ftb-200 & fpm-300 training with videos

8/10/2019 FTB-200 & FPM-300 Training With Videos

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LAM BDATest Eq ui pment c. c.

Fibre-Optic

and OTDRTraining


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Copper Wire Long ago

64 Kbits/sec 1 voice call

THE EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATIONS

Yesterday

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Fibre optic

Today

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Fibre optic


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O2

/ GeSiO2

(Core)

SiO2

(Cladding)

2100 C

Preform

MANUFACTURING:

COLLAPSE OF DEPOSITED PRE-FORM


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Capsten

Preform

Graphite Furnace

(2100 C)

Laser Diameter Gauge(125 m 2) Glass

Cooling Tube (Ambient)

1 st Coating Station (190 m) Acrylate

Ultra Violet Light Curing Oven

2 nd Coating Station (245 m) Acrylate

Take-up Reel

Pulling Speed 1000m/min

Ultra Violet LightCuring Oven

Electronic

Con

trolLoop

MANUFACTURING:

FIBRE DRAWING TOWER


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Fibre Manufacturing
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Fibre%20MFG%20MCVD%20(General).mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Fibre%20MFG%20MCVD%20(General).mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Fibre%20MFG%20MCVD%20(General).mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Fibre%20MFG%20MCVD%20(General).mp4


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Core

Glass index n1

Cladding

Glass index n2

Coating

Acrylate, teflon,polyimide

BASIC OPTICAL FIBRE


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Plastic Fibre

Step Index Multimode

CORE AND CLADDING DIAMETER

Singlemode

Multimode

Glass Fibre

50125125 62.5

9125140 100

All measurements in m

Video: Single Mode Fiber
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Singlemode%20Fiber%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Singlemode%20Fiber%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Singlemode%20Fiber%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Singlemode%20Fiber%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Singlemode%20Fiber%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Kevlar%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4


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FIBER BUFFERING (PROTECTION)

Tight buffer

This is where a nylon or other thermoplastic material is extruded onto the optical

fiber in the form of a tight layer of material.

Loose tube bufferThis is where a nylon or other thermoplastic material is extruded in the form of a

tube into which one or more optical fibers are placed. These tubes are generally

filled with a jelly-like compound.

LOOSE TUBE BUFFER TIGHT BUFFER

Video: Kevlar
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Kevlar%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Kevlar%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Kevlar%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Kevlar%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4


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REFLECTION

Reflection

When a light beam I hits a material with a different index ofrefraction, a portion of the beam is reflected R

The angle of this reflected beam is the same as the incident beam

Cladding

Core I Ri R

n1

n2

i = R

Video: Index of refraction
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Index%20of%20Refraction%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Index%20of%20Refraction%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Index%20of%20Refraction%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Index%20of%20Refraction%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4


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REFRACTION

Cladding

Core I R

T

i

r

R

n1sin(i) = n2sin(r)

n1

n2

Refraction

For the same light beam hitting a different material, another portion isrefracted

This occurs when a the light goes through a material with a different

index of refraction

The angle of this beam changes because the speed of propagation

changes


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TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

Critical angle (Total internal reflection)

There is a certain angle where 100% of the light is reflected and no

light is refracted, we call this angle, the critical angle

Fiber optics use this concept to propagate light

Cladding

Core I R1R2

C R


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ELECTRO MAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Where do fibre optic wavelengths fit in the light spectrum?

10*22

fCosmic rays

Gamma rays

1 nm

10*16

10*1410*13

THz

1 m

X-ray

ultraviolet

visible lightinfrared

Radar

TV

Radio

1 mmGHz

MHz

kHz SoundSubsonic

Ultraviolet

455 nm violet

490 nm blue

550 nm green

580 nm yellow

620 nm orange

750 nm redInfrared

850 nm

1300 nm

1310 nm

1550 nm

650 nm Visible Laser

Singlemode communications

Wavelength = speed of light/frequency

}}

Multimode communications

1 m


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LOSS IN FIBER IS WAVELENGTH-DEPENDENT

Optical fiber is normally tested asthe same wavelength as the fiber

system will be operated

Available OTDR wavelengths:

850 nm (MM)

1300 nm (MM)

1310 nm (SM)

1383 nm (SM)

1490 nm (SM)1550 nm (SM)

1625 nm (SM)

Water peak

SMF-28 SM Fiber

Video: Attenuation

G
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Attenuation%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Attenuation%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Backscatter%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Graded-Index%20Fiber%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Graded-Index%20Fiber%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4


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TYPICAL FIBRE TRANSMISSION PROPERTIES

FIBRE SINGLEMODE GRADED-INDEX STEP-INDEX

Size (m) 9/125 62.5/125 100/140

core/cladding 50/125 1000/1035

MODE SINGLEMODE MULTIMODE MULTIMODE

Attenuation (dB/km)

850nm 2.9 > 4

1300nm 0.5 > 10

1310nm 0.34

1550nm


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FIBRE OPTIC RELATED UNITS

dB Loss in a system or a component Measures the difference between power received andpower transmitted

dB = 10 log10 (TX (power)/RX (power))

Loss (dB) Power Remaining (%)

1 79.4

3 50.1

10 10

20 1

30 0.1

dBm Decibels referenced to a milli watt dBm = 10 log10 (

p/mw)

Vid Ab ti

Vid Li k B d t
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Absorption%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Loss%20Budget%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Loss%20Budget%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Absorption%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4


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Scattering Loss of optical energy due to imperfections in the fibre.

