fundamental criteria to explore geothermal … m. a mattash... · 2007. 1. 2. · geological survey...
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Geological Survey & Mineral Resources Board, Yemen
FUNDAMENTAL CRITERIA TO EXPLORE FUNDAMENTAL CRITERIA TO EXPLORE GEOTHERMAL GEOTHERMAL
RESOURCES OF YEMENRESOURCES OF YEMEN
Mattash1 M. A .Minissale2 A ., Vaselli3 O . and Nori4 G .
1) Ministry of Oil and Minerals, Geological Survey and Minerals Resources Board, P.O. Box 297, Sana’a, (Yemen)
2) CNR - Italian Council for Research, Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources of Florence, Via La Pira 4 – 50121 Firenze (Italy)
3) Department of Earth Sciences, Via La Pira 4 – 50121 Firenze (Italy)4) Ministry of Water and Environment, Yemen
First International Conference on Geothermal Energy in the East First International Conference on Geothermal Energy in the East African Rift RegionAfrican Rift Region--ArgeoArgeo C1C1November 24November 24--29, 2006. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia29, 2006. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Geological Survey & Mineral Resources Board, Yemen
1. Evaluation of the physical-chemical processes,2. Assessment of the quality of the thermal waters,3. Developing physical-therapeutic and touristicresorts,4. Developing industrial and hydrogeologicalaspects, and5. Evaluation of the geothermal potential of Yemen.
GOALS OF THIS STUDY
Geological Survey & Mineral Resources Board
Volcanic ActivityVolcanic ActivityEight major Quaternary volcanic fields are knownEight major Quaternary volcanic fields are known
Historic lava flow (700 years old)Historic lava flow (700 years old)
Quaternary volcanic fieldQuaternary volcanic field
Western YemenWestern Yemen
Gulf of AdenGulf of Aden
Islands GroupIslands Group
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# Sana'a - capital
Aden - capital
Hajah
Taiz
Al-Hudaydah
Al-Mukalla
Ataq
Dhamar
Al_JaufMarib
Al-Bayda Radoom-Town
Shibam-Town
Al-Ghaidah
N
EW
S
40
40
42
42
44
44
46
46
48
48
50
50
52
52
54
54
56
56
1010
1212
1414
1616
1818
2020
50 0 50100 Kilometers
# EpithermalRaod NetworkRepublic of YemenCities
# Hot Spring
SaSa’’dahdah
Thermal FeaturesThermal Features> 100 Th. Sp.> 100 Th. Sp.
Fumaroles, Fumaroles, CondCond., and hot well waters., and hot well waters
T>40T>40ooC to boilingC to boiling
0102030405060708090
Tem
pera
ture
and
pH
Ma'yoon Bani Hasan
Ma'yoon AslamAl-KharshahAl-Jammah Bakil Al-Mee
Al-Jamma Bakil Al-Meer
Al-Jamma Bakil Al-Meer2
Ma'yoon Al-Haqlah
Ma'yoon Al-Haqlah1
Ma'yoon Al-Madafen
Al-A'yn Al-HarAl-Jammah W
adi Al-Me
Wadi Laa'h
Hajjah Area
ermal waters
01020
3040
506070
8090
Tem
pera
ture
and
pH
Hammam Ali (A'nis)
Hammam Ali cold
Al Lisi Fumarole1
Al Lisi Fumarole2
AL Lisi cold
Isbil condensate
Hammam Juma'h
Hammam Juma'h1
Wadi Juma'h
Hammam Al-Uqor1
Hammam Al-Uqor2
Hammam Al-Uqor3
Hammam Seiban
Hammam Malahah
Wadi Malahah
Artesian well (189m)
Jabal Mahyeen-Hammam...
