fossil fuel burning and generating handbook
TRANSCRIPT
FOSSIL FUEL BURNING AND GENERATING
HANDBOOK
COMBUSTION CALCULATIONS
This calculating method for heat losses in steam generating units provides quick answers of good accuracy based on either an ultimate or a proximate fuel analysis.
Because the weight of air required for combustion of a unit weight of any fuel is more nearly proportional to the unit heat value than to the unit weight of that fuel, the weights of air, dry gas, moisture, wet gas, etc., are expressed in pounds per mil- lion Btu fired. 1 The weight of fuel, F, in the gaseous products, P, per million Btu as fired, is shown in Fig. 1. These curves are based on the
1 formula : 1 1
4 lo4 (100 - % ash - % solid combustible loss) I F =
High Heat Value as fired., Btu/lb
The air weight curves in Fig. 2 give the relationship of air weight to excess air, C02 and oxygen. The term "atmospheric air" means that an arbitrary amount of moisture has been added to the air. Usually 0.013 Ib of water vapor per Ib 'of dry air. Air weights for solid fuel must be corrected for solid combustible loss. Air weights for oil may be used without correction.
Hence P = F + CA where A is the air weight in pounds per million Btu fired, and
Percent solid combustible weight loss 100
C = l -
Moisture from fuel, Wt is separately reported in an A.S.M.E.
4
FOR LIQUID AND SOLID FUELS
Pest Code balance and also in a predicted heat balance. Wt
includes the combined surface and inherent moisture, W,, from the fuel and the moisture formed by the combustion of hydrogen, W h . The values of moisture content, W,, for various fuels are indicated by curves, Fig. 3. Fig. 4 is an approximate way of establishing the percent hydrogen in coal. Fig. 5 and 6 can be used for obtaining Wh, the moisture from hydrogen; Fig. 5 is approximate, Fig. 6 is exact. Heat losses due to H2 and H20 in fuel and moisture in air are indicated in Figs. 7 and 8, suitable for preliminary calculations.
Dry gas products, Pd, are required for calculating the dry gas loss item of the heat balance. The dry gas in Ib per million Btu in fuel may be determined by subtracting the total water vapor from the total products, thus:
Pd = P - ( w a -k Wf) where Wa is the moisture in air. Fig. 9 indicates the approxi- mate percent dry gas loss. Room temperature, T,, and fuel tem- perature, Tf, assumed 80 F.
Radiation heat loss depends on construction and condition of walls and temperatures on both sides of the walls. Read ap- proximation of this loss from Fig. 10.
Unburned carbon heat loss depends on the kind of coal, method and rate of firing, furnace design, etc. To calculate this loss, the percent carbon in the refuse must be known. For a heat balance the combustible weight loss must be converted to percent heat loss. This can be done by dividing the percent solid combustible weight loss by the heat value of the fuel as fired, and multiplying it by 14,500, the heat value for com- bustible in refuse recommended by the A.S.M.E. Power Test Code for Steam Generating Units PTC 4.1-1964.
5
FUEL IN PRODUCTS HHV-High Heat Value- Btu per Lb as Fired
10,000 20,000 30,000
3000 5000 7000 9000 1.000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10,000
HHV- High Heat Value - Btu per Lb as Fired
Fig. 1
The wide variation in excess air for a given COP, as shown by the curves in Fig. 2, proves that it is not wise to think of C02 as synonymous with excess air except when dealing with one particu- lar fuel. These curves indicate that oxygen is the best indicator of excess air for combination firing of two or more fuels.
Additional n'otes and charts on corn bustion calculations for natural gas appear on pages 28 thru 33 and 36.
6
Excess Air - Percent Fig. 2
7
TOTAL MOISTURE IN FUEL LB. PER MILLION BTU
(SURFACE AND INHERENT MOISTURE)
WC-Total Moisture-Lb per Million Btu as Fired
Fig. 3
DETERMINATION 'OF HYDROGEN IN COAL
MOISTURE FROM HYDROGEN 70
f s a u)
\ . 50 n
I x40
c, 2 20
2 lo C o
E g 30 LL
v) .-
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Fixed Carbon /Volatile Matter
Fig. 5
9
MOISTURE FROM HYDROGEN
W,-Moisture from Combustion of H2-Lb/106 Btu as Fired Fig. 6
10
4
HEAT LOSSES DUE TO MOISTURE
- c aa
4
!z 0
11 v) tn s
Fig. 7 LOSS DUE TO MOISTURE IN AIR
Pounds of Moisture-(W,) 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Pounds of Dry Air
Fig. 8
11
12
c 4 W t ul m 0 0 a
t
t
0 6
0 5 a
0.75 0.07
No. of Coolad hrmoc. Walls 4 2 0
A furnace wall must have at least,one third its projected surface covered by water cooled surface before reduction in radiation loss is permitted. Air through cooled walls must be used for combustion if reduction in radiation loss is to be made. cxample: Unit guar. for max. cont. output of 400
million 6.t.u. per hour with three water cooled walls. Loss at 400 mill. 6.t.u. per hr. = 0.33 percent Loss at 200 mill. 6.t.u. per hr. = 0.68 percent
I
TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF FUEL OILS *NO. 1 NO. 2 NO. 4 NO. 5. NO. 6
FUEL OIL FUEL OIL FUEL OIL FUEL OIL FUEL OIL GRADE
VERY LIGHT LIGHT TYPE DISTILLATE RESIDUAL RESIDUAL RESIDUAL COLOR LIGHT AMBER BLACK BLACK BLACK API Gravity, 60F 40 32 21 17 12 Specific Gravity, SO/SOF 0.8251 0.8654 0.9279 0.9529 0.986 1
8.212 Lb per U.S. Gallon, 6OF 6.870 7.206 7.727 7.935 Viscos., Centistokes, 1OOF' 1.6 2.68 15.0 50.0 360.0
Viscos., Saybolt Furol, 122F Viscos., Saybolt Univ.; lOOF 31 35 77 . 232 -
- - 170 - - CI T
Pour Point, F Below Zero Below Zero 10 .30 65 Temp. for Pumping, F Atmospheric Atmospheric 15 min. 35 min. 100 Temp. for Atomizing, F Atmospheric Atmospheric 25 min. 130 200 Carbon Residue, Percent Trace Trace 2.5 5.0 12.0 Sulphur. Percent 0.1 0.4-0.7 0.4-1.5 2.0 max. 2.8 rnax. Sqdimeit & Water, Percent Trace Trace 0.5 Max. 1.0 max. 2.0 max. Aqh, Percent Trace Trace Low 0.05 0.08 Btb per Gallon 137,000 141.000 146.OOO 148.000 150,000
I -
141.5 Specific gravity at 60 F = 131.5 + API Gravitv - Courtesy of Humblestandard Oil Company *Kerosene
TYPICAL ANALYSES OF FUEL OILS
FLASH
F min. NO. DESCRIPTION POINT SULPHUR 0, + NP H2 C ASH
~ ~~ ~
Distillate oil intended for vapor- 100
burners requiring this grade Legal 1 izing pot-type burners and other or 0.1 0.2 13.2 86.5 Trace
Distillate oil for general purpose 100
Legal 2 domestic heating for use in or 0.7 0.2 12.7 86.4 Trace
burners not requiring No. 1
This grade was dropped in 1948 and No. 4 grade was established
)II
- - - - - - ul
Oil for burner installations not 130
facilities Legal 4 equipped with any preheating or 1.50 0.48 11.9 86-10 0.02
Residual-type oil for burner in- 130
heating facilities Legal 5 stallations equipped with pre- or 2.00 0.70 11.7 85.55 0.05
Oil for use in burners equipped 150
highMscosity fuel Legal 6 with preheaters, permitting a or 2.80 0.92 10.5 85.70 0.08
TYPICAL ANALYSES OF WOOD AND BAGASSE, DRY
Cedar, white 48.8 6.4 - 44.5 - 0.4 8400* Cypress 55.0 6.5 - 38.1 - 0.4 9870* Fir, Douglas 52.3 6.3 - 40.5 0.1 0.8 9050 Hemlock, western 50.4 5.8 0.1 41.4 0.1 2.2 8620
C H* S 0 2 N P Ash HHV Btu/Lb
Pine, pitch 59.0 7.2 - 32.7 - 1.1 11320* white 52.6 6.1 - 41.3 - 0.1 8900* yellow 52.6 7.0 - 40.1 - 0.3 9610*
Redwood 53.5 5.9 - 40.3 0.1 0.2 9040 Ash, white 49.7 6.9 - 43.0 - 0.3 8920*
- 0.3 8650* Birch, white 49.8 6.5 - 43.5 - 0.7 8670* ~1 Hickory 49.7 6.5 - 43.1
Maple 50.6 6.0 - 41.7 0.3 1.4 8580 Oak, red 49.5 6.6 - 43.7 - 0.2 8690*
white 50.4 6.6 - 42.7 - 0.2 =lo* Poplar 51.6 6.3 - 41.5 - 0.7 8920* Bagasse, Hawaii 46.2 6.4 - 45.9 - 1.5 8160
Ha wai i** 22.5 3.1 - 22.4 - 5.0 3980. Java 46.0 6.6 - 45.6 0.2 1.7 8680
7 1.3 8740 - 1.8 8380
Mexico 47.3 6.1 - 45.3 Peru 49.0 5.9 - 43.4 Puerto Rico 44.2 6.3 - 47.7 0.4 1.4 8390
*Cfalculated from high heating value of kiln-dried wood assumed to contain 8% H20. **Diffusion process-moisture 47.0%, fibre 41.5%.
TYPICAL ANALYSIS OF BARK
Tama- Hemlock Beech rack Eastern
Balsam Spruce Jack Birch Maple Elm (All (All Pine Poplar White& (Hard& soft
Var.) Var.) Yellow Soft)
No. Samples 27 34 16 6 6 4 1 2 1 2
Heating Value
B.t.u./Lb. (oven dry) 9102 8589 8930 8808 9870 8190 7600 7635 9010 8885
Proximate Ash 2.6 3.1 2.1 3.9 2.0 4.3 8.1 7.9 4.2 2.5 77.4 72,7 74.3 78.9 78.5 76.1 73.1 75.2 69.5 72.0 Analysis:
Fixed Carbon 20.0 24.2 23.6 17.2 19.5 19.6 18.8 16.9 26.3 25.5 % by wt. Dry
Ultimate Carbon 52.8 52.1 53.4 51.8 57.4 50.4 46.9 47.5 55.2 53.6 6.1 5.7 5.9 6.5 6.7 5.9 5.3 5.5 5.9 5.8 Analysis : Hydrogen
Dry by Sulphur 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nitrogen 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.2 Ash 2.3 3.1 2.0 3.4 1 .a 4.1 8.1 7.9 4.2 2.5 Oxygen (By Diff .) 38.6 38.9 38.6 38.0 33.8 39.1 39.1 38.5 34.0 37.9
~~ ~ _ _ _ _ ~ -___
Source: The Above Data Were Obtained And Compiled By The Steam And Steam Power Committee, Technical Section, C.P.P.A.
COALS OF THE U.S.A. PROGRESSIVE STAGES OF TRANSFORMATION OF VEGETAL MAlTER INTO COAL
e -x P- nCQ, a m =
ANALYSIS ON DRY BASIS n $%
FUEL CLASSIFICATION LOCALITY 8. PROXIMATE ULTIMATE G - z 3; iM 3 s U - V.M. F.C. Ash S H C N 0
Wood 46.9 78.1 20.4 1.5 .. 6.0 51.4 0.1 41.0 8840 Peat Minnesota 64.3 67.3 22.7 10.0 0.4 5.3 52.2 1.8 30.3 9060 Lignite North Dakota 36.0 49.8 38.1 12.1 1.8 4.0 64.7 1.9 15.5 11040 Lignite. Texas 33.7 44.1 44.9 11.0 0.8 4.6 64.1 1.2 18.3 11080
Wyoming 22.3 40.4 44.7 14.9 3.4 4.1 61.7 1.3 14.6 10600 Subbituminous B Wyoming 15.3 39.7 53.6 . 6.7 2.7 5.2 67.3 1.9 16.2 12100 Subbituminous A Wyoming 12.8 39.0 55.2 5.8 0.4 5.2 73.1 0.9 14.6 12900 Bituminous High Volatile C Colorado 12.0 38.9 53.9 7.2 0.6 5.0 73.1 1.5 12.6 13060
)Ir 00 Subbituminous C
Bituminous High Volatile B Illinois 8.6 35.4 56.2 8.4 1.8 4.8 74.6 1.5 8.9 13390 Bituminous HighVolatileA Pennsylvania 1.4 34.3 59.2 6.5 1.3 5.2 79.5 1.4 6.1 14400 Bituminous Medium Volatile West Virginia 3.4 22.2 74.9 2.9 0.6 4.9 86.4 1.6 3.6 15180 Bituminous Low Volatile West Virginia 3.6 16.0 79.1 4.9 0.8 4.8 85.4 1.5 2.6 15000 Semi-anthracite Arkansas 5.2 11.0 74.2 14.8 2.2 3.4 76.4 0.5 2.7 13140 Anthracite Pennsylvania 5.4 7.4 75.9 16.7 0.8 2.6 76.8 0.8 2.3 12740 Meta-a nthracite Rhode Island 4.5 3.2 82.4 14.4 0.9 0.5 82.4 0.1 1.7 11620
COALS OF THE U.S.A. % (Moisture'and Ash Free)
HHV, lo00 Btu/Lb (Moisture and Ash Free)
TYPICAL-ANALYSES OF COALS OF THE U. S. A.
A prox. R THESE ANALYSES ARE BASED ON MINE SAMPLES-NOT DELIVERED COAL. As Soft' Grind-
Mining T e z , O f ability STATE AND COUNTY District or TYPICAL ANALYSIS-AS RECEIVED HHV (R ucing (Hard-
Seam M Vol. F. C. Ash Sul. Btullb Atm.) grove)
ALA., Jefferson Mary Lee 2.6 28.1 58.4 10.9 1.0 13,300 2850 62-87 Walker Mary Lee 3.4 30.8 52.8 13.0 0.7 12,360 2880 51-65
ARK., Franklin Denn i ng 2.2 14.3 74.0 . 9.5 1.9 14,000 2200 99-102
COLO., El Paso 8 Las Animas
ILL., Franklin Williamson Sangamon St. Clair Peoria Fulton
Colo. Springs 22.3 33.3 38.2 6.2 0.4 Trinidad 2.3 29.8 58.7 9.2 0.5
8,625 13,780
Franklin 10.0 32.8 49.3 7.9 1.0 Williamson 8.8 32.6 51.4 7.2 1.1 Springfield 13.1 36.5 41.1 9.3 3.8 Bellevi Ile-Sau n ton 11.2 39.3 39.2 10.3 4.2 Peoria 15.4 34.4 38.5 11.7 ' 3.0 Fulton 16.3 35.5 37.0 11.2 2.9
11,857 12,177 10,935 11,223 10,422 10,220
2225 2445
2375 2310 2115 1995 1970 1930
38-39 44-54
53-63 52-59 54-68
65-67 51-68
57-62
IND., Clay, Greene, Vigo No. 3 Greene, Sullivan No. 4 Greene, Sullivan, Gibson No. 5 Greene, Sullivan, Knox No. 6
11.5 38.2 40.5 9.8 4.6 11,550 2125 62-66 13.5 33.6 45.4 7.5 0.9 11,740 2580 53-60 11.2 35.7 42.6 10.5 4.2 - 11,370 2095 60 14.9 31.6 46.2 7.3 2.2 11,325 2065 60-65
IOWA, Appanwse, Wayne Mystic 7.3 36.0 47.5 9.2 3.8 11,500 2050 60-70 Marion. 6.5 39.0 46.7 7.8 5.0 10,200 . . . . ...... Monroe 5.3 41.0 46.2 7.5 5.2 11,750 . . . . Polk 10.3 38.2 39.7 11.8 5.0 10,500 2000 62-66 Boone 12.3 38.2 43.8 5.7 4.8 10,500 2200 61
......
KAN., Cherokee Cherokee 5.0 33.1 52.9 9.0 4.6 12,930 1950 61 Leavenworth Leavenworth 11.5 35.3 40.0 13.2 4.2 10,900 1965 70
E. KY., Floyd, Letcher, Pike El khorn 3.4 36.8 55.8 4.0 0.8 14,000 2425 50-60 Hazard No. 4 3.8 36.7 55.3 4.2 0.7 13,755 2800 45-55
Y Harlan Harlan 3.2 36.9 56.0 3.9 0.8 13,960 2720 47-58
Perry, Breathitt, Knott, Letcher
W. KY.,. Union, Webster, Hopkins, Muhlen burg 9.0 3.3 12,490 2106 60-65 Eastern Interior) 4.8 36.7 49,5
Seam No. 9
MD., kllegany Georges Creek . 2.6 19.1 71.4 6.9 1.2 14,135 2410 95-100
MICH., Saginaw Sagin a w 9.0 34.0 53.2 3.8 1.0 12,750 2200 50-67
MO., Adair Bevier 11.8 34.5 40.7 13.0 4.8 11,150 1985 72-75
MONT., Carbon Red Lodge, 11.4 35.3. 42.8 10.5 1.7 9,900 2145 50-55 Carbon Bear Creek 9.4 35.6 45.6 9.4 2.4 10,700 2050 47-56
N. MEX., McKinley San Juan 11.5 39.1 42.6 6.8 ' 0.7 11,300 2100 29-41 Santa Fe Cerillos 3.7 35.0 49.5 11.8 1.0 12,800 2350 65
TYPICAL ANALYSES OF COALS OF THE U. S. A.-Continued - - ~~ ~ - -
A prox. R THESE ANALYSES ARE BASED ON MINE SAMPLES-NOT DELIVERED COAL. As Soft' Grind-
Mining Te? Of ability STATE AND COUNTY District or TYPICAL ANALYSIS-AS RECEIVED -HHV (Re uhng (Hard-
Seam M Vol. F. C. Ash Sul. Btullb Atm.) grove)
(General) N. O., Most Middle and\ Western Counties f 38.0 26.0 30.0 6.0 0.6 6,770 2290 50
OHIO, Morgan, Noble, Washington, Harrison Meigs 'Creek 4.0 36.0 48.5 11.5 4.2 12,250 2400 67
. Belmont Pittsburgh No. 8 5.9 37.8 46.8 9.5 4.2 12,055 2000 50-60 N IU OKLA., Pittsburgh McAlester 2.0 37.3 56.2 4.5 0.8 13,500 2230 47-67
PENN., Luzerne & Lackawanna Northern Coal Field 3.0 6.1 82.0 8.9 0.7 Dauphin, Schuylkill, Carbon Southern Coal Field 4.0 6.4 80.5 9.1 0.9
Upper Kittaning 2.6 16.2 71.9 9.3 2.1 Lower Kittaning 2.3 18.7 72.4 6.6 1.4
2.8 21.6 67.4 8.2 1.4
Cambria
J Upper Freeport 1 Lower Freeport . 2.9 22.4 67.0 7.7 1.6 Cam b ria
Lower Kittaning 2.7 21.1 67.9 8.3 1.8 Lower Freeport 3.1 24.8 65.2 6.9 1.6 Upper Kittaning 2.8 17.3 71.0 8.9 1.4
Clearfield
{ Lower Kittaning 2.8 16.2 73.0 8.0 1.7 Somerset
{
{
13,000 12,800 13,865 14,400 13,930 13,960 13,940 14,025 13,810 13,990
3010 3000 2275 2640 2375 2465 2485 2480 2300 2500
25-30 35-45 85-87 107 87 99 106 87 95-100 115
West rnoreland Allegheny
Redstone 2.1 33.2 53.6 11.1 2.4 13,140 2600 60-70 Upper Freeport 2.5 34.0 54.5 9.0 2.2 13,400 2350 55-60
TENN., Campbell Jellico 3.5 36.3 52.9 7.3 1.6 13,630 2065 45-55 Bledsoe Swanee 3.2 29.3 59.7 7.8 0.8 13,500 2400 50-60
TEXAS, Bowie S.W. to La Salle Lignite Fields 33.4 40.4 17.2 9.0 1.1 7,600 2250 53-79
UTAH, Carbon Cast lega te 5.5 39.2 47.8 7.5 0.6 12,500 2200 43-49 Summit Wasatch 14.0 38.0 43.0 5.0 1.4 10,700 2240 47-50
VA., Tazewell Pocahontas 2.9 21.2 71.5 4.4 0.5 14,550 2400 99-105 Wise Norton 1.4 34.1 58.5 6.0 0.8 14,250 2600 62
WASH., Kittitas Clealurn (Cle Elurn) 8.0 34.6 44.7 12.7 0.4 11,410 2500 49-52 Kittitas Roslyn 3.7 34.3 48.6 13.4 0.3 12,250 2470 52 Pierce High Vol. Carbonado 3.8 36.0 51.2 9.0 0.5 13,400 2700 69 Pierce Med. Vol. Carbonado 3.8 29.3 49.9 17.0 0.5 11,500 2700 55
Fairrnont 1.8 37.6 54.1 6.5 2.2 13,850 2300 50-70
New River 2.1 22.5 72.2 3.2 0.6 14,860 2500 90-100
W. VA., Monongahela, Manon, Harrison Fayette Mercer Pocahontas 2.6 17.8 75.0 4.6 0.6 14,635 2375 105 Kanawha, Fayette Kanawha 1.8 35.8 55.7 6.7 0.9 13,500 2800 40-60 Mingo Thacker 2.4 35.8 56.4 5.4 0.9 14,100 2500 56
TYPICAL ANALYSES OF COALS OF THE WORLD TYPICAL AN ALYSIS-AS R EC ElVED HHV,
COUNTRY DISTRICT OR MINE H2O Vol FC Ash Sul CaVkg Btu/Lb ARGENTINA Turbio River 8.6 34.8 40.9 15.7 0.9 5755 10,360 AUSTRALIA New South Wales
Western Field 2.6 30.0 52.8 14.6 0.7 6455 11,620 Southern Field 0.6 23.29 65.08 11.0 3.7 7275 13,090
Queensland 1.5 37.0 49.9 11.6 . . . 6835 12,300 Victoria (Brown Coal) 66.3 17.7 15.3 0.7 0.1 2055 3,700
BELGIUM Batterie and Vidette 1.0 8.5 ' 63.5 27.0 . . . 595 10,710 BRAZIL Sao Jeronimo 13.8 24.7 27.1 34.4 3.0 3665 6,600
Washed 16.0 23.1 32.9 28.0 0.9 4205 7,570 Sao Jeronimo- Iu cn
. Butia 11.5 32.0 42.9 13.6 1.3 . . . . . . CANADA Alberta-Drumheller 20.0 28.0 41.0 11.0 . . . 5010 9,020
Saskatchewan-Souris 35.0 23.4 34.6 8.0 . . . 4050 7,290 British Col.-Crows Nest 1.4 24.5 61.8 12.3 0.5 7420 13,360 Nova Scotia-Emery 4.0 33.7 51.6 10.7 2.5 7000 12,600
CHILE Sc hwager 2.9 413 52.2 3.6 0.9 7950 14,310 Lota 3.4 39.6 55.4 l .6 0.7 7900 14,220 Mafii 12.6 35.6 40.0 11.8 0.6 5620 10.120
CHINA Kailin 2.5 29.9 44.4 25.7 0.66 5720 10,300 Kew Loon:g Kieng 5.4 29.7 45.0 19.9 . . . 6040 10,870 Kiaping 3.5 24.4 41.1 31.0 . . . 5160 9,290
TYPICAL ANALYSES OF COALS OF THE WORLD - 'continlied TYPICAL ANMYSIS-AS RECEIVED HHU,
COUNTRY DISTRICT OR MINE H20 Vol FC Ash Sul CaVkn Btuilb COLOMBIA Bogota 5.3 23.4 63.7 7.6 0.8 7900 14,220 FRANCE Bethune
Anzin 8.0 18.0 39.0 35.0 . . . 4670 8,410 1.6 9.2 44.3 44.9 . . . 4275 7,690
GERMANY Frimmersdorf- Westfield Saar Saxony Westphalia Lower Silesia
60.7 20.0 16.7 2.6 9.7 31.8 48.7 9.8
53.1 25.3 18.1 3.5 1.7 23.7 69.2 5.4 4.5 25.6 56.1 13.8
0.2
0.9 . . .
