Eastern Defense Command New York-Philadelphia Sector

New York SubsectorThe Harbor Defenses of New York

“I am responsible for the safety oftwenty-million people

and the industrial heart of the nation”BG Gage, Commanding, HD NY

Major Army Units at Fort Hancock:

Hq an Hq Btry, Harbor Defenses of New York7th Coast Artillery (less 2nd Battalion)245th Coast Arty Reg (HD) (Less 3rd Bn)265th Coast Arty Reg (HD) (minus)A Battery, 288th Coast Artillery Battalion (Railway)5th Mine Planter Battery (USMP Ord)19th Mine Planter Battery151st Station Hospital95th Ordnance Company (Railway Artillery)113th Infantry Regiment (HHC at Ft. Hancock, rest spread around southern

NY/NJ/DE)

Chain of Command

• President of the US- Franklin Delano Roosevelt• Vice President of the US- Henry Wallace • Secretary of War- Henry Lewis Stimson• Army Chief of Staff- General George C Marshall• Eastern Defense Command Commander- LTG George Grunert• NY-Phila Sector Commander- MG Homer• NY Sub Sector/HDNY Commander- BG Phillip S Gage• Ambrose Groupment/245th CA Commander- Col Haw• 4th Bn. 245th CA Commander- LTC Shawn Welch• Battery E 245th CA Commander- CPT Jonathan Prostak

Fort Hancock, NJ

Fort Hancock is named in honor of the memory of Major General Winfield Scott Hancock, US. Army, who served with distinction in the Mexican War and the Civil war, and who died 9 February 1886. It was named Fort Hancock 30 October 1895, having previously been known as the Fortifications of Sandy Hook.

The Fort is situated on Sandy Hook, New Jersey guarding the outer entrance to New York Harbor. The first parcel of land for the site was acquired by the Government in-1762 at that time for a lighthouse, and additional parcels were subsequently acquired until the reservation was expanded to its present size.

Construction of the actual fortifications began ill 1890 on the site of the old mine casemate that dated from 1880. The permanent garrison was not established until 1898 under command of Lieutenant Colonel Tully McCrea of the Fifth Artillery.

Plotting Room and Fire Control

Cases of Pointing

Case I Pointing in which both direction and elevation were given at the gun by means sight pointed at the target. All firing data is determined by the gun crew.

Case II Pointing in which direction was given at the gun by means of a sight pointed at the target and elevation by means of a range disc with all data supplied by the range section.

Case III Pointing in which direction was given the gun by means of an azimuth circle or of a sight pointed at an aiming point other than the target and elevation by range disc. All range and direction data given by the range section.

Plotting Room Detail (page 370-371, FM 4-15, Nov 1943):

Plotter (NCOIC).No. 1, angular travel device operator (case II only). (Not needed when deflection board Ml

is used.)No. 2, primary arm setter.No. 3, secondary arm setter.No. 4, set-forward device operator.No. 5, range correction board operator.No. 6, percentage corrector operator.No. 7, deflection board operator.No. 8, assistant deflection board operator (note 1).No. 9, spotting board operator.Nos. 10 and 11, assistant spotting board operators (note 2).No. 12, spotting board recorder (note 3).No. 13, fire adjustment board operator (range).No, 14, fire adjustment board operator (lateral).Nos. 15 and 16, recorders (notes 4 and 5).

NOTES-1. No. 8 is used only when the deflection board Ml is employed.2. With some spotting boards only one assistant is necessary.3. The spotting board recorder fulfills the important function of recording the range and

azimuth of the set-forward point or setting on the spotting board at the proper time.4. Sufficient recorders are necessary to insure complete and accurate record keeping of

drill and target practices. Nos. 15 and 16 are regularly assigned members of the plotting room detail. When they are not required for recording purposes they may be given other duties. They should be trained as alternates for any position In the plotting room.

5. Where the data transmission system M5 is used, four operators are required.

1) Battery Commander alerts the battery, assigns target, and as Observers report "......, On Target", commands "TRACK".

