 The Drag Force and Terminal Speed 104

9-3 Newton's Second Law for a System of Particles 17 3

6-4 Uniform Circular Motion 106

9-4 Linear Momentum 176

Review & Summary 110

9-5 The Linear Momentum of a System of Particles 17 7

Questions 111

9-6 Conservation of Linear Momentum 178


9-7 Systems with Varying Mass : A Rocket 18 1

9-8 External Forces and Internal Energy Changes 18 4


Questions 18 7

CHAPTER 7


Kinetic Energy and Work 11 6How much work is required in lifting great weights ?

7-1 Energy 11 7

7-2 Work 118 CHAPTER 1 Q

7-3 Work and Kinetic Energy 119

Collisions 1937-4 Work Done by a Gravitational Force 122

Is a hoard or a concrete block easier to break in karate ?

7-5 Work Done by a Spring Force 126

10-1 What Is a Collision? 19 4

7-6 Work Done by a General Variable Force 129

10-2 Impulse and Linear Momentum 19 5

7-7 Power 131

10-3 Momentum and Kinetic Energy in Collisions 19 8


10-4 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension 19 9

Questions 134

10-5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 20 2


10-6 Collisions in Two Dimensions 205


p

Questions 20 8


CHAPTE R

Rotation 215What advantages does physics offer in judo throws?

11-1

Translation and Rotation 21 611-2

The Rotational Variables 216 r

11-3

Are Angular Quantities Vectors? 22 0

11-4

Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration 221

11-5

Relating the Linear and Angular Variables 22 311-6

Kinetic Energy of Rotation 22 511-7

Calculating the Rotational Inertia 22 611-8

Torque 22 911-9 Newton's Second Law for Rotation 23 011-10 Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy 23 3Review & Summary 236Questions 23 8Exercises & Problems 239

CHAPTER 12

a' .

CHAPTER 1 3

Rolling, Torque, and Angular

Equilibrium and Elasticity 27 3Momentum 245

Can you safely rest in a .fissure during a chimney climb ?Why is a quadruple somersault so difficult in trapeze acts?

13-1 Equilibrium 27 412-1

Rolling 246

13-2 The Requirements of Equilibrium 27 512-2

The Kinetic Energy of Rolling 247

13-3 The Center of Gravity 27 612-3 The Forces of Rolling 248

13-4 Some Examples of Static Equilibrium 27 812-4

The Yo-Yo 250

13-5 Indeterminate Structures 28 212-5

Torque Revisited 251

13-6 Elasticity 28 512-6 Angular Momentum 253

Review & Summary 28 712-7 Newton's Second Law in Angular form 255

Questions 28812-8 The Angular Momentum of a System of Particles 257 Exercises & Problems 28 912-9 The Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body Rotatin g

About a Fixed Axis 25 812-10 Conservation of Angular Momentum 260

CHAPTER 14

gReview & Summary 26 5Questions 266

Gravitation 29 4

Exercises &Problems 268

How can a black hole he detected ?

14-1 The World and the Gravitational force 29 514-2 Newton's Law of Gravitation 295

14-3 Gravitation and the Principle of Superposition 296

16-8 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion 360

14-4 Gravitation Near Earth's Surface 299

16-9 Forced Oscillations and Resonance 36 214-5 Gravitation Inside Earth 301


14-6 Gravitational Potential Energy 302

Questions 36 4

14-7 Planets and Satellites : Kepler's Laws 306


14-8 Satellites : Orbits and Energy 31 0

14-9 Einstein and Gravitation 31 2


Questions 315

CHAPTER 17

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Waves-I 370How does a scorpion detect a beetle without using sight o rsound?

17-1

Waves and Particles 37 1

CHAPTER 15

17-2 Types of Waves 371

17-3 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves 372Fluids 321

17-4 Wavelength and Frequency 37 3What factor occasionally kills novice scuba divers?

17-5 The Speed of a Traveling Wave 37 515-1

Fluids and the World Around Us 322

17-6 Wave Speed on a Stretched String 37 815-2 What Is a fluid? 322

17-7 Energy and Power of a Traveling String Wave 38 015-3

Density and Pressure 322

17-8 The Principle of Superposition for Waves 38 215-4

Fluids at Rest 324

17-9

Interference of Waves 38 315-5

Measuring Pressure 327

17-10 Phasors 38615-6

Pascal's Principle 32817-11 Standing Waves 38 7

15-7 Archimedes' Principle 329

17-12 Standing Waves and Resonance 38 915-8

Ideal Fluids in Motion 332Review & Summary 39 2

15-9

The Equation of Continuity 333Questions 392

15-10 Bernoulli's Equation 336Exercises & Problems 39 4


Questions 33 9


CHAPTER 18

`.