Wadi Siham
Wadi Siham
Locality
Dhamar area
0102030405060708090
100
Tem
pera
ture
and
pH
Hammam Ash-Sha'rani
Ash-Sha'rani stream
Hammam Al-Esloom
Al-Ha r areaHar bani Amran
Hammam Habran1
Hammam Habran2
Hammam Zere h
Zereh streamAl-M aqhayahMosh Al-KaferMosh Al-Kafer
Mosh Al-KaferMosh Al-K afer
Mosh Al-K afer
Al HamroraAnn amaja hHammah Rusab a
Locality
Ibb area
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tem
pera
ture
and
pH
DamtAl-Hasassiyah
Hammam A'tef
Hammam Ad-Dhuleimi
Hammam Al-Asadi
Hammam Al-A'udi
Hammam Al-Hamdi
Attairi wellHammam Yarhad, A'yn Mosa Bin Amran
Hammam Yarhad, A'yn Shumailah
Hammam Yarhad, A'yn Mattas
Hammam Yarhad, A'y
Ad-Dhala' Area
Structural PatternsStructural Patterns
NNW linearNNW linearENE linearENE linear
The majorityThe majority
Epithermally altered zones throughout the Western Yemen volcanic Province.Hydrothermal ActivityHydrothermal Activity
Magnetic MapMagnetic Map
020406080
100120140160
Al-udyen
AdenGulf
Depths (km)Profiles (km)Duration(Days)
Seismic ActivitySeismic Activity Several Historic EQSeveral Historic EQ
Recent ActivityRecent Activity
EQ are CC.EQ are CC.
Heat Flow HistoryHeat Flow History
40 Ma40 Ma
12 Ma12 Ma
Country State Area Geothermalgradient°C/km
Heat flow mW/m2
Maximum surface T
(°C)
EstimatedT (°C)
USA Oregon Grande Ronde
Valley
30 to 70 60-80 80 100-125
USA Oregon Alvord Valley
47 to 295 52-295 97 150-200
Yemen Hadramawt
Gulf of Aden 70 65 80-120
Yemen Western part
Red Sea 50-77 94-154 96.3 150-180
India Cambay - 70
India Tattapani - 90
Intercontinental
Continental
Active rifts 60-90
World Average value
Normal 30
Well name Depth (m)
MaximumT (°C) recorded
Equilibriumgradient
Projected depth to 200 (°C)
Estimated heat
flow HFU
Reference
Zaydiah1
3018 152 50 3480 2.50 Mecom
Kathib1 2459 167 70 2490 4.00 Shell
Al-Auch
1
2812 170 54 3220 2.75 Shell
Abbas1 3414 174 50 3480 2.75 Shell
1000
100
10
1
0.1
0.010.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Na meq/L
Cl meq/LCl/Na=1
Cl/Na=1.2
1000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.00110001001010.10.01
Cl meq/L
Ca meq/L Cl/Ca=1
GeochemistryGeochemistry
43
13
Aden
Al Mukallah
Taiz
DhamarHudaidah
Sana
Sada’a
Marib
O
15O
17O
49O47O45OO
P
Al Ghaydhah
Kilometers
0 100
51O 53 O
Al Mukalla
Al Ghaidhah
Hudaidah
Kilometers
0 100
53 O51O49O47O45 O43 O
13 O
15 O
17 O
Socotra
LegendTertiary Sediments
Cretaceous Sediments
Paleozoic Sediments
Jurassic Sediments
Aden
Ta’iz
Dhamar
Sana’a
Sadah
Marib
Paleozoic SedimentsWajed F. – Akbara F.
Northwest Area
Mesozoic SedimentsKohlan G, Amran G., Tawilah G. Al Mahrah G.