. . .
. . . UNITED KINGDOM
Wales Cardiff
England Durham Scot land Lanark
Arley 1.5 11.0 85.5 2.0 1.1 36.3 59.0 3.6 1.5 34.7 60.0 3.8 7.5 31.8 56.7 4.0
0.8 2.3 0.87 0.2
2355 6130 2500 7760 6540
8000 8155 7410 7600
-
4,240 11,040 4,500
13,970 11,770
14,400 14,680 13,340 13.680
GREECE Aliveri . ~ ~~ ~~ ~
31.0 30.0 21.0 18.0 ~ ~~~
. . . 3130 5,640 INDIA Bermo Seam 1.9 21.1 50.4 26.6 0.9 6010 10,820
Da moda r Va I ley 4.0 12.8 41.1 42.1 0.3 4365 7,850 Trom bay 7.2 20.8 44.7 27.3 1 .o 5315 9,560 Umaria Field 5.3 27.1 47.8 19.8 . . . 6100 10,980 Palana 41.4 29.2 23.8 5.6 . . . 3730 6,710
ITALY Sardinia 3.6 39.8 33.0 23.6 6.5 5670 10,210
JAPAN' Hiyoshi-Anttfracite 2.7 5.8 75.0 16.5 . . . 6960 12,540 Hukuho 8.6 33.8 44.5 13.1 . . . 6830 12,300
8.520 Niiura 19.0 24.8 31.2 25.0 . : . 4730 MEXICO Palu 1.3 21.0 59.0 18.7 0.7 6780 12,200 PERU Chim bote 4.4 4.4 77.5 13.7 . . . 4150 7,470
Goyllarisquisga 4.0 35.3 29.5 31.2 . . . 4950 8,910 POLAND Katowice 17.0 21.0 40.0 22.0 . .. . 4500 8,100
Upper Silesia 4.0 31.6 58.4 6.0 . . . 7500 13,500 RUSSIA Donetz Anthracite 2.0 3.5 83.0 11.5 0.8 7170 12,910
Donetz Med. Vol. 3.5 21.0 71.0 4.5 3.6 8070 14,530 N Donetz Long Flame 7.0 40.0 31.5 21.5 5.7 6280 11,300 v
SPAIN Asturias Asturias Za ragoza
10.2 11.9 47.6 30.3 0.8 4960 8,930 5.9 20.0 60.5 14.0 . . . 6120 11,020
19.5 34.6 25.4 20.5 . . . 4000 7.200 TURKEY Rai henburg 17.1 34.9 24.8 23.2 0.5 3700 6,660 SOUTH Natal 4.2 16.6 70.5 8.7 4.18 . . . . . . AFRICA Orange Free State 5.6 28.4 50.4 15.6 1.5 5910 10,640
Transvaa I 2.2 27.0 57.5 13.3 0.7 6730 12,120 VENEZUELA Barcelona 3.0 36.1 57.5 3.4 1.4 7600 13,680 Y UGOSLAVIA An atolia 1.4 29.4 51.3 17.9 1.0 6510 11,720
COMBUSTION CALCULATIONS FOR NATURAL GAS
In view of the variable and uncertain moisture content of natural gas, and in the absence of more'definite determinations, it has hecome practice in the industry to assume natural gas to be dry at 60 F and 30 in. Hg.
The calculated density of the gas can be no more accurate than the volumetric analysis from which it was derived. A natural gas analysis which groups all hydrocarbons as CH4 and C2Hs, or C2H6 and %He, may indicate a lower density than the actual value.
As with all other gaseous fuels, it is customary to compute the high heating value of natural gas, in Btu per cu ft at 60 F and 30.0 in. Hg., by adding together the heat evolved by the combustible com- ponents reported in the gas analysis. A sample calculation is shown on page 42 for the first gas listed in the table on the same page.
It may be necessary to correct this value (HHV), for the effects of higher temperature and of moisture content. The Btu/Ib, (HHV)t at temperature t, is given by the formula
where the values of M and N are read from Fig. 12
(HHV)t = M(HHV)m + N
The curves in Fig. 13 show the relationship between air weight, Cop, Oxygen and excess air in the combustion of natural gas at 60 F. They are drawn for standard atmospheric air containing 0.013 Ib. of moisture per Ib. of dry air. If the gas is a t a higher temperature t, the air weight A, read .from the curves must be corrected by the following equation to find the true air weight A,:
where Ws is the moisture in the fuel in Ib. of water vapor per Ib. of dry gas (usually taken to be zero).
For natural gas at 60 F, the moisture produced by the combustion of hydrogen in the fuel, M, can be read from Fig. 14 in Ib. per million Btu fired. If the gas is at a higher temperature, the same correction applied to the air weight is used to obtain the true mois- ture, ( W t :
28
HHVm (Wh)t = Wh (HHV)t(l + Ws)
Any moisture contained in the fuel will also appear in the products of combustion. Fig. 15 shows the amount of this moisture in Ib. per million Btu fired.
I40
= 120 t 0
b 100 W
80
60
40
20
HEATING VALUE CORRECTION '
FOR NATURAL GAS
I
I100 .I 60 0
-
al 2
1.00 = 0
0.95 & a
- W
0.90 g t)
w 0.85.2
0.80 w 2 0 c
0.75 2 I
0 0.10 0.20 0.30 Ws - WATER VAPOR, LB/LB DRY GAS
Fig. 12
29
0 100 200 300 Sum of Products
(Percent by Vol. of each Component) x (Corresponding Coefficient) CO2 + CH, + 2C2Hs + 3C3h + G H l o + 5CsH12
30
VSm EXCESS AIR FOR NATURAL GAS
MOISTURE FROM HYDROGEN IN NATURAL GAS
32
WATER VAPOR IN FUEL GAS
HHV-HIGH HEAT VALUE-BTU PfR LB AS FIRED Fig. 15 33
- COMBUSTION from COMBUSTION -
Combustion Constants of
c02 Formedl
0 2 Reqd.! Cu Ft Cu Ft of Dry
Chemical of Dry Gas, Gas, Formula Cu Ft Cu Ft
Gas Oxygen 0 2 . . . Nitrogen (atmospheric) N2 . I .
Air . . . . . Carbon dioxide c02 . . . Water vapor H20 0 . .
Hydrogen H2 0.5 Hydrogen sulfide H2S 1.5 Carbon monoxide co 0.5
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. * .
. . . l.O** 1 .o -~ ~~ ~
Saturated Hydrocarbons Methane CH4 2.0 1 .o Ethane C2H6 3.5 2.0 Propane C3H8 5.0 3.0 Butane C4H10 6.5 4.0 Pen ta ne C5H12 8.0 5.0
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons or llluminants
Ethylene C2H4 3.0 2.0 Pro py I e n e C3H6 4.5 3.0 Butylene C4H8 6.0 4.0 Pent y le n e C5HlO 7.5 5.0 Acetylene CzHz 2.5 2.0 Benzene C6H6 7.5 6.0 Toluene C7H8 9.0 7.0
**SO2 rather than CO2
34
. CONSTANTS Fossil Power Systems 1981
Dry Gases at 60" F and 30 In. Hg
H20 Formed/ Cu Ft of Dry Density Gas, of Dry Gas, -HHV of Dry Gas- Cu Ft Lb/Cu Ft Btu/Cu Ft* Btu/Lb
. . .
. . .
. . I
. . .
. . . 1 .o 1 .o . . .
0.0846 1 0.07439 0.07655 0.1170 0.04758 0.005327 0.09109 0.07404
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . . 325 647 32 1
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . . ..
60,991 7,100 4,323
2.0 0.04246 1014 23,896 3.0 0.08029 1789 22,282 4.0 0.1196 2573 21,523 5.0 0.1582 3392 21,441 6.0 0.1904 4200 22,058
2.0 0.07421 1614 21,647 3.0 0.1110 2383 21,464 4.0 0.1480 3190 21,552
1 .o 0.06971 1488 21,344 3.0 0.2060 3930 19,068 4.0 0.2431 4750 19,537
5.0 0.1852 4000 21,600
*if gas is saturated with moisture at 60°F and 30.0 in. Hg. reduce by 1.74%.
35
NATURAL GAS ANALYSIS AND BTU CALCULATION PERCENT BY VOLUME DENSITY HIGH HEAT VALUE co* N2 .H2S CH, C2Hb CsHs C4H,o C5H1, LB/CU FT BTU/CU FT BTU/LB
0.05621 1061 18880 5.50 .... 7.00 77.73 5.56 2.40 1.18 0.63 3.51 32.00 0.50 52.54 3.77 2.22 2.02 3.44 0.066 10 874 13220 26.2 0.7 .... 59.2 13.9 .... .... .... 0.06747 849 12580 0.17 87.69 .... 10.50 1.64 .... .... .... 0.07120 136 1907 0.20 0.60 .... 99.20 .... .... .... .... 0,04491 1006 22410 .... 0.60 .... .... 79.40 20.00 .... 0.08812 1935 21960 .... 0.50 .... .... 21.80 77.70 .... .... 0.11079 2389 21560
....
COMPONENT BTU/CU FT BTU PER CU FT w PERCENT BY CU FT PER
OI VOLUME. DRY CU FT OF GAS 45 789 99 62 40 26
- - 1061 Btu/Cu Ft
- Hydrogen sulfide, H2S 7.00 0.0700 X 647 - Methane, CH, 77.73 0.7773 X 1014.6 - Ethane, C2Hs 5.56 0.0556 X 1789 - Propane, C3H8 2.40 0.0240 X 2573 - Butane, C4Hlo 1.18 0.01 18 X 3392 - Pentane, C5H 12 0.63 0.0063 X 4200 -
- - - - -
Heating Value of Dry Gas at 60 F
H20 from Combustion of Hydrogen: 47,300 (HZS + 2CH4 + 3CZHs + 4C3H8 + 5C4Hlo + 6C5H12)
Btu per cu ft at 60 F and 30 in Hg, dry Lb/106Btu = w h =
INSTANTANEOUS SPECIFIC HEAT OF WET' COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF TYPICAL FUELS
(AT CONSTANT PRESSURE)
RECOMMENDED EQUIPMENT AND FUEL SIZING NO. 3 BUCKWHEAT (Barley). All through a 3/16 inch round hole screen and not more than 15% through a 3/32 inch round hole screen. NO. 4 BUCKWHEAT. All through a 3/32 inch round hole screen and not more than 15% through a 3/64 inch round hole screen and not more than 3% through a 100 mesh screen. AH through a 5/8 inch round hole screen and not more than 50% nor less than 25% through a 1/8 inch round hole screen. Should contain 8 to 10% moisture and not less than 2% volatile matter. FUEL TO BE DELIVERED ACROSS STOKER HOPPERS
WITHOUT SEGREGATION.
/ W M W T E
BREEZE
1 lNCH NUT AND SLACK, not more than 50% Slack through 1/4 inch round hole screen. Bituminous Coal should be tempered up to 15% moisture. FUEL TO BE DELIVERED ACROSS STOKER HOPPERS
WITHOUT SEGREGATION.
MID-WESTERN BITUMINoUS COAL AND
LIGNITE ~~
EASTERN BlTU MI NOUS
COAL (Friable) EASTERN
(Non-Friable) AND
BITUMINOUS COAL
MID-WESTERN
1=1/4OR 14/2 INCH NUT AND SUCK, not more than 50% Slack through a 1/4 inch round hole screen. FUEL TO BE DELIVERED ACROSS STOKER HOPPERS
WITHOUT SEGREGATION.
3/4 INCH NUT AND SLACK, not more than 50% Slack through a 1/4 inch round hole screen. FUEL TO BE DELIVERED ACROSS STOKER HOPPERS
WITHOUT SEGREGATION.
EASTERN BITUMINOUS
COAL #ria ble)
2 INCH NUT AND SLACK, not more than 50% Slack through a 1/4 inch round hole screen.
EASTERN (Non-Friable)
' AND MID-WESTERN BITUMINOUS
COAL
1 INCH TO 1-1/2 INCH NUT AND SLACK, not more than 50% Slack through a 1/4 inch round hole screen.
BITUMINOUS All size variations between 1/4 inch x 0 inch and 2 AND SUB-
61TUMlNoUS inch x 0 inch. COALS AND LIGNITE
38
CAPACITY CHARTS FOR COAL-C-E PULVERIZERS
Fig. 17
39
COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS IN AIR QUALITY CONTROL
Particulate 1 Milligram/cu m = 28.32 Micrograms/cu ft
62.43 x 10:' Pounds/cu ft
4.37 x 10-'Grams/cu ft 1 Pound/cu ft = 16.02 x 166 Milligrams/cu m
16.02 Grams/Liter 7.06 x lO'Grains/cu ft
1 Grain/cu ft = 2.29 x lo6 Micrograms/cu m 1.43 x lo-' Pounds/cu ft
1 Microgram/cu m = 0.001 blilligrams/cu m
\ I
Gases
Micrograms/liter *mw 1 PPM by volume = 24.04
mw Micrograms/cu m 0.02404 mw 28.8 PPM byweight
mw Pounds/cu ft 385.1 x lo6 0.375 Milligrams SO,/cu m
1000 PPM by volume = 2.50 Pounds SO,/lO' Btu**
Velocity 1 Meter/Sec = 3.281 Ft/Sec
-1 Liter/Min = 0.03531 Cubic Ft/Min 1 Cubic Meter/Hr = 0.588 Cubic Ft/Min
Liquid-Gas Ratio
Lbs Liq Lbs Gas = 1.50 10 Gal/Min
1000 Cu Ft/Min L/Min
*37 M3/M in * mw = Molecular Weight of Gas
** Based on 3% Sulfur Coal @ 40T/Hr/100 Megawatts and 12,000 Btu/Lb
40
Recommended Boiler Water Limits and Associated Steam Purity
Drum-Type Boilers Range of Range of Range of
Drum Total Dissolved Solids' Total Alkalinity2 Suspended Solids Total Dissolved Solidsz PreSSUIl! in Boiler Water in Boiler Water in Boiler Water in Steam Psig PPm PPm ppm (Maximum) ppm
0-300 301-450 451-600 601-750 751-900
p, 901-1000
700-3500
500-2500
300-1 500 250-1250
600-3000
400-2000
140-700 15 120-600 10 100-500 8 80-400 6 60-300 4 50-250 2
0.2-1.0 0.2-1.0 0.2-1.0 0.2-1.0 0.2-1.0 0.2-1.0 0.2-1.0
100 1-1800 1801-2350 235 1-2600 2601-2900
100 50 25 15
Note (3) 1 NIA N/A N/A
0.10 0.10 0.05 0.05
Once-Through Boilers 1400 and Above 0.05 NIA NiA 0.05 Notes: 1. Actual values within the range reflect the TDS in the feedwater. Highervalues are for high solids; lower values are for low solids
in the feedwater. !
2. Actual values within the range are directly proportional to the actual value of TOS of boiler water. Higher values are for the high solids; lower values are for low solids in the boiler water.
3. Dictated by boiler water treatment. 4. These values are exclusive of silica.
ENTH
ALP
Y, B
.T.U
. PE
R LB
.
d c)
D
G3
sE
am
m
=o
PO
W
;13 rn c m
I I
I I
I I
m
1400
14
00
I I -
.uII
'TE
TF
€R
nlI
TU
RE
-OF
!
I I
I I
I 4Q
4 I-(
I I
I I
I 40
0
G) % m
7 a
m
v) cn c
....
...
IIBSO
LUTE
PE
SSUR
E. p
sin
SATU
RA
TIO
N T
EMP.
, DE
G.
FAHR
.
PROPERTIES OF HIGH PRESSURE SUPERHEATED STEAM
PSlA 900 F 1000 F 1100 F 1200 F
V 0.6250 0.6845 0.7418 0.7974 1200 h 1440.9 1499.4 1556.9 1614.2
S 1.5883 1.6298 1.6679 1.7035
V 0.3988 0.4426 0.4836 0.5229 1800 h 1417.1 1480.6 1541.4 1601.2
S 1.5302 1.5753 1.6156 1.6528
V 0.2850 0.3214 0.3545 0.3856 2400 h 1391.2 1460.9 1525.6 1588.1
S 1.4837 1.5332 1.5761 1.6149
V 0.1987 0.2301 0.2576 0.2827 3200 h 1353.4 1433.1 1503.8 1570.3
S 1.4300 1.4866 1.5335 1.5749
v 0.1764 0.2066 0.2326 0.2563 3500 h 1338.2 1422.2 1495.5 1563.6
S 1.4112 1.4709 1.5194 1.5618
V 0.1463 0.1752 0.1994 0.2210 4OOo h 1311.6 1403.6 1481.3 1552.2
S 1.3807 1.4461 1.4976 1.5417
V 0.1038 0.1312 0.1529 0.1718 5000 h 1252.9 1364.6 1452.1 1529.1
S 1.3207 1.4001 1.4582 1.5061
v 0.0757 0.1020 0.1221 I 0.1391 60oo h 1188.8 1323.6 1422.3 1505.9
S 1.2615 1.3574 1.4229 1.4748 ~ ~~
V 0.0465 0.0671 0.0845 0.0989 &(Joo h 1074.3 1241.0 1362.2 1459.6
S 1.1613 1.2798 1,3603 1.4208
V 0.0362 0.0495 0.0633 0.0757 10,Ooo h 101 1.3 1172.6 1305.3 141 5.3
S 1.1039 1.2185 1.3065 1.3749
Values from A.S.M.E. Steam Tables 0 1967 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
43
PROPERTIES OF WATER
ABSOLUTE SPECIFIC VOLUME ENTHALPY PRESSURE
LB./SQ. TEMP. SAT. SAT. SAT. SAT.
