fraunhofer institute for solar energy systems ise · © fraunhofer ise agrophotovoltaics: resource...

© Fraunhofer ISE

Agrophotovoltaics: resource efficient land-use

(APV-RESOLA)

FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS ISE

Stephan Schindele, Georg Bopp

Fraunhofer ISE

Presentation, Seminario AgroPV

Santiago de Chile, 23.11.2017

www.ise.fraunhofer.de

© Fraunhofer ISE

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AGENDA

APV-RESOLA Innovation network

Socio-ecological aspects of APV

Techno-economical aspects of APV

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AGENDA




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Basic information on the APV-RESOLA project

Project sponsor: BMBF, FONA Sustainable Land-management

Duration: 01. March 2015 until 30. June 2019

Budget: EUR 3,2 Mio. Total; EUR 2,8 Mio. BMBF-funding

Project goal: Reduction of land-use competition between PV and agricultural sector

Business and local authority partners:

Research partners:

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AGENDA




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Renewable Energy (RE) Targets in Germany

Source: AGEE-Stat, BMWi / own layout

Energy Transformation has only recently started

Best sites for RE-implementation are already taken

Demand for land continues to be high

Sector coupling: electricity sector merges with heat/cooling and transport sector

Paris Agreement pressurizes political, societal, and business stakeholders

Share of RE 1990 – 2015 and goals by 2050

in %

Year

Electricity demand

Prime energy demand

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Impacts on the PV and agricultural sectors in the context of the Renewable Energy Act (EEG) in Germany

Policy innovation: EEG was continuously adapted to market developments

APV receives more attention because circumstances have changed

Other nations faced similar problems and introduced APV support policies

PV-ground mounted

• Economically very competitive

• Decentralized and close to demand electricity production

• High value added potential in rural areas

• Germany is a net energy importer

Agriculture

• Increasing economic pressure on arable land

• Environment pollution continuously increasing

• Tradition cultural landscape is rapidly changing

• Increase of biomass production is not accepted

• Germany is a net food importer

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Best practice examples worldwide – Part I

(A) Bavaria, Hochschule Weihenstephan, 30 kWp, 2013

(B) Italy, R.E.M. Spa, 3x 3 MWp each, 2011

(C) France, University of Montpellier, 50 kWp, 2010

(D) Japan, Solar Sharing, Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Fishery, Akira Nagashima, 2013

(E) Italy, Corditec, Ahlers, 800 kWp, 2012

(F) Egypt, SEKEM, Almaden, Kairo, 90 kWp, 2017

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(E)

(F)

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Best practice examples worldwide – Part II

(G) Italy, Villa Crespia Muratorio, E. Gimbel, Wine yard, 2011

(H) France, Straßburg, 300 kWp, E. Gimbel, 2016

(I) Germany, Heggelbach, 194 kWp, Fraunhofer ISE, 2016

(J) China, Ningxia, 700 MWp, Huawai, 2016

(K) Chile, 3x APV-systems, Santiago, Fraunhofer CSET, 2016

(L) China, Changshu, Zhongli PV Agricultural Research Institute, Talesun, 9,8 MWp, 2016

Further APV-systems are planed in UAE, USA and East Africa

(K)

(G) (H) (I) (J)

(L)

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Fraunhofer ISE patent: Lightmanagement Simulations of radiation on ground level under APV

Homogeneous distribution of radiation underneath APV possible

Sufficient radiation during vegetation phase of crops feasible

Electricity losses compared to South orientation are low: -5 %

Peak-load shifted into morning or afternoon hours due orientation

Orientation: South Orientation: South-east or South-west

Quelle: Fraunhofer ISE Space between two module rows Space between two module rows

Rad

iati

on

[k

Wh

/m^

2]

Rad

iati

on

[k

Wh

/m^

2]

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Suitable crops – Part I Case study Germany

Shade tolerant crops exist

Increase in yield and quality improvement through shading is possible

Source: Fraunhofer ISE

+

0

Category Crops

+ Salad

0 Rape & Barley

- Corn

PAR – photosynthetic active radiation [%]

Bio

ma

ss Y

ield

[%

]

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Suitable crops – Part II Case study Germany

Classification of Germany’s most relevant economic (food) plants in agriculture:

+

Cereal (e.g. Rye, Barley, Oat)

Green cabbage Rapeseed

Pea Asparagus

Carrots Radish Leek

Celery Fennel

0

Onion Cucumber Zucchini

- Wheat

Corn Pumpkin Grapes*

Sunflower Fruits*

Broccoli Millet

Sugar beet Cauliflower Red beets

Potato Grapes* Fruits* Hops Spinach Salad Field bean Legumes

*depending on the type

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Results of APV-RESOLA project in Heggelbach First harvest: Winter wheat and Clovergrass