2) Plotter (Range Detail NCOIC) or Battery Exec (Range Detail OIC) Commands: "Approximate Data" on first hearing "TRACK" (Plot four success locations of the target ship - repeat steps 2a-c four times)

2a) B' Arm Setter sets arm to data from B' observer

2b) B' ' Arm Setter sets arm to data from B' ' observer

2c) Plotter uses the TARG to plot the point on plotting board onion skin

3) Plotter commands "CLEAR THE BOARD"

4) Plotter measures distance between first and last reading and calculates target travel speed

5) No. 4 calculates target travel speed

6) Plotter measures and plots position of target at instant of firing

7) Plotter measures distance from guns to position of target at instant of firing

8) No.7 Calculates Time of Flight

9) No.4 calculates travel of target from instant of firing to arrival of shell - Set Forward Point

10) Plotter plots Set Forward Point.

11) Plotter measures distance on gun arm to Set Forward Point

12) No.2 reads azimuth on gun arm to Set Forward Point

13) Range Percentage Board Operator......

Plotting Room DrillFM 4-15, Fire Control and Position Finding

6-inch M1900 Seacoast Rifle Info

6-inch M1900 Seacoast Rifle on M1900 Barbette Carriage

Barbette Carriage M1900Total weight of carriage without shield - 38,000 lbsTotal weight of carriage, gun and shield - 45,568 1bsDiameter of emplacement - 19 feetRecoil Type- Hydro - springNumber of hydraulic cylinders - 1Orifices - 3 grooveNormal length of recoil - 14 in.Traverse - 360 degreesOne hand wheel turn - 2.78 degreesEffort required to traverse - 10lbsOperation - ManualMaximum elevation - 20 degrees (355.5 mils)

Rate of Fire –

• One round every 15 seconds

• 8 rounds per minute for two gun battery

Ammunition:

• Powder Charge – 32 pounds

• M1911 Armor Piercing Shell – 108 pounds

• Approximately 400 of these projectiles were stored in the Battery• Muzzle Velocity = 2,600 feet per second • Maximum range = 16,500 yards (about 9 miles) • Effective range = 12,000 yards (about 6.8 miles)

• Mk XXXIII Armor Piercing Shot – 105 pounds • Battery Gunnison/New Peck did not have this type of projectile

• Maximum range = 21,700 yards (about 12 miles)

• Effective range = 16,000 yards (about 9 miles)

• Mk 2A1 High Explosive – 90 pounds (lethal area approx 50 yards) • Approximately 200 of these projectiles were stored in the Battery

• Maximum range = 14,700 yards (about 8 miles)

• Effective range = 12,000 yards (about 6.8 miles)

6-inch M1900 Rifle Details and PostsFM 4-75, Service of the Piece 6-inch Barbette Gun

• Total in Section:• 28 Enlisted• 1 Officer

• Total Gun Section:• 15 Enlisted (2 NCOs)

• Total Ammo Section:• 12 Enlisted (1 NCO)

Batteries Gunnison/New Peck

1) Chief of Section commands: LOAD

2a) WHEN READY - Range Setter Reports: "Range Set" (Case II and Case III)

2b) WHEN READY - Gun Pointer reports: "Azimuth Set" (Case III only - tells Gun Commander he can fire on TI bell once gun is loaded)

3) No. 1 (breach detail) opens the breech.

4) No. 3 (chief of breach) As soon as the breech is open after firing, he removes the old primer, clears the vent, and cleans the primer seat.

5) No. 2 (breach detail) wipes off the mushroom head and gas check seat.

6) No. 9 Dips the chamber sponge in the liquid for sponging and allows the excess liquid to run off. As soon as the breechblock opened after each shot, sponges the chamber quickly.

7) No. 2 (breach detail) inserts the loading tray in the breech recess, being careful not to bur or damage the threads in the breech.

8) No. 5 or 6 (projectile detail) inserts a projectile in the breech.

9) No. 4 (rammer detail) places the head of the rammer against the base of the projectile and rams it firmly into its seat.

10) No. 2 (breach detail) withdraws the loading tray.