P t Vf vs hf hg IN. FAHR. LIQUID VAPOR LIQUID VAPOR
1 5 10
15 14.696
101.74 0.01614 333.60 162.24 0.01641 73.532 193.21 0.01659 38.420 212.00 0.01672 26.799 213.03 0.01673 26,290
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 . 55 60 65
227.96 0.01683 20.087 240.07 0.01692 16.301 250.34 0.01701 13.744 259.29 267.25
0.01 708 0.01715
1 1.896 10.497
69.73 1105.8 130.20 1131.1 161.26 1143.3 180.17 1150.5 181.21 1150.9
208.52 1160.6 1
2 18.9 1164.1
196.27 1156.3 1 1
228.0 236.1
1167.1 1169.8
~
274.44 281.02 287.08 292.71 297.98
70 75 80 85 90
302.93 307.61 312.04 3 16.26 320.28
0.01722 0.01727 0.0 1733 0.01 738 0.01743 0.01748 0.01753 0.0 1757 0.0 1762 0.0 1766
9.399 8.514 7.785 7.174 6.653 6.205 5.814 5.471 5.167 4.895
243.5 250.2 256.4 262.2 267.6 272.7 277.6 282.1 286.5 290.7
~
1172.0 1174.1 1175.9 1177.6 1179.1 1180.6 1181.9 1183.1 1184.2 1185.3
95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140
324.13 327.82 33 1.37 334.79 338.08 341.27 344.35 347.33 350.23 353.04
0.0177 0.01774 0.0 1778 0.0 1782 0.01785 0.01789 0.01 792 0.0 1796 0.01 799 0.01803
4.651 4.43 1 4.23 1 4.048 3.881 3.728 3.586 3.454 3.333 3.2 19
294.7 1186.2 298.5 1187.2 302.2 1188.0 305.8 1188.9 309.3 1189.6 312.6 1190.4 3 1'5.8 1191.1 319.0 1191.7 322.0 1192.4 325.0 1193.0
145 355.77 0.01806 3.113 327.8 1193.5 150 358.43 0.01809 3.014 330.6 1194.1 155 361.02 0.01813 2.921 333.4 1194.6 160 363.55 0.01815 2.834 336.1 1 195.1 165 366.02 0.01819 2.7515 338.7 1195.6 170 368.42 0.01821 2.674 341.2 1196.0
44
AND SATURATED STEAM
ABSOLUTE SPECIFIC VOLUME ENTHALPY PRESSURE
LB./SQ. TEMP. SAT. SAT. SAT. SAT. IN. FAHR. LIQUID VAPOR LIQUID VAPOR P t Vf v€! hf hg 175 180 185 190 195
370.78 0.01825 373.08 0.01827 375.33 0.01831 377.53 0.01833 379.69 0.01836
2.601 2.531 2.466 2.403 2.344
200 210 220 230 240
381.80 0.0 1839 385.91 0.01844 389.88 0.01850 393.70 0.01855 397.39 0.01860
2.287 2.182 2.086 1.9984 1.9177
~ ~~
343.7 1196.5 346.2 1196.9 348.6 1197.3 350.9 1197.6 353.3 1198.0 355.5 1198.3 359.9 1199.0 364.2 1199.6 368.3 1200.1 372.3 1200.6
250 400.97 0.01865 1.8432 376.1 1201.1 260 404.44 0.01870 1.7742 379.9 1201.5 270 407.80 0.01875 1,.7101 383.6 1201.9 280 41 1.07 0.01880 1.6505 387.1 1202.3 290 414.25 0.01885 1.5948 390.6 1202.6 300 417.35 0.01889 1.5427 394.0 1202.9 310 420.36 0.01894 1.4939 397.3 1203.2 320 423.31 0.01899 1.4480 400.5 1203.4 330 426.18 0.01903 1.4048 403.7 1203.6 340 428.99 0.01908 1.3641 406.8 1203.8 350 360 370 380
400 410 420 430 440
39q:
431.73 434.41 437.04 439.61 442.13 444.60 447.02 449.40 451.74 454.03
0.019 12 0.0 191 7 0.0 192 1 0.01925 0.0 1930 0.01934 0.01938 0.0 1942 0.01946 0.01950
1.3255 1.289 1 1.2546 1.2218 1.1906 1.1610 1.1327 1.1057 1.0800 1.0553
409.8 412.8 415.7 418.6 42 1.4 424.2 426.9 429.6 432.2 434.8
1204.0 1204.1 ' 1204.3, 1204.4 1204.5 1204.6. 1204.7 1204.7 1204.8 1204.8
450 456.28 0.01954 1.0318 437.3 1204.8 460 458.50 0.01959 1.0092 439.8 1204.8 470 460.68 0.01963 0.9876 442.3 1204.8 480 46282 0.01967 0.9668 444.7 1204.8 490 464.93 0.01971 0.9468 447.2. 1204.7 500 467.01 0.01975 0.9276 449.5 1204.7
45
PROPERTIES OF WATER
ABSOLUTE SPECIFIC VOLUME ENTHALPY PRESSURE
LB./SQ. TEMP. SAT. SAT. SAT. SAT. IN. FAHR. LIQUID VAPOR LIQUID VAPOR P t Vf vg hf hg 510 469.05 0.01978 0.9092 451.9 1204.6 520 471.07 0.01982 0.8914 454.2 1204.5 530 473.05 0.01986 0.8742 456.5 1204.5 540 475.01 0.01990 0.8577 458.7 1204.4 550 476.94 0.01994 0.8418 460.9 1204.3 560 478.84 0.01998 0.8264 463.1 1204.2 570 480.72 0.02002 0.8115 465.3 1204.1 580 482.57 0.02006 0.7971 467.5 1203.9 590 484.40 0.02009 0.7832 469.6 1203.8. 600 486.20 0.02013 0.7698 471.7 1203.7 620 489.74 0.0202 1 0.7441 475.8 1203.4 640 493.19 0.02028 0.7200 479.9 1203.0 660 496.57 0.02036 0.6972 483.9 1202.7 680 499.86 0.02043 0.6758 487.8 1202.3 700 503.08 0.02050 0.6556 491.6 1201.8 725 750 775 800 825
507.01 510.84 514.56 518.21 52 1.76
0.02060 0.02069 0.02078 0.02087 0.02096
0.6318 0.6095 0.5886 0.5690 0.5505
496.3 500.9 505.4 509.8 514.2
850 875 900 925 950
525.24 528.63 53 1.95 535.20 538.39
0.02105 0.021 14 0.02123 0.02132 0.02141
0.5330 0.5165 0,5009 0.4861 0.472 1
518.4 522.6 526.7 530.8 534.7
1201.3 1200.7 1200.1 1199.4 1198.7 1198.0 1197.2 1196.4 1195.6 1194.7
975 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450
541.52 544.58 . 550.53 556.28 561.82 567.19 572.38 577.42 582.32 587.07 591.70
0.02150 0.02 159 0.02 177 0.02 195 0.022 14 0.02232 0.022 50 0.02269 0.02288 0.02307 0.02327
0.4587 0.4460 0.4223 0.4006 0.3807 0.3625 0.3456 0.3299 0.3 154 0.3018 0.2891
538.7 1193.9 542.6 1192.9 550.1 119.1 .o 557.5 1189.1 564.8 1187.0 571.9 1184.8 578.8 1182.6 585.6 1180.2 592.3 1177.8 598.8 1175.3 605.3 1172.8
46
AND SATURATED STEAM I ABSOLUTE SPECIFIC VOLUME ENTHALPY
PRESSURE ~
LB./SQ. TEMP. SAT. SAT. SAT. SAT. IN. FAHR. LIQUID VAPOR LIQUID VAPOR P
1500 596.20 0.02346 0.2772 61 1.7 1170.1 1550 600.59 0.02366 0.2660 618.0 1167.4 1600 604.87 0.02387 0.2555 624.2 1164.5 1650 609.05 0.02407 0.2455 630.4 1161.6 1700 613.13 0.02428 0.2361 636.5 1158.6 1750 617.12 0.02450 0.2271 642.5 1155.6 1800 621.02 0.02472 0.2186 648.5 1152.3 1850 624.83 0.02495 0.2 105 654.5 1149.0
I 1900 628.56 0.02517 0.2028 660.4 1145.6 1950 632.22 0.02541 0.1954 666.3 1142.0
2050 639.32 0.0259 0.1815 678.0 1134.5 2100 642.76 0.02615 0.1750 683.8 1130.5 2150 646.13 0.02642 (1.1688 689.7 1126.5 2200 649.45 0.02669 0.1627 695.5 1122.2
t Vf V% hf hg I
I 2000 635.80 0.02565 0.1883 672.1 1 138.3
2250 652.69 0.02698 0.1569 701.3 11 17.8 2300 655.89 0.02727 0.1513 707.2 11 13.2 .2350 659.03 0.02758 0.1460 7 13.1 1108.6 2400 662.11 0.02790 0.1408 719.0 1103.7 2450 665.14 0.02824 0.1357 725.3 1098.7 2500 2550 2600 2650 2704 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950
668.11 67 1.04 673.91 676.74 679.53 682.26 684.96 687.62 690.22 692.79
0.02859 0.02898 0.02938 0.02982 0.03029 0.03080 0.03134 0.03 195 0.032 62 0.03339
0.1307 0.1258 0.1211 0.1165 0.1119 0.1075 0.1031 0.0986 0.0942 0.0897
731.7 738.1 744.5 750.9 757.3 764.0 770.7 777.8 785.1 793.1
1093.3 1087.8 1082.0 1076.0 1069.7 1063.0 1055.8 1048.2 1039.8 1030.7
3000 695.33 0.03428 0.0850 801.8 1020.3 3050 697.82 0.03538 0.0800 81 1.9 1008.2 3100 700.28 0.03681 0.0745 824.0 993.3 3150 702.70 0.03901 0.0679 840.5 972.9 3200 705.08 0.04472 0.0566 875.5 93 1.6 3208.2 705.47 0.05078 0.05078 906.0 906.0
PROPERTIES OF HOT FINISHED SEAMLESS STEEL AND ELECTRIC RESISTANCE WELDED STEEL TUBES, ASME SPECIFICATIONS SA192, SA178A
STRENGTH WELDED INTO HEADERS AND DRUMS FOR TUBES ABSORBING HEAT IN WATER TUBE UNITS WITH STRESS ALLOWANCE OF 11,500 PSI AT 700 F
O.D., IN. MINIMUM TUBE WALL THICKNESS-IN. SQ FT MINIMUM, IN. .095 .lo5 .110 .120 .125 .135 .150 ,165 .180 200 PER FT AVERAGE, IN. .114 .123 .129 .141 .147 .159 .176 .192 .210 .228
Allow. press., psi 2260 2490 2610 2830 2950 - - - - - 1 Inside diam., in. 0.772 0.753 0.742 0.718 0.706 Int. area, sq ft 0.00325 0.00309 0.00300 0.00281 0.00272 - - - - -
0.262 Lb per ft-tube 1.037 1.128 1.176 1.263 1.309 - - - - - Lb-per ft-water 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17
- - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - 1% Allow. press., psi 1760 1980 2090 2290 2380 2560 2830 8 Inside diam.. in. 1.022 1.004 0.992 0.968 0.956 0.932 0.898
Int. area, sq’ft 0.327 Lb per ft-tube
Lb per ft-water 1% Allow. press., psi
Inside diam., in. Int. area, sq ft
0.393 Lb per ft-tube, Lb per ft-water
1% Allow. press., psi Inside diam., in. Int. area, sq ft
0.458 Lb per ft-tube Lb per ft-water
0.00569
0.36 1430 1.272 0.00882 1.619 0.56 1200
1.522 0.0126 1.910 0.80
1.328 0.00550 1.448 0.35 1600 1.254 0.00857 1.769 0.54 1340 1.504 0.0123
0.77 2.089
0.00536 1.513 0.34 1690
1.242 0.00841 1.849 0.53 1420 1.492 0.0121
0.76 2.185
0.00511 1.628 0.32 1870
1.218 ,0.00809 1.994 0.51 1570 1.468 0.0117 2.360 0.74
0.00498 1.691 0.31 1960
1.206 0.00793 2.072 0.50 1640
1.4 56 0.0115 2.454 0.73
0.00473 1.803 0.30 2140 1.182 0.00762 2.214 0.48 1790 1.432 0.B111 2.625 0.71
0.00439 1.971 0.28 2380 1.148 0.00718 2.427 0.45 2020 1.398 0.0106 2.884 0.67
- - - 2610 1.116 0.00679 2.646 0.43 2250 1.366 0.0102 3.151 0.64
- - - 2830
1.080 0.00636 2.847 0.40 2440 1.330 0.00964 3.397 0.61
- - - -L
- 2700
1.294 0.00913 3.720 0.57
O.D., IN. MINIMUM TUBE WALL THICKNESS-IN. SQ FT MINIMUM, IN. .095 .lo5 ,110 .120 .125 .135 .150 .165 .180 .m PER FT AVERAGE, IN. .114 .123 .129 .141 .147 .159 .176 .192 ,210 .228
2 Allow. press., psi 1020 1150 1210 1340 1410 1540 1740 1940 2140 2380 Inside diarn., in. 1.772 1.753 1.742 1.718 1.706 1.682 1.648 1.616 1.580 1.544 Int. area, sq ft 0.0171 0.0168 0.0165 0.0161 0.0159 0.0154 0.0148 0.0142 0.0136 0.0130
0.524. Lb per ft-tube 2.201 2.409 2.522 2.726 2.836 3.036 3.340 3.656 3.947 4.331 Lb per ft-water 1.08 1.05 1.04 1.01 1 .oo 0.97 0.93 0.89 0.86 0.81
2% Allow. press., psi 950 1070 1130 1250 1310 1430 1620 1810 2000 2240 Inside diam., in. 1.897 1.879 1.867 1.843 1.831 1.807 1.773 1.741 1.705 1.669 lnt. area, sq ft 0.0196 0.0192 0.0190 0.0185 0.0183 0.0178 0.0171 0.0165 0.0158 0.0152
0.556 Lb per ft-tube 2.347 2.570 2.690 2.909 3.027 3.242 3.569 3.908 4.222 4.637 Lb per ft-water 1.24 1.21 1.19 1.16 1.15 1.12 1.08 1.04 1 .oo 0.94
2% Allow. press., psi 890 1000 1060 1170 1230 1340 1520 1690 1870 ’ 2110 Inside diarn., in. 2.022 2.004 1.992 1.968 1.956 1.932 1.898 1.866 1.830 1.794 Int. area, sq ft 0.0223 0.0219 0.0216 0.0211 0.0209 0.0203 0.0196 0.0190 0.0183 0.0175
0.589 Lb per fl-tube 2.492 2.730 2.858 3.092 3.218 3.447 3.797 4.160 4.497 4.943 Lb per ft-water 1.40 1.37 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.28 1.23 1.19 1.15 1.09
2% Allow. press., psi 790 ,890 940 1040 1090 1190 1340 1500 1660 1870 Inside diam., in. 2.272 2.254 2.242 2.218 2.206 2.182 2.148 2.116 2.080 2.044 Int. area, sq ft 0.0281 0.0277 0.0274 0.0268 0.0265 0,0260 0.0251 0.0244 0.0236 0.0228
0.655 Lb per ft-tube 2.783 3.050 3.195 3.457 3.600 3.859 4.253 4.665 5.047 5.554 Lb per ft-water 1.77 1.74 1.72 1.68 1.67 1.63 1.58 1.53 1.48 1.42
3 Allow. press., psi - 720 760 840 880 960 1090 1210 1340 1520
8
Inside diam., in. - 2.754 2.742 2.718 2.706 2,682 2.648 2.616 2.580 2.544 Int. area, sq. ft - 0.0414 0.0410 0.0403 0.0399 0.0392 0.0382 0.0373 0.0363 0.0353
0.785 Lb per ft-tube - 3.691 3.867 4.189 4.363 4.681 5.167 5.674 6.147 6.777 Lb per ft-water - 2.59 2.56 2.53 2.50 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.20
PROPERTIES OF HOT FINISHED SEAMLESS STEEL AND ELECTRIC RESISTANCE WELDED STEEL TUBES, ASME SPECIFICATIONS SA192, SA178A
STRENGTH WELDED INTO HEADERS AND DRUMS FOR TUBES ABSORBING HEAT IN WATER TUBE UNITS WITH STRESS ALLOWANCE OF 11,500 PSI AT 700 F
O.D., IN. MINIMUM TUBE WALL THICKNESS-IN. SQ FT MINIMUM, IN. .095 -105 . .110 .120 .125 .135 .1M .165 .180 .m PER FT AVERAGE, IN. .114 .123. .129 ,141 .147 .159 .176 .192 .210 .228
334 AHow. press., psi - - - 760 800 880 990 1110 1220 1380
0.851
g 3% .
0.916
4
1.047
4%
1.178
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I 1 I I I I
-
- 1
-
I
Inside diam:, in. - - - 2.968 2.956 2.932 2.898 2.866 2.830 2.794 lnt. area, sq ft - - - 0.0480 0.0476 0.0468 0.0458 0.0448 0.0437 0.0426 -b per ft-tube - - - 4.555 4.745 5.092 5.623 6.179 6.697 7.389 ,b per ft-water - - - 3.01 2.99 2.94 2.87 2.81 2.74 2.65 Mow. press., psi - - - 700 730 800 910 1020 1120 1270 Inside diam., in. - - - 3.218 3.206 3.182 3.148 3.116 3.080 3.044 lnt. area, sq ft - - - 0.0565 0.0560 0.0552 0.0540 0.0529 0.0517 0.0505 Lb per ft-tube - - - 4.921 5.127 5.503 6.08 6.683 7.247 8.000 ,b per &water - - - 3.54 3.51 3.46 3.39 3.31 3.24 3.15
- - 680 780 870 960 1090 Rllow. press., psi - - - Inside diam., in, - - - - - 3.682 3.648 3.616 3.580 3.544 Int. area, sq ft - - - - - 0.0739 0.0726 0.0713 0.0699 0.0685 Lb per ft-tube - - - - - 6326 6.993 7.693 8.347 9.223 Lb per ft-water - - Mow. press., psi - - - - Inside diam., in, - - - - - - 4.148 4.116 4.080 4.044 Int. area, sq ft - Lb per ft-tube - - - - - - 7.906 8.702 9.447 10.45 Lb per ft-water - - - -
- - - 4.63 4.55 4.46 4.38 4.27 - - 670 760 840 950
- - - - - 0.0938 0.0924 0.0908 0.0892
- - 5.87 5.78 5.68 5.56
PROPERTIES OF HOT FINISHED SEI MLESS STEEL AND ELECTRIC RESISTAD WELDED STEEL TUBES, ASME SPECIFICATIONS SA192, SAl78A
STRENGTH WEWED INTO HEADERS AND DRUMS FOR TUBES ABSORBING HEAT IN WATER TUBE UNITS WITH STRESS ALLOWANCE OF 11,500 PSI AT 700 F
O.D., IN. MINIMUM TUBE WALL THICKNESS-IN. SQ Fr MINIMUM, IN. .220 .240 .m .260 .a0 .300 .320 ,340 .360 ,380 PER FT AVERAGE, IN. .251 .274 .285 296 .319 342 365 ,388 .410 ,433
1% Allow. press., psi 2960 - Inside diarn., in. 1.248 - - Int. area, sq ft 0.00849 - -
0.458 Lb per ft-tube 4.018 - - Lb per ft-water 0.53 - - Allow. press., psi 2610 2830 2950 - - - Inside diam., in. 1.498 1.452 1.430 - Int. area, sq ft 0.0122 0.0115 0.0111 -
0.524 Lb per ft-tube 4.689 5.051 5.235 - Lb per ft-water 0.76 0.72 0.69 -
2% Allow. press., psi 2460 2670 2780 2890 - - Inside diam., in. 1.623 1.577 1.555 1.533 - - Int. area, sq ft 0.0144 0.0135 0.0132 0.0128 - -
0.556 Lb per ft-tube 5.024 5.417 5.617 5.798 - - - Lb per ft-water 0.89 0.84 0.82 0.80 - - -
2% Allow. press., psi 2330 2530 2630 2730 2940 - - Inside diam., in. 1.748 1.702 1.680 1.658 1.612 - - - Int. area, sq ft 0.0167 0.0158 0.0154 0.0149 0.0141 - - -
0.589 Lb per ft-tube 5.359 5.782 5.999 6.195 6.596 - - Lb per ft-water 1.04 0.98 0.96 0.93 0.88 - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - d - - - - - i - -
- - - - - - - - - - u l 2 c.r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - -
- - - -
- - - - - -
PROPERTIES OF HOT FINISHED SEAMLESS STEEL AND ELECTRIC RESISTANCE WELDED STEEL TUBES, ASME SPECIFICATIONS SA192, SA178A
STRENGTH WELDED INTO HEADERS AND DRUMS FOR TUBES ABSORBING HEAT IN WATER TUBE UNITS WITH STRESS ALLOWANCE OF 11,500 PSI AT 700 F
O.D., IN. SQ FT MINIMUM, IN. .220 .240 .250 .260 .280 .300 ,320 .340 3 0 .380 PER FT AVERAGE, IN. .251 .274 .285 296 .319 .342 365 .388 .410 ,433
Allow. press., psi 2090 2290 2380 2470 2650 2830 3020 - - - 2% Inside diam., in. 1.998 1.952 1.930 1.908 1.862 1.816 1.770 Int. area, sq .ft 0.0218 0.0208 0.0203 0.0198 0.0189 0.0179 0.0171 - - -
0.655 Lb per @-tube 6.029 6.514 6.763 .6.988 7.450 7.902 8.342 - - - Lb per ft-water 1.36 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.18 1.12 1.06
VI 3 Allow. press., psi 1690 1870 1960 2050 2230 2380 2530 2680 2830 -
Int. area, sq ft 0.0340 0.0328 0.0322 0.0316 0.0304 0.0292 0.0281 0.0270 0.0259 - 0.785 Lb per ft-tube 7.369 7.977 8.290 8.574 9.159 9.733 10.30 10.85 11.36 -
Lb per ft-water 2.12 2.04 2.00 1.97 1.89 1.82 1.75 1.68 1.61 -
MINIMUM TUBE WALL THICKNESS-IN.
- - -
- - -
- Iu Inside diam., in. 2.498 2.452 2.430 2.408 2.362 2.316 2.270 2.221 2.180
3% . Allow. press., psi 1540 1700 1790 1870 2040 2200 2340 2480 2630 2770 Inside diam., in. 2.748 2.702 2.680 2.658 2.612 2.566 2.520 2.474 2.430 2.384 Int. area, sq ft 0.0412 0.0398 0.0392 0.0385 0.0372 0.0359 0.0346 0.0334 0.0322 0.0310
0.851 Lb per ft-tube 8.039 8.709 9.053 9.367 10.01 10.65 11.27 11.89 12.46 13.05 Lb per ft-water 2.56 2.48 2.44 2.41 2.32 2.23 2.16 2.08 2.00 1.93'
3% Allow. press., psi 1420 1570 1640 1720 1870 2020 2180 2310 2440 2570 Inside diam., in. 2.998 2.952 2.930 2.908 2.862 2.816 2.770 2.724 2.680 2.634 Int. area, sq ft 0.0490 0.0475 0.0468 0.0461 0.0447 0.0432 0.0418 0.0405 0.0392 0.0378
0.916 Lb per ft-tube 8.710 9.440 9.817 10.16 10.87 11.56 12.25 12.92 13.56 14.21 Lb per ft-water 3.05 2.96 2.91 2.87 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.52 2.44 2.35
O.D., IN. MINIMUM TUBE WALL THICKNESS-IN. SQ FT' MINIMUM, IN. .ZO .240 ,250 .260 ,280 .320 .340 3 0 .380 PER FT AVERAGE, IN. .Zl ,274 .285 .296 .319 .342 3 5 .388 .410 .433
4 Allow. press., psi 1210 1340 1410 1470 1600 1740 1870 2000 2140 2260 Inside diarn., in. 3.498 3.452 3.430 3.408 3.362 3.316 3.270 3.224 3.180 3.134 Int. area, sq ft 0.0667 0.0650 0.0642 0.0633 0.0616 0.0600 0.0583 0.0567 0.0551 0.0536
1.047 Lb per ft-tube 10.05 10.90 11.34 11.75 12.58 13.40 14.20 l'S.00 15.75 16.53
4% Allow. press., psi 1060 1170 1230 1290 1400 1520 1630 1750 1870 1990 Inside diarn., in. 3.998 3.952 3.930 3.908 3.862 3.816 3.770 3.724 3.680 3.634
VI Int. area, sq ft 0.0872 0.0852 0.0842 0.0833 0.0813 0.0794 0.0775 0.0756 0.0738 0.0720 GO 1.178 Lb per ft-tube 11.39 12.37 12.87 13.33 14.29 15.23 16.16 17.08 17.95 18.85
Lb per ft-water 5.43 5.31 5.25 5.19 5.06 4.95 4.83 4.71 4.60 4.48
Lb per ft-water 4.16 4.05 4.00 3.94 3.84 3.73 3.63 3.53 3.43 3.33
The tabulated pressures have been increased to the next unit of ten where the actual values'exceed an even unit of ten by more than one. They conform to the A.S.M.E. Power Boiler Construction Code, and are based upon a mean tube wall temperature of 50 F in excess of the saturated temperature, but not less than 700 F. The inside diameter and corresponding internal cross-sectional area are based upon the average tube thickness.
