french revolution & napoleon ch. 11. the three estates first estate the church second estate...
TRANSCRIPT
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French Revolution & Napoleon
Ch. 11
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The Three Estates
First Estate The Church
Second Estate Rich Nobles
Third Estate- “everyone else” Bourgeoisie- merchants, well-educated, paid high taxes Cooks, Servants- were paid low wages, frequently out of work Peasants- half of income went to nobles, tithes, & taxes
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The Rulers Louis XVI
Liked to spend time hunting instead of governing
Marie Antoinette From Austria (France’s
enemy) Madame Deficit- spent
a lot of money on gowns, jewels, gifts, and loved gambling
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The Revolution is coming!
People began to use the words like equality, liberty, democracy The success of the American
Revolution inspired them
Causes: heavy burden of taxes High cost of living Bad weather caused crop failures
Price of bread doubles
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The Estates-General
Louis XVI tried to tax the
Second Estatecalled a meeting
of the representatives of the three estates
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The Estates-General continued..
Under medieval law- each estate would meet in a separate room & vote
3rd. Estate always outvoted They establish the National Assembly
Proclaimed the end of absolute monarchy & the beginning of a representative govt.
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Tennis Court Oath National Assembly was locked out of their meeting room one day Broke onto a
tennis court (hand-ball court)
Pledged to stay until a constitution was written
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Storming of the Bastille
Louis XVI stationed an army in Paris
Rumors flew that the troops were going to massacre the citizens
July 14- a mob tried to get weapons/gunpowder from the Bastille (a Paris prison) Freed a few prisoners,
killed the guards Symbolic act of
revolution! July 14- French
equivalent to our July 4
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The Revolution Brings Reform & Terror
The National Assembly reforms FranceAug. 1789- the
peasants took away all the power of the 1st & 2nd. Estates (& took over church lands)
A “sans-culotte”
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Statement of revolutionary ideals
adopted by the National Assembly Men are born & remain free &
equal Preservation of the natural
rights of men- life, property, security, & resistance to oppression
Liberté, égalité, fraternité- became the slogan of the Revolution
(Liberty, Equality, Fraternity)
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The Great Fear Rebellion spread Mobs broke into
noble‘s houses; burned their service papers & the houses
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March on Versailles
Oct. 1789- Parisian women rioted over the high cost of bread Approx. 6,000 women (and some men joined) Took approx. 6 hours to walk from Paris to Versailles Marched on Versailles & forced Louis XVI and his family to go
to Paris-------------------------------------------------------------------------- During their stay in Paris, the King and his family tried to
escape (disguised as peasants), but they were caught & brought back to Paris
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Legislative Assembly Created a limited constitutional monarchy-
stripped the king of his authority & L.A. had the power to create lawsDespite this new govt., old problems still
remained:
1. Food Shortages
2. Debt
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Legislative Assembly Radicals (“the left”, “The Mountain”)
Opposed the king & monarchy
Moderates (“the middle”)- wanted some changesin govt, but not as much as the radicals
Conservatives (“the right”, “Girondins”) Wanted a limited monarchy & few changes in govt.
The Mountain & Girondins- Formed the Jacobin Club
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The Death of the King
National Convention met
in Paris (Sept. 1792)-
abolished the monarchy & declared France a republic (all males had the right to vote)
Louis XVI put on trial for treason, found guilty, & beheaded by the guillotine (Jan. 21, 1793)
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The Guillotine http://www.guillotine.dk/
Execution device Used to execute EVERYONE
in an equal manner (in a humane way) More people executed by the guillotine from the
3rd estate than the others (the same people the Revolution was supposedly carried out for)
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The Reign of Terror July 1793-July 1794
Committee of Public Safetydecided who was an
enemy of the republicTried people in the
morning & executed them in the afternoon
Danton & Robespierre- leaders of the Committee
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Reign of Terror continued… Most famous victim- Queen
Marie Antoinette 3,000 were executed in
Paris (40,000 overall) 85% were peasants/middle
class
*Members of the National Convention turned on Danton & later Robespierre (they were executed)-Robespierre’s execution officially ended the Reign of Terror
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The Directory 1795- new plan
of govt. created Upper-middle
class with a two house legislature & an executive body of five men
Napoleon Bonaparte part of that executive body