11) No. 7 or 8 (powder detail) places the powder tray with powder charge in the breech recess and No. 2 pushes the powder into the chamber by hand to such distance that the breech in closing will give the charge a final push into the chamber.

12) No. 1 (breach detail) Closes the breach.

13) No. 3 (chief of breach) Inserts the primer after the breechblock is closed and locked and lowers the leaf of the firing device completely down; hooks the lanyard (if firing non-electric) before the primer is inserted; pulls the lanyard at the command FIRE from gun pointer or upon hearing the third strike of the TI bell.

14) CASE II ONLY - Gun Commander commands: READY (tells gun pointer he can fire when ready)

6-inch M1900 Rifle Loading DrillFM 4-75, Service of the Piece 6-inch Barbette Gun

6-inch M1900 Rifle DutiesFM 4-75, Service of the Piece 6-inch Barbette Gun

BATTERY EXECUTIVE.- The battery executive commands the firing section of the battery and is in charge of the gun emplacements and accessories. He is responsible to the battery commander for the training and efficiency of the personnel of the firing section, for the condition of the mat6riel and ammunition under his charge, for the observance of all safety precautions pertaining to the service of the piece, and for the police of the emplacements.

ASSISTANT BATTERY EXECUTIVE.-The assistant battery executive performs the duties of the battery executive insofar as they pertain to the emplacement or emplacements to which he is assigned.

CHIEF OF SECTION.-a. The chief of section (gun commander), a noncommissioned officer, is in command of the gun section and gun squad. He supervises the service of the piece and the service of ammunition, and personally directs the work of care and preservation at the emplacement to which his section is assigned. He is responsible to the officer in charge of the emplacement for the training and efficiency of the personnel of his section, for the condition of the mat6riel and ammunition under his charge, for the observance of all safety precautions at the emplacement, and for the police of the emplacement. He keeps a record of the number of rounds fired by his gun, showing the date and approximate time, in order that the emplacement book may be kept posted accurately and up to date.

GUN POINTER.-The gun pointer is charged with the duty of pointing the piece in direction. He is responsible to the gun commander for the proper operation, care, and adjustment of the sight, the traversing mechanism, and the electric firing mechanism and circuit (if used). For detailed duties, see drill table, section VII.

RANGE SETTER.-The range setter is charged with the duty of laying the piece in range. He is responsible to the gun commander for the proper operation, care, and adjustment of the elevating mechanism. For detailed duties, see drill table, section VII.

CHIEF OF BREECH.-The chief of breech (No. 3) is responsible to the gun commander for the efficiency of the personnel of the breech detail. He is specially charged with the observance of safety precautions insofar as they pertain to his detail. He listens for the explosion of the primer which may be audible if the powder charge fails to explode. For detailed duties, see drill table, section VII.

DISPLAY BOARD OPERATORS.---. The deflection (azimuth) and range display board operators are responsible to the gun commander for the proper operation of the display boards and recording of all data received from the plotting room.

RECORDERS.-a. The deflection (azimuth) recorder and the range recorder are responsible for the checking and recording of all deflections (azimuths) and ranges, respectively, set on the gun.

6-inch M1900 Rifle DutiesFM 4-75, Service of the Piece 6-inch Barbette Gun

CHIEF OF AMMUNITION.-a. The chief of ammunition (noncommissioned officer) is responsible to the chief of section for the efficiency of the personnel of his squad, for the care of the ammunition and ammunition-handling apparatus, for the uninterrupted service of ammunition, for the observance of all safety precautions in the care and service of ammunition, and for the police of the magazines and galleries under his charge. He keeps a record of all ammunition received into or delivered from the magazines and galleries under his charge, exercising particular care that the projectiles, fuses, and powder charges are listed under proper name and type. He keeps the chief of section informed regarding the ammunition on hand and reports any defects found.