Waves-II 398How does a hat detect a moth in total darkness ?

CHAPTER 16

sz : ~

18-1 Sound waves 399

Oscillations 346

18-2 The Speed of Sound 39 9

Why did a distant earthquake collapse buildings in Mexico 18-3 Traveling Sound Waves 402

City?

18-4 Interference 404

16-1 Oscillations 347

18-5 Intensity and Sound Level 40 6

16-2 Simple Harmonic Motion 347

18-6 Sources of Musical Sound 41 0

16-3 The Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion 350

18-7 Beats 41 2

16-4 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 352

18-8 The Doppler Effect 41 4

16-5 An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator 354

18-9 Supersonic Speeds: Shock Waves 41 8

16-6 Pendulums 355


16-7 Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular

Questions 420

Motion 358


CHAPTER 14

CHAPTER 21

'

Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of

Entropy and the Second Law of

Thermodynamics 425

Thermodynamics 482What thermal protection do bees have against a hornet

What in the world gives direction to time :'

invasion :'

21-1 Some One-Way Processes 48 3

19-1

Thermodynamics 426

21-2 Change in Entropy 483

19-2 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 426

21-3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 488

19-3

Measuring Temperature 427

21-4 Entropy in the Real World : Engines 48 9

19-4

The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales 429

21-5 Entropy in the Real World : Refrigerators 49 4

19-5

Thermal Expansion 431

21-6 The Efficiencies of Real Engines 49 5

19-6

Temperature and Heat 433

21-7 A Statistical View of Entropy 496

19-7 The Absorption of Heat by Solids and Liquids 434


19-8 A Closer Look at Heat and Work 438

Questions 501

19-9 The First Law of Thermodynamics 440


19-10 Some Special Cases of the First Law o f

Thermodynamics 44 1

19-11 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 443

PART 3

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Questions 448


CHAPTER 20

g

The Kinetic Theory of Gases 454

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Why can a cold container of a carbonated drink forma

ill 11414fog when opened?

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20-1 A New Way to Look at Gases 455

20-2

Avogadro's Number 455

44,

i

20-3

Ideal Gases 456

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20-4 Pressure . Temperature, and RMS Speed 45 9

20-5

Translational Kinetic Energy 46 1

20-6 Mean Free Path 462

CHAPTER 22

r

20-7 The Distribution of Molecular Speeds 464

Electric Charge 50 520-8 The Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas 467

What causes the sparking of a wintergreen Lifesaver ?20-9 Degrees of Freedom and Molar SpecificHeats 471

22-1 Electromagnetism 50 620-10 A Hint of Quantum Theory 472

22-2 Electric Charge 50620-11

The Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas 47322-3 Conductors and Insulators 50 7

Review Er Summary 476

22-4 Coulomb's Law 509Questions 477

22-5 Charge Is Quantized 51 4Exercises & Problems 478

22-6 Charge Is Conserved 51 5


Questions 51 7


`

25-5 Potential Due to a Point Charge 57 1

Electric Fields 520

25-6 Potential Due to a Group of Point Charges 57 325-7

Potential Due to an Electric Dipole 574What causes the huge electrical discharges abore somevolcanoes?

25-8 Potential Due to a Continuous Charg e

23-1 Charges and Forces : A Closer Look 521

Distribution 57 5

23 2 The Electric field 521

25-9

Calculating the field from the Potential 57 7

23 3 Electric Field Lines 522

25-10 Electric Potential Energy of a System of Point

23-4 The Electric Field Due to a Point Charge 524

Charges 57 9

23-5 The Electric Field Due to an Electric Dipole 526

25 11 Potential of a Charged Isolated Conductor 58 0

23-6 The Electric Field Due to a Line of Charge 527

Review &Summary 582

23-7 The Electric Field Due to a Charged Disk 531

Questions 58 3

23-8 A Point Charge in an Electric field 532


23-9 A Dipole in an Electric field 535


Questions 558

CHAPTE 5Exercises & Problems 539

Capacitance 588

How do you stop ventricular fibrillation in a remotelocation ?

