fullerenes

Fullerenes

Adam D. DarwishDOI: 10.1039/b716501n

This chapter reviews the literature reported during 2007 on fullereneschemistry including fullerene production and properties, organic andorganometallic chemistry, endohedral derivatives and advanced materialsas well as theoretical studies and possible applications of fullerene and itsderivatives.

Highlights

The in vitro antitumour activity of a novel fullerene-maleic anhydride derivative

synthesized via radical polymerization has been tested and the result showed that the

derivative exhibits better antitumor activity against HeLa cells and bone tumour

cells. The antitumor mechanism of water-soluble fullerene derivative has been

investigated.1

1. Production, separation and properties of fullerenes

An integrated technology for the manufacture of C60 and C70 fullerenes with purity

exceeding 99.5 and 98.0 wt%, respectively, has been developed.2 Extractable

amounts of C60 and C70 fullerenes have been obtained by two-step pyrolysis of

PCF3 and high-temperature pyrolysis of two fullerene precursors-1,2 0-binaphthyl

and 1,3-oligonaphthylene. The formation of fullerenes was confirmed by MALDI-

TOF and HPLC analysis.4 Isolable quantities of C60 fullerene have been achieved by

flash pyrolysis of bromine-substituted truxenone derivatives.5 Size-tunable hexago-

nal C60 fullerene nanosheets have been prepared using a liquid–liquid interfacial

precipitation method. The prepared C60 nanosheets are porous, very thin, and

foldable in nature.6 Saturated C60 fullerenes with O2, N2 or Ar have been achieved

by precipitation of C60 from 1,2-dichlorobenzene solution saturated by these gases.

The structure and chemical composition of the fullerenes was characterized by

spectroscopic techniques.7

Onion-like fullerenes nanocarbons were synthesized in high yield and quality by

arc discharge in water between pure graphite electrodes at the current of 50 A. Many

spectroscopic techniques were employed to study the crystallography of these carbon

nanostructures.8 Comparative analysis of processes in carbon arc and RF plasma

during fullerene production has been presented. It has been found that the zone of

fullerene formation is significantly larger in RF plasma reactor compared to arc

reactor.9

An overview of the synthesis and characterization of different types of fullerene

dimers such as directly bonded dimers, a short chain C60 dimer and other dimers

with bridge molecules of varying length have been presented.10

Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton,UK BN1 9QJ. E-mail: [email protected]; Fax: 01273606196; Tel: 01273 678474

REVIEW www.rsc.org/annrepa | Annual Reports A

360 | Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem., Sect. A, 2008, 104, 360–378

This journal is �c The Royal Society of Chemistry 2008

Dow

nloa

ded

by U

nive

rsity

of

Chi

cago

on

13/0

5/20

13 0

5:21

:34.

Pu

blis

hed

on 2

8 A

pril

2008

on

http

://pu

bs.r

sc.o

rg |

doi:1

0.10

39/B

7165

01N

View Article Online / Journal Homepage / Table of Contents for this issue

http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b716501n

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/journals/journal/IC

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/journals/journal/IC?issueid=IC008104

Cage-opened C59 fullerenones with 18- and 19-membered-ring orifices has been

prepared through peroxide-mediated stepwise cleavage of fullerene skeleton bonds.

C59 fullerenones were found to encapsulate water under mild conditions as char-

acterized by spectroscopic data and single-crystal structures.11

Systematic separation and quantification of C60 and C70 fullerenes using thermo-

stated micro thin-layer chromatography have been studied. The reported separation

protocol shows a capability for the evaluation of fullerenes quantity in commercial

samples.12 Remarkable improvement in efficiency of filtration methods for fullerene

purification has been achieved by using 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene as solvent.13 It has

been found that the encapsulation of fullerenes with a cyclotriveratrylene derivative

system was preferred for the separation of C84 fullerene from fullerenes mixture.14

The toxicity of C60 fullerene and its derivatives have been reviewed.15 Toxicity

evaluation of C60, C70 and C60(OH)24 in vivo using embryonic zebrafish show’s that

C60(OH)24 is significantly less toxic than C60. These studies also suggest that the

embryonic zebrafish model is well-suited for the rapid assessment of nanomaterial

toxicity.16

The increase of fullerene nanoparticle additives was found to improve the

lubrication properties of regular mineral oil.17 The effect of C60 fullerene water

suspension on bacterial phospholipids and membrane phase behaviour has been

investigated. It has been shown that the response in lipid composition and

membrane phase behaviour depends on both the fullerene concentration and the

cell wall morphology.18 The binding abilities of calix[5]arene-based host molecules

for higher fullerenes in organic solvents and the structure of the host–guest complex

of double-calix[5]arene and C76 have been investigated.19

The solubility of C60 fullerene in long chain fatty acids esters have been tested, It

has been found that C60 is not only soluble in the fatty acid esters but is also reactive

with them under mild conditions. The C60 solubility in vegetable oils may pave the

way for easier application of C60 fullerene in medicinal chemistry and in additive

chemistry for varnishes and fuels.20 The solubility of C60 fullerene in toluene was

found to increase with increasing pressure, and then decreased with a sharp

maximum, suggesting a transition between solid phases.21 The solubility of C60 in

water and other conventional organic solvents was remarkably improved by grafting

hydrophilic PEO onto C60 using macroazo initiators. In addition, the thermal

stability of PEO was dramatically increased by grafting onto C60 fullerene.22 The

solubilisation of C60 in water in the presence of aquatic HSs was found to be 8–540

times higher than that in the blank solution.23 Thermodynamic properties of C60

solutions in individual and mixed organic solvents,24 and polythermal solubility of

C60 and fullerene mixture in higher isomeric carboxylic acids have been studied

within the 20–80 1C range.25,26

Fullerene C60 as a superefficient quencher of singlet exited states of PAH has been

found by the quenching of fluorescence of PAH by C60 in ethylbenzene at 293 K. The

overlap integrals of the PAH fluorescence spectra with the C60 absorption spectrum

and the critical energy transfer distances have been calculated.27

The effect of the C60 and C70 fullerene contents on the dielectric properties of

polyimide films has been presented. It has been found that the modification of

polyimide with C70 has no significant influence on time constants, while increasing

the amount of C60 leads to shorter beta-relaxation time.28

Relative stabilities of six C74 fullerene cages have been evaluated using the Gibbs

energy in a broad temperature interval. The computations indicate that the isolation

of other C74 cages, in addition to the IPR isomer, is less likely though not

Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem., Sect. A, 2008, 104, 360–378 | 361


Dow

nloa

ded

by U

nive

rsity

of

Chi

cago

on

13/0

5/20

13 0

5:21

:34.

Pu

blis

hed

on 2

8 A

pril

2008

on

http

://pu

bs.r

sc.o

rg |

doi:1

0.10

39/B

7165

01N

View Article Online


impossible.29 DFT calculations were carried out to study the reactivities of Ih C60

and D5h C70 fullerenes. It was found that some of the C70 sites have larger reaction

energies than that of C60, although C70 is energetically more stable than C60

fullerene.30

2. Chemistry of the fullerenes

2.1 Organic chemistry

2.1.1 Addition reactions. Advancements and prospects of [2+2] cycloaddition to

C60 fullerene, including classic reaction, the main reagent as well as the reaction

mechanism have been reviewed.31

Azomethine ylides obtained from the reaction of picolylamines and aromatic

aldehydes undergo highly regio- and stereo-selective [2+3] cycloaddition reactions

with C70 fullerene. CV studies of the synthesised pyrrolidinofullerenes showed the

existence of some electronic communication between the substituents in the pyrro-

lidine ring and the C70 fullerene cage.32 Two series of oligofluorene–C60 and C60–

oligofluorene–C60 donor–acceptor conjugates have been synthesized from CHO–

Y1�5 and CHO–Y1�5–CHO precursors (Y = 9,9-dihexylfluorene-2,7-diyl) via

1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of in situ generated azomethine ylides with an

excess of C60. The energy transfer properties for the products have been studied.33

The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction has been used to prepare N,N-dimethylani-

line-pyrazolinoC70-ferrocene from the reaction of nitrile imine with C70 fullerene. It

was found that the pyrazolino ring mediates a CS between the donor moieties and

the photoexcited C70 moiety.34 C60 fulleropyrrolidine-containing poly(benzyl ether)

dendrimers were prepared through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of amino acid, alde-

hyde derivatives and C60 fullerene. Their dielectric and electrooptical properties in

solution have been studied.35

Synthesis and kinetic stability of Diels–Alder adducts of substituted isobenzofur-

ans,36 cis-1 bis(isobenzofuran)37 and C60 have been investigated. Four new adducts

were obtained via microwave-assisted Diels–Alder [4+2]-cycloaddition reaction of

chiral heterodienes with C60 fullerene. Adducts were fully characterized by elemental

and spectroscopic analysis.38 The reactive 4,7-diphenylisobenzofuran was utilized to

form new three-, four-, and five-ring acenes via Diels–Alder reaction and the latter

compound was reacted with C60 fullerene to produce new C60-acene adducts.39 A

molecular tweezers C60H28 with two corannulene pincers and a tetrabenzocyclooc-

tatetraene tether was obtained from double Diels–Alder addition of isocorannule-

nofuran to dibenzocyclooctadiyne followed by deoxygenation.40

The formation of methanofulleroid adducts of Y3N@C80 have been achieved via

cycloaddition of bromomalonates to Y3N@C80. Full characterization of these

derivatives has been described including spectroscopic and electrochemistry analysis.

DFT calculations were also presented.41

A Bingel reaction has been used to synthesise C60–oligocarbazole dendrons. Their

fluorescence and transient absorption spectra have been presented.42 A donor–

acceptor subphthalocyanine fused dimers–C60 dyads has been prepared through

double cycloaddition of the fused dimer. The product was characterized using

photophysical and electrochemical techniques, together with theoretical study.43

The regioselective addition reaction of an aromatic hydrazine or hydrazone to

isomeric diketone derivatives of C60 have been used to synthesise ten new open-cage

fullerene derivatives with 16-membered-ring orifice in high yields.44



Dow

nloa

ded

by U

nive

rsity

of

Chi

cago

on

13/0

5/20

13 0

5:21

:34.