Decreases rapidly at longer wavelengths (proportional to 1 l4 ).

Represents the theoretical lower limits of attenuation.

AbsorptionAbsorption of optical energy by impurities in the fibre due to the

manufacturing process. Absorption has been lowered significantly in the past few years.

Micro and Macro bend Microbend losses are the result of small variations or bumps in the

core-to cladding interface.

Macrobend losses are the result of an important fibre direction change over

a short radius.

LOSSES IN FIBRE OPTIC CABLE

Video: AbsorptionVideo: Link Budget
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Absorption%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Loss%20Budget%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Loss%20Budget%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Absorption%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4


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MICRO- & MACRO-BENDING

Macrobending

Fiber curvature

Causing loss of light

Specifications:(Source: ITU-T Rec. G.652)

Bending Radius = 30 mmMax. Loss (1550 nm) = 0.5 dB
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Fresnel%20Reflection%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4


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Fresnel Reflections Connectors, mechanical splices, components, and fibre breaks

Reflection due to a change of index:

( )Loss in dB due to a Fresnel reflection:

dB = 10 log10(1-p)

REFLECTIONS IN FIBRE OPTIC SPANS

CLADDING

NA Mismatch Core Diameter Cladding Diameter

Mismatch Mismatch

n- 1

n+ 1

2

p =

CORE

Concentricity

Video: Fresnel
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Fresnel%20Reflection%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Fresnel%20Reflection%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4


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~8o

PC Connector APC Connector

Input

Ref lect ion

Endface

CONNECTORS & REFLECTIONS


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SINGLE MODE ANGLE POLISH CONNECTORS

Picture Description Comment

FC/APC

Threaded Angle

Connector

Used in Labs and some installations

Very repeatable conector

Color is normally green

Used where back relfections must be low such as

transmitter outputs.

SC/APC

Square Angle

Connector

Widely used in installations due to possibility of highdensity patch panels

Fast to connect clip on type

Color is normally green

Used where back relfections must be low such as

transmitter outputs and CATV (analog video)

Made of plastic; The jaw in the bulkhead coupler can

break with time!


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OPTICAL PATH TESTING

PARAMETERS TO BE TESTED

Optical Path Loss

Splice, Connector or Discrete

losses

Characteristic Attenuation

Splice, Connector or Discrete

reflection

Optical Return loss

Fault location

EQUIPMENT TO USE

Light Source & Power Meter

OTDR

OTDR

OTDR

Back Reflection Test Set

OTDRor Fault Locator

EXFO


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EXFO

Universal Test System

Video: Backscatter
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Backscatter%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Backscatter%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Backscatter%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4


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1976 - Barnsen and Jensen - OTDR:Based on Backscattered and back reflection

measurement

Non destructive method

Requires access to only one end of the fiber

Provides other information as

Attenuation as function of the length

Insertion loss of events

Determines kind of events

Locations of events

OTDR HISTORY

Video: Backscatter
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Backscatter%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Backscatter%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Backscatter%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Backscatter%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4


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RAYLEIGH BACKSCATTER (RBS)

Caused by microscopic non uniformity's of refractive index.

Is the dominant loss mechanism in high quality optical fibre.

Back-scatter is approximately one million times weaker than the

launched signal.

Back-scatter power level is proportional to optical pulse width and power

Back-scatter is inversely proportional to wavelength raised to 4th power.

Principle upon which Optical Time Domain Reflectometry is based.

Video: OTDR
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4


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OTDR launches short duration light pulses.

The pulses encounter reflective (Fresnel) and scattering

(Rayleigh) events. A fraction of the pulse returns to the

launching port. The returned signal is proportional to

pulse power and varies as a function of the event.

Measuring the difference between the launching time

and the time of arrival of the returned signal, one

determines the distance between the launching point and

the event.

