fundamental niche
DESCRIPTION
Realized niche. Fundamental niche. Character displacement in beak size in poulations of Galapagos finches. # prey predator kills; on predator efficiency = c, # prey, # predators. Efficiency of converting kills to new predators. Death rate of predators in absence of prey. # kills. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Fundamental niche
Realized niche
Character displacement in beak size in poulations of Galapagos finches
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dN prey
dt= rN prey 1−
N prey
K− cN pred N prey
⎛ ⎝ ⎜
⎞ ⎠ ⎟
# prey predator kills; on predator efficiency = c,
# prey, # predators
€
dN pred
dt= b(cN pred N prey ) − dN pred
# kills
Efficiency of converting kills to new predators
Death rate of predators in absence of prey
Type I functional response
Daphnia magna consuming yeast cells
Type IIFunctional response
Parasitoid that attacks cocoons of pine sawfly
Type III functional response
Cryptic coloration in the flounder, which is capable of changing their color and pattern rapidly to match bottom sediments.
Cryptic coloration the walking stick, which feeds on leaves.
Aposematism:Monarch
Batesian mimicry:Viceroy
Müllerian mimicry
Effects of grazing by beetle (Gastrophysa viridula) on dock plant (Rumex crispus)
Interaction between herbivory and pollution
• N pollutants: decrease C:N ratio >> more palatable• Combined stress of herbivory and pollution may be synergistic
Symbiosis• Close association between individuals of two or more species• Includes parasitism and mutualism• Parasitism: member of one species (parasite) feeds on, but
usually doesn’t kill member of another species (host)• Mutualism: an interaction between individuals of two or
more species in which the growth, growth rate, and/or population size are increased in reciprocal association
Volatile fatty acids: 57 gMicrobial cells: 128 g
Minerals: 43 gRumen dry matter: 343 g
960 g alfalfa Methane, CO2
369 g feces(50 g bacteria; 319 g food residue
• 4.7 L total volume• 20% volume = microorganisms
Rhizobia-legume mutualism
Roots of Red Clover with Adhering Bacteria
Spring Wheat Rhizosphere with Fungi and Bacteria.
Paramecium/Chlorella symbiosis
Cleaner-customer mutualism
Indicator indicator:honeyguideMutualism b/t bird and honeybadger or humans
Deep Sea Pompeii Worm Alvinella pompejana Close-up showing the bacteria-coated filaments that cover the body of this
hydrothermal vent worm. � 2004 Peter Batson/Image Quest Marin
Beltian body
protoeukaryoteKrebs cycle-containing bacterium
promitochondrion
eukaryote
spirochaete
cyanobacteria
chloroplasts
mitochondria
flagellate
dN1
dt=r1N1(K1 −N1 −a12N2 )
K1
Lokta-Volterra
dN1
dt=r1N1(K1 −N1 + a12N2 )
K1
Mutualism??