Pu

blis

hed

on 2

8 A

pril

2008

on

http

://pu

bs.r

sc.o

rg |

doi:1

0.10

39/B

7165

01N

View Article Online


Pyrrolofullerenes have been synthesised in high yields through cycloaddition of

tertiary amines to C60 fullerene, catalyzed by Ti, Zr, and Hf complexes.45

It has been found that thermal treatment of isoxazolino[4,5:1,2]–C60- and C70-

fullerenes in the presence of an excess of a dienophile and Cu(II) catalyst undergo an

efficient retro-cycloaddition reaction to pristine fullerenes.46 Eglington-Glaser cou-

pling reaction has been used to prepare a triptycene-based nanosized molecular cage,

and its structure was determined by spectroscopic analysis.47

1,3-Dipolar cycloadditions of C2v–C82 with N-methylazomethine have been

studied at the PM3 level, and their mechanism and regiochemistry have been

investigated.48

2.1.2 Hydrogenation. Hydrogenation of C60, C70 and higher fullerene has been

obtained in high yield by using polyamines at elevated temperatures. It has been

found that the hydrogenation reaction times can be reduced to minutes by using a

microwave reactor. The mechanism of polyamine hydrogenation was discussed.49

DFT calculations showed that the hydrogenated silicon fullerene is stable over

hydrogen molecule attack. It is demonstrated that up to 58 hydrogen molecules can

be stored into its interior cavity, and together with 60 hydrogen atoms in the exterior

surface, total gravimetric density of hydrogen of 58H2@Si60H60 amounts to 9.48%,

which is much higher than any reported capacity of hydrogen storage in other

media.50

Thermodynamic properties, molecular structures and vibration frequencies were

studied for 9 isomers of C60H36 by theoretical methods.51 The geometrical structures,

electronic properties, and spectroscopic properties of non-IPR fullerene C66 and its

derivatives C66X4 (X=H, F, Cl) have been studied by the first-principle calculations

based on DFT.52 Systematic density functional studies on the stabilities

and electronic properties of seven-membered ring C58X18 fullerene derivatives

(X = H, F, and Cl) have been performed.53

2.1.3 Alkylation and arylation. A modified hot filament chemical vapour deposi-

tion method has been used for direct methylation of C60 via a gas-phase reaction in a

CH4/H2 atmosphere.54 A functionalized fullerene (R–C60–H; R = aryl, heteroaryl,

and alkenyl) with good to excellent selectivity have been achieved by treatment of

C60 with the corresponding organoboron compound in the presence of a catalytic

amount of [Rh(cod)(CH3CN)2]BF4 in water/o-dichlorobenzene.55 Synthesis, electro-

nic and excited state properties of fullerene derivatives functionalized with isomeric

phenyleneethynylene-based dendrons possessing either 1,3,5-triethynylbenzene or

1,2,4-triethynylbenzene branching units have been reported.56

A range of C60-long alkyl chain derivatives have been synthesized and inserted

into SWCNT and used toward controlled spacing in one-dimensional molecular

chains.57 1,2-dibenzyl C60 has been obtained from the reaction between C602� and

benzyl bromide in benzonitrile containing 0.1 M TBAP, purified using HPLC and

characterised by spectroscopic analysis.58

2.1.4 Polymerisation. The design, characterisation and application of conjugated

polymers electron-accepting with tethered moieties as ambipolar materials for

photovoltaic cells have been reviewed.59

An overview on fullerene-containing polymers, from synthesis to their physico-

chemical properties in solution has been reported.60



Dow

nloa

ded

by U

nive

rsity

of

Chi

cago

on

13/0

5/20

13 0

5:21

:34.

Pu

blis

hed

on 2

8 A

pril

2008

on

http

://pu

bs.r

sc.o

rg |

doi:1

0.10

39/B

7165

01N

View Article Online


C60–PEO–C60 has been prepared by reacting azido-terminated PEO with C60. The

self-organization behaviour of such C60-modified copolymers in different mixtures of

chloronaphthalene and benzene was studied by a combination of static and dynamic

laser light scattering.61 C60-cored star polyfluorenes have been synthesized in high

yield by using Prato reaction and bulky fluorene addends. Annealing studies

indicated that the C60-cored star polyfluorenes were of good colour stability.62

The copolymerization of C60-cyclopentadiene cycloadducts and norbornene in

varying ratios gave a series of C60-containing polymers. The co-polymers formed

have been investigated by spectroscopic and thermal techniques.63 The methods of

synthesis of poly(urethanes) that were based on hydroxyfullerenes, afforded linear,

network, and star-shaped polymers containing a covalently bonded fullerene. The

physical, physicochemical, and mechanical properties of fullerene-containing poly-

(urethanes) have been described.64 The electropolymerization of terthiophene S,S-

dioxide-fullerene Diels–Alder adduct produces donor–acceptor molecular wires

providing a new way to fullerene-based double cable polymers.65

Nanofiber material which exhibits an ohmic conductance response at elevated

temperature has been obtained by mixing solutions of p-Butcalix[5]arene and C60 in

toluene.66 General method for the preparation of ultrathin, large-area, free-standing

films of nanofibrous composite materials has been developed and their optical,

biological, metallic, and magnetic properties have been reported.67

The reaction between C60Br24 and C70Br10 with TiCl4, afforded singly-bonded

dimeric structures (C60Cl5)2 and [(C70)2](Ti3Cl13)2, respectively.68 A chiral dumbbell

shaped bis(C60)-oligoelectrolyte has been synthesized by connecting two C60 cores

with a chiral cyclo-bis(malonate), followed by the regioselective addition of ten

amino-terminated malonates into the octahedral positions of the fullerene moieties

and subsequent cleavage of the protecting groups.69

A DFT study on the dimerization of C62, H2–C62, and F2–C62 were showed that

all isomers of the H2–C62 dimer are appreciably more stable than the individual

monomers. Although a large steric repulsion due to F atoms significantly reduces the

stability of F2–C62 dimer, its two isomers were still more stable than separate

monomer.70

2.1.5 Fullerene derivatives containing halogens. Synthetic methods, structures and

general properties of halogenated and perfluoroalkylated fullerenes in recent years

have been reviewed. Fluorinated fullerene and their derivatives were especially

described.71 Methods for the synthesis and structure of polyfluoro (chloro, bromo)

derivatives of C60 fullerene have been described. The reactivity of these compounds

including redox reactions, nucleophilic substitution, radical addition, cycloaddition

and electrophilic arylation has been demonstrated.72 C60(CF3)8 has been prepared by

a reaction of C60 with CF3I at 420 1C followed by HPLC separation and molecular

structure determination.73

The thermal reaction of C60 or S6–C60(CF3)12 isomer with CF3I produced new

isomers of C60(CF3)12 and C60(CF3)14 which have been isolated and characterized by

single crystal X-ray diffraction and investigated theoretically by means of DFT

calculations.74

It has been reported that the C1–C60(CF3)12 prepared from C60 with CF3I at

500 1C, exhibits an unusual fullerene(CF3)12 addition pattern that is 40 kJ mol�1 less

stable than the previously reported C60(CF3)12 isomer.75 Three isomers of

C60(CF3)16 and one isomer of C60(CF3)18 have been isolated by HPLC from a



Dow

nloa

ded

by U

nive

rsity

of

Chi

cago

on

13/0

5/20

13 0

5:21

:34.

Pu

blis

hed

on 2

8 A

pril

2008

on

http

://pu

bs.r

sc.o

rg |

doi:1

0.10

39/B

7165

01N

View Article Online


mixture prepared by trifluoromethylation of C60 with CF3I in a glass ampoule at

380–400 1C. The structure of the isomers has been determined by X-ray single

crystallography and their relative stabilities have been reported according to the

DFT calculations.76 A number of C60(CF3)2�10 compounds have been synthesized

by the reaction of C60 with silver trifluoroacetate and successfully isolated by means

of HPLC. The structures and theoretical study of lower trifluoromethyl derivatives

were reported.77

Novel C60(CF2)1�3 compounds with unique [6,6]-open structures have been

formed from either refluxing of the o-dichlorobenzene solution of C60 with

CF2ClCO2Na and 18-crown-6 or by the thermal decomposition of CF2ClCO2Na.