Heating surfaces in square feet per foot of tube are for the full outer circumference.
WROUGHT STEEL PIPE DATA
UI P
ouwe Schedule No. Wall Inside Trontverae weight of Pipe weightor water
pcpe- (D) (0 (a) Pounds Pounds IntheS Inches ms-e IneheS Inches Squarelnches perfoat P e r f ~ a f P i p e
Nominal Dianretw s-stmdrrd Thickness Diameter Intmmlllrca X - E X h W i l g
X-DouMs
40s .068 .269 .0568 ,244 ,025 8 0 X .095 215 .a64 314 ,016 40s ,088 .364 .lo41 .424 .045 8ox .119 ,302 .0716 ,535 .031 40s .091 .493 .1910 .567 ,083 8ox .126 .423 .14O5 .738 .061 40s .lo9 .622 .3040 .850 .132 8ox .147 .546 .2340 1.087 .lo2 160 .187 .466 .1706 1.300 .074 .... kx .294 .252 .050 1.714 .022 40s .113 324 5330 1.130 .231 8ox .1!M .742 .4330 1.473 ,188 160 ,218 .614 2961 1.940 .128 ...... xx .308 .434 .148 2.440 .OM 40s .133 1.049 .8640 1.678 .375 8ox .179 .957 .7190 2.171 .312 160 250 .815 .5217 2.840 .230 ..... .xx 358 599 .282 3.659 .122 40s .140 1.380 1.495 2.272 ,649 8ox ,191 1.278 1.283 2.996 .555 160 .250 1.160 1.057 3.764 .458 ... ..xx ,382 396 .630 5.214 .273 40s .145 1.610 2.036 2.717 -882
34 0.405
44 0.540
% 0.675
'A 0.840
96 1.050
1 1.315
1% 1.660
1% 1.900 8ox .200 1.500 1.767 3.631 .765
160 .281 1.338 1.406 ......xx .a 1.100 .950 . 40s .154 2.067 3.3% 8ox 218 1.939 2.953
160 .343 1.689 2241
l* 1.900
2 2.375 ~
.. .. xx .436 1.503 1.774 40s 203 2.469 4.788 80% 276 233 4.238 160 375 2.125 3.546 1 .. . . . .xx .552 1.771 2.464 I 40s .216 3.068 7.393
2% 2.875
8ox .300 2900 6.605 1 160 .438 2.624 5.408 1 3 3.500 . .. . . .xx .m 2.300 '
40s 226 3.548 8ox 318 3.364 40s 237 4.026 1
3% 4.000
8ox 337 3.826 1 4 4.500 120 ,438 3.624 1
160 .531 3.438 . .. . . .xx .674 3.i52 40s ,258 5.047 2 8ox
5 5.563 120 160 . . . ...Its 40s ax
6 6.625 120 160 . . . . . .xx
.375
.m
.625
.750 280 .432 .562 .718 a64
4.813 4.563 4.313 4.063 6.065 5.761 5.501 5.189 4.897
-
1 1 1 1 2 2 2
I 2 1
4 9.886 8.888 1 2.73 1 -1 ,O 9 7 B 18 16 #4 -2 !8 !6 3 !I
-
ia
,155 1
.50 I 1.31 I '!28 2 '30 2 1.01 1 1.19 1 i.35 1 B.61 1
1.97 3 1.89 1 LO7 i 1.77 .I . ,15 4 1.84 f
4 6 3 5 7 9 5 7 .O ,3 7 .O -4 -8 9 .2 -0 14 19 !2 !7
!il !7 12 la iB !a 16 15 i3
-
-
-
-
-
14
-
.862 .608
.408 .42
.652 1.45
.022 1.28
.440 -97 .-
.029 .n
.79 2.07
.66 1.87 1.01 1.54 .70 1.07 .58 3.20 1.25 2.86
2.35 1.58 1.80 1.11 4.29 '51 3.84 1.79 5.50 -.98 4.98 1.00 4.47 1.51 4.02 '54 338 1.62 8.67 1.78 7.88 '.lo 7.09 1.96 6.33 1.55 5.61 1.97 12.51 1.57 11.29 i.40 10.30 i.0 9.16 1.16 8.16
PROPERTIES OF PIPE FOR WATERWALL DOWNTAKES UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE FOR SA-016-B
SEE PAGES 58 to 61 FOR ADDITIONAL DATA
30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 THICKNESS ODD- SCHEDULE
tn (nominal) in. .277 .322 .406 .50O .593 .718 .812 .906
8% Int. area, sq ft .355 .347 .333 .317 .302 .282 .267 ,253 tm (minimum) in. .242 .282 .355 .438 519 .629 .710 .793
in. Lb/ft metal 24.7 28.6 35.6 43.4 50.9 60.6 67.8 74.7 Lb/ft water 22.2 21.7 20.8 19.8 18.8 17.6 16.7 15.8 Allow. press., psi 870 1010 1280 1590 1900 2310 2590 2880 tn (nominal) in. .307 tm (minimum) in. .269
10% Int. area, sq ft .560 in. Lb/ft metal 34.2
Lb/ft water 34.9 Allow. press., psi 770
.365
.3 19
.548 40.5 34.1
920
.500
.438
.519 54.7 32.3 1270
.593 ,519 .499
64.3
1510 3i.i
.718
.629 ,473
76.9 29.5 1850
,843 .738 .448
89.2 27.9 2180
1 .ooo .875 ,417
104.1 26.0 2570
tn (nominal) in. ,330 tm (minimum) in. .289
1234 Int. area, sq ft .797 in. Lb/ft metal 43.8
Lb/ft water 49.7 Allow. press., psi 700
.406
.355
.777 53.8 48.5
860
.562
.492
.737 73.2 46.0 1200
.687
.601
.706 88.5 44.0 1470
.843 ,738 .667
107.2 41.6 1820
1 .ooo .875 .63 1
125.5 39.3 2180
1.125 .984 .60 1
139.7 37.5 2440
1.125 -984 .394
115.7 24.6 2870 1.312 1.148 .559
160.3 34.9 2830
tn (nominal) in. .375 ,438 ,593 ' .750 ,937 1.093 1.250 1.406 tm (minimum) in. .328 ,383 .519 .656 .820 .956 1.094 1.230
14 Int. area, sq ft 958 ,940 .896 .852 .802 .761 .722 .683 in. Lb/ft metal 54.6 63.4 84.9 106.1 130.8 149.8 170.2 189.1
Lb/ft water 59.7 58.6 55.8 53.1 50.0 47.4 45.0 42.6 Allow. press., psi 720 840 1150 1460 1850 2170 2470 2760 tn (nominal) in. .375 tm (minimum) in. .328
16 Int. area, sq ft 1.269 in. Lb/ft metal 62.6
Lb/ft water 79.1
tn (nominal) in. .438 tm (minimum) in. .383
18 Int. area, sq ft 1.601
01 Allow. press., psi 630 v
in. Lb/ft metal 82.1 Lb/ft water 99.7 Allow. press., psi 650
.500
.438 1.227 82.8 76.5 840
,656 574 1.176
107.5 73.4 1110
,843 .738 1.117
'136.5 69.7 1440
1.031 .902 1.060
164.8 66.1 1780
1.218 1.066 1.003
192.3 62.6 2120
1.438 1.258 .940
223.5 58.6 2480
1.593 1.394 ,896
243.6 55.8 2740
562 .492 1.553
104.9 96.8
840
,750 .656 1.485
137.3 92.6 1 13.0
~~
.937
.820 1.418
170.8 88.4 1420
1.156 1.012 1.342
208.0 83.7 1770
1.375 1.203 1.268
242.7 79.1 2120
1.562 1.367 1.207
274.3 75.3 2400
1.781 1.558 1.137
306.7 70.9 2720
Maximum allowable pressures, psi, are based on the minimum thickness and on the maximum allowable stress values in Table PG 23.1 of A.S.M.E. code for a metal temperature equal to the saturated temperature at the tabulated allowable pressure but not less than 650 F. Stress value is 15,(100 psi at 650 F and 14,400 psi at 700 F. Stress values at intermediate temperatures are found by inter- polation. Tabulated pressures have been increased to the next unit of 10 where the actual values exceed an even unit of 10 by more than 1 as determined by the formula in Par. PG 27. Area and weight are based on nominal thickness and water at 62 F.
SELECTED MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES, PSI FOR TYPICAL MATERIALS USED
For Complete Detail and Restrictive Notes See Section I of the Code
Reproduced by special permission of publisher, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
IN BOILER CONSTRUCTION (FROM A.S.M.E. BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE-1986. TABLE PG-231)
I
Stress values in bold face are permissible but are at temperatures above current practice. Tube and pipe are seamless except those marked ERW (Electric Resistance Welded). For ERW listings that specify Note 10: "These stresses apply for boiler, water wall, super- heater, and economizer tubes that are enclosed within a setting. A joint efficiency factor of 0.85 is included in values above 850 F."
TYPE OF STEEL SPEC. FOR METAL TEMPEAATURE F, NOT EXCEEDING MIN.
GRADE 's:L"; 700 750 800 850 900 950 lo00 1050 1100 1150 ASME SPECIFICATION
CARBON STEEL Low Strength Carbon
Tube SA-192
Tube SA-178 (ERW) Tube SA-178 ERW) Note 10
Intermediate Strength Carbon
Tube SA-178 (ERW) Note 10
Plate SA-515
Tube SA-210
Tube SA-178 (ERW) Pipe SA-106
- 47,000 A 47,000 A 47,000
A1 60,OOO c 60,000 c 60,000 B 60,Ooo 60 60,Ooo
11,500 11,500 9,800
14,400 14,400 12200 14,400 14,400
10,7OO 10,700 9,100
13,000 13,000 11,000 13,000 13,000
7,100 5,000 3,Wl 1,W .... 7,100 4,300 2,6W 1,3M .... 6,100 4300 2,600 1,300 .... 7 m 5m 3Nlo 1sOo ... i 7 m 4300 2,6W 1300 .... 6,700 4300 2,600 1,3M .... 7 m 5,000 3,000 1,500 . . a .
7 m 5,000 3,000 1500 ....
.... .... ....
.... .... . I . . .... ....
.... .... ....
.... .... ....
.... .... High Strength Carbon
Tube SA-210 C 70,000 16,000 14,800 12,000 7,800 .... .... a , . . . I . . .... .... Pipe SA-106 C 70,000 16,600 14,800 12,000 .... . . I .
Plate SA-515 70 70,000 16,600 14,800 12,000 7,800 5,000 3,000 1,500 . . I . .... SA-299 - 75,000 17,700 15,700 12,000 7 m 5,000 3,000 13W .... ....
.... .... .... .... .... .... ....
RRwTlCAUOY Mn-lh Mo Plate SA-302 B 80,OOO 20,OOO 19,soO 18,800 17,900 13,700 8,200 4,800 .... .... ....
Tube SA-209 T1 55,000 13,800 13,800 13,500 13,100 12,700 8,200 4,800 ... . . . . a I . . .
C--1/2 MO
1 Cr--M Mo Pipe SA-335 P12 60,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 14,600 14,000 11,300 7,200 4,500 2,800 I,soO Plate SA-387 12CL.2* 65,000 16,300 16,300 16,300 15,800 15,200 11,300 7,200 4,500 2,800 1,800
Tube SA-213 T11 60,000 15,000 14,800 14,400 14,000 13,600 9,300 6,300 4,200 2,800 1,900 Pipe SA-335 P11 60,000 15,000 14,800 14,400 14,oOa 13,600 9,300 6,300 4,200 2,800 190 Plate SA-387 11CL.2 75,000 18,800 18,800 18,800 18,300 13,7(10 9,300 6,300 4,200 2,800 1,900
Tube SA-213 T22 M,OOO 15,000 15,000 15,000 14,400 13,100 11,000 7,800 5,800 4,200 3,000 Pipe SA-335 P22 60,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 14,400 13,100 11,000 7,800 5,800 4,200 3,000 Plate SA-387 22CL.2' 75,000 17,500 17,200 16,900 16,400 15,800 11,OOO 7,600 5,800 4,400 2,500
a 5 Cr--M Mo to Tube SA-213 T5 60,OOO 13,700 13,200 12,800 12,100 10,90D 8,000 5,800 4,200 2,900 2,000 Ape SA-335 P5 S0,OOO 13,700 13,200 12,800 12,100 10,900 8,000 5,800 4,200 2,900 2,000
111'' Cr-Yz Mo
2Y4 Cr-1 Mo
Plate SA-387 5 ~0,000 13,700 13,200 12,800 12,100 io,900 a,ooo 5,800 4,200 2,900 2,000 9 Cr-1 Mo
Tube SA-213 T9 50,OOO 13,700 13,200 12,300 12,100 11,400 l0,sOO 7,400 5,000 3,300 2,200 Pipe SA-335 P9 60,OOO 13,7CO 13,200 12,300 12,100 11,400 10,600 7,400 5,000 3,300 2,200
TYPE OF STEEL SPEC. FOR METAL TEMPERATURE F, NOT EXCEEDING MIN.
GRADE zE 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 SPEC..
NUMBER
AUSTENW STAINLESS WY 18 Cr-8 Ni
Tube SA-213 TP304H 75,000 15,200 14,900 14,700 14,400 13,800 12,200 9,800 7,700 6,lOO 4,700
Pipe SA-312 TP3Q4H 75,000 15,200 14,900 14,700 14,400 13,800 12,200 9,800 7,700 6,100 4,700 Pipe SA-312 TP304H 75,000 10,600 10,400 10,200 10,000 9,800 9,500 8,900 7,700 6,100 4,700 Pipe SA-376 TP304H 75,000 15,200 14,900 14,700 14,400 13,800 12,200 9,800 7,700 6,100 4,700
Tube SA-213 TP304H 75,000 10,600 10,400 10,200 10,OOO 9,800 9,500 819OO 7,700 6,100 417OO
*Normalized and tempered
SELECTED MAXMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES, PSI FOR TYPICAL MATERIALS USED IN BOILER CONSTRUCTION (FROM A.S.M.E. BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE-1986. tABLE PG-23.1)
FOR METAL TEMPERATURE 6 NOT EXCEEDING TYPE OF STEEL SPEC MIN. EN-
AUSTENlTlC STAINLESS W - K o n t i n u e d ) GRADE SILL 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250
Pipe SA-376 TP304H 75,000 10,600 10,400 10,200 10,000 9,800 9,500 8,900 7,700 6,100 4,700 Plate SA-240 304 75,000 15,200 14,900 14,700 14,400 13,800 12,200 9,800 7,700 6,100 4,700 Plate SA-240 304 75,000 10,600 10,400 10,200 10,000 9,800 9,500 8,900 7,700 6,100 4,700
SPEC NUMBER
18 Cr-10 " T i hbe SA-213 'lube SA-213 Pipe SA-312 Pipe SA-312 Pipe SA-376 Pipe 9-376 Plate SA-240 Plate SA-240
TP321H TP321H TP321H TP321H TP321H TP321H
32 1 32 1
15 400 10:700 15,400 10,700 15,400 10,700 15,400 10.700
15,200 10,600 15,200 10,600 . 15,200 10,600 15,200 10.600
11,700 10,100 11,700 10,100 11,700 10,100 9,600 9.200
6,900 6,900 6,900 6,900 6,900 6,900 5,000 5.000
5,400 5,400 5,400 5,400 5,400 5,400 3,600 3.600
4 100 41100 4,100 4,100 4,100
2.600 88X
18 Cr-10 N d h Tube SA-213 TP347H 75,000 14,700 14,700 14,700 14,600 14,400 14,100 13,000 10,500 7,900 5,900 Tube SA-213 TP347H 75,000 12,700 12,700 12,600 12,600 12,600 12,500 12,100 10,500 7,900 5,900 Pipe SA-312 TP347H 75,000 14,700 14,700 14,700 14,600 14,400 14,100 13,000 10,500 7,900 5,900 Pipe SA-312 TP347H 75,000 12,700 12,700 12,600 12,600 12 600 12,500 12,100 10,500 7,900 5,900 Pipe SA-376 TP347H 75,000 14,700 14,700 14,700 14,600 14:400 14,100 13,000 10,500 7,900 5,900 Pipe SA-376 TP347H 75,000 12,700 12,700 12,600 12,600 12,600 12,500 12,100 10,500 7,900 5,900 Plate 9-240 347 75,000 14,700 14,700 14,700 14,600 14,000 12,100 9,100 6,100 4,400 3,300 Plate SA-240 347 75,000 12,700 12,700 12,600 12600 12,500 11,900 9,100 6,100 4,400 3,300
'lube SA-213 TP316H 75,000 15,900 15,700 15,600 15400 15,300 12,400 9,800 7,400 5,500 Tube SA-213 TP316H 75,000 11,000 10,900 10,800 10700 10,600 ::$!! 10,300 9,300 7,400 5,500 Pipe 9-312 TP316H 75,000 15,900 15,700 15,600 15,400 15,300 14,500 12,400 9800 7,400 5,500 Pipe SA-312 TP316H 75,000 11,000 10,900 10,800 10,700 10,600 10,500 10,300 9:300 7,400 5,500 Pipe SA-376 lP316H 75,000 15,900 15,700 15,600 15,400 15,300 14,500 12,400 9,800 7,400 5,500 Pipe SA-376 TP316H 75,000 11,000 10,900 10,800 10,700 10,600 10,500 10,300 9,300 7,400 5,500 Plate 9-240 316 75,000 15,900 15,700 15,600 15,400 15,300 14,500 12,400 9,800 7,400 5,500 Plate SA-240 316 75,000 11,000 10,900 10,800 10,700 10,600 10,500 10,300 9,300 7,400 5,500
16 Cr-12 Ni-Moly
A.S.M.E. CODE DESIGN FORMULAS FOR CYLINDERS UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE Reproduced with permission of the publisher, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
T U B E S Par. Pg-27.2.1
UD to and incl. 5411. O.D.
FERROUS PIPING, DRUMS AND HEADERS Par. Pg-27.2.2
+ 0.0050 + e
2t - 0.01D - 2e
PD 2s + P t =
1 = [ D - (t - 0.005D - e)
+ c t = 2SE + 2yP PD
. 2SE (t - C) D - 2~ (t - C) P =
= o m o 4 Over length at least equal to length Of E = efficiency of longitudinal welded joint or ligaments between openings, whichever is less. For seamless or welded cylinders, E = 1.00, For ligaments, see PG-52 and PG-53,
seat plus inch for tubes expanded except that e = 0 if thickness of tube ends over length at least equal to length of seat plus 1 inch - is not less than: y = coefficient at temperature F, below:
900 1150 0.105 0.120 0.135 0.150 and below 950 1000 1050 1100 andup
0.095 for above above above above Ferritic steels 0.4 0,5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 1" O.D. 1%" O.D. 2" O.D. 3" O.D. 4" O.D. Austeniticsteels 0.4 0,4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.1 and under incl. incl. incl. incl.
2" O.D. 3" O.D. 4" O.D. 5" O.D.
e = 0 for tubes strength-welded to headers and
C =allowance for threading and/or minimum structural stability. For plain end pipe through 34/2", C =0.065 For plain end pipe 4" and over, C =O For threaded pipe 1 inch and over, C =depth of thread. drums.
~~ _ _ ~
t =min. wall thickness, in.; D = outside diam., in.; R = inside radius, in.; S = max. allow. st@ss, psi. P = max. allowable working pressure, psi (not less than 100 psi for pipe and headers).