OTDR - BASICS OF OPERATION

Video: OTDR

OTDR BASICS OF OPERATION
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4


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OTDR - BASICS OF OPERATION

Fibre Under

Test

Pulsed

Laser Source

Coupler

High Speed

Photodetector

Process

ControllerDisplay

Fundamentally an Optical radar

Optical pulses launched into one end of the fibre

Return optical signal is fed to an optical receiver

The converted signal is amplified, sampled and displayed

The time domain trace can then be analysed with respect to

its amplitude and temporal characteristics

The distance to any point within the material can be determinedfrom the time domain and IOR (Index of Refraction)


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REFLECTOMETRY THEORY


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Fresnel back reflections

Will come from abrupt changes in the IOR, ex: (glass/air) Fiber break, mechanical splice, bulkheads, connectors

Will show as a spike on the OTDR trace

UPC reflection is typically -35dB and APC -55dB

Fresnel reflections will be approximately 20 000 times higher than fibersbackscattering level

Will create a Dead Zone after the reflection


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OTDR EVENTS

Non Reflective (Refractive index profile of fibre remains unchanged)

Fusion Splices

Macrobends

Microbends

Reflective(Reflective index profile of fibre is disturbed by an air gap which producesa Fresnel reflection)

dB

Distance

Connectors

Mechanical splices

Breaks or cracks

End-of-fiber (PC)

dB

Distance



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Simplified OTDR Trace:

Power (dB)

Distance (km)

Slope shows fiberattenuation

Loss

Reflection

OTDR Connector

Connector (P.P.)

Fusion splice

Connector (P.P.)End of link

OTDR SPECIFICATIONS & LIMITATIONS


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Noise

Averaging the signal will reduce the noise on the OTDR trace.

The noise present on the trace comes from the electronic circuits inside theOTDR:

Detector, Electronic amplifiers, Signal treatment circuits

OTDR SPECIFICATIONS & LIMITATIONS

Video: Dead Zones

OTDR TRACE
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Deadzone%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Deadzone%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4


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BUT WHAT DOES IT SAY?

dB

Distance

Vertical scale displays power logarithmically in dB.

Horizontal scale displays distance.

Attenuation of the fibre in dB/km is determined by the slope of the backscatter

(line) between events.

Reflective and non- reflective events on the trace indicate anomalies such asconnectors, splices, macro-bends, micro-bends, cracks and breaks .

OTDR MEASUREMENTS


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Events on the

fiber are

automatically

analyzed byToolBox

software and a

table of events

is generated.

OTDR MEASUREMENTS


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PULSE WIDTH EFFECTS

D2

D1

Backscatter level

Noise Floor of OTDR

Wider Pulses

Higher backscatter level

Longer range

Lower resolution

Greater dead zones

Shorter Pulses

Lower backscatter

Shorter range

Higher resolution

Shorter dead zones

FTB-200 - CONTROLS AND INTERFACES


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On/Off LED

Charging LED (on=full)

Active Laser LED

Pass/Fail LED

4 other application specific

leds

1. Module #0

2. Module #1/ PM3. Fiber Probe

4. Alt-Tab Button

Start acquisition /PF1

Move markers /PF2

Next / trace /PF3

Save /PF4

Knob with Enter

Speaker Microphone

FTB-200 KEYS


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FTB-200 - CONTROLS AND INTERFACES


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USB A for

Memory Stick (1 & 2GB)

Keyboard

Mouse

HUB

USB B (ActiveSync)

RJ-45 10/100BT

Fiber Probe

Compact Flash

interface for:

Memory/storage

Wireless LAN

Bluetooth

Audio Mic/Spk

DC in

INITIALIZE THE TEST MODULE


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HANDS-ON SESSIONPARAMETERS SETTING


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PARAMETERS SETTING

Acquisition parameters settings:

Choose theshortest

distance range

to cover the

entire link

Choose the

shortest

Pulse width,

ie. 5 or 10ns

Average the

signal for 30

secondsNoise level

acceptable ?

Averaging time

under 2 mins ?

Store the

acquisition

NO

YES

Increase

averaging

time

YES

NO

Increase

pulse width

VIEWING THE OTDR TEST RESULT


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EVENT LIST


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EXPERIMENT - WAVELENGTH 1310nm


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EXPERIMENT - WAVELENGTH 1550nm


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EXPERIMENT - 1310nm vs. 1550nm


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CLEANING


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Fiber-optic connectors are susceptible to

scratches and dirt.

poor transmission performance

Clean, problem-free Dirty fiber end Damaged fiber end

Connector cleaning techniques aremore important than ever


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FLS-300/FOT-300 LIGHT SOURCE


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SETTING UP A FAVORITE LIST


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REFERENCING THE POWER METER


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1. Connect a light source (such as FLS-300 or FTB-100) to thedetector port of your power meter.

2. Activate the source at the desired wavelength.

3. Match the source and power meter wavelengths.

4. Hold down [Ref] a few seconds. Reference power is displayed

in the top right corner (in dBm).5. Repeat the procedure for each wavelength you want to

reference.


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Thank You!

ftb-200 & fpm-300 training with videos

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