A theoretical survey of CF2 derivatives of C60 has been reported.78,79 Eight isomers

of pentafluoroethyl C60 derivatives C60(C2F5)n (n= 6, 8, and 10) were synthesized by

the reaction of C60 with C2F5I at 380–440 1C and isolated by chromatographic

separation. Their molecular structures were established by X-ray diffraction and

their relative stabilities were compared by DFT calculations.80 Seven isomers of

C70(C2F5)10 have been synthesised by a reaction of C70 with C2F5I at 350 1C

followed by HPLC separation and crystal structure determination.81

Pure isomers of composition C60(C4F8)2 (two isomers), C60(C4F8)6 and C70(C2F4)2have been produced from addition reaction of biradicals thermally generated from

C2F4I2 with C60 and C70 fullerenes.82 C78F42 is the first example of a perfluoro-

alkylfullerene with perfluoroisopropyl groups, its structure was found to

be 1,7,16,30,36,47-hexakis(perfluoroisopropyl)-1,7,16,30,36,47-hexahydro(C60-Ih)-

[5,6]fullerene.83 It has been found that C60F30, is one of six isomers of C60(CF3)10that have been isolated and its structure was determined as 1,6,11,18,-

24,27,33,51,54,60-decakis(trifluoromethyl)-1,6,11,18,24,27,33,51,54,60-decahydro-

(C60-Ih)[5,6]fullerene.84

X-ray photoelectron and X-ray emission spectroscopic studies of C60F24 of the Th

symmetry contains two types of chemically different carbon atoms revealed a

difference in the widths of the X-ray bands corresponding to these types of atoms.85

Electrochemical, spectroscopic, and DFT studies of C60(CF3)2�18 have been

reported.86 Bond orders and atomic properties of C60F18 and C60Cl30 derived from

their charge densities were analyzed by using Bader’s atoms in molecules theory.87

2.1.6 Fullerene derivatives containing nitrogen. Chemically cross-linked C60 thin

films capable of binding silver nanoparticles have been prepared by direct solvent-

free functionalization of C60 fullerene with 1,8-diaminooctane.88 Vicinal aminohy-

droxy fullerene compounds with the amino group on the central pentagon have been

obtained from the reaction of fullerene peroxides C60O(OOBut)4 with ammonia or

with nonbulky primary amines. The bromo group in C60(OH)(Br)(OOBut)4 has been

replaced by ammonia and primary amines under the same condition. These

compounds have been characterized by spectroscopic means, and X-ray single-

crystals.89 Aminomethano-C60 fullerenes, has been generated in situ by the treatment

of their trifluoromethanesulfonic acid salts with a base, these were readily converted

into 1-acyl-1,2-dihydro-C60 fullerenes via the ring opening of the cyclopropane

moiety.90 A new family of N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-2-pyrazotino-C60 fullerene deriva-

tives has been synthesized by electrophilic nitration using nitronium triflate.91

Catalytic 1,2-hydroamination of C60 fullerene with primary and secondary amines

in the presence of Ti, Zr, and Hf complexes gave the corresponding alkyl-, aryl-,

and hetaryl-aminodihydrofullerenes.92 Synthesis, characterization, antioxidant



Dow

nloa

ded

by U

nive

rsity

of

Chi

cago

on

13/0

5/20

13 0

5:21

:34.

Pu

blis

hed

on 2

8 A

pril

2008

on

http

://pu

bs.r

sc.o

rg |

doi:1

0.10

39/B

7165

01N

View Article Online


properties, and solid-phase peptide synthesis of a series of C60 and C70 fullerene

phenylalanine and lysine derivatives have been achieved by the condensation of 1,2-

(40-oxocyclohexano)fullerene with the appropriately protected (4-amino)phenyl-

alanine and lysine, respectively. These compounds have been characterized by

spectroscopic techniques.93 A soluble C60 fullerene bearing triazole groups as an

electron transport moiety has been synthesized and characterized.94

The monoadducts of C60 with only [6,6]-closed isomer structure have been

obtained from the reaction of C60 fullerene with nitrile ylides generated from N-

benzyl-4-nitrobenzimidoyl chloride/N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-4-nitrobenzimidoyl chloride

and triethylamine.95

2,2-C60 fullerenoalkylamines have been synthesised from 2,2-C60 fullerenoalka-

noyl azides, which were generated from the corresponding chlorides through the

Curtius rearrangement in the presence of tert-butyl alcohol, followed by debutyla-

tion and decarboxylation under acidic conditions.96 Condensation of 1,2-dicyano-

fullerene and phthalonitrile derivatives in the presence of nickel chloride in quinoline

gave novel tetraazachlorin–C60 fullerene conjugates. The electronic structures of the

conjugates have been investigated in detail using spectroscopic and electrochemical

techniques with the aid of DFT calculations.97

Two new pyrazolo- and isoxazolo-C60 fullerenes covalently linked to vinylene-

phenylene bearing electron-donor groups attached in the periphery have been

synthesized. The photo-physical properties of these dual-donor derivatives have

been investigated.98 Synthesis and electrochemical properties of new cymantrenyl

and styryl derivatives of 1-methyl-C60-fullereno[c]pyrrolidine have been described.99

Oxy aminated C60 and C70 fullerenes have been prepared in high yield via the

reaction of fullerenes with excess secondary amine in the presence of cumene

hydroperoxide oxidant.100

2.1.7 Fullerene derivatives containing oxygen. Highly oxidized C60 with an

average similar to 29 oxygen additions per molecule, arranged in repeating hydroxyl

and hemiketal functionalities have been obtained from the reaction between C60 as a

nanoscale suspension, and dissolved ozone in the aqueous phase. The oxidized

fullerenes were characterised by spectroscopic techniques.101 Novel C60 fullerene

acetals and ketals have been obtained by the reaction of C60 with corresponding

aldehydes or ketones and alkoxide in anhydrous chlorobenzene, the presence of air

at room temperature. A possible reaction mechanism for the formation of the

fullerene acetals and ketals has been proposed.102 Reactions of C60 fullerene-fused

lactones with methylmagnesium bromide and diisobutylaluminum hydride afforded

rare fullerene hemiketals and hemiacetals, which were dehydrated by polyphos-

phonic acid to the corresponding C60 fullerene-fused dihydrofurans.103 Polyacryl-

amide gel electrophoresis have been used to separate a mixture of synthesised

polyhydroxylated fullerenes, C60(OH)n and their esters. The chemically modified

fullerol as a fluorescent indicator has been proposed.104 Two-step grafting method

has been developed to produce hydroxyl fullerene C60(OH)3–12. The regioselectivity

of the hydroxyl groups has been determined by high-resolution solid-state NMR

analysis.105

The efficient conversion of bromofullerene to alkoxyfullerenes has been achieved

by using visible light irradiation or in the presence of silver salt.106 Oxidation of C60

and C70 powdered crystals has been produced by exposure to ozone in the presence

of oxygen. The infrared spectra of oxidised fullerenes showed absorption bands



Dow

nloa

ded

by U

nive

rsity

of

Chi

cago

on

13/0

5/20

13 0

5:21

:34.

Pu

blis

hed

on 2

8 A

pril

2008

on

http

://pu

bs.r

sc.o

rg |

doi:1

0.10

39/B

7165

01N

View Article Online


indicating that oxidation was accompanied by formation of unsaturated carboxylic

groups, aldehyde and other ketonic moieties.107 Fulleropyrrolidine di- and tri-

carboxylic acids have been produced from the hydrolysis of the corresponding

fulleropyrrolidine derivatives generated using photochemical reaction of C60 with

corresponding iminodiacetic methyl ester. Fulleropyrrolidine derivatives were struc-

turally characterized by spectroscopic methods and elementary analysis.108 Full-

erene-mixed peroxide to open-cage oxafulleroid C59O3(OH)2((OOBu)But)2embedded with furan and lactone motifs have been reported.109 Stability studies

of epoxy methylated C60 fullerenols using desorption or in-beam electron impact

mass spectrometry showed that the epoxide derivative was stable under spectro-

metric conditions.110

The structural and electronic properties of the highest and more stable epoxyge-

nated fullerenes C60O30 have been determined using ab initio and DFT calcula-

tions.111

2.1.8 Fullerene derivatives containing sulfur. A novel open-cage C60 fullerene

derivative, having two sulfur atoms on the rim of its 13-membered-ring orifice, has

been isolated and characterized.112 A 2-pyrazolino–C60 fullerene-based triad, pos-

sessing two TTF units connected with flexible long linkages, has been prepared and

their fluorescence properties were discussed.113 A series of pi-extended TTFs bearing

one or two dibenzylammonium units have been threaded through a dibenzo-24-

crown-8 ring covalently linked to a C60 sphere. These supramolecular molecules have

been prepared either by a multistep synthetic procedure involving Sonogashira

cross-coupling reactions or by direct esterification reactions leading to more flexible

systems. Complexation experiments carried out by H1 NMR titration and fluores-

cence studies together with UV/Vis and CV have been presented.114 Thiacalix[4]-

arene-porphyrin conjugate has been prepared and its high selectivity complexes with

C70 fullerene in solution was presented.115

Sulfide-bearing imines of glycine esters have been used to prepare dihydro-

pyrrolo-C60 fullerene derivatives containing a sulfide, an imine, and an ester

functionality for further chemical transformations and characterized using spectro-

scopic methods.116

2.2 Organometalic chemistry

The main synthetic procedures to obtain IF nanoparticles have been reviewed

alongside with the different mechanisms that affect the morphology of the final

product.117 IF MoS2 nanoparticles have been synthesised by reaction of sulfur

powder and ammonium molybdate in the presence of H2 atmosphere at 600 1C. The

products were characterized by spectroscopic techniques, and the possible growth

mechanism has been proposed.118 IF-Mo1-xNbxS2 nanoparticles have been synthe-

sized by a vapour-phase reaction involving the respective metal halides with H2S.

These nanoparticles were found to exhibit interesting single electron tunnelling

effects at low temperatures.119 Silicon-doped heterofullerene C52Si8 and C62Si8 have

been obtained for the first time by an arc synthesis at atmospheric pressure.120

C60-polyethoxysiloxanes have been prepared by cohydrolytic polycondensation of

C60-triethoxysilylated obtained from the hydrolysilylation of C60 with triethoxysi-

lane in the presence of platinum catalyst with tetraethoxysilane in a molar ratio of

Si/C60 10:1000 under nitrogen atmosphere. The optical limiting properties of their

free-standing films were evaluated.121



Dow

nloa

ded

by U

nive

rsity

of

Chi

cago

on

13/0

5/20

13 0

5:21

:34.