1111 I , 1 I 1 -
THERMAL EXPANSION DATA FOR COMMON METALS
900 loo0 7.84 7.97 7.81 8.89 7.10 7.22 7.07 8.06 10.16 10.29 .0.12 11.48 6.52 6-63 6.49 7.40 8.81 8.92 8.78 9.95 9.16 9.34 9.12 10.42 8.90 9.10 8.86 10.16
7.00 7.19 6.97 8.02 10.72 10.80 10.68 12.05 11.40 11.63 11.35 12.98 8.29 8.39 8.26 9.36
Lioear Thenrol Expansion = B (in./100 ft)
1100 8.12
10.04 7.32 9.05
10.39 12.84 6.72 8.31 9.00
11.12 9.52
11.77 9.30
11-50
10.90 13.47 11.85 1465
yoterbl
Carbon steel; Carbon-moly steel
Intermediate alloy steels: (5 Cr Mo through 9 Cr Mo) Austenitic stainless steels
Straight chromium stainless steels,
25 Cr - 20 Ni
low-chrome steels (through 3 Cr)
(12 Cr, 17 Cr, and 27 Cr)
b, N Monel'
Monel
Aluminum
(67 Ni - 30 Cu)
(66 Ni - 29 Cu-AI)
600 7.23 4.60 6.66 4.24 9.82 6.24 6.13 3.90 8.38 5.33 8.58 5.46 8.30 5.28
14.20 9.03 6.47 4.11 10.44 6.64
10.69 6.80 7.88 5.01
Gray cast iron
M 700 7.44 5.63 6.80 5.14 9.92 7.50 6.26 4.73 8.52 6.44 8.78 6.64 8.50 6.43
6.65 5.03
10.52 7.95
10.92 8.26 8.01 6.06
Bronze
Brass
Wrought iron
Copper-Nickel (70 Cu - 30 Ni)
These data are for information and it
- w- icient
A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B
not to
-
-
325 5.00 2.37 4.70 2.22 8.15 3.85 4.30 204 6.35 &,oo 5.55 2.62 5.35 2.53 9.90 4.68
8.40 3.98 8.20 3.88 5.70 2.70 6.65 3.15
-
!imDli
- -150
5.50 1.45 5.20 1.37 8.60 2.27 4.70 1.24 6.85 1.81 6.75 1.79 6.45 1.70
10.90 2.88
-
8.75 2.31 8.50 2.24 6.30 1.67 7.40 1.95
that n -
- -50 5.80 0.84 5.45 0.79 8.90
5.00 0.72 7.20
7.15
6.80 0.98
11.60 1.67
-
-
0.98
-
9.15 1.32 8.95 1.29 6.65 0.96 7.80 1.13 -
7 0 2 0 0 6.07 6.38 0 0.99 5.73 6.04 0 0.94 9.11 9.34 0 1.46 5.24 5.50 0 0.86 7.48 7.76 0 1.21 7.48 7.84 0 1.22 7.12 7.48 0 1.17
12.25 12.95 0 2.00
5.75 0 0.90 9.57 10.03 0 1.56 9.34 9.76 0 1.52 6.97 7.32 0 1.14
- terials are suitable for all the temi
a- - 6.60 1.82 6.19 1.71 9.47 2.61 5.66 1.56 7.92 2.18 882 2.21 7.68 2.12 1328 3.66 593 1.64
10.12 2.79 10.00 2.76 7.48 2.06 8,71 2.40
2.70 6.34 2.50 9.59 3.80 5.81 2.30 8.08 3.20 8.20 3.25 7.90 3.13
13.60 5.39 6.10 242
10.23 4.05
10.23 4.05 7.61 3.01 8.90 3.52 -
gtun 500 7.02 3.62 6.50 3.35 9.70 5.01 5.96 3.08 8.22 4.24 8.40 4.33 8.09 4.17 13.90 7.17 6.28 3.24
10.32 5.33
10.47 5.40 7.73 3.99
- -
- rature ranges shown.
- 800 7.65 6.70 6.96 6.10 10.05 8.80 6.39 5.60 8.68 7.60 8.96 7.85 8.70 7.62
-
6.83 5.98
10.62 9.30 11.16 9.78 8.13 7.12
-
7.41 10.00 10.48 14.20 6.78 9.20 9.08
12.31 9.70
13.15 9.50
13.00
11.00 14.92 12.09 16.39
7.49 1.06 0.54 5.56 6.85 0.11 9.12 3.46 9.88 -4.58 9.70 432
mi- - 8.36
13.34 7.55
12.05 10.60 16.92 6.90
11.01 9.18
14.65 10.04 16.02 9.89
15.78
From American Standard Code for Pressure Piping with permission of The American Society of Mechanical Engseers, New York, New York.
HARDNESS CONVERSION TABLE FOR APPROXIMATE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HARDNESS VALUES
OF NICKEL AND HIGH-NICKEL ALLOYS - Diamond Pyramid
Hardness lumber.
DPH
- Brinell
iardnes Number
BHN
Rockwell Superficial Hardness Number Rockwell Hardness Number Knoop
iardness NumbeP
KHN
- F
Scale A
Scale B
Scale E
Scale G
Scale K
Scale 15-T
Scale 30-T Scale
45-T Scale
sg $Z
sz ZE YP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
108.5 107.0 106.0 104.5 103.0 102.0 100.5 99.5
97.0 95.5 94.5 93.0 91.5 90.5
98.0
89.0 88.0 86.5 85.5 a4 o 83.0 81.5
78.0
80.5 79.0
76.5 75.0 74 .O 72.5 71.5 70.0 -
51 3
452 427 404
362 344 326 309 285 266 248 234 220 20Y
481
382
198 188 179 171 164 157 151 145 140 135 130 126 122 119 115 112 108 106 103 100 98 95 93 91 89 67
83 81 78
77
85
78
479 450 425 403
363 346 329 313
275 258 241
215 204 194
176 168 161 155 149 144 139 134 129 125 121 118 114 111 108 106 103 100 98 95 93 91 89 87
83
79
77 iversion less SCB ranges rl iachine a
382
298
228
184
85
a1
78 -
75.5 74.5 73.5 72.5 71.5 70.5 69.5 68.5 67.5 66.5 64 5 63.0 61.5 60.5 59.0 57.5 56.5 55.0 53.5 52.5 51.5 50.0 49.0 47.5 46.5 45.5 44.0 43.0 42.0 41.0 40.0 39.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - -
106 104 102 100
96 94 92 90
86
82 80
76 74 72 70 68 66 64 62 60 58 56 54 52 59 48 46 44 42 40
36 34 32 30
98
a8
a4
78
38
-
- - - - - - - - -
116.5 115.5 114.5 113.0 112.0 111.0 110.0 108.5 107.5 106.5 105.0 104.0 103.0
100.5 99.5
97.0 96.0
' 95.0 93.5 92.5 91.5 90.0 89.0
87.0
101.5
98.5
88.0
85.5 84.5 83.5 82.0 81.0 80.0 79.0 77.5 76.5 75.5 74.0 73.0 -
- - - - - - - - - 94.0 01.0
84.5
78.5 75.5 72.0 69.0 65.5 62.5 59.5 56.5 53.0 50.0 . 47.0 43.5 40.5 37.5 34.5 31.0
87.5
81.5
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - ~ - - -
100.0 98.0 96.5 94.5 93.0 91.0
87.5 89.0
85.5 83.5 82.0 80.0 78.0 76.5
' 74.5 72.5 71.0 69.0 67.5 65.5 63.5 62.0 60.0 58.0 56.5 54.5 52.5 51 .O 49.0 47.0 45.5 43.5 42.0 40.0 -
- - - - - - - - - 94.5 04.0 93.0 92.5 92.0 91.0 90.5 89.5 89.0 88.0 87.5 87.0
85.5 84.5
86.0
84.0 83.0 82.5 82.0 81.0 80.5
78.5
79.5 79.0
77.5 77.0 76.0 75.6 74.5 74.0 73.5 72.5 72.0 71.0 70.5 70.0 69.0 68.5 67.5 -
- - - - - - - - - 85.5 84.5 83.0 81.5 80.5 79.0 77.5 76.0 75.0 73.5 72.0 70.5 69.5
66.5 65.5 64.0 62.5 61.0 60.0
57.0 56.0 54.5 53.0 51.5 . 50.5 49.0 47.5 46.5 45.0 43.5 42.0 41.0 39.5 38.0 36.5 35.5 34.0
68.0
58.5
- - - - - - - - - 77.0 75.0 . 73.0 71.0 69.0 67.0 65.0 63.0 61.0 59.5 57.5 55.5 53.5 51.5 49.5 47.5 45.5 43.5 41.5 39.5 37.5 35.5 33.5 31.5 29.5 27.5 25.5 23.5 21.5 19.5 17.0 14.5 12.5 10.0 7.5 5.5 3.0 1.0
-1.5 -
- - - - - 436 41 3 392 372 352
304
267 . 251 239 226 215 204 195
179 173 166 160 154 149 144 140 136
325
283
187
- - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*Hardness The use of h are beyond t recommends
rt for Nickel and High-Nickel Alloys. A.S.T.M.. E140-65. or hardness values shown above in bald are not recommended by the manufacturers of hardness testing machines since they rmended for accumcy. Such values are shown for comparative purposes. only, where comparisons may be desired and the &Me are not available.
Tor Knoop hardness determinations the specimen must be polished, etched, and repolishod until a final light etch shows a clearly defined microstructure free from disturbed metal. Care must be exarcised to insure that the top and bottom of the mounted specimen are paranel. In no case shall the departure from gmmcltry in the lonpkudinal direction of the indentation be greater than 5 filar microscope units. See "Metallogaphy" for polishing and etching procedures.
63
UJU, I , I I I
Kilos per, cm2
EQUIVALENTS OF KILOGRAMS PER SQUARE CENTIMETER IN POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH
Pounds Kilos Pounds Kilos Pounds Kilos Pounds. Kilos Pounds per per Per per Per Per Per Per Per
inch2 inch2 cm2 inch2 cm2 inch2 cm2 inch2 cm2
0.25 0.50
3.55 3.75 53.34 7.25 103.12 10.75 152.90 16.5 234.68 7.11 4.0 56.89 7.5 106.67 11.0 156.45 17.0 241.79
Om75 I 10.67 I 4.25 I 60.45 1 7.75 I 110.23 I 11.25 I 160.01 I 17.5 I 248.90 1 .o 1.25 1.5
14.22 4.5 64.00 8.0 113.78 11.5 163.56 I 18.0 256.0 1 17.78 4.75 67.56 8.25 117.34 11.75 167.12 18.5 263.12 21.33 5.0 71.11 8.5 120.89 12.0 170.68 19.0 270.24
1.75 I 24.89 I 5.25 I 74.67 I 8.75 I 124.45 I 12.5 I 177.79 I 19.5 I 277.35 ~~
2 .o 2.25
I I I I I I I I ~~
28.45 5.5 78.23 9.0 128.01 13.0 184.90 20.0 284.46 32.00 5.75 81.78 9.26 131.56 13.5 192.01- 20.5 291.57
2.5 2.75
35.56 6.0 85.34 9.5 135.12 14.0 199.12 21.0 298.68 39.1 1 6.25 88.89 . 9.75 138.67 14.5 206.23 21.5 305.79
3.0 I 42.67 I 6.5 I 92.45 I 10.0 I 142.23 I 15.0 I 213.34 I 22.0 I 312.90 3.25 3.5
46.22 6.75 96.00 10.25 145.78 15.5 220.46 23 . 327.14 49.78 7.0 99.56 ’ 10.5L 149.34 16.0 227.57 24 341.36
Kilos I Pounds I Kilos I Pounds 1 Kilos 1. Pounds I Kilos 1 Pounds I Kilos I Pounds
FRICTION LOSS IN RECTANGULAR DUCTS
All of the losses are figured for unlined steel ducts at 70 F and A/B ratio = 1. Correct for other temperatures and ratios as shown.
I 3 .2 I Ah RATIO
3.0 2 .o I .o 0
FRICTION LOSS PER 100 FEET OF DUCT - INCHES OF WATER
Fig. 19 66
FRICTION LOSS IN PLAIN RECTANGULAR ELBOWS All of the losses are figured for unlined stbel elbows at 70 F and W/D ratio = 1. Correct for other temperatures and ratios as shown.
67
THEORETICAL DRAFT AND FRICTION LOSS IN ROUND STACKS
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Mean Temperature of Stack Gas, deg. fahr.
Fig. 21 In these charts, density of stack gases = outside air = 0.0807 Ib per cu ft at 32 F. Barometric pressure, Po. = 29.92 in. Hg = 14.7 Ib per sq in. Stack brick lined or concrete. For unlined steel stacks, multiply friction loss, F,. by 0.75. Actual friction loss at any loca- tion =friction loss per ft height for l ft diameter X stack height in feet X diameter factor. Linear velocity, 'V, (ft per sec) = mass velocity (Ib per sq ft per hr) x sp vol (p 83 at mean temperature of gases divided by 3600. Example: 575 F mean stack tempera- ture, 70 F outside air temperature, 25 ft per second gas velocity. Brick stack 150 ft high, 10 ft inside diameter. Barometric pressure 29.92 in. Hg. Theoretical natural drafk0.0071 in. of water per ft of stack x 150 = 1.065 in. of water. Draft loss due to friction = 0.0045 in. of water per ft height for one ft diameter X 150 X 0.10 diameter factor = 0.0675. Loss due to velocity (Fig. 22 = 0.073 in. of water. Available natural draft of stack = theoretical draft,
I 68 .
DRAFT LOSS OR PRESSURE DROP DUE TO VELOCITY
(In Stacks and Ducts) Linear Velocity, ft per sec.
Fig. 22
Do - losses = 1.065 - (0.0675 + 0.073) = 0.9245 in. of water. At any barometric pressure, P,, other than standard (due to eleva- tion), corrections must be made: theoretical draft, D, = Do $; velocity loss, V, = Vo g. Correction to friction loss is negligible.
69
STANDARD WIRE AND SHEET METAL GAGES AND EQUIVALENTS - British Imperial Birmingham Birmingham United States American Manufacturers' Standard Legal Standard Wire Gage Standard Steel Wire Gage or Gage for Steel Sheets
No* wire Gage (BWG) or Sheet and (Washburn & Moen) Browne & Sharpe Thickness based Standard Stubs' Hoop Gage (Roebl i ng ) Gage (B&S) on Steel a t Weight
Gage (IW Iron Wire (BG) (SWG) of
Gage ( L W DECIMALS OF AN INCH - THICKNESS OR DIAMETER Lb/Sq ft
7/0s .500 - .6666 .4900 - 20.00 6/0s A64 - -6250 .4615 .580000 18.75 5/0s .432 .500 .5883 .4305 .516500 17.50 4/0s .400 .454 .5416 .3938 .460000 16.25 3/0s ,372 ,425 .5000 .3625 .a9642 15.00 210s .348 .380 .4452 .3310 .364796 13.75 3 1/0 .324 .340 -3964 .3065 .324861 12.50 1 .300 .300 .3532 .2830 .289297 11.25 2 .276 .284 .3147 .2625 .257627 10.625 3 252 .259 .2804 .2437 .229423 0.239 1 10.00 4 .232 .238 .2500 .2253 .204307 .2242 9.375
8.750 5 ,212 -220 .2225 .2070 .181940 .2092 6 .192 .To3 .1981 .1920 .162023 .1943 8.125 7 .I76 .180 .1764 .1770 .144285 .1793 7.500 8 .160 .165 .1570 .1620 .128490 .1644 6.875 9 .I44 .148 .1398 .la3 .I14423 .1495 6.250
10 ,128 -134 .1250 .1350 .lo1897 .1345 5.625 11 .116 .120 .1113 .1205 ,090742 .1196 5.000 12 ,104 .lo9 .0991 .lo55 ,080808 .lo46 4.375 13 .092 .095 .0882 , .0915 .071962 .0897 3.750 14 .080 .083 .0785 .0800 .064084 .0747 3.125 15 .072 -072 ,0699 .0720 .057068 16 .064 .065 .0625 .0625 .05082 1 .0598 2.500
(American Steel for non-ferrous 41.82 Ib/sq ft/l and Wire Co.) sheet and wire in. thick
mse
.0673 2.8125
British Jmgerial Birmingham Birmingham United States American Manufacturers' Standard Legalstandard WireGage Standard Steel Wire Gage or Gage for Steel Sheets
Stubs' Hoop Gage (Roebling) Gage (B&S) on steel at weisht Gage Gage
Lb/Sa ft
WireGage (BWG) or Sheet and (Washburn & Men) Browne & Sharpe Thickn- based
(American Steel for non-ferrous 41.82 Ib/sq ft/l and Wire Co.) sheet and wire in. thick
w e (IW Iron Wire (W of
(W) DECIMALS OF AN INCH -THICKNESS OR DIAMETER
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
v 24 - 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
.056
.048 ,040 m036 .032 .028 .024 .022 .020 .018 ,0164 .ole ,0136 m0124 .0116 .0108 .0100 .ow2 ,0084 .0076 ,0068 .0060 ,0052 m o o 4 8
.058
.049
.042
.035 ,032 .028 .025 .022 m020 .018 ,016 .014 .013 .012 .010 ,009 .008 .007 .w5 .004 - - - -
.0556
.0495 ,0440 m0392 .0349 .03125 :02782 .02476
.01961
.01745
.015625
.0139
.0123
.0110
.0098
.0087 ,0077 .0069 .0061 .0054 .0048 .0043 m00386
m02204
,0540 .a75 .0410 .0348 .03175 .0286 .0258 .0230
.0181
.0173
.0162
.0150
.0140
.0132 ,0128 ,0118 .0104 .0095 .0090 .0085 .0080 .0075 .0070
m 0 2 0 4
.045257
.040303
.035890
.031961
.028462
.025346
.022572
.020101 m017900 .015941 ,014195 ,012641 ,011257
.008928
.007950
.007080
.006305 ,005615 .005000 .004453 .003965 .003531 m003144
m010025
.0538
.0478
.0418
.0329
.0299
.0269
.0239
.0209
.0179
.0164
.0149
.0135 m0120 .0105 .0097 .0090 ,0082 m0075 .0067 .0064 .0060
m0359
2.250 2.000 1.750 1.500 1.375 1.250 1.125 1 .ooo m875 .750 .a75 .625 ,5625 5000 .4375 .4062 .3750 .3438 ,3125 .2812 .2656 .25W .2344 m 2 1 8 8
EQUIVALENTS OF DEGREES CELSIUS AND FAHRENHEIT The numbers in bold face type refer either to the Celsius or Fahrenheit degrees that you wish to convert. EXAMPLE: To convert 50 degrees Fahrenheit to Celsius, look to the left of the bold face number 50 in the center column and read the equivalent Celsius value of 10 degrees. Conversely, 50 degrees C equals 122 degrees F.
OC. OF: -45.6 -50 -58 -40.0 -40 -40 -34.4 -30 -22 -28.9 -20 - 4 -23.3 -10 14 -17.8 -17.2 -16.7 -16.1 -15.6 -15.0 -14.4 -13.9 -13.3 -12.8 -12.2 -11.7 -11.1 -10.6 - 10.0 -9.44 -8.89 -8.33 -7.78 -7.22 -6.67
0 32 1 33.8 2 35.6 3 37.4 4 39.2 5 41.0 6 42.8 7 44.6 8 46.4 9 48.2
10 50.0 11 51.8 12 53.6 13 55.4 14 57.2 15 59.0 16 60.8 17 62.6 18 64.4 19 66.2 20 68.0
"C. OF. -6.11 21 69.8 -5.56 22 71.6 -5.00 -4.44 -3.89 -3.33 -2.78 -2.22 - 1.67 -1.11 -0.56
0.00 0.56 1.11 1.67 2.22 2.78 3.33 3.89 4.44 5.00
, 5.56 6.11 6.67 7.22 7.78
23 73.4 24 75.2 25 77.0 26 78.8 27 80.6 28 82.4 29 84.2 30 86.0 31 87.8 32 89.6 33 91.4 34 93.2 35 95.0 36 96.8 37 98.6 38 100.4 39 102.2 40 104.0 41 105.8 42 107.6 43 109.4 44 111.2 45 113.0 46 114.8
"C. OF.
8.33 8.89 9.44
10.0 10.6 11.1 11.7 12.2 12.8 13.3 13.9 14.4 15.0 15.6 16.1 16.7 17.2 17.8 18.3 18.9 19.4 20.0 20.6 21.1 21.7
47 116.6 48 118.4 49 120.2 50 122.0 51 123.8 52 125.6 53 127.4 54 129.2 55 131.0 56 132.8 57 134.6 58 136.4 59 138.2 60 14.0.0 61 141.8 62 143.6 63 145.4 64 147.2 65 149.0 66 150.8 67 152.6 68 154.4 69 156.2 70 158.0 71 159.8
22.2 72 iSi.6
OC. OF. 22.8 23.3 23.9 24.4 25.0 25.6 26.1 26.7 27.2 27.8 28.3 28.9 29.4 30.0 30.6 31.1 31.7 32.2 32.8 33.3 33.9 34.4 35.0 35.6 . ...
36.1 36.7 98 208.4
73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 *82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
163.4 165.2 167.0 168.8 170.6 172.4 174.2 176.0 177.8 179.6 181.4 183.2 185.0 186.8 188.6 190.4 192.2 194.0 195.8 197.6 199.4 201.2 203.0 204.8 206.6
OC:
37.2 37.8 43.3 48.9 54.4 60.0 65.6 71.1 76.7 82.2 87.8 93.3 98.9
104.4 110.0 115.6 121.1 126.7 132.2 .
137.8 143.3 148.9 154.4 160.0 165.6 171.1
- 99
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340
O F .
210.2 212 230 248 266 284 302 320 338 356 374 392 410 428 446 464 482 500 518 536 554 572 590 608 626 644
-
OC. OF- - I - -
176.7 350 662 182.2 360 680 187.8 370 698 193.3 380 716 198.9 390 734 204.4 400 752 210.0 410 770 215.6 420 788 221.1 430 806 226.7 440 824 232.2 450 842 237.8 460 860 243.3 470 878 248.9 480 896 254.4 490 914 2 260.0 500 932 265.6 510 950 271.1. 520 968 276.7 530 986 282.2 540 1004 287.8 550 1022 293.3 560 1040 298.9 WO 1058 304.4 580 1076 310.0 590 1094 315.6 600 1112 321.2 610 1130 326.7 620 1148 332.3 630 1166 337.8 640 1184 343.4 650 1202 348.9 660 1220
OC.
354.5 360.0 365.6 371.1 376.7 382.2 387.8 393.3 398.9 404.4 410.0 415.6 421.1 426.7 432.2 437.8 443.3 448.9 454.4 460.0 465.6 471.1 476.7 482.2 487.8 493.3 498.9 504.5 510.0 515.6 521.1 526.7
-
-
- 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 a50 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 -
OF.
1238 1256 1274 1292 1310 1328 1346 1364 1382 1400 1418 1436 1454 1472 1490 1508 1526 1544 1562 1580 1598 1616 1634 1652 1670 1688 1706 1724 1742 1760 1778 1796
-
-
OC. OF.
532.3 537.8 543.4 549.0 554.5 560.1 565.6 571.1 576.7 582.2 587.0 593.3 598.9 604.4 610.0 615.5 621.1 626.7 632.2 637.8 643.3 648.9 654.4 660.0 665.5 671.1 676.7 682.2 687.8 693.3 698.9 704.4
990 loo0 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1110 1120 1130 1140 1150 1160 1170 1180 1190 m 1210 1220
1240 1250 1260 1270 1280 1290 1300
im
-
1814 1832 1850 1868 1886 1904 1922 1940 1958 1976 1994 2012 2030 2048 2066 2084 2102 2120 213.8 2156 2174 2192 2210 2228 2246. 2264 2282 2300 2318 2336 2354 2372 -
OC.