Central, North & Southwest areas
Aden
Al Mukalla
Al Ghaydhah
Ta’iz
Dhamar
Sana’a
Sadah
Marib
LegendRecent DepositsQuaternary Volcanics
Tertiary Granites
Tertiary Volcanics
Kilometers
0 100
53 O51O49O47O45 O43 O
Socotra
13O
15O
17O
Hudaidah
QUATERNARY VOLCANICSSana-Amran ’a, , Mareb, Dhamar-Rada
FieldsShuqrah & Birr Ali
TERTIARY VOLCANICS
Tertiary Intrusive
Thermal Waters in the Basement Area
C A T I O N S A N I O N S%meq/l
Na+K HCO +CO3 3 Cl
Mg SO4
CaCalcium (Ca) Chloride (Cl)
Sulfa
te(S
O4)
+Chl
orid
e(Cl
)
Calcium(Ca)+M
agnesium(M
g)
Carb
onat
e(CO
3)+B
icarb
onat
e(HC
O3)
Sodium(Na)+Potassium
(K)
Sulfate(SO4)M
agne
sium
(Mg)
80 60 40 20 20 40 60 80
80
60
40
20
20
40
60
80
20
40
60
80
80
60
40
20
20
40
60
80
20
40
60
80
80
60
40
20
80
60
40
20
Total Dissolved Solids(Parts Per Million)
0 1,00
0
2,00
0
3,00
0
4,00
0
5,00
0
73
73
73
74
74
74
75
75
75
7676
76
77
77
77
78
78
78
79
79
79
80
80
80
81
81
81
82
82
82
83
83
83
84
84
84
85
85
85
86
86
86
87
87
87
88
88
88
89
89
89
90
90
90
91
91
91
92
92
92
93
93
93
9494
94
9595
95
96
96
96
97 97
97
9898
98
99
99
99
100100
100
101 101
101
102102
102
103
103
103
104 104
104
105
105
105
106106
106
107
107
107
108108
108
109 109
109
110110
110
111111
111
112 112
112
113 113
113
114 114
114
115
115
115
116116
116
117117
117
118118
118
119119
119
120
120
120
121 121
121
122122
122
123
123
123
124
124
124
125 125
125
126
126
126
127127
127
128128
128
129129
129
130 130
130
131
131
131
132
132
132
133
133
133
134
134
134
135
135
135
136
136
136
137
137
137138 138
138
Thermal Waters in the Sedimentary Cover Area
C A T I O N S A N I O N S%meq/l
Na+K HCO +CO3 3 Cl
Mg SO4
CaCalcium (Ca) Chloride (Cl)
Sulfa
te(S
O4)
+Chl
orid
e(Cl
)
Calcium(Ca)+M
agnesium(M
g)
Carb
onat
e(CO
3)+B
icarb
onat
e(HC
O3)
Sodium(Na)+Potassium
(K)
Sulfate(SO4)M
agne
sium
(Mg)
80 60 40 20 20 40 60 80
80
60
40
20
20
40
60
80
20
40
60
80
80
60
40
20
20
40
60
80
20
40
60
80
80
60
40
20
80
60
40
20
Total Dissolved Solids(Parts Per Million)
0 1,00
0
2,00
0
3,00
0
4,00
0
5,00
0
61
61
61
62
62
62
63
63
63
64
64
64
65
65
65
66
66
66
67
67
67
68
68
68
69
69
69
72
72
72
Thermal Waters in the Volcanic Area
C A T I O N S A N I O N S%meq/l
Na+K HCO +CO3 3 Cl
Mg SO4
CaCalcium (Ca) Chloride (Cl)
Sulfa
te(S
O4)
+Chlo
r ide(
Cl)
Calcium(Ca)+M
agnesium(M
g)
Carb
onat
e(CO
3)+B
icarb
onat
e(HC
O3)
Sodium(Na)+Potassium
(K)
Sulfate(SO4)M
agne
sium
(Mg)
80 60 40 20 20 40 60 80
80
60
40
20
20
40
60
80
20
40
60
80
80
60
40
20
20
40
60
80
20
40
60
80
80
60
40
20
80
60
40
20
Total Dissolved Solids(Parts Per Million)
0 1,00
0
2,00
0
3,00
0
4,00
0
5,00
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
11
12 12
12
13 13
13
14
14
14
15
15
15
1616
16
17
17
17
18
18
18
19
19
19
20
20
20
21
21
21
22
22
22
23
23
23
24
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
26
27
27
27
28
28
28
29
29
29
30
30
30
31
31
31
32
32
32
33
33
33
34
34
34
35
35
35
36
36
36
37
37
37
38
38
38
39
39
39
40
40
40
41
41
41
42
42
42
43 43
43
44
44
44
45
45
45
46
46
46
47
47
47
48
48
48
49
49
49
50
50
50
51
51
51
52
52
52
5353
53
54
54
54
5555
55
56 56
56
57 57
57
58 58
58
δ18O
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40-8 -4 0 4 8
δ2H
Sea water
GMWL
First International Conference on Geothermal Energy in the East First International Conference on Geothermal Energy in the East African Rift RegionAfrican Rift Region--ArgeoArgeo C1C1November 24November 24--29, 2006. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia29, 2006. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Oxygen and DeuteriumOxygen and Deuterium
100°120°140°160°180°200°220°240°300°
120°
160°
200°
240°
280°
320°
80°
80°
Full equilibrium line
Na/1000
K/100 Mg
tNa/K
tK/Mg
Immature watersImmature waters
Partial equilibrium watersPartial equilibrium waters
GeothermometryGeothermometry
The composition of gases is dominated by two species, CO2and N2, being their sum >95% in vol.%. The presence of CO2is probably related to thermometamorphicreactions on carbonate formations.