Pu

blis

hed

on 2

8 A

pril

2008

on

http

://pu

bs.r

sc.o

rg |

doi:1

0.10

39/B

7165

01N

View Article Online


Synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical properties of new transition metal

fullerene complexes containing cis-Ph2PCHQCHPPh2 ligands have been re-

ported.122 A series of zinc porphyrin–C60 fullerene dyads linked by conformation-

constrained tetrasilanes and permethylated tetrasilane have been synthesized for the

evaluation of the conformation effect of the tetrasilane linkers on the photoinduced

electron transfer.123 The first multicomponent species containing a luminescent Ir(III)

subunit and a functionalized C60 moiety have been prepared and their phosphores-

cence properties investigated.124 Thermally stable C60-poly(dichlorophosphazene)

has been produced by a novel approach via thermal ring-opening polymerization

phosphonitrile chloride trimer in the presence of C60 fullerene.125 The synthesis of a

new open-cage C60 fullerene containing selenium together with its behaviour when

encapsulating and releasing molecular hydrogen have been reported.126 The pre-

liminary inclusion properties of silver(I)N-heterocyclic carbene-bridged calix[4]arene

synthesized by a fragment-coupling approach showed that it is a novel efficient C60

fullerene fluorescent sensor.127 Two new fulleropyrrolidine-oligothienylenevinylene-

ferrocene triads C60–nTV–Fc (n = 2, 4) have been synthesized and their photo-

induced CS processes were investigated. It has been revealed that the introduction of

a ferrocene donor moiety at the end of the longer nTV chain in the C60–nTV dyad

systems effectively increases the CS efficiency and the lifetimes of CS states.128

The formation mechanism, geometric structures, and electronic properties of a

metal-substituted fullerene C58Fe2 have been studied using FOT and DFT.129

2.3 Advanced materials

The processes and limitations that govern device operation of polymer-fullerene

BHJ solar cells, with respect to the charge-carrier transport and photogeneration

mechanism have been reviewed.130 A series of covalent C60–OPV dyads, dendrimers

with an OPV core and peripheral C60 subunits and supramolecular C60–OPV

conjugates have been prepared. Their photophysical properties have been exten-

sively studied. It has been suggested that the wire-like behaviour of the OPV units

linking the C60 acceptor to various donors opens the way to related compounds as

integrated components in the construction of optoelectronic devices and nano-

technology.131

Photovoltaic devices fabricated from a blend of regioregular P3HT and fullerene

have been studied. It was found that post-annealing of the devices for an optimum

duration and temperature improves the solar cells, and the power conversion

efficiency of the devices increases to 2.1% at AM 1.5.132 The preparation of P3HT

nanofibers in highly concentrated solutions, which enables the fabrication of

nanostructured films on various substrates, along with their characterization in

solution and in the solid state have been detailed.133 Photovoltaic cells based on

solution-processed blends using a novel anthradithiophene derivative as the donor

and a fullerene derivative as the acceptor have been reported. A direct correlation

between coverage of a device with spherulites and its performance were observed.134

The photovoltaic performance of BHJ solar cells from polyterthiophene/fullerene

composites has been discussed and compared to the polymer/fullerene blend

morphology.135

Wittig condensation has been used to synthesize a series of new novel building

blocks for donor–acceptor conjugated polymers containing perylene, PPV and

fullerene. All of the polymers have been characterized by spectroscopic techni-

ques.136 FETs based on P3HT and PCBM films have been studied for various



Dow

nloa

ded

by U

nive

rsity

of

Chi

cago

on

13/0

5/20

13 0

5:21

:34.

Pu

blis

hed

on 2

8 A

pril

2008

on

http

://pu

bs.r

sc.o

rg |

doi:1

0.10

39/B

7165

01N

View Article Online


structures with metal electrodes on a SiO2/Si substrate. FET characteristics in

various configurations (top and bottom) of contact with Au and Al were examined

in P3HT and PCBM films.137 Polymer PVK–C60, as donors–acceptors in a molar

ratio of about 100:1, has been synthesized via covalent tethering of C60 to PVK. The

molecular structure and composition of the polymer was characterized by spectro-

scopic methods. Nonvolatile polymer memory devices based on bistable electrical

switching in a thin film of PVK–C60 have been investigated.138

Two new water-soluble Gd-containing endohedral metallofullerenes

[ScxGd3�xN@C80O12(OH)26 (x = 1, 2), have been synthesized and characterized

by spectroscopic techniques. Their observed RI values for water protons indicates

that these trimetallic nitride endohedral fullerenols are potential next-generation

high-efficiency MRI contrast agents.139 Preliminary studies into the use of fullerene-

functionalised poly(terthiophenes) polymers as a cathode materials in a lithium

battery have been investigated.140

3. Endohedral fullerenes

Synthesis, stability, and suitability for radio immunotherapy of Pb-212@C60 and its

water-soluble derivatives have been presented.141

HPLC has been used to isolate two new trimetallic nitride endohedral fullerenes,

Gd3N@C84,88. They were characterized by spectroscopic techniques and their

electrochemical properties were discussed.142 High yield of Sc3N@C80 metallofuller-

ene and fullerene extract have been achieved via filling cored graphite rods with

copper and Sc2O3 only during the production. The weight percent of Cu added to the

rod was found to effect the type and amount of fullerene produced.143 High-

temperature radical reaction of Sc3N@C80 isomers with gaseous CF3I has resulted

in the isolation of Sc3N@{C80-Ih}(CF2)2 and Sc3N@{C80-D5h}(CF2)2 which have

idealized C2 and Cs symmetry, respectively. Both compounds were characterized by

spectroscopic techniques and DFT calculations.144 The first N-tritylpyrrolidino

derivatives of D3h-Sc3N@C78 have been successfully synthesized and isolated. The

adducts were characterized by NMR experiments and DFT calculations.145 A series

of endohedral fullerenes Sc3�xYxN@C80 (x = 0–3) with variable encaged moieties

and the same C80 cage have been synthesized, isolated, and spectroscopically

characterized. Their comparative spectroscopic and reactivity were studied.146

The synthesis and characterisation of the new endohedral cluster fullerene

Sc3CH@C80 has been reported. The extensive characterisation by spectroscopic

techniques and DFT calculations provided the evidence for the caging of Sc3CH

clusters inside C80 with icosahedral symmetry.147 The first studies on the stable

paramagnetic cation of non-IPR cluster-fullerene Sc3N@C68 have been carried out

using ESR/UV-Vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry.148 Two new isomers of Eu@C72

have been synthesized, and isolated by HPLC and characterized by spectroscopic

methods.149 The structures of the newly synthesized endohedral fullerenes Tb3(N@C88, Tb3N@C86, and the Ih and D5h isomers of Tb3N@C80 have been

determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.150 The insulating properties of

polyhydroxylated metallofullerene film of Gd@C82(OH)12 has been studied using

synchrotron radiation UPS and TEM techniques. It has been reported that the

insulating properties can be controllably tuned into semiconducting ones as a

function of temperature.151 The water-solubilizing process of Gd@C82 with hydro-

xylation reaction using mass spectrometry techniques has been quantitatively

studied.152



Dow

nloa

ded

by U

nive

rsity

of

Chi

cago

on

13/0

5/20

13 0

5:21

:34.

Pu

blis

hed

on 2

8 A

pril

2008

on

http

://pu

bs.r

sc.o

rg |

doi:1

0.10

39/B

7165

01N

View Article Online


Gibbs-energy based evaluations of the production abundances for two C74-based

endohedral Mg@C74 and Ca@C74 have been presented.153

4. Applications of fullerene derivatives

The aspects of medicinal applications of fullerene derivatives have been reviewed.154

The physicochemical properties and biomedical applications of Gd@C60 especially

in regard to the unique benefits of this novel class of materials for MRI have been

reviewed.155

The anionic gadofullerene {Gd@C60[C(COOH)2]10} was found an attractive

candidate for ex vivo labeling and noninvasive in vivo tracking of any mammalian

cell via MRI.156 Synthesis, structure and biological activity of two new nitroxide

methanofullerenes have been reported. It has been found that malonate nitroxide

methanofullerene in combination with the known anticancer drug cyclophospha-

mide showed high antitumor activity against leukemia P-388.157 The multiple

mechanisms underlying the in vitro anticancer effects of the C60 fullerene water

suspension (nano-C60 or nC60) produced by solvent exchange method have been

demonstrated. The results provide grounds for further development of nC60 as an

anticancer agent.158

It has been reported that the star-shaped C60-containing nanostructured poly-

meric materials were promising candidates for photodynamic cancer therapy and

treatment of multidrug resistant pathogens.159 The efficacy of fullerenol C60(OH)24and amifostine in the protection of rats against harmful effects of ionizing radiation

has been studied. The results confirm satisfactory radio protective efficacy of

fullerenols and encourage further investigations as potential radioprotectors.160

The studies of the potential of a strong free-radical scavenger, water-soluble C60

fullerene, as a protective agent against catabolic stress-induced degeneration of

articular cartilage in osteoarthritis (OA), both in vitro and in vivo, indicates that C60

fullerene is a potential therapeutic agent for the protection of articular cartilage

against progression of OA.161 A new biological function for fullerenes which may

represent a novel way to control mast cell-dependent diseases including asthma,

inflammatory arthritis, heart disease, and multiple sclerosis has been demon-

strated.162

The effects of two water-soluble fullerene derivatives, fullerol and C60-trimalonic

acid on PCR have been investigated. Both derivatives were found to inhibit PCR in a

dose-dependent manner.163 Pure novel water soluble C60 and C70 fullerenes deriva-

tives have been prepared and their antioxidant activities studied. These results

indicate that dendritic water soluble C60 monoadducts exhibit the highest degree

of antioxidant activity against superoxide anions in vitro as compared with tris-

malonate-derived anionic fullerenes as well as cationic fullerenes of similar overall

structure.164 Synthesis, characterization, preliminary study on in vitro antioxidant

activity as well as the steady state photophysical properties of four new covalent

fullero-steroidal conjugates have been presented. These fullero-steroidal compounds

represent good candidates for potential antioxidants as well as pro-oxidants.165 The

antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of a series of new water-soluble fullerenes have

been compared by using zebrafish embryos as a model system.166

Silica particles of different porosity were modified with aminopropyl linker and

then covalently bound to C60-fullerenoacetic acid or C60-epoxyfullerenes and used

for purification of biomolecules of different characteristics.167 A novel organo-

phosphate-containing water-soluble derivative of C60 has been synthesized. The



Dow

nloa

ded

by U

nive

rsity

of

Chi

cago

on

13/0

5/20

13 0

5:21

:34.