710.0 1 715.6 1 721.1 1 726.7 1 732.2 1 737.8 1 743.3 1 748.9 1 754.4 1 760.0 1 787.8 1 815.5 1 843,3 I 871l I 898,9 1 926.7 1 954.4 1 982.2 1 1010,o 1 1037.8 1 1065.6 1 1093.6 2
I
I
3 3 3 ,3 #3 3 ,3 -3 ,3 .4 ,4 .5 .5 .6 .6 .7 17 .a .a .I .I !d I
OF. 10 2390 20 2408 30 2426 40 2444 50 2462
80 2516 190 2534 00 2552
;oO 2732 150 2822 ;oO 2912 150 3002 '00 3092 '50 3182 100 3272 150 3362 100 3452 I50 3542 K10 3632
160 2480 170 2498
t 5 0 2642
OC. OF. 1121.1 1148.9 1176.7 1204.4 1232.2 1260.0 1287.8 1315.6 1343.3 1371.1 1398.9 1426.7 1454.4 1482.2 1510.0 1537.7 1565.5 1593.3 1621.1 1648.8 1676.6 1704.4
2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500 2550 260 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3am 3050 3100
3722
3902 3992 4082 4172 4262 4352
' 4442 4532 4622 4712 4802 4892 4982 5072 5162 5252 5342 5432 5522 5612
,3812
INTERPOLATION FACTORS
"C O F "C O F ~~ -~ ~ ~ -
0.56 1 . 1.8 3.33 6 10.8- 1.11 2 3.6 3.89 7 12.6 1.67 3 5.4 4.44 8 14.4 2.22 4 '7.2 5.00 9 i6.2 2.78 5 9.0 5.56 10 18.0
EQUIVALENTS OF INCHES AND MILLIMETERS The numbers in heavy black type refer either to the millimeters or inches that you wish to convert. EXAMPLE: If you wish to know how many millimeters are in 50 inches look in the column of the heavy black numbers for the number 50. A t the left side of this number you will find the equivalent in millimeters which is 1,269.977 mm. If you wish to know how many inches are in 50 millimeters, look in the column of heavy black numbers for the number 50. At the right side of this number you will find its equivalent, which is 1.9685 inches.
m m Inches
25.400 50.799 76.199
101.598 126.998
p 152.397 177.797 203.196 228.596 254.000 279.395 304.794 330.194 355.594 380.993 406.393 431.792 457.192 482.591 507.991
w
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
0.03937 0.07874 0.11811 0.15748 0.19685 0.23622 0.27560 0.31497 0.35434 0.3937 0.4331 0.4724 0.5118 0.5512 0.5906 0.6299 0.6693 0.7087 0,7480 0.7874
m m Inches
533.391 558.790 584.189 609.589 634.989 660.388 685.788 71 1.187 736.587 761.986 787.386 812.785 838.185 863.584 888.984 914.383 939.783 965.183 990.582
1015.982
21 0.8268 22 0.8662 23 0.9055 24 0:9449 25 0.9843 26 1.0236 27 1.0630 28 1.1024 29 1.1418 30 1.1811 31 1.2205 32 1.2599 33 1.2992 34 1.3386 35 1.3780 36 1.4173 37 1.4567 38 1.4961 39 1.5355 40 1.5748
m m Inches
1041.381 1066.781 1092.180 1117.580 1142.979 1168.379 1193.778 1219.178 1244.578 1269,977 1295.377 1320.776 1346.176 1371.575 1396.975 1422.374 1447.774 1473.173 1498.573 1523.972
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
1.6142 1.6536 1.6929 1.7323 1.7717 1.8110 1.8504 1.8898 1.9292 1.9685 2.0079 2.0473 2.0866 2.1260 2.1654 2.2048 2.2441 2.2835 2.3229 2.3622
m m Inches
1549.372 1574.772 1600.171 1625.571 1650.970 1676.370 1701.769 1727.169 1752.568 1717.968 1803.367 1828.767 1854.166 1879.566 1904.966 2031.963 2158.961 2285.959 2412.956 2540 .OOO
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 80 85 90 95
100
2.4016 2.4410 2.4804 2.5197 2.5591 2.5985 2.6378 3.6772 2.7166 2.7560 2.7953 2.8347 2.8741 2.9134 2.9528 3.1497 3.3465 3.5434 3.7402 3.9371
DECIMAL AND METRIC EQUIVALENTS OF FRACTIONS
57/64 .!I90625 29/32 ,90625 59/64 ,921875 15/16 .9375 61/64 ,953125 31/32 .96875 63/64 ,984375
I 1 1.00
1/64 1/32
1/16
3/32 7/64 118
3/64
5164
.015625 ,03125 ,046875 .0625 .078125 .09375 .lo9375 ,125
0.396875 0.793750 1.190625 1.587500 1.984375 2.381250 2.778125 3.175000
3/64 17/32 35/64 9/16
,515625 .53125 .546875 .5625
13.096875 13.493750 13.890625 14.287500
37/64 19/32 39/64 518
.578125
.59375 ,609375 ,625
14.684375 15.081250 15.478125 15.875000
9/64 5/32
3/16 11/64
.140625
.15625
.171875 ,1875
13/64 ,203125 7/32 .21875
15/64 .234375 114 .25
3.57 1875 3.968750 4.365325 4.762500 5.159375 5.556250 5.953125 6.350000
21/32
11/16
23/32
540625 .65625 ,671875 .6875 .703125 ,71875 .734375 .75
16.27 1875 16.668750 17.065625 17.462500 17.859375 18.256250 18.653 125 19.050000
17/64. 9/32
19/64 5/16
21/64 11/32 8/64 318
265625 .28125 ,296875 ,3125 .328125 ,34375 -359375 .375
6.746815 7.143750 7.540625 7.937500 8.334375 8.731250 9.128125 9.525000
25/32
13/16
27/32 55/64
,765625 .78125 .796875 ,8125 ,828125 34375 .859375 ,875
19.446875 19.843750 20.240625 20.637500 21.034375 21.431250 21.828125 22.225000
25/64 13/32 27/64 7/16
,390625 .40625 .421875 .4375
29/64 15/32 31/64 112
.453125 ,46875 .484375 .50
9.921875 10.318750 10.715675 1 1.1 12500 11.509375 11 .go6250 12.303125 12.70oooO
22.621875 23.018750 23.415625 23.812500 24.209375 24.606250 25.003125 25.400000
75
METRIC EQUIVALENTS OF FEET AND INCHES
I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 FEET
INCHES .O .305 .610 .914 1.219 1.524 1.829 2.133 2.438 2.743 3.048 METERS
1 .330 .635 .940. 1.244 1.549 1.854 2.158 2.463 2.768 3.073 METERS
2 .356 .660 ,965 1.269 1.575 1.880 2.184 2.489 2.794 3.099 METERS
3 .381 .686 ,991 1.295 1.600 1.905 2.209 2.514 2.819 3.124 METERS
4 ,406 .711 1.016 1.320 1.626 1.931 2.235 2.540 2.844 3.150 METERS
5 .432 .737 1.041 1.346 1.651 1.956 2.260 2.565 2.870 3.175 METERS
6 .457 .762 1.066 1.371 1.676 1.981 2.286 2.590 2.895 3.200 METERS
7 .483 .787 1.092 1.397 1.702 2.007 2.311 2.616 2.921 3.226 METERS
8 .508 .813 1.117 1.422 1.727 2,032 2.336 2.641 2.946 3.251 METERS
9 .533 .838 1.142 1.448 1.753 2.057 2.362 2.667 2.972 3.276 METERS
10 .559 ,864 1.168 1.473 1.778 2.083 2.387 2.692 2.997 3.302 METERS
11 .584 389 1.193 1.498 1.803 2.108- 2.412 2.717 3.022 3.327 METERS
.I 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 FEET
INCHES 0 3.352 3.657 3.962 4.267 4.572 4.877 5.181 5.486 5.791 6.096 METERS
1 3.378 3.682 3.987 4.292 4.597 4.902 5.207 5.511 5.816 6.121 METERS
2 3.403 3.708 4.013 4.317 4.623 4.928 5.233 5.537 5.842 6.147 METERS
3 3.429 3.733 4.038 4.343 4648 4.953 5.258 5.562 5.867 6.172 METERS
4 3.454 3.759 4.064 4.369 4.674 4.979 5.284 5.588 5.893 6.198 METERS
5 3.479 3.784 4.089 4.394 4.699 5.004 5.309 5.613 5.918 6.223 METERS
6 3.505 3.810 4.114 4.419 4.724 5,029 5.334 5.638 5.943 6.248 METERS
7 3.530 3.835 4.140 4.445 4.750 5.055 5.360 5.664 5.969 6.274 METERS
8 3.555 3.860 4.165 4.470 4.775 5.080 5.385 5.689 5.994 6.299 METERS
9 3.581 3.886 4.190 4.496 4.801 5.106 5.411 5.715 6.019 6.325 METERS
10 3.606 3.911 4.216 4.521 4.826 5.131 5.436 5.740 6.045 6.350 METERS
11 3.632 3.936 4.241 4.546 4.851 5.156 5.461 5.765 6.070 6.375 METERS
METRIC EQUIVALENTS OF FEET AND INCHES-Continued
I 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 FEET
INCHES 0 6.401 6.706 7.010 7.315 7.619 7,925 8.229 8.534 8.839 9.144 METERS
1 6.426 6.731 7.035 7.340 7.645 7,950 8.254 8.559 8.864 9.169 .METERS
2 6.451 6.757 7.061 7.366 7.670 7,976 8.280 8.585 8.889 9.195 METERS
3 6.477 6.782 7.086 7.391 7.695 8,001 8.305 8.610 8.915 9.220 METERS
4 6.503 6.808 7.112 7.417 7.721 8,027 8.331 8.635 8.941 9.246 METERS v 00
5 6.528 6.833 7.137 7.442 7.746 8.052 8.356 8.661 8.966 9.271 METERS
6 6.553 6.858 7.162 7.467 7.772 8,077 8.381 8.686 8.991 9.296 METERS
7 6.579 6.883 7.188 7.493 7.798 8.103 8.407 8.712 9.017 9.322 METERS
8 6.604 6.909 7.213 7.518 7.823 8,128 8.432 8.737 9.042 9.347 METERS
, 9 6.630 6.935 7.239 7.544 7.848 8.154 .8.458 8.763 9.068 9.373 METERS
' 10 6.655 6.960 7.264 7.569 7.874 8.179 8.483 8.788 9.093 9.398 METERS
11 6.680 6.985 7.289 7.594 7.899 8.204 8.508 8.813 9.118 9.423 METERS
- 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 FEET ~ ~ -~~~ ~~
INCHES 0 9.449 9.754 10.058 10.363 10.668 10.973 11.277 11.582 11.887 12.192 METERS
1 9.474 9.778 10.083 10.388 10.693 10.998 11.302 11.607 11.912 12.217 METERS
2 9.500 9.805 10.109 10.414 10.719 11.024 11.328 11.633 11.938 12.243 METERS
3 9.525 9.830 10.134 10.439 10.744 11.049 11.353 11.658 11.963 12.268 METERS
4 9.551 9.856 10.160 10.465 10.770 11.075 11.379 11.684 11.989 12.294 METERS
5 9.576 9.881 10.185 10.490 10.795 11.100 11.404 11.709 12.014 12.319 METERS
6 9.601 9.906 10.210 10.515 10.820 11.125 11.429 11.734 12.039 12.344 METERS,
7 9.627 9.932 10.236 10.541 10.846 11.151 11.455 11.760 12.065 12.370 METERS
8 9.652 9.957 10.261 10.566 10.871 11.176 11.480 11.785 12.090 12.395 METERS
9 9.678 9.983 10.287 10.592 10.897 11.202 11.506 11.811 12.116 12.421 METERS
10 9.703 10.008 10.312 10.617 10.922 11.227 11.531 11.836 12.141 12.446 METERS
11 9.728 10.033 10.337 10.642 10.947 11.252 11.556 11.861 12.166 12.471 METERS
METRIC EQUIVALENTS OF FEET AND INCHES-Continued
I 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 FEET
INCHES 0 12.497 12.801 13.106 13.411 13.716 14.021 14.325 14.630 14.935 15.240 METERS
1 12.522 12.827 13.132 13.436 13.741 14.046 14.351 14.655 14.960 15.265 METERS
2 12.547 12.852 13.157 13.462 13.767 14.071 14.376 14.681 14.986 15.291 METERS
3 12.573 12.878 13.182 13.487 13.792 14.097 14.402 14.706 15.011 15.316 METERS
8 4 12.598 12.903 13.208 13.513 13.817 14.122 14.427 14.732 15.037 15.341 METERS ’
5 12.62-4 12.928 13.233 13.538 13.843 14.148 14.452 14.757 15.062 15.367 METERS
6 12.649. 12.954 13.259 13.563 13.868 14.173 14.478 14.783 15.087 15.392 METERS
7 12.674 12.979 13.284 13.589 13.894 14.198 14.503 14.808 15.113 15.418 METERS
8 12.700 13.005 13.309 13.614 13.919 14.224 14.529 14.833 15.138 15.443. METERS
9 12.725 13.030 13.335 13.640 13.944 14.249 14.554 14.859 15.164 15.468 METERS
10 12.751 13.055 13.360 13.665 13.970 14.275 14.579 14.884 15.189 15.494 METERS
11 12.776 13.081 13.386 13.690 13.995 14.300 14.605 14.910 15.214 15.519 METERS
a
52 8 v)
w
F= a
a
w 8 p
Wgt. of 1 w. ft. drl air at atm. pressure of 14.7 pounds.
Volume of 1 Ib. dry alr at atm. pressure of 14.7 pounds.
Temp. Deg. Fahr.
Wgt. of 1 cu. ft. dry air at atm. pressure of 14.7 pounds.
Volume of 1 Ib. dry air at atm. pew
re of 14.7 pounds.
Temp. Deg. Fahr.
We@t of saturated vapor yunb per Ib. of dry air.
Wgt. of sat. vapr pounds per cu. ft.
Wgt. of 1 kL ft. dry air at atm. pressure of 14.7 punk
Volume of 1 ib. dry rir + vapor to sat- urate it
Volume of 1 h. dry alr at atm. passure Df 14.7 pounds.
lew. Deg. Fahr.
8 8 n
m
81 F N 0 (0
IP - (D
0
d
8 n 2 x)
N
w
Lb/cu f t Aluminum .................................... 168 Asbestos. insulation .......................... 29-44 Asbestos. rock ............................... 125-175 Ash. coal. dry ................................ 25-45 Ash. coal. wet ................................ 40-65 Ash. slag ...................................... 65-100 Asphalt ...................................... 69-94 Bagasse. 50% H20 ........................... 7-9 Brick. common. soft ......................... 100 Brick. common. hard ......................... 110-120 Brick. best. pressed .......................... 120-144 Brick. fireclay super duty .................... 136-154 Brick. fireclay high duty ...................... 120-140 Brick. insulating .............................. 31-60 Brick. carboru ndum .......................... 130
Brick. sand and lime ......................... 136
Brick. magnesite., ........................... 158 Brick. silica .................................. 102-1 15
Brickwork. building .......................... 100-140 Brickwork. fireclay ........................... 162 Cement. asbestos ............................ 60 Cement. Portland. loose ..................... 90 Cement. Portland (in 1 cu . ft . bag) ........... 94 Cement. Portland. barrelled .................. 115 Cement. refractory. cast ..................... 90-200 Cement. refractory. trowel. gun .............. 100-150 Cement. slag ................................. 130 Charcoal. oak ................................ 35
..
Lb/cu ft . Glass. flint .................................. 200-294 Glass. plate ................................. 153-170 Granite ..................................... 162-175 Gravel. dry. loose ........................... 87-106 Gravel. packed .............................. 100- 175 Ice .......................................... 57.2-58.7 Insulating Block (CaSi03) ................... 11-1 1.5 Insulating Block (Magnesia) ................ 11-13 Insulating Btock (Mineral Wool) ............. 18 Insulating Block (Diatom . Earth) ............ 23.6-24 Iron. grey cast .............................. 443 Iron. white cast ............................. 480 Iron. wrought ............................... 487-493 Kerosene ................................... 5 1.2-5 1. 7 Lead ........................................ 708 Lignite. solid ................................ 78 Lignite. solid %" x 0.38% H20 .............. 44.5 Limestone .................................. 168-175 Linseed Oil .................................. 58 Magnesium ................................. 109 Manganese ................................. 449 Masonry. brick .............................. 100-130 Masonry. concrete .......................... 120-150 Masonry . ash la r ............................ 140-1 65 Mercury. 60°F .............................. -844 Mineral Wool Insulating Blankets ........... 3ya.0 Mineral Wool Board and Binder ............. 14.3 Molybdenum ................................ 636
I ~ i ~. . _ _ - .......... l . i ................ - . ~ - ~ . _ ~ . . ~-~
I I I
Charcoal. pine ............................... 17-27 Cinders. cellulose. dry ....................... 15-20 Ciqders. coal. dry ............................ 40-45 Clay .......................................... 112-162 Coal. Anthracite. solid ........................ 87-1 12 Coal. Anthracite. sized ....................... 50-60 Coal. Bituminous. solid ....................... 75-100 Coal. Bituminous. sized ...................... 45-55 Coal. Sub.Bituminous. as fired ............... Coke. sized .................................. 22-32 Coke. breeze ................................. 25-34 Concrete. cinder ............................. 100-1 10 Concrete. stone and gravel ................... 143-150 Concrete. slag ................................ 130 Copper. rolled or wire ........................ 558
w Cork. natural ................................. 15 Cork. granulated ............................. 5.4-7.3 Corkboard ................................... 6.9-20.7 Earth. dry. loose ............................. 75 Earth. dry. packed ........................... 94 Earth. moist. loose ........................... 81 Earth. moist. packed ......................... 100 Earth. mud. flowing .......................... 104-1 12 Earth. mud. packed .......................... 112-125 Fiberglass (6 Fiber). ......................... 0.5-8.0 Fireclay. ground .............................. 100 Fly Ash ....................................... 75 Gasoline ..................................... 41-43 Glass. comm( n .............................. 166472 Glass. crystal ................................ 181-187
42
00
Mortar (for brickwork) ...................... Nickel. ...................................... Paper. hard ................................. Paper. kraft ................................ Peat ........................................ Petroleum .................................. Roc kwool ................................... Sand. dry ................................... Sand. wet ................................... Sa nd s to ne .................................. Slate ........................................ Snow. fresh ................................. Snow. packed ............................... Snow. wet ................................... Steel ........................................ Tin .......................................... Ti ta ni urn ....................................
100 555 58 43 47-52 54 14-21 90-106 120-126 140 175
12 50 489 358-456 281
5-8
Tungsten ................................... 1203 Uranium .................................... 1164 Vanadium ................................... 372 Water. 68" F ................................ 62.3 Water. sea .................................. 64.0 Wood. . seasoned Douglas fir ................ Wood. Hemlock ............................. Wood. Oak. red ............................. Wood. Oak. white ........................... Wood. Pine. white ........................... Wood. Pine. long leaf. yellow. ............... Wood chips. bark 40% H20 ................. Zinc .........................................
32 25-29 40-44 46-50 25-27 38-44 15-20
446
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES TROY WEIGHT
Used for. weighing gold, silver and jewels. APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT
The ounce and pound in this sre the same as in Troy weight. AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT
24 grains = 1 pennyweight 20 pennyweights = 1 ounce
20 grains = 1 scruple 3 scruples = 1 dram
271%2grains = 1 dram 16 drams = 1 ounce 16 ounces = 1 pound 25 pounds = 1 quarter
> DRY MEASURE
12 ounces = 1 pound
8 drams = 1 ounce 12 ounces = 1 pound
4 quarters = 1 cwt 2,000 Ib = 1 short ton 2,240 Ib = 1 lang ton
4 pecks = 1 bushel 36 bushels = 1 chaldron
31% gallons = 1 barrel 2 barrels = 1 hogshead
4 rods = 1 chain = 66 ft.
2 pints = 1 quart 8 quarts = 1 peck
4 gills = 1 pint 2 pints = 1 quart 4 quarts = 1 gallon
7.92 inches = 1 link 25 links = 1 rod 10 square chains or 160 square rods = 1 acre 640 acres = 1 sq mile
60 seconds = 1 minute 60 minutes = 1 degree 4 quadrants = 12 signs, or.
12 inches = 1 foot 3 feet = 1 yard 5% yards = 1 rod
2% inches = 1 nail 4 nails = 1 quarter
6 feet = 1 fathom
LIQUID MEASURE
SURVEYOR'S MEASURE
.36 sq miles (6 miles sq) = 1 township
30 degrees = 1 sign 90 degrees = 1 quadrant
360 degrees = 1 circle
40 rods = 1 furlong 8 furlongs = 1 statute mile 3 miles = 1 league
4 quarters = 1 yard
CIRCULAR MEASURE
LONG MEASURE
CLOTH MEASURE
MAR1 N ERS' MEASURE 5,280 ft = 1 statute mile 6,980.27 ft = 1 nautical mile 3maut. mi. = 1 naut. league
18 inches = 1 cubit 21.8 inches = 1 Bible cubit 2% ft =.1 military pace
120 fathoms = 1 cable length 8.44 cable lgths = 1 naut. mi.
