functional groups – page 3 functional group - a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic...
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Functional Groups – Page 3Functional group - a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound, that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions.
Most organic chemistry involves substituentsoften contain O, N, S, or P
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Same Functional GroupWill have the same non-hydrocarbon group
Will have similar chemical properties
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Alcohols – Page 3Alcohols - Organic compounds with an -OH groupThe -OH functional group in alcohols is called a “hydroxyl” group; thus R-OH is the formula
How is this different from the hydroxide ion? (covalent bonding with the carbon- not ionic with a metal like bases)
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AlcoholsFor IUPAC:
Drop the -e ending of the parent alkane name;
add ending of -ol, number the position of -OH
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Alcohol Example
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AlcoholsThe hydroxyl is given the lowest position number
Alcohols containing 2, 3, and 4 of the -OH substituents are named diols, triols, and tetrols respectively
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Alcohol Examples
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Classification of Alcohols – Page 4
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Ethers – Page 5Organic compounds in which oxygen is bonded to 2 carbon groups: R-O-R is formula
R and R’ could be two different alkyl chains.
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Naming EthersName the two alkyl chains on each side of the
Oxygen.Add –yl ending.
Name the longest chain first and shorter chain second.
Combine the two names and add ether.
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Naming Ethers
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Aldehydes (p. 9)Organic compounds that have a carbonyl
group (C=O) attached to the beginning (1st Carbon) or end (last Carbon) of a parent carbon chain.
General form: O OR-C-H H-C-R
Naming: Drop the “e” from the alkane name and
add “al”
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Example OC-C-H
Ethane ( - e ) add al
Ethanal
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Name:
O C O
C-C-C-C
2-methyl-1,4-butanedial(you are supposed to keep the “e”)
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Ketones (p. 10)Organic compounds in which the carbonyl group
is attached to carbons within the parent carbon chain (not at the beginning or end).
General form: OR-C-R’
Naming: Drop the “e” from the alkane name and add “one”.
“one” is pronouced “own” Give the position # for the carbonyl.
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Example:
O C-C-C
2-propanone
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Example:
C O O C-C-C-C-C-C5-methyl-2,3-hexanedione
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Carboxylic Acids (p. 11)Carboxyl group: O or O
-C-OH HO-C-Organic compounds that contain a
carboxyl functional group.Can only be on the ends.
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Carboxylic Acids (p. 11) OGeneral formula: R-C-OHNaming: oIf one carboxyl group• Drop the “e” from the alkane name and
add “-oic acid”. (No number needed for the carboxyl group)
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Example:
O C-C-C-C-C-C-OH
hexanoic acid
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Example:
C O C-C-C-C-C-C-OH
5-methyl hexanoic acid
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oIf more that one carboxyl group.• One on each end of the parent chain.• -dioic acid.
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Example:
O O HO-C-C-C-C-OH
1,4-butanedioic acid