FROM: http://www.sswm.info FROM: http://designtaxi.com

Presented at the Regional Workshop onMAINSTREAMING AFRICA BIOENERGY POLICY FRAMEWORK AND GUIDELINES

Organised by African Union and United Nations Economic Commission for Africa

16 – 18 September, Nairobi, KENYA

Bioenergy Platforms and TechnologiesBy

Prof. Thomson Sinkalatsinkala@gmail.com

CHAIRMAN, Biofuels Association of Zambia

A powerful bioenergy feedstock

from our body

CONTENTS

• Bioenergy production technologies• Research, development, demonstration and

deployment• Institutional and technical capacity development• Conclusions

BIOENERGY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

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• Fuel wood• Charcoal• Agricultural waste• Wood pellets• Biogas• Bioethanol (equivalent of gasoline) • Biodiesel (equivalent of diesel), and • Bioelectricity

GENERAL ORGANISATION OF TECHNOLOGIES

A burden to carry

Easy to harvest

Strenuous to harvest

Easy to transport A lot in store, few trips

Little in store, many trips

Clean cooking stove

Unhealthy cooking

Examples of Firewood Production Technologies and Use

Examples of Charcoal Fuel Technologies and Use

Litter Drying Heaping Cooking

Example of Agricultural Waste for Cooking

Examples of Wood Pellet Processing

Cost structure of charcoal Blantyre and LilongweFROM: Kambewa P. etal. 2007. Charcoal: the reality - A study of charcoal consumption, trade and production in Malawi. pubs.iied.org/pubs/pdfs/13544IIED.pdf.

Based on the Malawi study, charcoal costs 6.0 to 10 US$/40 Kg bag (Malawi), or US$2,700/Ha for 15 tons of

wood cleared.Pellets from wood shavings cost about 3.0 to 5 US$/40 Kg bag (Zambia, personal communications with

Dr. Per Lofberg of Vagga till Vagga AB of Sweden)

Energy efficiency of selected cooking fuels

Economics between charcoal and wood pellets

(FROM: http://www.google.co.zm/imgres?imgurl=)

Example of Biogas Production

Agro/Bioenergy Production Synergies

(FROM: biogas.ifas.ufl.edu)

(FROM: http://www.google.co.zm/imgres?imgurl=)

Electricity Production from Biogas

13Biogas bus(Sweden)

Biogas fridgeBiogas cookstove

Biogas generator(Alibaba)

Biogas lamp

Biogas motorbike(www.inforse.org)

Biogas truck

BIOGAS(One Stop Gas)

Biogas train(www.metaefficient.com)

Biogas car(oneighturbo.com)

Biogas Market

Examples of Bioethanol Feedstocks

+ Grass and Wood

ITEM SUGARCANE SWEET SORGHUM CASSAVA AGAVE Americana SUGAR BEET

Feedstock unit cost 0.381 0.384 0.15 – 0.47 0.512 0.15 to 0.29Yield, (Metric Tons/Ha) 110 20 - 100 12 - 40 80 60 to 80Yield, (Litres/Metric Ton), fresh roots.

80 45 170 125110

Yield, (Litres/Ha/Harvest) 8,800 900 – 4,500 2,000 - 6,000 3,600 - 12,000 4,800 – 10,000

Water Requirement, (mm/crop)1500 - 2500 450 to 700 400 - 750 500

600

Fertiliser Requirement, (Kg/Ha)300 basal & 250

kg urea

N 75-150P 30-60,

K 60-120.

NPK N20:P10:K10, 9 (50 kg) bags(if necessary)

150 – 350 Kg Urea(if necessary)

Gestation Period, (months) 12 - 14 4 – 4.3 12 - 16 60 - 72 5 - 6

Rotation Crops

Maize, sorghum, vegetables, legumes, rubber, oil palm, tropical

sugarbeet (Gokhale, 2010).

Corn, sorghum, vegetables, cassava

(Gokhale, 2010)

Examples of Immediate Revenue Diversification

Food, Feed, Fiber, Biogas,

Electricity, Fertilizer

Food, Feed, Fiber, Biogas, Electricity,

Fertilizer

Food, Feeds, Fiber, Biogas, Starch, Electricity,

Food, Feed, Fiber, Biogas, Electricity,

FertilizerBiogas, Electricity

RemarksCan be stored as

molasses.

