fossil fuels - conventional and advanced · energy resources - fossil fuels fall ... then coal •...
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Energy resources - fossil fuels Fall
Throstur Thorsteinsson ([email protected]) 1
Fossil Fuels
The development of sustainable energy systems has ‘emerged as one of the priority issues in the move towards global sustainability’ (Malkina-Pykh et al., 2002)
“improving access to reliable, affordable, economically viable, socially acceptable and environmentally sound energy services and resources, taking into account national specificities and circumstances through various means such as enhanced rural electrification and decentralized energy systems, increased use of renewable energy, cleaner liquid and gaseous fuels and enhanced energy efficiency.” (Johannesburg declaration)
Social
Economic Environmental
Develop energy systems such that we balance economic development with social and environmental objectives
SED Themes/Goals
Four broad themes/goals towards SED: •Improve technical and economic efficiency (Econ D)
•Improve energy security (supply and infrastructure); diversifying, decentralize, increasing supply, local sources, renewable (Econ D)
•Reduce environmental impact (environmental dimension)
•Expand access and affordability (social dimension)
Multi-objective policy and decision-making
E.g. Energy and Environmental policy interlinked!
Energy resources - fossil fuels Fall
Throstur Thorsteinsson ([email protected]) 2
Resource Classification How to measure lifetime? Fossil Fuels, use and lifetime
• Conventional vs. unconventional
• Oil
• Natural Gas
• Coal
Environmental impact Advanced Use of Fossil Fuel Resources
In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was
474 exajoules (474*1018 J = 132,000 TWh).
85% fossil fuel
World Total Primary Energy Supply Geothe
rmal
0.1%
Icel
and
Shares of energy sources in total global primary
energy supply in 2008 (492 EJ).
Energy resources - fossil fuels Fall
Throstur Thorsteinsson ([email protected]) 3
For fossil fuel at the
end of 2010
Reserves to
production ratio (R/P)
Years
Oil
Coal
Natural
gas
Renewable resource: continuously
available or replenished quickly • examples: sunlight, biomass, hydro-power
Non-renewable: extracted at rate > than
replenishment rate • examples: fossil fuels, nuclear fuels, metals
Primary energy
• Can be used almost directly, coal, oil, gas
Secondary energy • Produced from primary energy e.g. electricity
Alternative, conventional, unconventional Measured in e.g. TOE, Joules, BTU’s, kWh
Energy intensity
• BTU energy/tons aluminum
Energy efficiency • Tons aluminum/BTU´s energy
• Laws of thermodynamics! Quantity, quality
EROI • Energy out/Energy in
Conservation
Cogeneration (e.g. NGCC, combined gas
and steam cycle – waste heat to produce
electricity)
Efficiency change
Oil
• Conventional (crude)
• Unconventional (Oil shale, Tar sands, Heavy crude)
Natural Gas
• Conventional
• Unconventional (Methane ice, coalbed methane)
Coal
• Conventional
Energy resources - fossil fuels Fall
Throstur Thorsteinsson ([email protected]) 4
Origin Organic matter is buried in anoxic marine basins in
tropical environments often in highly productive areas
Incomplete biological decomposition, depth >500m Buried organic material forms kerogen, a solid,
waxy organic material Kerogen is converted to petroleum during burial at
temperatures of 50 to 100°C; up to 200°C for gas. More heat and pressure - higher quality fuels.
Increasing pressure and heat - water pushed out, upwards migration to reservoir rock, cap rock.
Petroleum migrates from source rock (usually siltstone or shale) to reservoir rock (usually more permeable)
Oil will move to surface unless it hits an oil trap
Thus to get oil, we need a productive area, lack of oxygen, high pressure and heat, trapping structure
Primary recovery
• 25-30%, flows out by own pressure
Secondary recovery • 10%, flows out with help of gas or water
Tertiary recovery • 10%, CO2 or NOx enhanced recovery
An oil refinery is
an industrial process
plant where crude oil
is processed and
refined into useful
petroleum products
such as gasoline
and diesel fuel.
