fracture and unification: the qin, han, sui, and tang dynasties … · 2013. 10. 21. · sui, and...

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Fracture and Unification: The Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties 200 BCE-900 CE

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Page 1: Fracture and Unification: The Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties … · 2013. 10. 21. · Sui, and Tang Dynasties 200 BCE-900 CE. Let’s Review… Shang Dynasty –China’s first

Fracture and Unification: The Qin, Han,

Sui, and Tang Dynasties

200 BCE-900 CE

Page 2: Fracture and Unification: The Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties … · 2013. 10. 21. · Sui, and Tang Dynasties 200 BCE-900 CE. Let’s Review… Shang Dynasty –China’s first

Let’s Review… Shang Dynasty – China’s first Dynasty

All based around Huang He River (Yellow River) – China’s Sorrow

King’s – regional administration to family members

Early Writing (Oracle Bones)

Government – flood control/irrigation channels

Zhou Dynasty- 1122BCE

Mandate of Heaven (Legitimize switch of dynastic family)

Longest lasting dynasty (600 Years)

Transformed Warfare (Archery, Horseback)

Decentralized – local rulers run empire (feudal system)

The constant competition would undo the Dynasty and lead to the…

Era of Warring States-

480BCE-220BCE (Almost two centuries of turmoil)

Page 3: Fracture and Unification: The Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties … · 2013. 10. 21. · Sui, and Tang Dynasties 200 BCE-900 CE. Let’s Review… Shang Dynasty –China’s first

Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE) Qin (pron. Chin) = 1 of Warring States of period c. 481-

221 BCE

Conquered others, declaring creation of empire 221 BCE

Qin Shi Huandi (r. 221-210 BCE) = first emperor

Built Great Wall of China

Enormous tomb complex

Economic power of state: goal = increase productivity

Centralization of administration

“Bureaucratization”

Page 4: Fracture and Unification: The Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties … · 2013. 10. 21. · Sui, and Tang Dynasties 200 BCE-900 CE. Let’s Review… Shang Dynasty –China’s first

Ideologies of the Empire

Confucius (551-479 BCE)

Moral order

Emphasis on hierarchy, ritual, arts

Ideal = the moral leader (Gentleman), shaped by education

Legalism

Strict laws and enforcement

Daoism

Mystical philosophy

Emphasis on simplicity

Legalist effort to suppress Confucianism

Page 5: Fracture and Unification: The Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties … · 2013. 10. 21. · Sui, and Tang Dynasties 200 BCE-900 CE. Let’s Review… Shang Dynasty –China’s first

Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE)

Brief civil war accompanied the fall of the Qin dynasty

Liu Bang established a new dynasty through warfare

Social/political hierarchy established by privileged scholars

Emperor Wu (156 B.C.E.–29 March, 87 B.C.E.)

Centralized Confucianism

A basis for promotion in civil service

Established as absolute in Tang dynasty

How do we know? The Court Historians

Page 6: Fracture and Unification: The Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties … · 2013. 10. 21. · Sui, and Tang Dynasties 200 BCE-900 CE. Let’s Review… Shang Dynasty –China’s first

Military Power“Militarism” - Large-scale expansion of

army

Men 20-50 were conscripted into

military

Standing army 300,000-1,000,000

Mandatory one year training & service

Could be called back during war

Constant battles w/ Xiongnu (Huns)

Demanded tribute from enemies

Technology included the Crossbow and horses from Mongolia

Page 7: Fracture and Unification: The Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties … · 2013. 10. 21. · Sui, and Tang Dynasties 200 BCE-900 CE. Let’s Review… Shang Dynasty –China’s first

Economics New technology = economic prosperity

Paper

Compass

Breast strap harness for horses

Tapping of Natural Gas pockets

Iron industry and production of steel

Tight government control over business

Parthian traders (Intermediaries between Rome/China) c.57

B.C.E. –

Silk Reaches Rome

Page 8: Fracture and Unification: The Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties … · 2013. 10. 21. · Sui, and Tang Dynasties 200 BCE-900 CE. Let’s Review… Shang Dynasty –China’s first
Page 9: Fracture and Unification: The Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties … · 2013. 10. 21. · Sui, and Tang Dynasties 200 BCE-900 CE. Let’s Review… Shang Dynasty –China’s first

Changes in the Han Empire

Population shift from north to south

Population of South grows by 50%

Natural Disasters –Yellow River breaks banks twice

Violence (massacres and warfare)

Page 10: Fracture and Unification: The Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties … · 2013. 10. 21. · Sui, and Tang Dynasties 200 BCE-900 CE. Let’s Review… Shang Dynasty –China’s first

Fall of Han Dynasty - 9 C.E. Temporary fall– No succession followed by 20 yrs of turmoil

Later Han dynasty (23-220 CE)

Not as powerful as former empire

Alliances w/ barbarians – Sinicization – absorption by foreign

peoples (like Rome)

Oppression of peasants

Increased Taxation – many move under landlords (European

Fedualism)

Government has difficulty controlling these landlords.

Page 11: Fracture and Unification: The Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties … · 2013. 10. 21. · Sui, and Tang Dynasties 200 BCE-900 CE. Let’s Review… Shang Dynasty –China’s first

Fall of Han Dynasty - 184 C.E.Fall of Han- New Era in China

Yellow Turban (Scarves) Revolt

Led by Zhang Jue - Doaist

Onset of more revolts afterwards

Internal political problems - factions (emperor, bureaucrats,

advisors, palace guards, eunuchs, court women)

Empire broken up among warlords

Feudal life ensues.

Page 12: Fracture and Unification: The Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties … · 2013. 10. 21. · Sui, and Tang Dynasties 200 BCE-900 CE. Let’s Review… Shang Dynasty –China’s first

Society and Culture North-South division upon the fall

1. Variety of ecological reasons

2. Mix with nomadic peoples

Several nomadic groups conquered parts of the north

Tradition of unity remained

Disintegration period: arts flourished

Chinese language = unifying force

Buddhism appeared in China during 1st CE

Page 13: Fracture and Unification: The Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties … · 2013. 10. 21. · Sui, and Tang Dynasties 200 BCE-900 CE. Let’s Review… Shang Dynasty –China’s first

ReunificationSui (581- 618 C.E.) and Tang dynasty (618 - 907 C.E.)

New centralization

Grand Canal (1,104 mi)

Massive economic undertaking

Connected North & South

Art/Technology advances

Block printing

Porcelain

Poetry

Flourishing of Buddhism

Page 14: Fracture and Unification: The Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties … · 2013. 10. 21. · Sui, and Tang Dynasties 200 BCE-900 CE. Let’s Review… Shang Dynasty –China’s first

1. Assimilation = major theme

2. Great expansion into central Asia

3. Political control short but influence longstanding

Examples:

i. Vietnam

1. Periodic revolts against Chinese domination

a. Annam = province for 1000 years

2. Adopted various Chinese customs

ii. Korea

1. Vassal state

2. Deep cultural influence

iii. Japan

1. Cultural influence

a. Waves of Korean and Chinese immigration

2. Japanese emperor as figurehead – struggle for separation

Imper

ial

Chin

a