0

20

40

60

80

Winter wheat Clovergrass

Dry

ma

tte

r y

ield

[d

t h

a-1

]

REF APV

Winter wheat: yield reduction by 19 % under APV

Clovergrass: yield reduction by 5 % under APV (4 cuts)

Source: University of Hohenheim

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Benefits for the APV farmer Increase of land-use efficiency by over 60 %


PV-cropping is feasible and synergies generate additional income for farmers

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Potential of APV in Germany 1 hectare APV per farmer

Basic information/data:

300.000 farmers

13.300.000 hectares arable land

700 kWp APV on 1 hectare land

42 GWp total PV capacity installed by 2017

Between 250-300 GWp PV needed to meet NDC-goals

Calculation on the APV potential:

300.000 ha APV = 210 GWp

2,3 % of arable land required

Very decentralized and evenly distributed

Source: Hofgemeinschaft Heggelbach

Goal:

One APV-hectar per farmer

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AGENDA




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Investment cost of PV and Wind onshore in Germany

Source: DIW / own layout

PV-GM will soon become energy source with lowest investment cost

PV-GM very competitive and financially attractive without FiT-support

Punitive tariff on PV-modules from China will terminate lower prices

PV-GM

Wind onshore

Year

Investment cost 2010 - 2050

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Specific characteristic APV-prototype in Heggelbach

Bifacial PV-Modules

Spinnanker fundaments

Arable land not considered in EEG market-based mechanism no FiT

Only 5 % of arable land is lost/sealed yet, 100 % of land accounts sealed

Farmer does not receive EU-subsidy anymore for his land

Farmer receives land lease and uses > 40 % of the electricity

Quelle: Fraunhofer ISE Source: Spinnanker Source: Hofgemeinschaft Heggelbach

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APV-Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) compared to PV

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

PV-Dachanlagen PV-FFA APV-FFA

Ce

nt/

kWh

APV (Prototype) cannot (yet) compete with PV-GM

APV is already today competitive with small PV-rooftop installations

PV-Rooftop: 10 – 750 kWp

PV-GM: 750 kWp – 5 MWp

APV: 1 MWp

Solar radiation: 1000 – 1200 kWh/(m²a)


PV-Rooftop PV-GM APV

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APV-Vision

Increase land-use efficiency

Farmers that produce energy without reducing food production

Local value added

Farmers supplying themselves and their local neighborhood with electricity, heat, and fuel for transportation (P2G)

Electrification of land-use machinery

Replace diesel-fuel with APV-electricity

Implementation of agrar-robotics

Quelle: CASE (USA)

Quelle: Fendt

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What are our concrete next steps towards a solar economy? The APV innovation process Technology-Push

Horizontal Level

Diversification of APV-applications e.g. vegetable, fruit, berries, wine, herbs, animals, hop, and aquacultures

Vertical Level

Exploitation of APV innovation potential e.g. organic PV, spectral analysis, construction, colored PV, social impact

Demand-Pull

Create a small APV-market, 15MWp/a triggering industry innovation investment technical/scientific monitoring/analysis

Transferability into other regions/markets

Source: Sahara Forest Project SFP Jordanien

Source: BayWa

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Thank you very much for your attention!

Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE

Stephan Schindele

[email protected]

www.agrophotovoltaik.de

www.ise.fraunhofer.de

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Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Case study Agrophotovoltaics

TRL 1-2, Idea, 1981, A. Goetzberger and A. Zastrow publishing and describing the idea of APV

TRL 3-4, Invention, 2011, Fraunhofer ISE in-house APV research developing solar radiation simulation to prove feasibility

TRL 5-7, Innovation, APV-demonstration

2015-2019, APV-RESOLA and

2016-2017, APV-Chile by Fraunhofer

TRL 8-9, Diffus ion, 2019-2025, APV market integration attracting private investment

Imitation of APV after 2025 Source:: NASA

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Why is the APV-RESOLA project conducted in Heggelbach?

Panorama view on Lake Constance

Hop garden close to Tettnang

Lake Constance – Upper Swabia region:

Very high energy demand

Targets on wind onshore implementation will not be met

Low potential for agro-fuels like E5, E10, and Biogas

Nuclear phase out by 2022

PV-technologies most important source of energy in future

Innovative farmer

Strong regional association (RVBO)

Source: Tourismusgemeinschaft Gehrenberg-Bodensee e.V.

Source: Südkurier

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