foundation to language teaching
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Foundation in
Language Teachingng Hip Giang
SED-MOET
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Essential elements of language
teaching Language teaching can be broken down into
aspects of language and language skills.
Aspects of language include grammar,vocabulary, pronunciation, functions and levels offormality.
Language skills!
Remember skills are not entirely separate. Werarely use one skill in isolation.
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SOME COMMON LANGUAGE
FUNCTIONSaccepting offers and
invitations
accepting complimentsacknowledging
someone's interest
agreeing
apologizing
asking for information
asking for permission
attracting attention
encouraging
expressing emotions such as
surprise,excitement, and disappointment
giving advice
giving compliments
giving information
giving opinions
giving reasons
greeting someone
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SOME COMMON LANGUAGE
FUNCTIONSchecking understanding
clarifying information
complaining
correcting informationdescribing a person, place,
thing, or an experience
disagreeing
discussing probability
discussing possibilityidentifying someone or
something
imagining
instructing someone how to do
something
interrupting politelykeeping the conversation going
making introductions
making invitations
making requests
making offersmaking suggestions
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Behavioral psychology and
structural linguistics When people do something the same way many
times, they form habits that become part of their
behavior and their lives. Drills and Pattern practice are favored.
Students learn to use correct forms and
vocabulary through repetition and reinforcement.
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Cognitive psychology and
generative linguistics Learning is a rational activity based on
understanding rules that we cannot immediately
observe =>L
earning is a complex mentalprocess.
Language isn't simply learned through habit-
forming processes; it is a mental process that
involves perception, motivation, and experience.
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Some learning tools that
cognitivists favor Logic: Recognize logical relationships between things
to see how they are connected
Reason: Use thinking processes, not repetition of
behavior, to understand how language structures work Exploration: Discover connections between forms and
rules
Inference: Understand rules through looking atexamples first
=> In the classroom, teachers give detailed explanations ofgrammar points and structures because they believethis will help learning. Then the students engage inmeaningful practice of that point and structure.
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Constructivism Knowledge is built by sharing and communicating with each
other.
Learning is a process in which learners discover newmeaning by interacting with the environment and one
another. When we work or talk with other people, we exchange
knowledge, experiences, and ideas, so:
knowledge is socially constructed.
Constructivism combines linguistic, psychological, and
sociological ideas about learning, most closely associatedwith sociolinguistics.
Language learning happens when people are engaged insocial interaction.
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Constructivism in the classroom Cooperative learning is the center of class activities.
Learners work together in groups and each group memberhas specific responsibilities.
Typical classroom activities involve group and pair work,discussions, information sharing, and classroom student talk.
There is very little need for explanations of grammar andstructures by the teacher because interaction andcommunication with peers is believed to help learning.
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A
MODEL
OF
SECOND
LANGUAGE
LEARNING
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BLOOM'S TAXONOMY Cognitive
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The Gradual Release of
Responsibility Model
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FUNDAMENTAL TEACHING
PRINCIPLES: PPP PPP stands for presentation, practice, and production. It
was popular throughout the 1980s. Very beneficial at
lower levels and is still widely used today.
Presentation involves presenting a language point.
Practice refers to controlled practice.
Production refers to freer practice; students use the target
language in sentences of their own.
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FUNDAMENTAL TEACHING
PRINCIPLES: ESA ESA stands for engage study activate.
Engage involves getting the students attention or interest,
getting them involved. If students are involved or engaged, they
are more open to the learning process. Study as the name suggests involves focus on a language
point.
Activate involves having students use the language, preferably
in a realistic context that is as close to real life as possible. Try
to incorporate activities that have students using any languagethey know and not just focused on one structure (controlled
language use).
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Learning Styles and Strategies Learning styles are innate (something you are
born with) preferences, or styles for ways oflearning concepts, language, or anything else.
Learning strategies are techniques which astudent consciously uses when learning. Astrategy is the way a student learns vocabulary,reads a story, or studies for a test.
For example, some students memorize vocabulary on alist; others prefer to learn new words in context.
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Left-brain dominance.
Learners are more analytic and systematic,
with a mathematical processing of
information; they rely on language in thinking
and remembering.
Right-brain dominance. Learners are more
intuitive and more efficient in processing
information as a whole; they prefer visual and
auditory images to learn and remember
things.Tolerance ofambiguity.
Learners tolerate and accept ambiguous, or
incomplete and contradictory, information.
Intolerance ofambiguity. Learners have
difficulties resolving ambiguities.
Group. Learners learn best through
interaction and working with others.
Individual. Learners learn best working
alone.
Reflective. Learners take a relatively long
time to think and consider choices before
making a decision or solving a problem; they
need to be certain of the right answer before
trying it out.
Impulsive. Learners respond immediately
and make quick decisions; they often enjoy
guessing and are willing to be wrong
sometimes.
Visual. Learners learn best through seeing. They study photos and pictures, and may begood at using charts and graphs.
Auditory. Learners learn best through hearing. They listen to tapes, videos, or music, and
associate a particular lesson to the associated sounds.
Kinesthetic. Learners learn best through using their body. They move around and perform
activities where they explore the environment.
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Interaction ModelSTUDENTS
TEACHERS MATERIALS
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Implications There is no general agreement on how languages are learned.
The teaching of vocabulary, grammar, and structures changes asthe theories about how language is learned change and develop.
Well-informed teachers are aware of the many theories and their
applications in the classroom. Knowing the theories can help theteachers to:
better plan lessons by focusing on problem areasin learning
develop methods and techniques that best suit
students' needs realize that only one type of learning, such as
memorization, may not be sufficient
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ImplicationsTeachers need to remember:
There is no one best and most successful method for teachingEnglish.
We do not learn a new language by simply repeating and practicing
forms (Audio-lingual Method) or by translating sentences from onelanguage to another (Grammar-translation method). Nor do welearn by just communicating (Communicative Language Teaching).We learn by being exposed to the new language, by interacting withothers, and by studying forms of the language.
=> use a number of different methods eclectic methods - to helpstudents learn a new language successfully.
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ImplicationsGet students involved by
creating an enjoyable and exciting learning environment
using topics and materials that the students find interesting
connecting classroom topics to students' personal lives
developing good, supportive relationships with students
helping students be aware of their potential and goals
making second language culture more approachable
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ImplicationsStudents need to:
interact with other students and experiment with the newlanguage;
be exposed to the new language both inside and outside theclassroom;
focus on forms of the language and receive sufficientexplanation of forms they are learning;
have sufficient time to learn the new language. Somestudents pick up a new language quickly; others need a silent
period before they are comfortable using the new language.
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THANK YOU!