AMMUNITION SQUAD.-The chief of ammunition divides the six cannoneers of the ammunition squad into two details, the projectile detail and the powder detail. The size of each detail depends on local conditions and is determined by the battery commander.

a. Projectile detail.-The chief of ammunition designates one of the cannoneers as chief of detail who supervises the work of the detail. Previous to and during firing, the detail moves projectiles from the magazine to the serving table, carrying the projectiles by hand if the battery is not equipped with hoists. In addition, the detail maintains the ammunition and ammunition-handling apparatus, and polices the magazines and corridors.

b. Powder detail.-The chief of ammunition designates one of the cannoneers as chief of detail who supervises the work of the detail. The detail keeps a record of all pertinent data including weights of charges, lot number of powder, and temperature of magazines. In the service of powder, the detail removes from the container the powder charge which is to be served to the gun for the next round, places it with igniter end to the rear on a powder tray, removes the powder tag and sees that the powder bag is not defective. The detail carries the loaded tray to the emplacement and turns it over to the powder-serving detail of the gun squad, and receives an empty tray to be brought back to the magazine for reloading. In addition, the detail maintains the powder-handling devices and assists the projectile detail.

HECP and Battery Gunnison/New Peck

Tactical #5 (Battery Gunnison/New Peck) is tasked as the examination battery for Advance Harbor Entrance Control Post #1. The batteries duties are as follows:

The Examination Battery is for the purpose of supporting the Examination Vessel (Ambrose Light Ship) and is designated by the Army Commander of Harbor Defenses. It is in constant readiness to “bring-to” vessels which fail to comply with orders from the “Examination Vessel” and largely to enforce obedience to the restrictions imposed in the procedures for conducting the examination of entering vessels.

The guns of the Exam Battery should always be manned and ready for immediate action. A gun should be kept trained on an incoming vessel until she has hoisted the correct “special signal” which will indicate that she HAS been passed as friendly BY the Examining Officer or that she HAS been placed in (in <?) under control of an armed guard. A few rounds of Plugged Shell should be kept available near the gun to “bring to” vessels, but separate from the service ammunition, so that there may be no danger of confusing them.

The Exam Battery should be keep a station watch on the Examination Vessel and on merchant vessels entering the port. All officers and enlisted men manning the Examination Battery should know the position and limit of the Examination Anchorage, mine fields , net, booms, dangerous areas, prohibited anchorages, etc.

The responsibility for opening fire with the Exam Battery or any other shore battery manned by the Army rests with the Army, but the HECP or the Examination Vessel may request the proper Army Authorities to open fire if such is deemed necessary to enforce the regulations for the control of traffic entering the port. A request to “bring-to” a vessel should unhesitatingly be made under the following circumstances:

a) If the incoming vessel disregards the orders signaled to her by the Examination Vessel.

b) Should a vessel disregard a warning shot across the bow, the Exam Battery should open fire with shell on her and this should be a signal for other batteries to open fire also.

1) The schedule of ready duty batteries and searchlights herein are effective at 0800, 1 May 1943. Batteries, sections, and light detachments will stand relieved only when cleared by the Army Duty Officer, Advance HECP No.1.

2) Battery No. 5 (Battery Gunnison) will operate all ALERT No. 1 duties and challenge functions for Advance HECP No.1. The range and firing sections, Battery K, 245th Coast Artillery, and Battery B, 265th Coast Artillery, will operate under ALERT No. 1 continuously. Batteries D and F, 265th Coast Artillery, will alternate 2-A duties. Alert duties will be assumed at 0800 on dates scheduled.

3) Searchlights as indicated in paragraph 7b below will be on a three (3) minute alert during hours of darkness. Other lights will be on a ten (10) minute alert. All searchlights will be tested prior to dusk upon arrival at stations and reported to the Harbor Entrance Control Post. Should any light not be in order, full details will be given at the time of the report to the Harbor Entrance Control Post.

a. Power plants on the three (3) minute alert will be kept at operating temperatures. Power plants of other lights need not be kept at operating temperatures after initial testing of lights.

b. Telephone operators of lights only on three (3) minute status will be alert near the telephone. Light details on ten (10) minute status need not remain awake provided they can be alerted in sufficient time to place the lights is section within ten (10) minutes after receipt of an alert.

c. Twenty-four hour security guards will be maintained at all lights except where specifically exempted by this headquarters.