Fractional distillation
Oil Shale: brown-black sedimentary rock consisting of kerogen (10%) and fine mineral grains • Surface or subsurface mining, vaporized
• 10 times oil reserves of the Middle East
• Environmentally harmful, expensive
Tar Sand: unconsolidated sand and silt with bitumen • Mining, vaporizing, high viscosity
• Expensive, environmentally harmful
Energy resources - fossil fuels Fall
Throstur Thorsteinsson ([email protected]) 5
Peak oil is the point or timeframe at which the
maximum global petroleum production rate is
reached, after which the rate of production
enters its terminal decline.
If global consumption is not mitigated before the
peak, the availability of conventional oil will drop
and prices will rise, perhaps dramatically.
M. King Hubbert first used the theory in 1956 to
accurately predict that US oil production would
peak between 65 and 70.
His model, now called Hubbert peak theory, has
since been used to predict the peak petroleum
production of many other countries
According to the Hubbert model, the production
rate of a limited resource will follow a roughly
symmetrical bell-shaped curve based on the
limits of exploitability and market pressures.
Best first principle in
action
Discoveries peak, and
then production peaks
Peak defined by
physical scarcities - at
about mid-point
After peak, production
declines
Energy resources - fossil fuels Fall
Throstur Thorsteinsson ([email protected]) 6
Natural gas
• Mixture of 80 - 90% methane, smaller amount of
heavier hydrocarbon compounds
• Conventional - with oil
• Unconventional
Coalbed methane
Methane ice (>500m), marsh gas
Aquifer gas
Water ice, that
contains methane
within its crystal
structure
Frozen, or
crystallized storage
of methane
Polar permafrost, in
ocean sediments
Energy resources - fossil fuels Fall
Throstur Thorsteinsson ([email protected]) 7
Origin:
• Dead plants are buried in terrestrial
sediments
• Heat, pressure and bacterial action and
lack of oxygen
• First peat, then coal
• Anthracite, bituminous, lignite
In order of
increasing energy
content:
1.Peat
2.Lignite (low sulfur)
3.Bituminous (high S)
4.Anthracite (low-med
sulfur)
Energy resources - fossil fuels Fall
Throstur Thorsteinsson ([email protected]) 8
Electricity
• Increase efficiency of power/electricity generation
and use less coal more natural gas
• Use cogeneration – polygeneration - synfuels
Transportation
• Towards use of electricity, hydrogen, biofuels,
synfuels
• Other advanced transportation tech. e.g. hybrids
Cogeneration(steam-electricity) –
polygeneration (steam, electricity, synfuels). A) Large scale (Coal) – IGCC.
B) Small scale (Natural gas) - NGCC - can be deployed at a
much smaller scales from 1 to several hundred megawatts).
Clean coal
Cogeneration with industry
Increase the Efficiency of Power/electricity generation, and use more gas.
• Gas Driven Turbines
Advantages: Are as efficient as the coal driven ones
NOx the only real pollution (and CO2 of course) and is only 10% of coal fired power plants.
• Disadvantages: A bit more expensive
Inertia prevents investment
Increase fuel efficiency - only about 8% efficiency, use lighter cars
Use Alternative Fuels • Hybrids cars: Use a mixture of electricity and gasoline.
• Electric cars: Plug - in
• Biofuels: Such as ethanol, methane, biodiesel
• Synfuels – or syngas derived fuels:
Synthetic middle distillates (SMD)
Dimethyl ether (DME)
• Hydrogen as an energy carrier – fuel cells
Energy resources - fossil fuels Fall
Throstur Thorsteinsson ([email protected]) 9
Recovery: damage to fragile
ecosystems, water and air pollution, and
waste disposal
Refining: soil, water and air pollution
Delivery and Use: energy to power
automobiles, produce electricity, etc.
Household Scale • Carbon monoxide
Local (community) Scale • Fuel-derived air pollution/urban pollution. Electric Power sector - particles, NOx and SOx, lead e.g.
Local pollution
Car exhaust - Small particles, NOx, SOx, VOC - Smog
• Oil Spills: impact on water and terrestrial ecosystems, very difficult to clean.
• Local impact from extraction
Regional scale
• Acid Rain
Global Scale • Climate change