friendly warning quiz/test # 1 - 3 more meetings, then 22 september (tuesday) covers chapter 1 &...
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Friendly Warning
Quiz/Test # 1 - 3 more meetings, then22 September (TUESDAY)
covers Chapter 1 & Terminology(Review Sheets will be on Course
Website soon)
What can you organize?The 4 Parameters of Sound
• Pitch = the frequency of vibration (heard as “high” vs. “low”)
• Duration = the length of time a sound lasts (heard as aspects of rhythm)
• Timbre = tone color (the source of the sound, i.e., instrument, voice, other)
• Dynamics = Loudness/Softness
PITCH
• Function of “frequency” (how many vibrations per second)
• Usually described as “high” or “low”
• Individual sound sometimes called a “note” (from the written symbol for a single sound)
• Range of human hearing 20 – 20,000 Hz
Some Useful Terms related to Pitch
• Interval – “distance” between 2 pitches• Octave – 2:1 ratio of frequency• Tonality – organization around home
pitch • Tonic – the home pitch• Key – collection of pitches around a tonal
center• Scale – set of pitches in ascending and
descending order (scala [Ital.] = “ladder”)
Scale types• Use only some of all the available pitches
• Series of whole and half steps (7 notes)
• Major – sounds “bright,” “cheery”
• Minor – sounds “dark,” “somber”
• Pentatonic – uses only 5 notes- Major or Minor
Harmony (Some Useful terms)• Chord – 2 or more simultaneous pitches• Triad – 3-note chord• Tonic (I) – chord on home note (name of scale or
“key”)• Dominant (V) – chord on 5th note of scale• Subdominant (IV) – chord on 4th note of scale• Consonant / Consonance – “pleasant” combinations of
sounds (subjective)• Dissonant / Dissonance – “unpleasant” combinations of
sounds (subjective)
Listening Critically(Theme 1)
(Last batch of) Useful Terms for Describing Music
(my terms – most not in the textbook)
Musical Form
• The basic organizing principal in music
“What comes next?”
• Three basic elements:
Repetition – the same thing
Contrast – something new
Variation – a mix of old and new
Melodic Structure• Similar to Speech (words, phrases,
sentences, paragraphs, etc.)
• Musical PHRASE – coherent subdivision of a larger unit (similar to sentences or clauses in speech)
• CADENCE – resting point at the end of a phrase (full or partial, cf. punctuation marks, periods, commas, etc.)
Some Formal Patterns• Organization by phrases and larger blocks
- relates to both music and text (words/lyrics)
• Strophic- Stanza (same block of music, repeated)- new words with each Verse- Ex. “Barbary Allen” and most hymns
• Alternating sections- Verse (same music, but changing words)- Chorus (same music & words; “refrain”)- Ex. “Gospel Ship,” “Jingle Bells,” “Yankee Doodle,” etc.
More Patterns & Terms• “Song Form” – usually 4 equal phrases/sections
- A A B A or A A’ B A” or AABC, ABCD, etc.- Bridge or Release (3rd phrase) contrasts harmonically & melodically- Exs. “Jeannie with the Light Brown Hair,” “Taking A Chance on Love,”
“New San Antonio Rose,” “Sh-Boom,” etc.
• 12-Bar Blues – 3 phrases repeated over and overA - statementA’ - restatement (intensification)B – conclusionEx. “Black Snake Moan,” “Hound Dog,” etc.
A Few Last Terms
• Call-Response- leader first, answered by group (or single)- Ex. “Long John,” and most Blues-based music
• Introduction- a brief section to start a piece of music(exactly what it says)
• Coda- a short ending added to a piece (literally: “tail”)
Five “Themes”
1. Listening Critically (terminology)
2. Music and Identity
3. Music and Technology
4. Music is a Business
5. Music has “Centers” and “Peripheries” (places)
Music Centers & Peripheries
• “Centers” – money, power and control- NYC, LA, Nashville (?!)- aims at the mass (= urban, white) market
• “Peripheries” – the edges- physically remote- lacking in power or influence- stylistically unique or “different” (often)
• Peripheries influence and change Centers
Streams of Traditions• Three main sources of American Pop Music• European
- chiefly white (Anglo) Northern Europe- British Isles (Scotch, Welsh, Irish, etc.)
• African- chiefly from West Central Africa- imported slaves (mostly) to Southern regions
• Latin America- Caribbean, Mexican, Brazil, etc.- often mixes African w/ indigenous elements
“Barbary Allen”• Folk Music• Appalachian region
(from Anglo-Irish) • “Ballad” tradition
(tells a story)• Child Ballad # 84• Strophic form• “a cappella”
performance• Jean Ritchie--Barbry All
en – YouTube
[Textbook, p. 21-3]
Jean Ritchie (b. 1922; d. 2015);
Kentucky native
“Soldier’s Joy”• “Old Time Music”• String-band tradition• Used for dancing• 1st “Hillbilly” recordings• Ex.
Gid Tanner And His Skillet Lickers-Soldier's Joy
[Textbook, p. 23-5]• Revived as “folk music”• Tommy Jarrell - Soldiers Joy
– YouTube [Textbook, p. 25]
“Gid” Tanner and Skillet Lickers
Tommy Jarrell (1901-1985)
Friendly Warning
Quiz/Test # 1 - 3 more meetings22 September (TUESDAY)
covers Chapter 1 & Terminology(Review Sheets on Course Website)