26-1 The Uses of Capacitors 58 9CHAPTER

26-2 Capacitance 58 9

Gauss ' Law 543

26-3 Calculating the Capacitance 59 1

How wide is a lightning strike?

26-4 Capacitors in Parallel and in Series 594

24-1 A New Look at Coulomb's Law 544

26-5 Energy Stored in an Electric field 59 8

24-2 Flux 544

26-6 Capacitor with a Dielectric 600

24-3 Flux of an Electric field 545

26-7 Dielectrics : An Atomic view 603

24-4 Gauss' Law 547

26-8 Dielectrics and Gauss' Law 60 4

24-5 Gauss' Law and Coulomb's Law 549


24-6 A Charged Isolated Conductor 550

Questions 60 7

24-7 Applying Gauss' Law: Cylindrical Symmetry 553


24-8 Applying Gauss' Law: Planar Symmetry 554

24-9 Applying Gauss' Law: Spherical Symmetry 55 7


CHAPTER ` 'Questions 55 9


Current and Resistance 61 1

What caused the flaming crash of the Zeppelin

Hindenburg?

27-1 Moving Charges and Electric Currents 61 2

27-2 Electric Current 61 2

', i1i ; `

'

27-3 Current Density 614

Electric Potential 564

27-4 Resistance and Resistivity 61 7

What is the danger- if your hair suddenly stands up?

27-5 Ohm's Law 62 1

25-1

Electric Potential Energy 565

27-6 A Microscopic View of Ohm's Law 62 2

25-2

Electric Potential 566

27-7 Power in Electric Circuits 624

25-3

Equipotential Surfaces 568

27-8 Semiconductors 62 6

25-4

Calculating the Potential from the field 569

27-9 Superconductors 627


30-4 Solenoids and Toroids 69 8Questions 629

30-5 A Current-Carrying Coil as a Magnetic Dipole 700



Questions 70 3


CHAPTER; '_

Circuits 633

CHAPTER 31Hon' does un electric eel produce a large current ?

28 1 "Pumping" Charges 634

Induction and Inductance 710

28 2 Work. Energy, and Emf 634

Hoer did the electric guitar revolutionize rock : '

28-3 Calculating the Current in a Single-Loop Circuit 636

31 1

Two Symmetric Situations 71 1

28-4 Other Single-Loop Circuits 638

31 2

Two Experiments 71 1

28 5 Potential Differences 639

31-3

Faraday's Law of Induction 71 2

28-6 Multiloop Circuits 642

31 4

Lenz's Law 71 4

28-7 The Ammeter and the Voltmeter 647

31-5

Induction and Energy Transfers 71 8

28 8 RC Circuits 648

31-6

Induced Electric Fields 72 0

Review &Summary 651

31-7

Inductors and Inductance 72 4

Questions 652

31-8

Self-Induction 72 5


31 9

RL Circuits 72 7

31-10 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field 730

31-11

Energy Density of a Magnetic field 73 1

CHAPTER 29

31-12 Mutual Induction 733

Review & Summary 73 6Magnetic Fields 658 Questions 737Whv is an aurora so thin yet so tall and wide?

Exercises & Problems 73829-1 The Magnetic Field 659

29-2 The Definition of B 659

29-3 Crossed Fields : Discovery of the Electron 663

CHAPTER 3229-4 Crossed Fields : The Hall Effect 665

Magnetism of Matter; Maxwell' s29-5 A Circulating Charged Particle 667

Equations 74429-6 Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons 671

Horn can a frog he levitated by a nwgnetic .freld .?29-7 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying wire 673

32-1

Magnets 74 529-8 Torque on a Current Loop 676

32-2 Gauss' Law for Magnetic Fields 74 529-9 The Magnetic Dipole Moment 678

32-3 The Magnetism of Earth 746Review & Summary 67 9

Questions 680

32-4 Magnetism and Electrons 74 7

32-5

Magnetic Materials 751Exercises & Problems 682

32-6

Diamagnetism 752

32-7 Paramagnetism 75332-8

Ferromagnetism 755CHAPTER 30

;v 32-9

Induced Magnetic Fields 758

Magnetic Fields Due to Currents 686

32-10 Displacement Current 76 0

Hon' can cargo he shot into space?