4) All batteries, sections, and detachments on ready duty status will be thoroughly familiar with the following SOP for Examination/ Ready Duty Batteries.

Exam Battery Alert Schedule Info

1. Alerting of Batteries – The Examination Battery Maintains one (1) gun crew and, sufficient range personnel to secure necessary firing data on a twenty-four (24) hour alert basis. The gun crew remains at ease in tents or surrcund1ng area of the Gun emplacement. If the Harbor Entrance Control Post Duty Officer observes that the Navy is having difficulty during challenging operations, he will order the range crew to track the ship being challenged. When the Navy gives the ship orders to halt, the gun crew will be alerted to man the gun.

2. Assignment of Target – the Guardship notifies the HECP at Fort Wadsworth by radio of ships failing to stop when ordered. A brevity code is used giving the class of ship and its location (Local rid code). The Duty Officer immediately relocates the target and gives the position to the battery in azimuth and range. When possible, by observation, the following additional information is given;

 a) Hoist being flown, direction of sailing, if there is more than one (1) ship in the area,

and the position of the ship in the column. In order to assist other personnel of the battery not having oriented instruments, the number of the nearest buoy to the ship is also given. A typical order is as follows:

 “Target 1 YMS azimuth 3600 mills, Range 6000 yards as of 1300, inbound

Ambrose Channel, near buoy #7, Hoist JAS, fire 1 bring-to shot with inert ammunition”.

 b) In the event the target has previously been assigned to the range crew, the

description and location of the target are not repeated. For destruction fire, the order given is:

 “Destruction fire with armor piercing (high explosive) ammunition, begin firing”.

3. During the process of tracking, the position of the target was verified by securing simultaneously plots from HECP #1, the Examination Battery, and if possible, the Guard Ship. 

4. The Battery has a standing order to immediately track fast moving targets, PT’s, submarines and amphibious craft. The observer must keep the Guardship under surveillance for any type of signal at all times.

Exam Battery Procedures

HECP#1- Exam Vessel

Fort Hancock Batteries(1) – Construction Number 219 Located at Navesink Highlands.

– Two 6-inch 1903A2 mounted on Shielded Barbette Carriage (SBC) – Range 27,500 yards. – Under construction by 8 July 1942. – Proof firing scheduled for 28 August 1943.

(2) - LEWIS (Const No. 116) Located at Navesink Highlands. – Two 16" 2-MK2M1 BC Range 44,000 yards.– Under construction 1 June 1942. – Proof Firing scheduled December 1943

(3) - KINGMAN (c) – 12" 2-1895M1 BC – Range 29,300 yards.– Work on casemating started 12 August 1941.– Casemating is completed 30 April 1942. – In Class "B" 14 November 1942.**

(4) - MILLS (c) – 12" 2-1895M1 BC – Range 29,300 yards. – Work on casemating started 13 April 1942.– Casemating completed by 31 October 1942. – In Class "B" 14 November 1942.**

RICHARDSON (0) – 12" 2-1895M1 DC – Restored to Class "A" 1 June 1941. – In rust preventative August 1942. – In Class "C" 3 November 1942.**

BLOOMFIELD Two 12-inch M888M1 DC Reverted from Class "C" to Class "A" 12 June In rust preventative Aug. 1942. In Class "C" 3 November 1942.

ALEXANDERTwo 12-inch M1888M2 DC Class "C“ in 1940 Ordered turned over to ordnance for salvage 1942.

Batteries with Tactical Numbers (#) are permanent batteries, those without (#) will be disposed of upon completion of all new batteries.

HALLECK O

ne 10-inch M1888, one 10-inch M888M1 DC

Class "C" in 1941.

GRANGER O

ne 10-inch M1888M2, one 10-inch M888M1 DC

Used for training only.

( 5)-PECK(s) 6

" 2-1900 BC, Range 17,000 Yards.

In Class "A" in 1941. Relocated to Battery Gunnison

Gun #1 moved 8 April 1943

Gun #2 moved 21 May 1943

Initial operational capability May 1943, Full operations August 1943

GUNNISON 6

" 2-1903 DC

Class "A" in 1941.