Harvested and processed s within a month. Stored as

molasses.

10,000 – 15,000 plants per hectare, 80cm – 100cm spacing and rows. Can be processed from fresh roots or dry.

Extensive experience in Mexico, but also Australia and USA

recently.

Must process fresh roots

Bioethanol Feedstock Characteristics (Costs are for Zambia)

Bioethanol, bioelectricity and fertiliser

(FROM: http://www.sseassociation.org/Publications/feasibilitystudyofsweetsorghum.pdf)

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Liquefaction module

Fermentation module

Distillation module

Dehydration module

E.g. Mansego Modular Bioethanol Refinery

• Can be commissioned within 5 - 8 months.• No need for large start-up capital.• Can process multiple feedstocks.• Minimum 500,000 L/year (1,670 L/day) bioethanol.• Minimum 360,000 L/year (1,000 L/day) biodiesel.

Modular Biorefineries and their Importance

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Bioethanol Market

Bioethanol bus

Bioethanol fridgeBioethanol cookstove

Flexi fuel generator

Bioethanol lantern

Flexi fuel motorbikeBioethanol truck

Eg. BIOETHANOLA One-Stop Fuel

Flexi fuel plane

Flexi fuel car

Examples of Biodiesel Feedstocks

Animal Fat, Waste Cooking Oil, Algae

and Wood+

ITEM SOY PALM JATROPHA MORINGA CASTOR SUN FLOWER

Feedstock unit cost, US$/Litre 0.429 0.426 0.459 0.290 0.562 0.698Yield, (Metric Tons /Ha) 3.5 15.8 6.0 3.0 1.0 2.0Yield, (Litres/Metric Ton) 196 230 300 400 489 398Yield, (Litres/Ha) 686 4,803 1,800 1,200 489 796

Water Requirement, mm 450 - 7003 – 5mm per day during

hot-dry season500 - 600 250 – 3000 500-600 600 -1000

Fertilizers Requirement, (Per Ha)250 Basal, 100

UreaN170-230, P70-90, K220-

310 per Year2.5 t Manure

Appropriate amount of manure, when and if necessary

N40,P40, K20200 Basal, 150

Urea.

Gestation Period, (months) 4.5 to 5 24 – 30 24 - 36 12 - 24 4 - 6 4.2 to 4.5

Examples of Immediate Revenue Diversification

Food, FeedFood, Electricity, Fodder, Building, Furniture

Feed, Biogas, Electricity, Fertilizer

Food, Feed, Biogas, Electricity, Fertilizer, Etc

Fertilizer, Biogas

Food, Feed, Biogas

Remarks

Currently experiencing high prices in the food market.

When efficient, ONE worker can harvest 10-hectare (Fact Foundation, 2010)

There is presently no “Cook Book” to give definite yields. Yields are currently location specific.

Among the world’s most useful plants.

A very important oil in high-tech industry as a lubricant.

Biodiesel Feedstock Characteristics (Costs are for Zambia)

Biodiesel Processing

Biomass for Electricity Generation in Biodiesel Processing

(SOURCE: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_bCNdcYdqloQ/S9jg4-iNsFI/AAAAAAAAAMA/E7jJT3RVEfQ/s1600/palmtree-biomass.jpg)

(SOURCE: http://www.mpoweruk.com/biofuels.htm)

Electricity Generation from Biomass

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Range in recent levelized cost of energy for selected commercially available renewable-energy technologies

FROM: www.unep.org/greeneconomy

RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, DEMONSTRATION AND DEPLOYMENT

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Bioenergy Value Chain1.

PRELIMINARY

ACTIVITIES

2.

PRODUCTION

INFRASTRUCTURE

3.

FEEDSTOCK

PRODUCTION and

TRADE

4.

BIOFUELS

PROCESSING

5.

BIOFUELS TECHNICAL SERVICE

ACTIVITIESOTHER

SERVICES

Business Plans Sourcing funds Land acquisitions /

lease contracts Impact assessments Obtaining permits

and licences Securing markets Setting-up of

bioenergy industry governance

Technology assessments

Etc

Drilling boreholes Building dams and

canals Assessing soils Building access

roads and bridges Building houses and

offices Building processing

plants Etc,.

