Functions:

--taking in oxygen

--removing carbon dioxide

**the body only has a ___ minute

supply of oxygen!!

Anatomy of the Resp. System

•Nose: has two nostrils (nares) through which air enters.

Anatomy of the Resp. System

•Nasal Septum: divides the nose into two hollow spaces.

Anatomy of the Resp. System

•Nasal Cavities: hollow passageways lined with mucous and cilia (tiny hairs).

Anatomy of the Resp. System

•Sinuses: cavities in the skull around the nasal area.

Pharynx (throat)•Nasopharynx: upper portion behind the nasal cavities.

Pharynx (throat)•Oropharynx: middle section located behind the mouth.

•Laryngopharynx: bottom section

Larynx (“voicebox”)

•Lies between the pharynx and trachea

•vocal cords

Larynx (“voicebox”)• glottis: opening between vocal cords

• epiglottis: leaflike structure that closes the opening to the larynx during swallowing

Trachea: (windpipe)

• anterior to esophagus

• carries air between pharynx (throat) and lungs

•Bronchi: two branches off the trachea (left and right). Each bronchus enters a lung and divide into branches.

•Bronchioles: the smallest branches

Alveoli•Tiny air sacs at the ends of the bronchioles.

•Resemble bunches of grapes

Alveoli•Contain a rich network of blood capillaries

•This is where air exchange takes place

LUNGS

•Right Lung

•three sections (lobes): superior, middle, and inferior

LUNGS

• Left Lung

• two sections (lobes): superior and inferior

• left lung is smaller to make room for the heart

Ventilation (breathing)

Two phases:

inspiration (inhalation)

expiration (exhalation)

Breathing is controlled by the medulla oblongata of the brain.

An increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood causes the center to increase the respiratory rate.

Inspiration (inhalation)

--diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract

--thoracic cavity enlarges and creates vacuum

Inspiration (inhalation)

--air rushes in to the alveoli

--air exchange takes place; this is known as

RESPIRATION

Expiration (exhalation)

--diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax

Expiration (exhalation)

--thoracic cavity becomes smaller, air rushes out (to equalize pressure)

Chronic ObstructivePulmonary Disease (COPD)

--asthma

--bronchitis (chronic)

--emphysema

Hyperventilation Syndrome

--anxiety or panic attack

**see handout on above topics

Pleurisy

--inflammation of the pleura (lung membranes)

Pleurisy

--S/S: sharp, stabbing pain when breathing, crepitus (grating sound in the lungs), dyspnea, fever

Pleurisy

--Tx: rest, medications, possible thoracentesis (withdrawal of fluid through a needle)

Pneumonia

--inflammation or infection of the lungs with fluid in the alveoli

Causes: bacteria, virus, or aspiration.

Pneumonia, ctd.

S/S: chills, fever, CP, productive cough, dyspnea, fatigue

Pneumonia, ctd.

Tx: antibiotics, bedrest, fluids, respiratory therapy

HEMOPTYSIS ??????????????

Pulmonary Embolism

Clot travels from somewhere in the body and blocks the pulmonary artery.

Pulmonary Embolism

S/S: dyspnea, sharp pain, anxiety, hypotension, hemoptysis,

tachycardia, JVD, LS: crackles or wheezing

Cystic Fibrosis

Inherited disorder that causes abnormal secretion of thick mucous which plugs the bronchi.

Cystic Fibrosis

Fatal illness, usually resulting in death in the teens or 20s.

Laryngitis

--Inflammation of the larynx and vocal cords

--frequently occurs with respiratory infections

Laryngitis

--S/S: hoarseness, loss of voice, sore throat, dysphagia

Epistaxis (Nosebleed)

Causes include: a direct blow, altitude change, hypertension, drugs, and diseases.

Epistaxis (Nosebleed)

Tx: lean forward, pressure on bridge of nose, ice pack, gauze packing, treat cause!

Epistaxis (Nosebleed)

What’s a great product to use to

pack a bloody nose??

Rhinitis

Inflammation in the nasal mucous membrane resulting in a runny nose (rhinorrhea), soreness, and congestion.

Rhinitis

Causes: infections and allergens