MISCELLANEOUS 3 inches = 1 palm 4 inches = 1 hand 9 inches = 1 span
Table 1 Saturated Steam and Saturated Water: Tomi mure Table
Volume. mSntJr Enti Enthalw. kJkg . .- I Temp
OC T
Rgss k?a P
Evap. I h
Water h
OC T
Water V
Steam v
Steam h
Water 8
Evap. b
0 0.61 08 0.0010002 206.31 -0.04 I 2501.6 2501.6 9.1579 9.1577 I 0 0.0002
0.01 0.61 12 0.001 0002 206.14 2501.6 O.ooO0 9.1575 9.1575 + 8.9607 9.0269
0.01
6
~
0.871 8 0.001oooo 2510.7 0.0762 5 21.01 2489.7 147.16
106.43 10 1.2270 41.99 I 2477-9 2519.9 0.1510 8.75t0 1 8.8919 I0 0.0010003
0.001 0008 00 UI I S 1.7040 0.2243 8.5582 I 8.7825 1s 62.94 2466.1
83.86 2464.3
104.77 2442.5
i 25.66 2430.7
77.98
67.84
2528.0
2538.2 20
~
2.377 0.001 0008 0.2963 20 8.3721 8.6684
0.1922 8.5592
8.01 81 8.4646
7.8494 8.3543
7.6861 8.2583
25
~
3.1 66
~ ~~
0.001 0029 2547.3 26 0; 3670
0.4365
43.40
32.93 30 0.001 0043 2556.4 30 4.241 ~~
5.622 0.0010060 2565.4 0.5049 36 25.25
19.546 40 40 0.001 0078 0.5721 7.375 2574.4 -- 0.001 0098 1 80.35 2394.0 + 209.26 2302.9
2583.3 0.6383 7.5277 8.1661 + 7.3741 8.0776
46 '16.276 ~
0,00101 21 12.046
~
2592.2
~~
0.7035 12.335
66 15.741 0.001 01 45 9.570 230.17 1 2370.8 7.2248 I 7.9925 6S 0.7677
0.831 0
2m1 .o
2609.? 80 19.920 0.001 01 71 7.679 251.09 2358.6 7.0798 I 7.91 08 60
66 2346.3 261 8.3 0.8933 6.9388 7.8322 26-01 0
31.16
0.0010199 6.202 272.03
0.0010228 5.046 292.97 70 2334.0 0.9548 6.8017 7.7565 70 2626.9
2635.4
2643.8
- 7s 38.55 0.001 0259 I 4.134 I 313.93 2321.5 1..0154 6.6681 7.6835 75
80 47.36 0.0010292 3.409 334.92
0.0010326 2.829 35591 # 0.001 0361 2.361 3 376.94
2308.8 1.0753 6.5380 7.61 32 80
8S 67.80 2296.1 2652.0 1.1343 6.41 11 7.6464 86
70.1 1 2283.2 1.1925 6.2873 7.4799 90 2660.1
2668.2
2676.0
2683.7
2691.3
a5 84.53 0.0010398 I 1.9822 1 397.99 2270.2 1.2501 6.1 665 7.41 66 96
100 101.33 0.001 0437 I 1.6730 I 419.06 2256.9 1 .3069 100 7.3554
7.2962
6.0485
5.9331 105 1 20.80 0.0010477 I 1.4193 I 440.17 2243.6 105 1.3630
f 10 1 43.27 0.001051 9 I 1.2089 I 461.32 2230.0 1.41 85 5.8203 7.2388 110 ~~
0.001 0562 I 1.0363 I 482.50 221 6.2
~
1.4733
-.
7.1832 169.06 2698.7 5.7099 115
1 20 198.54 0.0010606 f 0.8915 I 503.72 2202.2 2706.0 1.6276 5.601 7 7.1 293 1 20
126 232.1 21 88.0 271 3.0 1.581 3 5.4957 7.0769 126 0.001 0652 0.7702 524.99
0.001 0760 0.681 8 567.68
130 270.1 2173.6 271 9.9 1.6344 5.3917 7,0261 130
136 135 31 3.1 21 58.9 2726.6 1.6869 5.2897 6.9766
140
..
361.4 0.0010801 I 0.5085 I 589.10 2733.1 1.7390
~~
5.1 894 140 21 44.0 8.9284
21 28.7 _ _
1.7906 I46 415.5 5,0910 6.881 5 145 0,0010853 1 0.4480 I 610.59 27393
2745.4
- 150 476.0 21 13.2 1.841 6 4.994 1 6.8358 150 0.0010908 I 0.3924 I 632.15
Table I Saturated Steam and S8tUr8ted Water: Temnerature Table
Volume, ma Enthalav, kJ
R888
k?a P
Temp ' C T
Water h
Evap. h
Evpp. 8 V V 8
166 543.3 0.0010964 0.3464 663.77 2097.4 4.8982) 6.791 1 166 2761.2 I 1.8923
160 618.1 0.001 1022 0.3068 675.47 2081.3 2756.3 1 1.9425 4.8060 6.7475 160
166 700.8 0.001 1082 0.2724 897.25 2064.8 2762.0 I 1.9923 4.71 26 6.70428 166
170 792.0 0.001 1146 0.2426 719.12 2047. g 2767.1 I 2.04'16 4.6214 6.6630 170 00
176 892.4 0.001 1 209 0.21 654 741.07 2030.7 2771.8 1 2.0906 4.5314 6.8221 176
180 1 OO2.7 0.001 1 275 0.19380 763.1 2 2776.3 I 2.1393 4.4426 6.581 9 180 201 3.2
18s 1123.3 0.001 1344 0.1 7306 786.26 1995.2 2780.4 I 2.1876 4.3648 6.5424 186
190 12256.1 0.001 1 41 6 0.15632 807.52 1976.7 2784.3 I 2.2358 4.2680 6.5036 190
186 1398.7 0.001 1489 0.1 4084 1957.9 2707.8 I 2.2833 4.1821 6.4664 196
16643 0.001 1665 0.12716 852.37 1838.6 4.0971 6.4278 2790.9 2.3307
2796.2 2.4247 210 1907.7
~~
0.001 1728 0.10424 897.73
~
1 898.6
~ ~~
3.9293 210
220 231 9.8 0.001 1900 0.08804 943.67 1856.2 2799.9 I 2.5178 3.7639 6.281 7 220
c
+
88
I
I
I
-
Table It. Saturated Steam and Saturated Water (Pressure)
Entropy, kJ/kg-K Volume, mjkg Enthatpy, kJkg
h 6 S
kPa P
Temp .C T
Water h
Water s
Evap. S
Steam Evap. Steam s
1 .o 6.983 29.34 0.1060 8.8706 8.9767
1.5 13.036 0.0010006 1 87.98 54.71 2470.7 2526.5 8.6332 8.8288 0.1 ss7
2.0 17.51 3 2460.2 2533.6 0.2607 8.4639 8.7246 73.46
1OS.Qo 3.0 24.100 2444.8 2545.6 0.3544 8.3341 8.5785
4.0 28.983 0.001o04o I 34-80 121.41 2433.1 0.4225 8.0530 8.4755 2554.5
2561.6 5.0 32.898 137.77 2423.8 0.4763 7.91 97 8.39 60
7.5 40.31 6 1 68.77 0.5763 7.43766 8.2523
10.0 45.833 14.675 0.6493 8.151 1 7.601 8 0.001 01 02
0.0010140
191.83
225.87 16.0 53.997 10.023
~~
0.7549 8.0093 2373.2 2599.2
20.0 60.086 7.660 0.8321 7.0774 7,9094 0.00101 72 25 1.45 2358.4 2609.9
2336.1 2625.4 30.0
~~
69.1 24
~~~
0.001 0223 5.229 0.944 1 6.8254 289.30 7.7696
7.6709
7.5947
40.0
.-
75.886 31 7.65 2319.2 I 2636.9 1.0261 6.6448 0.001 0265 3.993
0.001 0301
0.00 1 0375 2.2169
340.56 1.091 2 6.5035 81 345
75.0 91.785 1 ..2 1 31 6.2439 7,4570 384.45
II Table 11. Saturated Steam and Saturated Water (Pressure)
J
Volume, mSkg I1 Pmam Temp Wa OC Water P T V
16000.0 . 342.13 0.001 6579
20000.0 385.70 0 .0020370
22120,O 374.15 0.0031 7 O.OO317
Enthalpy, k J k g
~- 2107.4 0.0 2107.4
I
Steam Water Evap. Steam
I h .
v ,
~h / I 0.010340 161 1 .O 1004.0 261 5.0
0.005877 I 1826.6 I 591.9 I 2418.4
Entropy, kJlkg-K
3.6859
4.01 49
6.31 78 1.6320 + 0.9263 4.941 2
0.0 14.4429
SUPERHEATED STEAM TABLES
Pmssum kpa tT 1 OC
v(speclilc volume), m3/kg h(anthalpyL Wlkg stentmpy), kJlkg-K
Temperature, OC
2594.6
Q.2430
2 ~ 8 . 6
0.6136
2783.7
0.7627
2880.1
9.9879
3480.1
9.8984
3706.6
10.1 818
7.1336
3488.7
0,1662
3.6663
3488.1
8.0574
3706.2
9.41 86
4 .Q27 7
3704.8
+ 140.09 172.1 0
~ (8.983)
+ 196.28 218.36
300 400 Mw) I 600 700 I 800
284.61 310.66 366.81 402.97 + 3489.2 3706.6
449.12 496.27 + 3028.0 4168.7 3oid.a 32V9.7
10.3466 10B711 10.9612 I 11.2243 11.i4663 I 11.8911
6.0 . 1 v 29.783 I 34.417 39.042 I 43.861 62.897 1 62.129 80.692 71.360 + 34488.2 3706.8
89.822 89.063
3928.8 41 68.7 * $0.7236 10.9483
132.90) + 2603.7 I 2688.1 2783.4 I ,2879.9 3076.7 1 3279.7
8.4981 I 8,7898 0,0094 9.2248 + 18.613 21.826
9.802 1
~ ~~
10.21 84 I 10.4816 8.9283
14.871 I 17.tOti 26.446 31.062 36.670 1 40.296 44.910 1 49.628
2692.7 I 2887.6 3076.6 3276.8 3928.8 41 68.7 + 10.4638 10.6284
(46.831
(8 1.361
8.1768 8.4486 + 3.4181
@.SOBS
8.0810 I 0.9044 6.2839 6.2091
3076.7 3279.0
a5380 8.8849
2.8387 3.1 026
1 2682.0 2780.t I 2877.7 3828.6 4168.6
9.sBoe 9.8866 * 4.4898 4.0617
I , I 74063 7.8406 1 8.1687
I00 I " 1.8066 + 2696.2 3928.2 1 4168.3
7.8348 . 8.2188
1.0804 1.3183 * 2870.6 3072.1
I 8.8348 8,5442 a.0982 I 9.3406 8.6664 S 7.3818 3.8136
V I 0.9686 1.6402 I 1.7812 2.0 129 2.2442
3704.0 3927.6
9.0201 * 8.7778
2.4764 ~-
I1 20.2) I 2708.6 4167.8 3276.7 3487.0
8.2226 8.613a
1 A314 1.1 866
3276.2 ’ 3486.0
6 I 7.2704 8.2462 7.607 2 7 a937
0.7184 ’ 0.8753
2866.4 3069.7
7.3119 7.7034
300 1.6488 1.3412 1.4867
3703.2 3927.0 (1 33.61
..~ ~
4167.3
8.6338 . I 8.3267 8.6898 8.8326 + 1.0064 1 -1214 400 0.7726 0.8882
32’73.6 3484.9 (148.61 I 9926.4 37.02.3 4’166.8
8.4683 1 8.6992 8.9246 8.1919
3272.1 3483.8
\
600 0.SSBe 0.4260 0.6226
2866.1 3064.8
7.0692 7.4614
3701 -6 3926.8
8.3626 8.6967
0.747 1 * 0.6096
I1 61.81 4160.4
8.821 3 . 7.7948 8.0878
0.61 36 0.69 1 a 600 0.8246
(1 68.8) 3230.6 3482.7 3700.7 1 3826.1 4166.8
8.9662 7.3740 7.7080 8.0027
~~~
8.2678 I 8.611 8.7368 -
800
- .-
0.3241 0.3842 0.4432 0.6181
4166.0
8.6033
7
- 0.2808
2838.8
0.6017
8.1336 8.3773
11 70.41 3067.3 3267.6 3480.6.
6.8148 7 .a348 7.67 29 7.8678
Table Ill, Superheated $learn
T r ) Tbmperatuw, O C
O C I
I 60 100 tW 200 300
(178.8) h I 2826.8 3062.1
lo00 V 0.2069 0.2680
700
0.3086 1 0.3640 0.4010 0.4477 0.4943
3284.4 ~ -1 3478.3 3687.4 3822.7 4164.1
8.4987
0.3282
._
7 l a I I I 1 6.6922 I 7,1261 7 A666 I 7,7627 8.0282 0.2l34 a 6.6922 7 ,1 261
1500 V 0.1324 0.1087
(1 88.3) h 2794.7 3038.9
a 6.4608 6.9207 I
I 1
0.2029 1 0.2360 0.2867 0.2980 1500 V 0.1324 0.1087
(1 88.3\ h I 2794.7 3038.9 3268.6 347 2.8 + 7.2709 75708
3693.3 3819.8 - 4161.7 ~
8.3108 a 6.9207 I 6.4608 I
8.0838
0,161 1 0.1786 + 3248.7 3467.3
2OOo v I 1 0,1266 I I I
0.1 886 0.2232 0.2487
3689.2 3916.6 g12.4) I h I I 1. I I 3026.0 4148.4
7.129% I 7.4323 7.7022 7.8486 8.1763 8 6.7696
moo V 0.081 18 0,08831 I 0.1161 0.1 323 0.1483 0.1 641
3466.2 2996.1 3232.2 4144.7
7.0867
- .~
7.6079 1 7.7664 8.6422 8.9246 7.2346
0.07338 0.08634 0.09878 0.1 100 + 3672.8 3904.1
4000 0.06883 0.1223
3216.7
~. ~
8446.0 (260.31 2862.0 4140.0
6.7733 7.3880 7.8187 * 3664.6 3807.9
0.07862 0.08846
6.3842 7 .oam 7.8496
Q.09809
4 1 36.3
7.7431
- - -
0.08849 9.04630 O.Ob779
2926.6
.
3433.7 1283.9) ~-
7.2678 I 6.6108 6.2106 6.5608 6.8770
Ob2B41 0.03832 I 0.04366 0.03276 0.04868
3022.7 I 3886.8 (31 1 .Ol 3099.9 3374.6 41 12.0
6.06 1 3 I 7.1660 6.21 82 6.6994 7 A068 - ~~
0.02488 I 0.02869 0.01 688 0.02080 0.03209
(342.1 1 2979.1 33 10.6 4088.6
5.8876 6.3487 72013
Engineering Conversion Factors
he following table is designed to provide U accurate conversion of units between vari- ous equivalent representational forms. To con- vert a unit, locate the unit in the MULTIPLY column of the table, select the desired unit in the TO OBTAIN column, and then multiply the quantity to be converted by the appropriate fac- tor to obtain the desired units.
For example, you have exactly 2.5 acres and you need to know how many square meters. In the table: acre x 4046.87 = square meter. There- fore, 2.50000 acres = (2.50000) x [4046.87] = 10117.38 square meters,
A note should be made regarding scientific notation: 1 x lo* , 1 x lo2, 1 x lo3 are equivalent respectively to 10, 100, 1000. For negative powers, I x I x lo-%, 1 x 10-~ represent the numbers 0.1, 0.01 , 0.001. Therefore, the num- ber 2.345 x lo3 is 2345.0 and 2.345 x repre- sents 0.002345.
Accuracy is an important concern with con-
would be (2.5) acres x 4046.87 = 10,000 m’. Where conversions involve the International
System of Units (le Systhne ‘International d’unitds, abbreviated “SI”), we show the proper symbols or formulas for the particular SI unit. There are symbols for the recommended ST base, supplementary, and derived units, and for most of their multiples and submultiples. Note that such “metric” units as kilogram- force, calorie, tom, centimeter of water, millime- ter of mercury, and metric horsepower are not SI units. Also note that, in American Custom- ary Units (ACU), the unit pound is used as ei- ther a mass unit (pound-mass, or lbm) or as a force unit (pound-force, or lbf); in ACU, pound is always pound avoirdupois, not troy pound. An asterisk [*) after the s ix th or higher signif-
icant figure indicates that the conversion factor is exact and that all subsequent digits are zero. All other factors are rounded. Where fewer than six significant figures are shown, more preci-
version factors. This table presents most conver- sions with six significant figures; for example, 4046.87 and 39.3701. The actual number of sig- nificant figures allowed in a conversion is equal to the number of significant figures in the least accurate of the conversion factors or the unit be- ing converted. For example, in the acre-to- square-meter illustration: if the number of acres was known only to two significant fig- ures, then the conversion to square meters
sion is not warranted. As a further explanation of the use of this
table, note that: to convert -from pound-force per square inch, multiply by 6.894 76 to obtain the number of kilopascals (kh) means
1 lbf/inz = 6.894 76 kPa. Similarly, to convert from inches to millime-
ters, multiplying the inch value by 25.400 O* to obtain the number of millimeters, means
1 inch = 25.4 millimeters [exactly).