Placed in Class “C" 3 November 1942.

Work of dismantling started 8 March 1943.

(Battery Peck relocated on site of Battery Gunnison)

(6) - URMSTON 3

" 2-1903 RF, Range 11,000 yards.

In Class "A" in 1941.

(7) - AMTB No. 19

0mm 4-Ml, Range 8000 yards.

Battery manned as of 28 January 1943.

Class "A" armament (two fixed guns).

(8) - AMTB No.2 9

0mm 4-M1 (##), Range 8000 yards.

Battery manned as of 28 January 1943, Class “A”

(9) - MORRIS 3

" 4-1903 RF, Range 11,000 yards. Class "A" in 1941

AA No. 1 3

" 3-1917MA2 AA Antiaircraft: batteries Class "A"

AA No.2 3

" 3-1917A2 AA Antiaircraft: batteries Class "A“

Fort Hancock Batteries

Coast Artillery District: A Coast Artillery District is a tactical command which includes all harbor defenses located within a specific area Designations: Coast Artillery Districts are designated as follows:

First Coast Artillery DistrictSecond Coast Artillery DistrictThird Coast Artillery DistrictFourth Coast Artillery DistrictNinth Coast Artillery District

The First to Fourth Coast Artillery Districts cover the coastline of the Eastern United States and the Ninth Coast Artillery District the Pacific Coastline of the United States. The designation of Coast Artillery Districts is suspended for duration of present emergency.

Boundary: (Second Coast Artillery District): The northern boundary Nantucket Shoals Lightship, Shinnecock Light, both inclusive; longitude 72 29 west, Connecticut-New York boundary (in Long Island Sound and on mainland). The Southern boundary is Winter Quarter Shoal Lightship. Inclusive; southern and western boundary of Delaware.

The First Coast Artillery District lies to the north of the Second Coast Artillery District and the Third Coast Artillery District lies to the south of the Second Coast Artillery District.

Defense Command: The Defense command is a territorial agency, within the continental United States, with appropriate staff designated to coordinate or prepare and to initiate the execution of all plans for the employment of Army forces and installations in defense against enemy action in the portion of the United States lying within the command boundaries. (Ref. FM 31-10)

Sector: A sector is one of the subdivisions of a defense command. (New York-Philadelphia Sector is currently - a part of the Eastern Defense Command.) (Ref. FM 3110).

Subsector: A subsector is one of the subdivisions of a sector. (New York-Philadelphia sector is made up of New York Subsector and Philadelphia Subsector.

Local Sectors: A local sector is one of the subdivisions of subsector. (Local subsectors in Philadelphia Subsector are Delaware Local Sector and Southern New Jersey Local sector. Local sectors in New York Subsector are Northern New Jersey Local and Long Island Local Sector .

Coast Artillery Definitions

General Coast Arty KnowledgePurpose of Coastal Frontier Defense.The measures and operations in Coastal Frontier Defense are for the purpose of:

(1) Protecting shipping in the coastal zones.(2) Protecting our military and civil installations and facilities.(3) Preventing invasion of United States territory from overseas.(4) Insuring the security of those portions of our coastal frontiers which are vital to

military, 'industrial, and commercial operations.

Attacks classified.Major operations - those executed for the purpose of invasion andMinor Operations - or raids against shipping or shore objectives

Responsibility of the Army on the coast is defense of the coast, defense of permanent naval bases, and protection of the United States from internal disorder.

Specific functions of the Army in coastal defense. I. To provide and operate the mobile land and air forces required for the direct

defense of the coast.2. To provide, maintain and operate essential harbor defenses in carrying out these

functions, the Army will provide and operate, or maintain. Guns on land, both fixed and mobile, with necessary searchlights and fire control installations, Aircraft operating in support of harbor defenses; in general coastal frontier defense; in support of or in lieu of naval forces.

3. A communication and intelligence system to include an aircraft warning service, among the elements of the land defense with provisions for the prompt exchange of information or instructions with the Navy.