N2 has atmospheric origin, as indicated by N2/Ar ratios, which are comprised between air (82) and air saturated water (ASW=40) values.
The other atmospheric compounds, such as O2, Ar and Ne, are present in considerable amounts, although only Ar and Ne have maintained their original relative contents (Ne/Ar ratios are comprised in the area of AWS values.
Differently O2/Ar and O2/Ne ratios are lower with respect to AWS values, probably due to O2 consumption during redox reactions.
Yemen Data 2Chondrite Normalized
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Tb Gd Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
REE
Sam
ple/
Cho
ndrit
e
H-7H-9
Steep chondrite-normalized REE, NSP.
REE > from S towards N
Rare Earth ElementsRare Earth Elements
1.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Tb Gd Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
H-1H-7H-17
MB and VP, >> pH and << TDS, have >> REE content.
Chondrite Normalized
1.00E-07
1.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
REE
Sam
ple/
Cho
ndrit
e
H-2H-4H-H-
GEOTHERMAL APPLICATIONS
* Geothermal (heating, cooling and small-scale industry).
* Thermal and thermomineral (therapeuticthermal treatment, and producing
mineral waters).
* Hydrologic (agriculture) applications, and
* Production of electricity.First International Conference on Geothermal Energy in the East First International Conference on Geothermal Energy in the East African Rift RegionAfrican Rift Region--ArgeoArgeo C1C1
November 24November 24--29, 2006. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia29, 2006. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Geological Survey & Mineral Resources Board, Yemen
* Low enthalpy resources (60-80 °C) in the areas covered by sedimentary rocks.
* Medium enthalpy resources (100-140 °C) in the metamorphic basement areas.
* High enthalpy resources (>140<250 °C) are associated with the western Yemen volcanic province.
CONCLUSIONS
Geological Survey & Mineral Resources Board, Yemen
* It is possible to predict high-enthalpy potential in some regions of the country and this is indicated by:
* The fumaroles at Dhamar (Al-Lisi area), and the high surface T at Al-Qafr area.
* The high geophysical conductive thermal anomaly beneath the Yemeni rift related area.
CONCLUSIONS
Geological Survey & Mineral Resources Board, Yemen
* The high heat flow in the Red Sea area,
* The positive Eu anomaly from some hot springs areas may indicate higher T exceeding 200 °C,
* The relatively high He and Ar isotopic ratios,
* The shift found in the Oxy.-D disc. Diag.
CONCLUSIONS
Geological Survey & Mineral Resources Board, Yemen
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
-- Ministry of Oil and Minerals, Yemen, Ministry of Oil and Minerals, Yemen, -- CIES, Washington DC, U. S. A, CIES, Washington DC, U. S. A, -- University of Florence, Italy,University of Florence, Italy,-- Idaho and Washington State Universities,Idaho and Washington State Universities,-- National Research Center, FlorenceNational Research Center, Florence--Italy,Italy,-- BGR, BGR, HannoverHannover--Germany (Germany (KatrinKatrin Kessler, inKessler, in particular),particular),-- GEF (particularly Mr. Bernard), andGEF (particularly Mr. Bernard), and-- The Organizing Committee of this Conference (mainly The Organizing Committee of this Conference (mainly
Dr. Dr. MesseretMesseret).).
Thank you very much Thank you very much for your kind for your kind
attentionattention