Pu

blis

hed

on 2

8 A

pril

2008

on

http

://pu

bs.r

sc.o

rg |

doi:1

0.10

39/B

7165

01N

View Article Online


influence of these nanoparticles on the conformational changes of HSA has been

investigated by biophysical methods.168

A fullerene bilayer membrane formed by dissolution of a water-soluble fullerene,

Ph5C60K, has been shown to be several orders of magnitude less permeable to water

than a lipid membrane, and the permeability decreases at higher temperature. These

findings provide possibilities of membrane design in science and technology.169 The

synthesis of the first endohedral fullerene superconductors, K3(Ar@C60) and

Rb3(Ar@C60) having critical temperatures of about 18 and 27 K, respectively have

been reported.170

Highly water-soluble polycarboxylic fullerene derivatives have been prepared

from C60Cl6 and the corresponding methyl esters of phenylacetic and benzylmalonic

acids. The fullerene salt of these compounds showed pronounced anti-HIV action

and low toxicity.171 The use of fullerene substituted phenylalanine amino acid as a

passport for peptides through cell membranes have been demonstrated.172 Influence

of C60 and C60 containing composites of aminopropylaerosil on erythrocytes

resistance to the acid haemolysis and viability of thymocytes, Erlich ascitic carci-

noma and leukemia L1210 cells have been studied. It is shown that these new

materials can be used in bionanotechnology.173 Cationic poly-N,N-dimethylfuller-

opyrrolidinium derivatives have been designed and synthesised to complex plasmid

DNA for gene delivery.174

The photodynamic activity of six functionalized fullerenes with 1, 2, or 3

hydrophilic or 1, 2, or 3 cationic groups have been investigated. It has been

concluded that certain functionalized fullerenes have potential as novel PDT agents

and phototoxicity may be mediated both by superoxide and by singlet oxygen.175 A

pyropheophorbide-a-fullerene hexakis adduct immunoconjugate has been synthe-

sised as a modular carrier system in vitro testing for PDT.176

Intracellular uptake of water-soluble lipid-membrane-incorporated C60 with a

cationic surface into HeLa cells was found to induce cell death under visible light

irradiation in high efficiency.177

A novel beta-alanine C60 derivative has been synthesised and characterized using

spectroscopic and elemental analysis. Its scavenging ability to ROS both in vivo and

in vitro of rat pheochromocytorna cells has been measured. The results suggest that

the beta-alanine C60 derivative has the potential to prevent oxidative stress-induced

cell death without evident toxicity.178

A novel water-soluble cystine C60 derivative has been synthesised and character-

ized by spectroscopic techniques. Investigation of cystine C60 derivative potential

protective effects suggests that it has the potential to prevent oxidative stress-induced

cell death without evident toxicity.179

The study of interaction of new carboxyfullerenes with transport proteins at the

molecular level provides a model of fullerene-based nanomaterial interaction with

biomolecules and how these are transported in biological systems.180 Carboxyfuller-

enes were found to penetrate human keratinocytes, localize within mitochondria

where they act both by scavenging free radicals and by protecting cells from

apoptosis.181

The potential for polyhydroxylated fullerene to impact virus populations in both

natural and engineered systems ranging from surface waters to disinfection tech-

nologies for water and wastewater treatment has been investigated.182 Growth and

characterization of thin films containing fulleropyrrolidine derivatives and water

soluble porphyrins for solar energy conversion applications have been investi-

gated.183



Dow

nloa

ded

by U

nive

rsity

of

Chi

cago

on

13/0

5/20

13 0

5:21

:34.

Pu

blis

hed

on 2

8 A

pril

2008

on

http

://pu

bs.r

sc.o

rg |

doi:1

0.10

39/B

7165

01N

View Article Online


The effect of fullerene black additives on the antifriction properties and wear

resistance of fluoroplastics in sliding friction against steel with water lubrication has

been examined.184

New abbreviations

BHJ bulk heterojunction

CS charge-separation

CV cyclic voltammetry

FETs Field-effect transistors

FOT frontier orbital theory

IF inorganic fullerene-like

HAS human serum albumin

HSs humic substances

MALDI-TOF matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight

NIR near infrared

OA osteoarthritis

PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PCF perchlrofulvalene

PCR polymerase chain reaction

PDT photodynamic therapy

PEO poly(ethylene oxide)

PPV poly(p-phenylenevinylene)

PVK poly(N-vinylcarbazole)

RF radio frequency

RI longitudinal relaxivities

TBAP tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate

TV thienylenevinylene

UPS ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy

References

1 G. C. Jiang and G. T. Li, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2007, 104, 3120–3123.2 Y. S. Grushko, V. P. Sedov and V. A. Shilin, Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2007,

80, 448–455.3 K. Y. Amsharov and M. Jansen, Carbon, 2007, 45, 117–123.4 K. Y. Amsharov, K. Simeonov and M. Jansen, Carbon, 2007, 45, 337–343.5 K. Y. Amsharov and M. Jansen, Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung Section B-a Journal of

Chemical Sciences, 2007, 62, 1497–1508.6 M. Sathish and K. Miyazawa, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2007, 129,

13816–13817.7 Y. M. Shulga, S. A. Baskakov, V. M. Martynenko, Y. G. Morozov, V. N. Vasilets, D. V.

Schur and A. Michtchenko, in Hydrogen Materials Science and Chemistry of CarbonNanomaterials, eds. T. N. Veziroglu, S. Y. Zaginaichenko, D. V. Schur, B. Baranowski,A. P. Shpak, V. V. Skorokhod and A. Kale, 2007, pp. 41–52.

8 J. J. Guo, X. M. Wang, Y. L. Yao, X. W. Yang, X. G. Liu and B. S. Xu, Mater. Chem.Phys., 2007, 105, 175–178.

9 Z. Markovic, B. Todorovic-Markovic, I. Mohai, Z. Farkas, E. Kovats, J. Szepvolgyi, D.Otasevic, P. Scheier, S. Feil and N. Romcevic, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnol-ogy, 2007, 7, 1357–1369.

10 K. Porfyrakis, M. R. Sambrook, T. J. Hingston, J. Zhang, A. Ardavan and G. A. D.Briggs, Physica Status Solidi B-Basic Solid State Physics, 2007, 244, 3849–3852.

11 Z. Xiao, J. Y. Yao, D. Z. Yang, F. D. Wang, S. H. Huang, L. B. Gan, Z. S. Jia, Z. P.Jiang, X. B. Yang, B. Zheng, G. Yuan, S. W. Zhang and Z. M. Wang, Journal of theAmerican Chemical Society, 2007, 129, 16149–16162.

12 P. K. Zarzycki, H. Ohta, F. B. Harasimiuk and K. Jinno, Analytical Sciences, 2007, 23,1391–1396.



Dow

nloa

ded

by U

nive

rsity

of

Chi

cago

on

13/0

5/20

13 0

5:21

:34.

Pu

blis

hed

on 2

8 A

pril

2008

on

http

://pu

bs.r

sc.o

rg |

doi:1

0.10

39/B

7165

01N

View Article Online


13 N. Komatsu, N. Kadota, T. Kimura, Y. Kikuchi and M. Arikawa, Fullerenes Nanotubesand Carbon Nanostructures, 2007, 15, 217–226.

14 E. Huerta, E. Cequier and J. de Mendoza, Chem. Commun., 2007, 5016–5018.15 J. Kolosnjaj, H. Smarc and F. Moussa, in Bio-Applications of Nanoparticles, Editon edn.,

2007, vol. 620, pp. 168–180.16 C. Y. Usenko, S. L. Harper and R. L. Tanguay, Carbon, 2007, 45, 1891–1898.17 J. Lee, S. Cho, Y. Hwang, C. Lee and S. H. Kim, Tribology Letters, 2007, 28, 203–208.18 J. S. Fang, D. Y. Lyon, M. R. Wiesner, J. P. Dong and P. J. J. Alvarez, Environmental

Science & Technology, 2007, 41, 2636–2642.19 T. Haino, C. Fukunaga and Y. Fukazawa, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,

2007, 7, 1386–1388.20 F. Cataldo and T. Braun, Fullerenes Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures, 2007, 15,

331–339.21 S. Sawamura and N. Fujita, Carbon, 2007, 45, 965–970.22 H. Wakai, T. Shinno, T. Yamauchi and N. Tsubokawa, Polymer, 2007, 48, 1972–1980.23 M. Terashima and S. Nagao, Chemistry Letters, 2007, 36, 302–303.24 A. M. Kolker, N. I. Islamova, N. V. Avramenko and A. V. Kozlov, Journal of Molecular

Liquids, 2007, 131, 95–100.25 K. N. Semenov, N. A. Charykov, A. K. Pyartman, V. A. Keskinov, V. V. Lishchuk, O. V.

Arapov and N. I. Alekseev, Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2007, 80, 456–460.

26 K. N. Semenov, O. V. Arapov, A. K. Pyartman, V. A. Keskinov, V. V. Lishchuk, N. A.Charykov and N. I. Alekseev, Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2007, 80, 38–41.

27 R. G. Bulgakov and D. I. Galimov, Russian Chemical Bulletin, 2007, 56, 446–451.

28 J. Subocz, A. Valozhyn and M. Zenker, Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, 2007, 14,193–196.

29 Z. Slanina, F. Uhlik, X. Zhao, L. Adamowicz and S. Nagase, Fullerenes Nanotubes andCarbon Nanostructures, 2007, 15, 195–205.

30 Y. Ueno and S. Saito, Physica E-Low-Dimensional Systems & Nanostructures, 2007, 40,285–288.

31 Y. L. Zhu, S. Y. Zhou, L. Cao and Y. H. Kan, Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry,2007, 27, 313–321.