Land clearance Land preparations Nurseries Plantation

development Plantation

management Weed and pest

control Feedstock

harvesting Feedstock trading Etc.

Cassava peeling, chipping and drying

Seed cleaning and packaging

Oil extraction Molasses

production Processing and

refining of biofuels Byproducts

production.

Biofuels transportation Byproduct transportation Biofuels blending Biofuels transportation Engine conversion Importation of biofuels compliant

vehicles and appliances Manufacturing of inputs and processing

plants for the biofuels value chain Biofuels R&D Training in biofuels industry Biofuels quality control assessments Biofuels plant repair Development of appropriate cookstoves Etc.

Education Health Recreation Etc

Activities include identifying and addressing the challenges for sustainable bioenergy production through good industry governance, field trials, applied research, capacity building, modeling and analysis.

Feedstock for Wood, Charcoal and Pellets

EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH AREAS

• Fast-growing and water-efficient forest plants• Sustainable wood harvest• Efficient/cost-effective forest management• Incorruptible forestry governance and licensing

(FROM: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov)

Cookstoves

General Research, Development, Demonstration and DeploymentFEEDSTOCK SUPPLY Identify sustainable, high-

quality feedstock supply and quantify risk

Baseline sustainable regional feedstock productivity

Develop commercial-scale supply systems

CONVERSION Reduce costs/improve quality of

intermediates Reduce enzyme costs Develop fermentation organisms Enable high performance

separations technologies Improve catalyst performance–

cleanup/ conditioning and fuel synthesis

Maximize carbon utilization Optimize reactor performance

DEMONSTRATION & DEPLOYMENT Validate biorefinery operations Establish pioneer plants Support advanced biofuels compatibility

testing Support biopower demonstration and

deployment

Cross-cutting areas

SUSTAINABILITY Assess effects across full supply

chain Establish baselines and targets

for improving sustainability Develop best practices

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS Define and validate technology

performance targets Guide program planning Assess progress

STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS Increase awareness of accomplishments Communicate new technology strategies Educate stakeholders on environmental

and oil-displacement benefits

(FROM: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov)

Feedstock Supply and Logistics

Feedstock constitutes about 70% of final bioenergy product.

Providing biomass for conversion into biofuels represents an economic opportunity for communities across Africa.

This requires developing the technologies and systems needed to sustainably and economically deliver a broad range of biomass in formats that enable efficient use in biorefineries.

Feedstock Supply and Logistics (continued)

The diverse biomass transformed by these technologies and systems must be consistent, quality-controlled commodity products that can be efficiently handled, stored, and transported to biorefineries for processing.

This work requires a complementary focus on feedstock supply interfaces and logistics, as follows (http://apps1.eere.energy.gov).

• Interfaces: To develop compatibility at interfaces with commercial-scale handling equipment and conversion processes, R&D should explore biomass specifications and characteristics, the effects of various handling techniques, and the resulting impacts on conversion performance.

• Logistics: R&D is required for systems for harvesting, collecting, preprocessing, storing, and transporting diverse forms of biomass more efficiently.

Therefore it is important to also research and develop equipment and systems to improve biomass quality, reduce costs, and increase productivity.

INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

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INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

Government Policies, regulations and standards Governance Information on value for investment (e.g.

balance sheet approach) Etc

Industry Feedstocks Technologies Production efficiencies Etc

Public / consumers Consumer information Value chain information Products Standards Etc

Universities / Educational Institutions Mainstreaming bioenergy in curricula Research, development and demonstration Etc

NGOs Community needs and information Bioenergy industry participatory methods Community resource management Land rights Gender issues EtcRECs Identifying and providing info on best

practices in bioenergy development Capacity building in cross-border bioenergy

issues Etc

CONCLUSIONS

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Africa has resources (material and human), but lacks productive action.

Available technologies can be used to establish a vibrant bioenergy industry in Africa.

Bioenergy is (probably) the only industry that can benefit all on sustainable basis.

Economic empowerment from bioenergy industry, if well organised, can reduce conflicts and save the environment.

Thank you for your attention