32-11 Maxwell's Equations 76 2

30-1 Calculating the Magnetic Field Due to a Current 687 Review & Summary 76 3

30-2 Force Between Two Parallel Currents 693

Questions 764

30-3 Ampere's Law 694


CHAPTER

. rt

34-3 The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave ,

Electromagnetic Oscillations and

Quantitatively 80 6

Alternating Current 768

34-4 Energy Transport and the Poynting vector 809

34-5 Radiation Pressure 81 2Why do electrical transmission lines have high potential

and not high current?

34-6 Polarization 81 4

33-1

New Physics-Old Mathematics 769

34 7 Reflection and Refraction 81 8

33-2

LC Oscillations, Qualitatively 769

34 8 Total Internal Reflection 82 3

33-3

The Electrical-Mechanical Analogy 772

34 9 Polarization by Reflection 82 4

33-4

LC Oscillations, Quantitatively 773

Review &Summary 825

33-5

Damped Oscillations in an RLC Circuit 776

Questions 826

33-6

Alternating Current 778

Exercises &Problems 82 7

33-7

Forced Oscillations 779

33-8

Three Simple Circuits 77 9

33-9 The Series RLC Circuit 785

CH ,a J;tK

33-10 Power in Alternating-Current Circuits 789

Images 83333-11

Transformers 791What distortion of reality lies in Manet' s


A Bar at the Folies-Bergere ?Questions 796

35-1 Two Types of Images 83 4Exercises & Problems 797

35-2 Plane Mirrors 835

35-3 Spherical Mirrors 837

35-4 Images from Spherical Mirrors 83 8

PART .

35-5 Spherical Refracting Surfaces 841

35-6 Thin Lenses 843

35-7 Optical Instruments 849

35-8 Three Proofs 85 2


Questions 85640giti;7'


CHAPTER 36 :=

Interference 861What produces the blue-green of a Morpho's wing ?

36-1 Interference 86 2to,

36-2 Light as a Wave 86 2

e!}

36-3 Diffraction 866

36-4 Youngs Interference Experiment 86 6

36-5 Coherence 87 0CHAPTER 34 :`ü

36-6 Intensity in Double-Slit Interference 87 1

Electromagnetic waves 801

36-7 Interference from Thin Films 87 4

What shapes the curved dust tail of a comet?

36-8 Michelson's Interferometer 88 0

34-1 Maxwett's Rainbow 802


34-2 The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave,

Questions 882

Qualitatively 803


CHAPTER 37

PART 5

Diffraction 890Why do the colors in a pointillism painting change wit hviewing distance?

' -37-1 Diffraction and the Wave Theory of Light 891

37-2 Diffraction by a Single Slit : Locating the Minima 89 2

37-3 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction, Qualitatively 894

=a

t

+

?c

37-4 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction, Quantitatively 896

r

37-5 Diffraction by a Circular Aperture 898

37-6 Diffraction by a Double Slit 901'it

37-7 Diffraction Gratings 903

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, `

37-8 Gratings : Dispersion and Resolving Power 907siv? 37-9X-ray Diffraction 909

;_a s--Review & Summary 912

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Questions 91 2


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CHAPTER 38

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,Relativity 91 9

Why is special relativity so important in modern

tnavigation .'

hir38-1

What Is Relativity All About'? 92 0

38-2

The Postulates 92 1

38-3 Measuring an Event 922

CHAPTER 39

38-4 The Relativity of Simultaneity 923

Photons and Matter Waves 95 338-5 The Relativity of Time 925

How can a particle such as an electron he a wave ?38-6

The Relativity of Length 929

39-1 A New Direction 95 438-7

The Lorentz Transformation 932

39-2 The Photon, the Quantum of Light 95438-8 Some Consequences of the Lorentz Equations 934

39-3 The Photoelectric Effect 95 638-9

The Relativity of velocities 936

39-4 Photons Have Momentum 95 938-10 The Doppler Effect for Light 936

39-5 Light as a Probability Wave 96238-11 A New Look at Momentum 940

39-6 Electrons and Matter Waves 96 438-12 A New Look at Energy 941

39-7 Schrödinger's Equation 96 7Review & Summary 946

39-8 Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle 97 0Questions 947

39-9 Barrier Tunneling 97 1



Questions 974


CHAPTER 40 ,3

q `

42-4

Insulators 104 0

More About Matter Waves 979

42 5 Metals 1040

42-6

Semiconductors 104 6How can 1'ou corral an electron?