32 P. A. Troshin, A. S. Peregudov, S. M. Peregudova and R. N. Lyubovskaya, EuropeanJournal of Organic Chemistry, 2007, 5861–5866.

33 C. van der Pol, M. R. Bryce, M. Wielopolski, C. Atienza-Castellanos, D. M. Guldi, S.Filippone and N. Martin, Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2007, 72, 6662–6671.

34 F. Oswald, M. E. El-Khouly, Y. Araki, O. Ito and F. Langa, Journal of PhysicalChemistry B, 2007, 111, 4335–4341.

35 D. Scanu, N. P. Yevlampieva and R. Deschenaux,Macromolecules, 2007, 40, 1133–1139.36 S. C. Chuang, M. Sander, T. Jarrosson, S. James, E. Rozumov, S. I. Khan and Y. Rubin,

Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2007, 72, 2716–2723.37 M. Sander, T. Jarrosson, S. C. Chuang, S. I. Khan and Y. Rubin, Journal of Organic

Chemistry, 2007, 72, 2724–2731.38 A. Tovar, U. Pena, G. Hernandez, R. Portillo and R. Gutierrez, Synthesis-Stuttgart,

2007, 22–24.39 J. E. Rainbolt and G. P. Miller, Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2007, 72, 3020–3030.40 A. Sygula, F. R. Fronczek, R. Sygula, P. W. Rabideau and M. M. Olmstead, Journal of

the American Chemical Society, 2007, 129, 3842–3843.41 O. Lukoyanova, C. M. Cardona, J. Rivera, L. Z. Lugo-Morales, C. J. Chancellor, M. M.

Olmstead, A. Rodriguez-Fortea, J. M. Poblet, A. L. Balch and L. Echegoyen, Journal ofthe American Chemical Society, 2007, 129, 10423–10430.

42 Y. Nakamura, T. Konno, S. Watanabe, M. Suzuki, T. Yoshihara, S. Tobita and J.Nishimura, Chemistry Letters, 2007, 36, 264–265.

43 R. S. Iglesias, C. G. Claessens, G. M. A. Rahman, M. A. Herranz, D. M. Guldi and T.Torres, Tetrahedron, 2007, 63, 12396–12404.

44 M. M. Roubelakis, Y. Murata, K. Komatsu and M. Orfanopoulos, Journal of OrganicChemistry, 2007, 72, 7042–7045.

45 U. M. Dzhemilev, A. G. Ibragimov, M. Pudas, V. A. D’Yakonov and A. R. Tuktarov,Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2007, 43, 370–374.

46 N. Martin, M. Altable, S. Filippone, A. Martin-Domenech, R. Martinez-Alvarez, M.Suarez, M. E. Plonska-Brzezinska, O. Lukoyanova and L. Echegoyen, Journal of OrganicChemistry, 2007, 72, 3840–3846.

47 C. Zhang and C. F. Chen, Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2007, 72, 9339–9341.48 Z. F. Shang, L. Fan, R. F. Li and X. F. Xu, Acta Chimica Sinica, 2007, 65, 215–221.



Dow

nloa

ded

by U

nive

rsity

of

Chi

cago

on

13/0

5/20

13 0

5:21

:34.

Pu

blis

hed

on 2

8 A

pril

2008

on

http

://pu

bs.r

sc.o

rg |

doi:1

0.10

39/B

7165

01N

View Article Online


49 J. Kintigh, J. B. Briggs, K. Letourneau and G. P. Miller, J. Mater. Chem., 2007, 17, 4647–4651.

50 D. J. Zhang, C. Ma and C. B. Liu, Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2007, 111, 17099–17103.

51 L. S. Karpushenkava, G. J. Kabo and V. V. Diky, Fullerenes Nanotubes and CarbonNanostructures, 2007, 15, 227–247.

52 Q. B. Yan, Q. R. Zheng and G. Su, Carbon, 2007, 45, 1821–1827.53 D. L. Chen, W. Q. Tian, J. K. Feng and C. C. Sun, Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2007,

111, 5167–5173.54 S. M. C. Vieira, T. Drewello, S. G. Kotsiris, C. A. Rego and P. R. Birkett, Journal of

Physical Chemistry B, 2007, 111, 10352–10356.55 M. Nambo, R. Noyori and K. Itami, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2007,

129, 8080–8081.56 J. N. Clifford, A. Gegout, S. Zhang, R. P. De Freitas, M. Urbani, M. Holler, P. Ceroni, J.

F. Nierengarten and N. Armaroli, European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2007, 5899–5908.

57 T. W. Chamberlain, A. Camenisch, N. R. Champness, G. A. D. Briggs, S. C. Benjamin,A. Ardavan and A. N. Khlobystov, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2007, 129,8609–8614.

58 M. Zheng, F. F. Li, Z. J. Shi, X. Gao and K. M. Kadish, Journal of Organic Chemistry,2007, 72, 2538–2542.

59 A. Cravino, Polymer International, 2007, 56, 943–956.60 P. Ravi, S. Dai, C. Wang and K. C. Tam, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,

2007, 7, 1176–1196.61 H. Huo, T. Ngai and S. H. Goh, Langmuir, 2007, 23, 12067–12070.62 G. D. Xu, Y. Han, M. G. Sun, Z. S. Bo and C. H. Chen, Journal of Polymer Science Part

a-Polymer Chemistry, 2007, 45, 4696–4706.63 M. A. Mamo, N. J. Coville and W. A. L. van Otterlo, Fullerenes Nanotubes and Carbon

Nanostructures, 2007, 15, 341–352.64 E. R. Badamshina and M. P. Gafurova, Polymer Science Series B, 2007, 49, 182–190.

65 Y. Vida, R. Suau, J. Casado, A. Berlin, J. T. Lopez Navarrete and E. Perez-Inestrosa,Macromol. Rapid Commun., 2007, 28, 1345–1349.

66 L. J. Hubble and C. L. Raston, Chemistry-a European Journal, 2007, 13, 6755–6760.67 X. S. Peng, J. Jin, E. M. Ericsson and I. Ichinose, Journal of the American Chemical

Society, 2007, 129, 8625–8633.68 S. I. Troyanov and E. Kemnitz, Chem. Commun., 2007, 2707–2709.69 N. Chronakis, U. Hartnagel, M. Braun and A. Hirsch, Chem. Commun., 2007, 607–609.

70 J. Q. Hou and H. S. Kang, Journal of Computational Chemistry, 2007, 28, 1417–1426.71 J. S. Xie and X. W. Wei, Progress in Chemistry, 2007, 19, 313–324.72 A. A. Goryunkov, N. S. Ovchinnikova, I. V. Trushkov and M. A. Yurovskaya, Uspekhi

Khimii, 2007, 76, 323–347.73 A. A. Goryunkov, E. I. Dorozhkin, N. B. Tamm, D. V. Ignat’eva, S. M. Avdoshenko, L.

N. Sidorov and S. I. Troyanov, Mendeleev Communications, 2007, 17, 110–112.

74 N. A. Omelyanyuk, A. A. Goryunkov, N. B. Tamm, S. M. Avdoshenko, I. N. Ioffe, L. N.Sidorov, E. Kemnitz and S. I. Troyanov, Chem. Commun., 2007, 4794–4796.

75 I. E. Kareev, N. B. Shustova, D. V. Peryshkov, S. F. Lebedkin, S. M. Miller, O. P.Anderson, A. A. Popov, O. V. Boltalina and S. H. Strauss, Chem. Commun., 2007, 1650–1652.

76 S. I. Troyanov, A. A. Goryunkov, E. I. Dorozhkin, D. V. Ignat’eva, N. B. Tamm, S. M.Avdoshenko, I. N. Ioffe, V. Y. Markov, L. N. Sidorov, K. Scheurel and E. Kemnitz,Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, 2007, 128, 545–551.

77 E. I. Dorozhkin, A. A. Goryunkov, I. N. Ioffe, S. M. Avdoshenko, V. Y. Markov, N. B.Tamm, D. V. Ignat’eva, L. N. Sidorov and S. I. Troyanov, European Journal of OrganicChemistry, 2007, 5082–5094.

78 A. S. Pimenova, A. A. Kozlov, A. A. Goryunkov, V. Y. Markov, P. A. Khavrel, S. M.Avdoshenko, I. N. Ioffe, S. G. Sakharov, S. I. Troyanov and L. N. Sidorov, Chem.Commun., 2007, 374–376.

79 A. S. Pimenova, A. A. Kozlov, A. A. Goryunkov, V. Y. Markov, P. A. Khavrel, S. M.Avdoshenko, V. A. Vorobiev, I. N. Ioffe, S. G. Sakharov, S. I. Troyanov and L. N.Sidorov, Dalton Trans., 2007, 5322–5328.

80 N. B. Tamm, S. M. Avdoshenko, E. Kemnitz and S. I. Troyanova, Russian ChemicalBulletin, 2007, 56, 915–921.

81 N. B. Tamm and S. I. Troyanov, Mendeleev Communications, 2007, 17, 172–174.



Dow

nloa

ded

by U

nive

rsity

of

Chi

cago

on

13/0

5/20

13 0

5:21

:34.

Pu

blis

hed

on 2

8 A

pril

2008

on

http

://pu

bs.r

sc.o

rg |

doi:1

0.10

39/B

7165

01N

View Article Online


82 A. S. Pimenova, L. N. Sidorov, E. Kemnitz and S. I. Troyanov, European Journal ofOrganic Chemistry, 2007, 4999–5002.

83 N. B. Shustova, I. V. Kuvychko, O. V. Boltalina and S. H. Strauss, Acta Crystal-lographica Section E-Structure Reports Online, 2007, 63, O4575–U3839.

84 N. B. Shustova, D. V. Peryshkov, A. A. Popov, O. V. Boltalina and S. H. Strauss, ActaCrystallographica Section E-Structure Reports Online, 2007, 63, O3129–U2823.