4. Controlled mines and their appurtenances, including the vessels necessary for their installation and maintenance.

5. Beach defense together with vessels necessary for its installation, maintenance and patrol.*

6. Fixed underwater obstructions in connection with controlled mine barrages.7. Additional mobile forces required in accordance with the situation.

Categories Of DefenseThe categories of defense as employed by the Eastern Defense Command

and New York-Philadelphia Sector fall in two groups. The one is designated by numbers - 1, 2, 3, - and the other by letters - A, B, C, etc. While these is a connection between the two, they are designed to meet two distinct needs. The lettered categories are set by the War Department according to definitions laid down by Joint Action Army-Navy, 1935, and are based on expectancy and intensity of enemy assault as determined by military intelligence. They are applied to the coastline or military area concerned in general.

Condition One, Two or Three are determined by the tactical command on the scene and may be applied to Subsector, Harbor Defense or specific armament. It also could be applied to Sector or Defense Command but an attack of that scope would appear to be without the realm of probability in any case.

The use of numbered categories obviates the necessity of detailed or lengthy orders to meet an emergency or attack by an enemy. The use of one category classification does not necessarily demand the use of another. For example Category E represents the greatest danger for the military area to which it is applied. But the application of Category E does not put all elements in-Condition-one. It‘s obvious that a state of readiness that can be maintained for only a limited time should be used carefully if the military personnel strength is not one to be dissipated before the attack is developed. On the other hand Category A represents a condition in which the area is determined to be free from attack.. However it is possible that an isolated enemy raid may be made on installation that would throw the Harbor Defense or armament concerned into condition one.

To illustrate. If an enemy force in strength should be operating in the waters off Greenland, having occupied Iceland as a base, the Eastern Seaboard would no doubt be thrown into Category E but at the same time no defense would necessarily be put in Condition One. However, no Harbor Defense would be any less prepared for action than demanded by Condition Two. In this case Condition One would not be established until the enemy force in question had developed its attack to the point that its fleet was committed to action against the defenses so alerted. In the other case, with a coastline declared free from attack and in Condition A, as in the case for the Eastern Seaboard in 1944, enemy submarines, or a raider disguised as a merchantman, would surely throw a harbor defense into Condition One if they appeared in a harbor entrance.

Conditions of DefenseCondition One. This is the state of maximum readiness for action. In

harbor defenses, all stations, communications and armament are manned in accordance with existing plans; antiaircraft troops will similarly man observation posts and communications, and hold gun and searchlights crews at or in the immediate vicinity of their armament; supporting infantry will maintain observation and patrol elements in ac-accordance with plans, and will hold reserves in readiness. Artillery units cannot continue on CONDITION ONE indefinitely with available personnel; hence CONDITION ONE will be ordered for brief periods only, in general not exceeding six hours in anyone day. When this condition is ordered-on initial activation, immediate readiness for action will be the first objective. The movement of supply elements, and the set-up of messes and camps will be secondary.

Condition Two. This is the status of readiness which can be maintained indefinitely, Harbor Defense and antiaircraft artillery observation stations and communications will be manned continuously, if necessary with reduced personnel or on reduced amounts, but not fewer than one station per battery. Command posts of all echelons will be operated continuously, with sufficient personnel for current requirements. Armament, equipment and‘ personnel not actually "at-battle stations will be kept in such readiness that CONDITION ONE may be taken up within three minutes during daylight hours, and within five minutes during darkness.

Condition Three. This is the status of minimum readiness appropriate to war or emergency conditions. Not fewer than one secondary battery in each groupment of harbor defenses, and one major caliber battery in each harbor defense, with the necessary searchlights, will be maintained in CONDITION TWO; not fewer than half of the total number of antiaircraft batteries, both fixed and mobile, will be maintained in CONDITION TWO; at least one additional observation station per groupment will maintain continuous observation, harbor entrance control posts will be operated continuously, and communications will be manned at command posts down to groupments and antiaircraft regiments. The remaining armament and personnel off duty will be able to assume CONDITION ONE within one hour.

Batteries Peck/Gunnison, Mills, Harris