function of the nervous system to conduct electrical impulses that allow cells, tissues and organs...
TRANSCRIPT
Function of the Nervous System
To conduct electrical impulses that allow cells, tissues and organs to detect and respond to stimuli.
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General Structure of Nervous System
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BrainAn organ that serves as the center of the nervous
system. It processes information received from
other parts of the NS.
VertebraOne of the small bones that link
together to form the backbone. It protects
the spinal cord
Spinal CordNerve tissue that relays information from the brain to the body’s nerves
and back.
Spinal NervesNerves that root from the spinal
cord and branch to various parts of the body
Sensory & Motor Neurons
What’s the difference?
NERVE NEURON
A bundle of neurons that transmit the same information
or impulse.
A cell that transmits impulses from cell
to another.
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Structure of the Neuron#5
•Axon transmits nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons and muscles
•Cell Body contains the nucleus and other organelles of the neuron cell
•Dendrite(receptors) receives nerve impulses from other neurons and transmits them to the cell body
•Myelin Sheathfat substance that wraps around the axon, prevents the electrical impulse from leaving the axon (neurons can cross over each other)
•Axon TerminalReleases neurotransmitters to an
adjacent neuron
Myelin Sheath Coating
Simple Reflex Arc The brain is NOT involved in a simple reflex arc. Pathway description:
1. External stimulus occurs
2. Information is transmitted through a sensory neuron.
3. Information is relayed to an interneuron (found in spinal cord).
4. Information is relayed to a motor neuron.
5. A muscle or gland will respond (ex. muscle contracts or relaxes, sweat, tears, saliva, mucus).
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NEURON COMMUNICATION
Neurotransmitter: chemicals that diffuse across a synapse and binds to receptors on the dendrite of an adjacent neuron.
Synapse: a small gap that exists between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5zFgT4aofA
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Causes an increase in the amount of the NT that is released into a
synapse
NicotineIncreases the amount of dopamine (NT) into a synapse. Dopamine is involved with feelings of pleasure or reward.
Blocks a receptor on a dendrite, preventing a NT from binding to it
Caffeine Binds to adenosine dendrite receptors. Adenosine (NT) is supposed to cause drowsiness.
Prevents a NT from leaving a synapse
Cocaine Increases dopamine levels.
Imitates a NT Marijuana THC binds to receptors and produces the effect of intense pleasure.
How Drugs Affect Neurons
NT = neurotransmitter
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Tolerance & AddictionTolerance: when a person needs more and
more of the same drug to get the same effect, this is because the body becomes less responsive to the drug.
Addiction: physiological or psychological dependence on a drug
Example: A cocaine user’s body builds tolerance to the drug. The body is used to getting high levels of dopamine. As a result the person has to take more of the drug on a continual basis.
3 Major Parts of the Brain
Cerebrum
Brain Stem
Cerebellum
Left Hemisphere
Right Hemisphere
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Largest part of the brain; carries out higher thought
processes
Responsible for balance and muscle
coordination
Connects the brain to the spinal cord
The right side of the brain controls muscles on the left side of the body and vice versa…
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FRONTAL LOBE
Functions: • Decision making
• Concentration• Language processing
• Personality
PARIETAL LOBE
Functions: Processes sensory
input from muscles and skin
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OCCIPITAL LOBE
Function: • Receives visual
input •Image recognition
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TEMPORAL LOBE
Functions: • Short term
memory• Received auditory
input• Speech
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PONS (Top Part of Brain
Stem)
Functions: • Relays signals
between cerebrum and cerebellum
•Plays a role in sleep and dreaming
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MEDULLA OBLONGATA
(Bottom Part of Brain Stem)
Functions: • Relays information between the brain
and spinal cord
•Controls breathing rate, heart rate and
blood pressure
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HYPOTHALAMUS
Function:Regulates the
following: •Body temperature•Water balance•Sleep/wake cycle control•Appetite•Sexual Arousal
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1. Light from the image begins to travel through the pupil to the lens.
2. The iris tissue will change the pupil’s size to allow more or less light in.
3. The lens inverts the light into an upside down image and focuses it on the retina.
4. Rods & cone cells found along the surface of the retina tissue are stimulated by the light.
5. Rod & cone cells relay this sensory information to the optic nerve.
6. The optic nerve sends the sensory information to the occipital lobe.
7. The color and light sensory information is processed by the brain & the image is perceived right-side up.
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Rod & Cone Cell FunctionsRODS Both •CONES
• Adapted for vision in dim light
•Help you detect shape and movement
Light receptor cells in the eye
•Adapted for sharp vision in bright light
•Helps you detect color-Red-Green-Blue
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The auditory nerve transmits stimuli to the brain about SOUND & BALANCE. The following two ear structures
connect to the auditory nerve:
Cochlea: contains hair cell nerve endings essential for hearing.
Semicircular canals: helps determine the sense of equilibrium & balance.
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(EAR DRUM)
Damage Due To Loud Sounds
How Hearing Works
1. Sound waves enter the ear and travel down to the end of the ear canal.
2. Sound waves strike the eardrum and cause it to vibrate3. The sound waves pass to the 3 bones found in the middle ear. 4. The sound waves are changed to a mechanical vibration. 5. Mechanical vibrations cause the fluid in the cochlea to move,
causing the hair cells to bend. 6. The hairs cells stimulate sensory neurons to generate electric
impulses to the auditory nerve.7. The auditory nerve carries impulses from the cochlea to a
relay station in the mid-brain.8. These nerve impulses are then carried on to the temporal
lobe of the brain where the information will be processed.
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Stimuli & Skin Receptors
The skin has sensory receptors (neurons) that detect the following stimuli :
1. Light Touch2. Heavy
Pressure3. Pain4. Heat 5. Cold
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http://www.abpischools.org.uk/res/coResourceImport/modules/skin/en-flash/skinstructure.cfm
Parietal lobe
Parietal lobe
Cerebrum
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Smelling & TastingThe sense of taste &
smell are stimulated by chemicals and often function together.
Structures in the mouth and nasal region involved in this are:Taste budsSensory neuronsOlfactory receptorsOlfactory nerve
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