85 Y. V. Lavskaya, A. V. Okotrub, L. G. Bulusheva, E. M. Pazhetnov, A. I. Boronin, N. I.Denisenko and O. V. Boltalina, Physics of the Solid State, 2007, 49, 1195–1200.

86 A. A. Popov, I. E. Kareev, N. B. Shustova, E. B. Stukalin, S. F. Lebedkin, K. Seppelt, S.H. Strauss, O. V. Boltalina and L. Dunsch, Journal of the American Chemical Society,2007, 129, 11551–11568.

87 C. B. Hubschle, S. Scheins, M. Weber, P. Luger, A. Wagner, T. Koritsanszky, S. I.Troyanov, O. V. Boltalina and I. V. Goldt, Chemistry-a European Journal, 2007, 13,1910–1920.

88 V. Meza-Laguna, E. V. Basiuk, E. Alvarez-Zauco, D. Acosta-Najarro and V. A. Basiuk,Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2007, 7, 3563–3571.

89 X. Q. Hu, Z. P. Jiang, Z. S. Jia, S. H. Huang, X. B. Yang, Y. L. Li, L. B. Gan, S. W.Zhang and D. B. Zhu, Chemistry-a European Journal, 2007, 13, 1129–1141.

90 T. Tada, Y. Ishida and K. Saigo, Organic Letters, 2007, 9, 2083–2086.91 F. Oswald, P. de la Cruz and F. Langa, Synlett., 2007, 1051–1054.92 U. M. Dzhemilev, A. G. Ibragimov, A. R. Tuktarov, V. A. D’Yakonov, M. Pudas and U.

Bergmann, Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2007, 43, 375–379.93 J. Z. Yang, L. B. Alemany, J. Driver, J. D. Hartgerink and A. R. Barron, Chemistry-a

European Journal, 2007, 13, 2530–2545.94 X. W. Chen, C. Y. Liu, T. H. Jen, S. A. Chen and S. Holdcroft, Chem. Mat., 2007, 19,

5194–5199.95 G. W. Wang and H. T. Yang, Tetrahedron Lett., 2007, 48, 4635–4638.96 T. Tada, Y. Ishida and K. Saigo, Synlett., 2007, 235–238.97 T. Fukuda, S. Masuda and N. Kobayashi, Journal of the American Chemical Society,

2007, 129, 5472–5479.98 L. Perez, M. E. El-Khouly, P. de la Cruz, Y. Araki, O. Ito and F. Langa, European

Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2007, 2175–2185.99 N. V. Abramova, S. M. Peregudova, A. O. Emel’yanova, A. P. Pleshkova and V. I.

Sokolov, Russian Chemical Bulletin, 2007, 56, 361–363.100 L. Lemiegre, T. Tanaka, T. Nanao, H. Isobe and E. Nakamura, Chemistry Letters, 2007,

36, 20–21.101 J. D. Fortner, D. I. Kim, A. M. Boyd, J. C. Falkner, S. Moran, V. L. Colvin, J. B. Hughes

and J. H. Kim, Environmental Science & Technology, 2007, 41, 7497–7502.102 G. W. Wang, F. B. Li, Z. X. Chen, P. Wu, B. Cheng and Y. Xu, Journal of Organic

Chemistry, 2007, 72, 4779–4783.103 G. W. Wang, F. B. Li and Y. Xu, Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2007, 72, 4774–4778.

104 S. Aikawa, Y. Yoshida, S. Hatae, S. Nishiyama and D. S. Kumar,Molecular Crystals andLiquid Crystals, 2007, 463, 519–526.

105 D. V. Andreeva, O. V. Ratnikova, E. Y. Melenevskaya and A. V. Gribanov, InternationalJournal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization, 2007, 12, 105–113.

106 Z. Jia, Q. Zhang, Y. Li, L. Gan, B. Zheng, G. Yuan, S. Zhang and D. Zhu, Tetrahedron,2007, 63, 9120–9123.

107 F. Cataldo, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2007, 7, 1439–1445.108 X. F. Liu, W. C. Guan and Z. X. Cheng, Acta Chimica Sinica, 2007, 65, 430–436.

109 F. D. Wang, Z. Xiao, L. B. Gan, Z. S. Jia, Z. P. Jiang, S. W. Zhang, B. Zheng and Y. Gu,Organic Letters, 2007, 9, 1741–1743.

110 H. M. Ai-Matar and S. M. Badawy, Spectrochimica Acta Part a-Molecular andBiomolecular Spectroscopy, 2007, 68, 992–994.

111 X. Y. Ren and Z. Y. Liu, J. Mol. Graph., 2007, 26, 336–341.112 M. M. Roubelakis, G. C. Vougioukalakis and M. Orfanopoulos, Journal of Organic

Chemistry, 2007, 72, 6526–6533.113 F. Oswald, S. Chopin, P. de la Cruz, J. Orduna, J. Garin, A. S. D. Sandanayaka, Y.

Araki, O. Ito, J. L. Delgado, J. Cousseau and F. Langa, New Journal of Chemistry, 2007,31, 230–236.

114 B. M. Illescas, J. Santos, M. C. Diaz, N. Martin, C. M. Atienza and D. M. Guldi,European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2007, 5027–5037.

115 O. Kundrat, M. Kas, M. Tkadlecova, K. Lang, J. Cvacka, I. Stibor and P. Lhotak,Tetrahedron Lett., 2007, 48, 6620–6623.



Dow

nloa

ded

by U

nive

rsity

of

Chi

cago

on

13/0

5/20

13 0

5:21

:34.

Pu

blis

hed

on 2

8 A

pril

2008

on

http

://pu

bs.r

sc.o

rg |

doi:1

0.10

39/B

7165

01N

View Article Online


116 E. Ioannou, A. Hirsch and Y. Elemes, Tetrahedron, 2007, 63, 7070–7076.

117 M. Bar-Sadan, I. Kaplan-Ashiri and R. Tenne, Eur. Phys. J.-Spec. Top., 2007, 149, 71–101.

118 J. Fan, Y. Wang, A. J. Blake, C. Wilson, E. S. Davies, A. N. Khlobystov and M.Schroder, Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2007, 46, 8013–8016.

119 F. L. Deepak, H. Cohen, S. Cohen, Y. Feldman, R. Popovitz-Biro, D. Azulay, O. Milloand R. Tenne, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2007, 129, 12549–12562.

120 N. V. Bulina, V. A. Lopatin, N. G. Vnukova, I. V. Osipova, G. N. Churilov and W.Kratschmer, Fullerenes Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures, 2007, 15, 395–400.

121 T. Gunji, Y. Sakai, K. Arimitsu and Y. Abe, Journal of Polymer Science Part a-PolymerChemistry, 2007, 45, 3273–3279.

122 L. C. Song, F. H. Su, L. X. Wang, X. G. Zhang, H. T. Wang and Q. M. Hu, Journal ofNanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2007, 7, 1395–1400.

123 Y. Shibano, M. Sasaki, H. Tsuji, Y. Araki, O. Ito and K. Tamao, Journal of Organo-metallic Chemistry, 2007, 692, 356–367.

124 F. Nastasi, F. Puntoriero, S. Campagna, S. Schergna, M. Maggini, F. Cardinali, W.Delavaux-Nicot and J. F. Nierengarten, Chem. Commun., 2007, 3556–3558.

125 Z. Li, Q. Zeng, Z. C. Zhu, Q. Q. Li, Z. A. Li and J. G. Qin, Chinese Journal of Chemistry,2007, 25, 406–410.

126 S. C. Chuang, Y. Murata, M. Murata, S. Mori, S. Maeda, F. Tanabe and K. Komatsu,Chem. Commun., 2007, 1278–1280.

127 D. B. Qin, X. S. Zeng, Q. S. Li, F. B. Xu, H. B. Song and Z. Z. Zhang, Chem. Commun.,2007, 147–149.

128 F. Oswald, D. M. S. Islam, Y. Araki, V. Troiani, P. de la Cruz, A. Moreno, O. Ito and F.Langa, Chemistry-a European Journal, 2007, 13, 3924–3933.

129 C. Tang, K. Deng, W. Tan, Y. Yuan, Y. Liu, J. Yang and X. Wang, European PhysicalJournal D, 2007, 43, 125–128.

130 P. W. M. Blom, V. D. Mihailetchi, L. J. A. Koster and D. E. Markov, AdvancedMaterials, 2007, 19, 1551–1566.

131 T. M. Figueira-Duarte, A. Gegout and J. F. Nierengarten, Chem. Commun., 2007, 109–119.

132 S. Rait, S. Kashyap, P. K. Bhatnagar, P. C. Mathur, S. K. Sengupta and J. Kumar, SolarEnergy Materials and Solar Cells, 2007, 91, 757–763.

133 S. Berson, R. De Bettignies, S. Bailly and S. Guillerez, Advanced Functional Materials,2007, 17, 1377–1384.

134 M. T. Lloyd, A. C. Mayer, S. Subramanian, D. A. Mourey, D. J. Herman, A. V. Bapat, J.E. Anthony and G. G. Malliaras, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2007, 129,9144–9149.

135 M. Koppe, M. Scharber, C. Brabec, W. Duffy, M. Heeney and I. McCulloch, AdvancedFunctional Materials, 2007, 17, 1371–1376.

136 C. S. Huang, F. S. Lu, Y. L. Li, H. Y. Gan, T. G. Jiu, J. C. Xiao, X. H. Xu, S. Cui,H. B. Liu and D. B. Zhu, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2007, 7,1472–1478.

137 K. Kaneto, M. Yano, M. Shibao, T. Morita and W. Takashima, Japanese Journal ofApplied Physics Part 1—Regular Papers Brief Communications & Review Papers, 2007, 46,1736–1738.

138 Q. D. Ling, S. L. Lim, Y. Song, C. X. Zhu, D. S. H. Chan, E. T. Kang and K. G. Neoh,Langmuir, 2007, 23, 312–319.

139 E. Y. Zhang, C. Y. Shu, L. Feng and C. R. Wang, Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2007,111, 14223–14226.