42-7 Doped Semiconductors 104 740-1 Atom Building 98 0

40-2 Waves on Strings and Matter Waves 980

42 8 The p n Junction 105 0

42-9

The Junction Rectifier 105 240-3 Energies of a Trapped Electron 981

42-10 The Light-Emitting Diode (LED) 105340-4 Wave functions of a Trapped Electron 985

42-11

The Transistor 105540-5 An Electron in a Finite Well 98 8

40-6 More Electron Traps 990

Review &Summary 105 6

40-7 Two- and Three-Dimensional Electron Traps 991

Questions 1057

40-8 The Hydrogen Atom 993

Exercises &Problems 105 8


Questions 1002

CHAPTERExercises & Problems 1003

Nuclear Physics 106 2Why and how do (some) nuclei undergo decay ?

CHAPTER 41

43-1 Discovering the Nucleus 1063s

"y

43-2 Some Nuclear Properties 106 5AU About Atoms 1006

43-3 Radioactive Decay 107 0What is so different about light from a laser?

43-4 Alpha Decay 107 441-1

Atoms and the World Around Us 1007

43-5 Beta Decay 107 641-2

Some Properties of Atoms 1007

43-6 Radioactive Dating 107 941-3

Electron Spin 1009

43-7 Measuring Radiation Dosage 108 041-4 Angular Momenta and Magnetic Dipole

43-8 Nuclear Models 108 1Moments 1010

Review & Summary 108 341-5 The Stern-Gerlach Experiment 1013 Questions 108 441-6

Magnetic Resonance 1015

Exercises & Problems 108541-7

The Pauli Exclusion Principle 101 7

41-8

Multiple Electrons in Rectangular Traps 101 7

41-9 Building the Periodic Table 1020

CHAPTER 4441-10 X Rays and the Numbering of the Elements 102 2

41-11 Lasers and Laser Light 1026

Energy from the Nucleus 1092

41 12 How Lasers work 1027

What physics underlies the image that has horrified th eworld since World War II?


44-1 The Atom and Its Nucleus 1093Questions 1031

44-2 Nuclear Fission : The Basic Process 109 3Exercises & Problems 1032

44-3 A Model for Nuclear fission 1096

44-4 The Nuclear Reactor 109 8

44-5 A Natural Nuclear Reactor 110 2CHAPTER 42

44-6 Thermonuclear Fusion : The Basic Process 1104

Conduction of Electricity in Solids 1037

44-7 Thermonuclear Fusion in the Sun and Othe r

Why are "spacesuits" the dress code at the Fab 11 factory

Stars 1106

in New Mexico?

44-8 Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 110 8

42-1

Solids 1038


42-2

The Electrical Properties of Solids 1038

Questions 111 1

42-3

Energy Levels in a Crystalline Solid 1039


CHAPTE °

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APPE DIC

`

Quarks, Leptons, and the Big Bang 1116

A. The International System of Units (SI) Al

How can a photograph of the early universe he taken?

B. Some Fundamental Constants of Physics A 3

45-1

Life at the Cutting Edge 1117

C. Some Astronomical Data A 4

45-2

Particles, Particles . Particles 1117

D. Conversion Factors A5

45-3

An Interlude 1120

E . Mathematical formulas A 9

45-4

The Leptons 1123

F. Properties of the Elements A1 2

45-5

The +iadrons 1125

G. Periodic Table of the Elements A1 5

45-6

Still Another Conservation Law 1127

45-7

The Eightfold way 1128

45-8

The Quark Model 1129ANSWERS r f ~ ~

45-9 The Basic Forces and Messenger Particles 1132

ODD-NUMBERED45-10 A Pause for Reflection 1134

AND PROBLEMS

AN - 145-11

The Universe Is Expanding 113 4

45-12 The Cosmic Background Radiation 1135

45-13 Dark Matter 11369 YT,'- 3

.r~jd%1

-

45-14 The Big Bang 1137

INDEX

1- 145-15 A Summing Up 113 8


Questions 113 9


fundamentals hysics

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