140 J. Chen, G. Tsekouras, D. L. Officer, P. Wagner, C. Y. Wang, C. O. Too and G. G.Wallace, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2007, 599, 79–84.

141 M. D. Diener, J. M. Alford, S. J. Kennel and S. Mirzadeh, Journal of the AmericanChemical Society, 2007, 129, 5131–5138.

142 M. N. Chaur, F. Melin, B. Elliott, A. J. Athans, K. Walker, B. C. Holloway and L.Echegoyen, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2007, 129, 14826–14829.

143 S. Stevenson, M. A. Mackey, M. C. Thompson, H. L. Coumbe, P. K. Madasu, C. E.Coumbe and J. P. Phillips, Chem. Commun., 2007, 4263–4265.

144 N. B. Shustova, A. A. Popov, M. A. Mackey, C. E. Coumbe, J. P. Phillips, S. Stevenson,S. H. Strauss and O. V. Boltalina, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2007, 129,11676–11677.

145 T. Cai, L. Xu, H. W. Gibson, H. C. Dorn, C. J. Chancellor, M. M. Olmstead and A. L.Balch, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2007, 129, 10795–10800.



Dow

nloa

ded

by U

nive

rsity

of

Chi

cago

on

13/0

5/20

13 0

5:21

:34.

Pu

blis

hed

on 2

8 A

pril

2008

on

http

://pu

bs.r

sc.o

rg |

doi:1

0.10

39/B

7165

01N

View Article Online


146 N. Chen, L. Z. Fan, K. Tan, Y. Q. Wu, C. Y. Shu, X. Lu and C. R. Wang, Journal ofPhysical Chemistry C, 2007, 111, 11823–11828.

147 M. Krause, F. Ziegs, A. A. Popov and L. Dunsch, Chemphyschem, 2007, 8, 537–540.148 S. F. Yang, P. Rapta and L. Dunsch, Chem. Commun., 2007, 189–191.149 K. Bucher, J. Mende, M. Mehring and M. Jansen, Fullerenes Nanotubes and Carbon

Nanostructures, 2007, 15, 29–42.150 T. M. Zuo, C. M. Beavers, J. C. Duchamp, A. Campbell, H. C. Dorn, M. M. Olmstead

and A. L. Balch, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2007, 129, 2035–2043.151 J. Tang, G. M. Xing, Y. L. Zhao, L. Jing, H. Yuan, F. Zhao, X. Y. Gao, H. J. Qian, R.

Su, K. Ibrahim, W. G. Chu, L. Zhang and K. Tanigaki, Journal of Physical Chemistry B,2007, 111, 11929–11934.

152 Y. Cheng, K. M. Liu, G. M. Xing, H. Yuan, L. Jing and Y. L. Zhao, Journal ofRadioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2007, 272, 537–540.

153 F. Uhlik, Z. Slanina and S. Nagase, Physica Status Solidi a-Applications and MaterialsScience, 2007, 204, 1905–1910.

154 R. Bakry, R. M. Vallant, M. Najam-Ul-Haq, M. Rainer, Z. Szabo, C. W. Huck and G.K. Bonn, International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2007, 2, 639–649.

155 B. Sitharaman and L. J. Wilson, Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology, 2007, 3,342–352.

156 B. Sitharaman, L. A. Tran, Q. P. Pham, R. D. Bolskar, R. Muthupillai, S. D. Flamm, A.G. Mikos and L. J. Wilson, Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging, 2007, 2, 139–146.

157 V. P. Gubskaya, L. S. Berezhnaya, A. T. Gubaidullin, Faingold II, R. A. Kotelnikova, N.P. Konovalova, V. I. Morozov, I. A. Litvinov and I. A. Nuretdinov, Organic &Biomolecular Chemistry, 2007, 5, 976–981.

158 L. Harhaji, A. Isakovic, N. Raicevic, Z. Markovic, B. Todorovic-Markovic, N. Nikolic,S. Vranjes-Djuric, I. Markovic and V. Trajkovic, European Journal of Pharmacology,2007, 568, 89–98.

159 O. Stoilova, C. Jerome, C. Detrembleur, A. Mouithys-Mickalad, N. Manolova, I.Rashkov and R. Jerome, Polymer, 2007, 48, 1835–1843.

160 S. Trajkovic, S. Dobric, V. Jacevic, V. Dragojevic-Simic, Z. Milovanovic and A.Dordevic, Colloids and Surfaces B-Biointerfaces, 2007, 58, 39–43.

161 K. Yudoh, K. Shishido, H. Murayama, M. Yano, K. Matsubayashi, H. Takada, H.Nakamura, K. Masuko, T. Kato and K. Nishioka, Arthritis Rheum., 2007, 56, 3307–3318.

162 J. J. Ryan, H. R. Bateman, A. Stover, G. Gomez, S. K. Norton, W. Zhao, L. B. Schwartz,R. Lenk and C. L. Kepley, Journal of Immunology, 2007, 179, 665–672.

163 X. M. Meng, B. Li, Z. Chen, L. Yaw, D. X. Zhao, X. L. Yang, M. He and Q. Yu, Journalof Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2007, 22, 293–296.

164 P. Witte, F. Beuerle, U. Hartnagel, R. Lebovitz, A. Savouchkina, S. Sali, D. Guldi, N.Chronakis and A. Hirsch, Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 2007, 5, 3599–3613.

165 M. S. Bjelakovic, D. M. Godjevac and D. R. Milic, Carbon, 2007, 45, 2260–2265.166 F. Beuerle, P. Witte, U. Hartnagely, R. Lebovitz, C. Parng and A. Hirsch, J. Exp.

Nanosci., 2007, 2, 144–170.167 R. M. Vallant, Z. Szabo, S. Bachmann, R. Bakry, M. Najam-ul-Haq, M. Rainer, N.

Heigl, C. Petter, C. W. Huck and G. K. Bonn, Anal. Chem., 2007, 79, 8144–8153.

168 X. F. Zhang, C. Y. Shu, L. Xie, C. R. Wang, Y. Z. Zhang, J. F. Xiang, L. Li and Y. L.Tang, Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2007, 111, 14327–14333.

169 H. Isobe, T. Homma and E. Nakamura, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2007, 104, 14895–14898.

170 K. Yakigaya, A. Takeda, Y. Yokoyama, S. Ito, T. Miyazaki, T. Suetsuna, H. Shimotani,T. Kakiuchi, H. Sawa, H. Takagi, K. Kitazawa and N. Dragoe, New Journal ofChemistry, 2007, 31, 973–979.

171 O. A. Troshina, P. A. Troshin, A. S. Peregudov, V. I. Kozlovskiy, J. Balzarini and R. N.Lyubovskaya, Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 2007, 5, 2783–2791.

172 J. H. Yang, K. Wang, J. Driver, J. H. Yang and A. R. Barron, Organic & BiomolecularChemistry, 2007, 5, 260–266.

173 S. V. Prylutska, O. P. Matyshevska, A. A. Golub, Y. I. Prylutskyy, G. P. Potebnya, U.Ritter and P. Scharff, Materials Science & Engineering C-Biomimetic and SupramolecularSystems, 2007, 27, 1121–1124.

174 C. Klumpp, L. Lacerda, O. Chaloin, T. Da Ros, K. Kostarelos, M. Prato and A. Bianco,Chem. Commun., 2007, 3762–3764.

175 P. Mroz, A. Pawlak, M. Satti, H. Lee, T. Wharton, H. Gali, T. Sarna and M. R.Hamblin, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2007, 43, 711–719.



Dow

nloa

ded

by U

nive

rsity

of

Chi

cago

on

13/0

5/20

13 0

5:21

:34.

Pu

blis

hed

on 2

8 A

pril

2008

on

http

://pu

bs.r

sc.o

rg |

doi:1

0.10

39/B

7165

01N

View Article Online


176 F. Rancan, M. Helmreich, A. Molich, E. A. Ermilov, N. Jux, B. Roder, A. Hirsch and F.Bohm, Bioconjugate Chemistry, 2007, 18, 1078–1086.

177 A. Ikeda, Y. Doi, K. Nishiguchi, K. Kitamura, M. Hashizume, J. I. Kikuchi, K. Yogo, T.Ogawa and T. Takeya, Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 2007, 5, 1158–1160.

178 Z. Hu, W. C. Guan, W. Wang, L. Z. Huang, H. P. Xing and Z. Zhu, Cell BiologyInternational, 2007, 31, 798–804.

179 Z. Hu, W. C. Guan, W. Wang, L. Z. Huang, H. P. Xing and Z. Zhu, Chemico-BiologicalInteractions, 2007, 167, 135–144.

180 B. Belgorodsky, L. Fadeev, J. Kolsenik and M. Gozin, Bioconjugate Chemistry, 2007, 18,1095–1100.

181 F. Chirico, C. Fumelli, A. Marconi, A. Tinari, E. Straface, W. Malorni, R. Pellicciari andC. Pincelli, Experimental Dermatology, 2007, 16, 429–436.

182 A. R. Badireddy, E. M. Hotze, S. Chellam, P. Alvarez and M. R. Wiesner, EnvironmentalScience & Technology, 2007, 41, 6627–6632.

183 V. Sgobba, G. Giancane, S. Conoci, S. Casilli, G. Ricciardi, D. M. Guldi, M. Prato andL. Valli, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2007, 129, 3148–3156.

184 B. M. Ginzburg, D. G. Tochil’nikov, A. K. Pugachev, V. M. Oichenko, S. Tuichiev andA. M. Leksovskii, Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2007, 80, 1438–1440.



Dow

nloa

ded

by U

nive

rsity

of

Chi

cago

on

13/0

5/20

13 0

5:21

:34.

Pu

blis

hed

on 2

8 A

pril

2008

on

http

://pu

bs.r

sc.o

rg |

doi:1

0.10

39/B

7165

01N

View Article Online


fullerenes

Documents