8
MULTIPLY A
Engineering Conversion Factors
BY
~-
To OBTAIN
abampere abcoulomb abfarad abhenry abohm
20* lo* lo@ *
lo-s * 10-9 *
ampere (A) coulomb (C) farad (F) henry [H) ohm (0)
MULTIPLY BY To OBTAIN
abvolt acre (U.S. survey: I foot=
acre foot (U.S. survey) ampere (A) amperelcentimeter (A/cm) ampere/inch (1959 internat'l inch) ampere/kilogram (A/kg) ampere/meter (Aim) ampere/pound - mass ampendsquare foot ampendsquare inch amperelsquare meter (Alm') amperelsquare meter ( A/m2) ampereholt (AN) ampere/volt inch are atmosphere (kilogram-force/cm' atmosphere (760 torr) atmosphere (760 torr)
(1200/3937)m)
lo-' *
4046.87 1233.49 1 .ooooo* 2.54000 * 39.3 701 0.45359237* 0.025400* 2.20462 10.7639 1550.00 0.000645 16" 0.09290304* 1.00000 * 39.3701 100.000 * 98.0665 * 101.325* 29.9212
volt (V)
square meter (ma) cubic meter [m3) coulomb/second ( U s ) amperelinc h ampere/meter (A/m) ampere/pound-mass ampendinch ampere/kilogram ! A/kg) ampere/square meter ( A/m') ampere/square meter (A/mZ) amperelsquare inch ampere/square foot siemens (S) siernenslmeter (S/m) square meter kilopascal (kPa) kilopascal (kPa) inch mercury (32°F)
8
bar ( pascals) barrel (42 U.S. gallons, liquid) barreliton (U.K. long or gross) banellton (U.S. short or net) barrel /day barrellhour barreVmillion std cubic feet becquerel (Bq) (radioactivity) Btu (mean) Btu (thermochemical) Btu (39°F) Btu (60°F) Btu (I.T.) (International Table) Btu (I.T.) Btu (I.T.)/cubic foot Btu (I.T.)/hour Btu (I.T.)/hour cubic foot Btu (I.T.)/hour cubic foot " F Btu (I.T.]/hour square foot ,
Btu (I.T.)/hour square foot O F
Btu (I.T.)foot/hour square foot "F B tu (I .T. )/minute B tu (I .T. )/pound - mole Btu (I.T.)/pound-mole O F
100.000* 0.158987 0.156476 0.175254 0.00184013 0.0441631 0.133010 1.00000 * 1.05587 1.05435 1.05967 1.05468 1.055056 778.172 37.2589 0.293071 0.0103497 0.0186295 3.15459 5.67826 1.73074 0.0175843 2.32600 * 4.18680 *
kilopascal (kPa) cubic meter ( m3) cubic metedmetric ton cubic meterlmetric ton cubic decimeterlsecond cubic deci me tedsecond cubic decimeters/kilomol disintegration/second kilojoule (kj) kilojoule (kj) kilojoule (kj) kilojoule (kj) kilojoule (kJ) foot -pound (force) kilojoule/cubic meter (kJ/m3) watt (W) kilowatt/cubic meter (kW/m3) kilowatt/cubic meter kelvin (kW/m'*K) wattlsquare meter (W/mz) watt/square meter kelvin (W/m'=K) wattlmeter kelvin (W/m*K) kilowatt (kW) joule/mole (J/mol) kilojoule/kilomol kelvin (kJ/kmol*K)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
Btu (I.T.)/pound-mass Btu (I.T.)/pound-mass Btu (I.T.)/pound-mass O F
Btu (I.T.)/pound-mass O F
Btu [I.T.)/second Btu (I.T.)/second cubic foot Btu (I.T.)/second cubic foot O F
Btu (I.T.)/second square foot Btu (I.T.)/second square foot O F
5 Btu (I.T.)/gallon (U.K. liquid) Btu (I.T.)/gallon (US. liquid)
+
C
0.555556 2.32600 * 4.18680 * 1.00000 * 1.05506 37.2589 67.0661 11.3565 20.4418 232.080 278.716
kilocalorie/kilogram kilojoule/kilogram (kJkg) kilojoulelkilogram kelvin (kJ1kg.K) kilocaloriekilogram kelvin kilowatt (kW) kilowatthbic meter (kW/m3) kilowatt/cubic meter kelvin (kW/m3=K) kiIowattisquare meter (kW/mz) kilowattisquare meter kelvin (kW/rr+K) kilojoule/cubic meter (kJ/m3) kilojoule/cubic meter (kJ/m3)
calorie (I.T.) calorie (mean) calorie (thermochemical) calorie [thermochernical) calorie (1 5 O C) calorie (20OC) calorie (kilogram, I.T.) calorie [kilogram, mean] calorie [kilogram, thermochernical)
4.28680” 4.19002 4.18400* 0.00396567 4.18580 4. I8190 41 86.80* 4190,02 41 84.00*
calorie (thermochem)/gram kelvin calorie (thermocfiemica1)lhour cm2 calorie (therrnochemica1)lmilliliter calorie (thermochem)/pound-mass candela/square meter (cdim2) candelahquare meter (cdhZ) centimeter centimeter water (4" C) centipoise centistoke chain (surveyor or gunter) coulomb (quantity of electricity) coulomb/cubic foot coulomb/cubic meter (Urn3) cou lomb/foot coulomb/inch coulomb/meter (Urn) coulomb/meter (Urn) coulomb/square foot coulomb/square meter (Cimz) cubic centimeter cubic centimeter cubic centimeter cubic centimetdcubic meter
4.18400* 0.0116222 4,18400" 9.22414 0.291864 0.00031416 0.393 701 0.0980638 0.001000* 1.00000* 20.1168 1.00000* 35.3147 0.0283168 3.28084 39.3 701 0.304800" 0.025400" 10.7639 0.0929030 0.035195 0.038 140 0.0610237 1 .00000
kilojoulekilogram kelvin (kJkg-K) kilowattlsquare meter [kW/m') megajoule/cubic meter (MJ/m3) joule/kilogram (J/kg) foot lambert lambert inch (1959 international) kilopascal (kh) pascal second (Pas) square millirneter/second meter [ m) ampere-second [As) coulomb/cubic .meter (Urn3) coulomblcubic foot coulomb/meter (Urn) coulomb/meter (Urn) coulomb/foot couIomb/inch coulomb/square meter (Urn2) coulomb/square foot fluid ounce (U.K.) fluid ounce (U.S.) cubic inch volume partdmillion
cubic decimeter (liter) cubic decimeter (liter) cubic decimeter (liter) cubic decimeter (liter) cubic decimeter [liter) cubic decimeterkilogram cubic decimeterAcilograrn cubic decimeterkilogram cubic decirnetedsecond
8 cubic decimeterlsecond cubic decirneter/second cubic decirnetedsecond cubic decimeter/second cubic decirnetedsecond cubic decirnetedsecond cubic decirnetedmetric ton cubic decimetedmetric ton cubic decirnetedmetric ton cubic decimeter/rnetric ton cubic foot (1959 international) cubic foot
A
0.0353147 0.219969 0.264172 0.8 798 77 1.03669 0.119826 0.0160185 0.099776 127.133 543.440 3051.19 13. I981 15.8503
.2.1 I888 0.03 531 5 0.005 706 0.006391 0.26841 1 0.239653 0.0283 3 68 28.3168
cubic foot gallon (U.K. liquid) gallon (U.S. liquid)' quart (U.K. liquid) quart (U.S. liquid) gallon (U. S. liquid)/pound-mass cubic foot/pound-mass (Wlbm) gallon (U.K. liquid)/pound-mass cubic foothour barre 1 /day cubic footlday gallon (U.K. liquid)/minute gallon (US. liquid)/minute cubic fodminute cubic footlsecond barrel/ton (U. S. ) barrel/ton (U.K.) gallon (U.S. liquid)/ton (U.K.) gallon (U.S. liquid)/ton (U.S.) cubic meter [m3) cubic decimeter (liter)
cubic foot cubic footlfoot cubic foothour cubic foot/minute cubic foot /pound - mass cubic foot/pound-mass cubic foot/second cubic inch cubic inch cubic meter fm3) cubic meter (m3) cubic meter (m3)
0 P cubic meter [m3) cubic meter (ma) cubic meter (m3) cubic meter (m3) cubic meter ( m3) cubic meterkilogram (m3/kg) cubic metedmeter (m3/m) cubic meterlmeter (mVm) cubic meterhcond meter (m3/srn) cubic metedsecond meter (m3/s*m) cubic metedsecond meter (m3/srn) cubic meterhetric ton (m3/Mg)
-L
7.48052 0.0929030 0.00786579 0.471947 62.4280 0.0624280 28.3169 0.0163871 16.3871 1 000 000" 1000.00 * 61 023.7 6.28976 35.3147 1.30795 219.969 264.172 16.0185 10.7639 80.5196 289 870 4022.80 4831.18 5.70602
gallon (U. S, liquid) cubic metedmeter ( d m ) cubic decimeter/second cubic decimeter/second cubic decimeterkilogram cubic meterkilogram (m3kg) cubic decimetedsecond cubic decimeter cubic centimeter cubic centimeter I
liter cubic inch (1959 international) barrel (42 U.S. gallons, liquid) cubic foot cubic yard (1959 international) gallon (U.K. liquid) gallon (U.S. liquid) cubic foot/pound-mass cubic foot/foot gallon (U.S. liquid)/foot gallon (U.S. 1iquid)hour foot gallon [U.K. liquid)/minute foot gallon (U.S. liquid)/minute foot barrel/ton (U.S.)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
cubic metedrnetric ton ( m3/Mg) 6.39074 barrel/ton (U.K.) cubic mile (1959 international) 4.16818 cubic kilometer (km') cubic yard (1959 international) 0.764555 cubic meter (nf) curie (Ci) (radiation dosimetry) 3.7000 X 10'O * becquerel (Bq)
D ~~ __ ~ ~~ ~
degree Celsius (difference) ("C, diff.) 1.80000* degree Fahrenheit (difference) degree Celsius (difference) ( O C , diff .) 1 ,OOOOO* kelvin (difference)
4 degree Fahrenheit (difference) 0.555556 degree Celsius (difference) ("C, diff.) a degree Kelvin (difference) (K) 1.80000 * degree Rankine (difference)
degree Rankine (difference) 0.555558 kelvin (difference) (K)
degree (angle) 0.01 7453 radian degree/second (angular) 0.166667 mohtion/minute dyne 0.000010* newton (N) dyne 7.23301 x poundal dyne 2.24809 x 10'' pound (force) dyne 1.00000* gram centimetedsecond squared dyne/square centimeter 0.100000* pascal (Fa) dyne secondlsquare centimeter 0.100000" pascal second (Pa-s)
0
(for temperature, see under "T")
F farad (electrical capacitance) faradheter (Fh) fathom (6 U.S. survey foot exactly) foot (1959 international) foot (1959 international)
foot lambed foot of water (392°F) foot/degree F foot/gallon {U. S. liquid)
fodcubic foot (1959 international) fo0tAlour foot/rninute (1959 international foot) footlsecond foot- poundal foot-pound (force) foot-pound (force) foot-pound (force)/gallon (U.S.) foot-pound (force)/second foot-pound (force)/square inch footcandle footcandle
foot (U.S. survey)
(foot = 1959 internationd)
1 .ooooo * 0,025400" 1.82880 0.304800 * 304.800* (12OO/393 7) * 3.42626 * 2988.98 0.548640 80.5196
10.7639 0.0846667 0.0050800* 0:304800* 0.0421401 1.35582 0.00128507 0.3 58169 3.35582 0.210152 1 .ooooo * 10.7639
ct>ulomb/voh (CN) farad/inch meter (m) meter (m) millimeter meter (m) candeldsquare meter (cd/mz) pascal (Pa) metedkelvin (a) meterhbic meter (dd)
metedcubic meter [dm3) millirneter/second (mm/s) metedsecond ( d s ] rnetedsecond (mls) joule (J) joule (J) Btu (LTJ kilo joule/cubic meter (kJ1n-P) watt (W) joulelsquare centimeter lumedsquare foot lux {lumedsquare meter) (lm/mz)
~ ~~
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
gal (galileo) gallon (U.K. liquid) gallon (U.K. liquid) gallon (U.K. li@id)/hour square foot gallon (U.K. liquid)/minute gallon (U.K. liquid)/
minute square foot gallon (U.K. liquid)/pound-mass gallon (U.K. liquid)/looO barrels gallon (U.S. liquid) gallon (U. S. liquid) gallon (U.S. liquid) gallon (U.S. liquid)/cubic foot gallon (U. S. liquid)/foot gallon (U. S. liquid)/hour square foot gallon (U.S. liquid)/minute gallon (U. S. liquid)/
gallon (V. S. liquid)/pound-mass gallon (U.S., dry)
minute square foot
0.010000* 0.00454609 4.54609 1.35927 x 0.075768 0.00081556
10.02 24 28.5940 2 3 1 .OOO* 0.a32674 0.00378541 133.681 0.0124193 1.13183 x lo-’ 0.0630902 0 .O0067910
8.34540 0.00440488*
meterisecond squared (m/s2) cubic meter (m3) cubic decimeter wbic metedsecond square meter (m3/s.m2) cubic decimetedsecond cubic metedsecond square meter (m3/s.m2)
cubic decimeterkilogram cubic centimeter/cubic meter cubic inch gallon (U.K. liquid) cubic meter (ma) cubic decimeterhbic meter cubic meterlmeter (mVm) cubic meterhecond square meter (m3/s-mz) cubic decimetedsecond cubic meterlsecond square meter (rn3/s*mz)
cubic decimeterkilogram cubic meter (m3)
gamma (mass) gamma [magnetic flux density) gauss (magnetic flux density) gausdoersted gilbert grad grain (1/7000 lbm avoirdupois) graidgallon (U. S. liquid) graidcubic foot grain/100 cubic feet gram
A gram 00 grammole 0
grdcubic meter gradcubic meter gradcubic meter gradcubic meter gramkubic meter gradgallon (U.K.) grdgal lon (U. S. ) gray (GY)
H
10-9 * 10-9 * 0.000100" 1.25664 x 0.795775 0.0157080 64.7989 1 * 17.1181 .2.28835 22.8835 0.03 52 74 0.032151 0.001000* 3.78541 0.058418 0.350507 0.00834541 0.0100224 0.239969 0.264 172 100.000
kilogram (kg) tesla IT) tesla (T) henryimeter {Wm) ampere turn radian (rad) milligram (mgf gram/cubic meter milligradcubic decimeter milligram/cubic meter ounce - mas s (avoirdupois) ounce-mass (troy) kilomole (kmol] milligram/gallon (U.S. liquid) graidgallon (US. liquid) pound-mass/lOoO barrels pound-mass/1000 gallons (U.S. liquid) pound-rnasd1000 gallons [U.K. liquid) kilogradcubic meter [kg/m3) kilogradcubic meter (kg/m3) rad (radiation dose absorbed)
hectare 10000* square meter (m2)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
hectare henry (inductance) (H) henry (inductance) (H) henry (inductance) (H) henry/meter (Him) henry/meter (H/m) horsepower (electric) horsepower (hydraulic) horsepower (metric) horsepower (US.) (550 ft-lbf/s) horsepower (U. S.)( 550 ft-lbfls) horsepower hour (US) (550 ft-lbf/s) horsepower hour (U.S.) (550 ft-lbf/s) horsepowedcubic foot (5 50 ft-lbf/s) hundred weight (U.K., long) hundred weight (U.S., short) I
2.47104
1.00000 1.00000 x loa 795 775 2.54000 x 10' * 0.746000 * 0.746043 0.735499 0.745 700 42.4072 2.68452 2544.43 26.3341 50.8024 45.359237*
7.95775 x 107 acre (U.S. survey) maxwell/gilbert webe rlampere line/ampere gaussDersted .
line/ampere inch kilowatt (kW) kilowatt (kW) kilowatt (kW) kilowatt (kW) Btu (I.T.)/minute megajoule (MJ) Btu (I.T.) kilowatt/cubic meter [kW/m3) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg)
inch (1959 international) 25,4000" millimeter (mm) inch water (32.2"F) 0.249082 kilopascal (kPa) inch water (60°F) 0.24884 kilopascal (kPa) inch mercury (3 2 F) 3.38638 kilopascal (kPaj
inch mercury (60'F) inch/minute
J
3.37685 kilopascal (kh) 0.423333 millimeter/second (mm/s)
joule 0) (energy, work, or heat) joule (J) (energy, work, or heat) joule (J) (energy, work, or heat) joule u] (energy, work, or heat) joule 0) (energy, work, or heat) joule (J) (energy, work, or heat) joule 0) (energy, work, or heat) joule 0) (energy, work, or heat) joule (J) (energy, work, or heat) joulekilogram U k g ) joulekilogram U k g ) joule/mole U/mol) joulelsquare centimeter ( J/cmz) joule/square centimeter (J/cmz]
-L 4 0
K
0.737562 23.7304 1.00000 * 9.47827 x 0.239126 0.238903 0.238662 0.2 3 8846 0,239006 0.108411 4.29923 x lo-' 0.429923 4.75846 0.101972
foot-pound (force) €00 t - poundal watt second (Ws) or Newton-meter (Nm) Btu [International Table) calorie (20 "C) calorie (1 5 O c) calorie (mean) calorie (I .T) calorie (thermochemical) calorie (thermochemical)/pound-mass Btu (I.T.)/pound-mass Btu (I.T.)/pound mole foot-pound (force)/square inch kilogram (force)-meter/square centimeter
(kgf/cmz)
kelvin (degree), tK 1.800 00* degree Rankin, t, kilocalorie (Calorie) ioao. oo * calorie kilocalorie (thermochemical) 4.18400 * kilo joule (k J) kilocalorie (thermochemical)/hour 1.16222 watt (W)
kilocalorie (therrnochemical)/
kilocalorie (thennochemical)/
kilogram (kg) (mass, by definition) kilogram (kg) (mass) kilogram-meter (kgm) kilogram nieterlsecond (kg-ids) ki logdcubic decimeter
5 kilogram/cubic decimeter kilogram/cubic meter (kg/ms) kilogram/cubic meter (kg/m3) kilogram/cubic meter (kg/ms) kilogram/cubic meter (kg/ms) ki logdcubic meter (kg/m3) kilogdmeter (kg/m) ki logdmole (kg/mol) kilogram/second (kg/s) kilogram/second (kg/s) kilogradsecond (kg/s) kilogradsecond [kg/s) kilogram/second [ kg/s)
hour mzoC
kilogram "C
A
1.16222
4.18400
2.20462 0.06852 18 0.2 24809 7.23301 8.34542 10.02 24 0.0624280 0.350507 3.78541 4.54609 0.00194032 0.671969 2.20462 793 6.64 2.20462 0.0590524 0.0661387 3.54314
watt/square meter K (W/mzk)
kilojoulekilogram K (kJkg K)
pound-mass (lbm) (avoirdupois) slug (mass) slug -foot pound (mass)- foot/second pound-masdgallon (V. S. liquid) pound-masdgallon (U.K liquid) pound-masdcubic foot pound-massharrel gramdgallon (U. S. liquid) grams/gallon (U.K. liquid) slug/cubic foot pound-mass/foot pound-mass/mole pound-masshour pound- mass/second ton-mass (U.K.)/minute ton-mass (U. S.)/minute ton-mass (U.K.Vhour
kilogdsecond (kg/s) kilogdsecond-meter (kg/s.m) kilogradsecond-meter (kg/sm)
kilogradsecond-square meter
kilogram/second - square meter
kilogdsquare meter (kg/m2) kilogram-force (kgf) kilogram (force) -meter (kgf-m) kilogram foke (kgf) (not SI)
( kg/s*m2)
(kg/smz)
A kilojoule (kJ) ’ kilojoule (kJ) kilojoule (kJ) kilojoule (kJ) kilojoule (kJ) kilojoule/cubic meter ( kJ/m3) kilojoule/cubic meter (kJ/m3) kilojoule/cubic meter (kJ/m3) kilojoule/cubic meter ( kJ/ma) kilojoulekilogram (kJkg) kilojoulekilogram kelvin (kJ/kgX) kilojoulekilogram kelvin fkJkgX)
3.96832 0.671969 2419.09
0.204816
737.338
0.204816 9.80665 * 9.80665* 9.80665” 0.94781 7 0.943690 0.9481 55 0.94 7086 0.948452 0.0268392 0.00430886 0.00358788 2.79198 0.429923 0.238846 0.238846
ton-mass (V. S. )/hour pound-masshecond-foot pound-masshour-foot
pound-masdsecond-square foot
pound-mass/square foot Ilewton “I joule 0) newton IN) Btu (I.T.) Btu (3gQF) Btu (60°F) Btu (mean) Btu (thennochemical) Btu (I.T.)/cubic foot Btu (I.T.)/gallon (U.K. liquid) Btu (I.T.)/gallon (US. liquid) foot-pound (force)/gallon (U. S. liquid) Btu (I .T. )/pound - mass Btu [I.T.)/pound (mass) O F
Btu (I.T.)/pound mole O F
~~
MULTIPLY BY m OBTAIN
kilojoulekilogram kelvin (kJkgK) kilojoulekilogmrn kelvin (kJkgK) kilojoule/kilogram kelvin (kJkg.K) kilo joulekilogram kelvin (kJ/kg*K) kilojoule/mole (kJ/mol) kilometer kilometer (km) kilometer (km) kilometer/cubic decimeter kilometerhour (lun/h) kilometer/hour (kmh) kilomole (kmol) kilomole (kmol) kilomole (kmol) kilomole (kmol] kilomole (kmol) lcilomole/cubic meter kiiomolekubic meter kilomole/cubic meter kilomole/cubic meter kilonewton (W) kilonewton (kN)
0.239006 calorie (themochemical)/gram kelvin 0.239006 0.2 39006 0.00027778 kilowatt hourkilogram "C 0.239006 kilocalorie [thermochemical)/gram mole
calorie (thermochemical)/gram mole * C kilocalorie fthermochemical)/kilogram O C
3280.84 0.62 13 70 0.539957 2.3521 5 0.539957 0.62 13 70 1000.00 * 2.20462 836.630 22.4136 23.6445 0.0624280 0.01002 24 0.00834541 133.010 0.224809 0. I00361
foot (1959 international) mile (U.S. statute) nautical mile mile (U.S. statute)/gallon (U.S. liquid h o t (international) miledhour (US. statute) gram mole pound-mole standard cubic foot (6OoF, 1 atmosphere) standard cubic meter (OOC, 1 atmosphere) standard cubic meter (15"C, 1 atmosphere pound-mole/cubic foot pound-mole/gallon (U. K . liquid) pound-mole/gallon (U. S. liquid] standard fiVbarrel(60 O F , 1 atmosphere) kip (1000 pound-force) ton-force (U.K., 2240 lbf)
kilonewton (kN) kilonewton meter (Warn)
kilopascal (kpa)
kilopascal [kh) kilopascal (kPa) kilopascal (kPa) kilopascal (kpa) kilopascal (kh) kilopascal (kPa) kilopascal (kpa) kilopascal (kp) kilopascal (kPa) kilopascaUmeter ( W m ) kilopond force (kgf) kilowatt (kW) kilowatt (kW) kilowatt (kW) kilowatt (kW] kilowatt (kW) kilowatt (kW] kilowatt- hour kilowatt-hourkilogram "C
0.1 I2404 0.36878 1
0.0101972
0.00986923 0.01000 * 10.1974 4 a1474 0.295301 0.296134 7.50064 20.8854 0.145038 0.0442075 9.806 65* 56.8690 0.94 78 1 7 1.34048 1.34102 1.34041 0.2843 3.6OOOO* 3600.00*
ton-force (US., 2000 lbf) ton-force (U.S.) foot
atmosphere (kilogram- force/ square centimeter)
atmosphere f760 ton] bar centimeter water (4 "C) inch water (39.2 OF) inch mercury (32°F) inch mercury (60°F) millimeter mercury ( o O C )
pound-force/sqmre foot pound - fon=e/square inch pound-forcefsquare inch-foot newton Btu (I .T. )/minute Btu (I.T.)/second horsepower (electric) horsepower (550 foot poundlsecond) horsepower (hydraulic) ton of refrigeration (12 000 Btuh) megajoule (MJ) kilojoulekilogram kelvin (kJ/kg.K)
MULTIPLY
kilowatt/cubic meter (kW/m3) kilowatt/cubic meter (kW/m3) kilowatt/cubic meter kilowatt/cubic meter kelvin
kilowatt/cubic meter kelvin
kilowattlsquare meter ( kW/mz) kilowatt/square meter ( kW/m2) kilowatt/square meter kelvin
kip (1000 pound-force) kiplsquare inch (force/area) knot (international) knot (international) knot (international)
( kW/m3*K)
( kW/m3*K)
A
cn (kW/m**K)
L lambert (luminance) light -year line
BY
96.62 11 0.0268392 0.03 7974 53.6784
0.0149107
0.088055 1 86.0421 0.0489195
4.44822 6.89476 1.85200" 1.15080 0.514444
3183.10 9.46055 x 10'' 1 .ooooo*
To OBTAIN
Btu (I.T.)/hour cubic foot Btu (I.T.)/second cubic foot horsepower/cubic foot (U.S., 550 ft-lbf/s) Btu (I.T.)/hour cubic foot O F
Btu (I.T.)/second cubic foot O F
Btu (I.T.)/second square foot calorie (thermochemical)/hour cm2 Btu (I.T.)/second square foot OF
kilonewton (kN) megapascal (MPa) kilometer/hour (km/h) U.S. statute mileihour metedsecond
candela/square meter meter maxwell
line line/ampere line/ampere inch linekquare inch link liter (cubic decimeter) liter (cubic decimeter) liter (cubic decimeter) liter (cubic decimeter) lumen (luminous flux) lumedsquare meter liimen/square foot
0, lumedsquare foot lumenlsquare inch lux (illuminance)
A
lux (lx) lux (lx) lux (lx) lux second (lx-s)
M maxwell maxwell maxwell/gilbert megagram (Mg)
1.00000 x 10-8 * 1 .ooooo x lo-' * 3.93701 x lo-' * 1.55000 0.201168 1000.00 * 0.0353147 0.264172 0.2 19969 1.00000 * 1.00000 * 1.00000 * '10.7639 1550.00 1.00000 * 0.09290304 * 0.09290304 * 0.000645 16 0.09290304*
2 .ooooo 1.00000 x lo-' * 1.25664 x lo-' * 1.00000
weber (Wb)
henrylmeter (Him) tesla (T) meter (m) cubic centimeters cubic foot gallon (U.S. liquid) gallon (U.K. liquid) candela-steradian (cd-sr)
footcandle
henry [HI
lux (lx)
lux (lx) lux (lx) lumen/square meter (lm/m*) footcandle lumen/square foot lumenlsquare inch foot candle second
line weber (Wb)
ton-mass (metric) or tonne henry (HI
~ ~~
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
megagram (Mg) megagram (Mg) megagradsquare meter (Mg/m*) megajoule (M J) megajoule (M J ) megajoule (MJ) megajoule (MJ) megajoule/cubic meter (MJ/m3) megajoule/cubic meter (MJ/m3) megajoule/cubic meter ( MJ/in3) megapascal (MPa) megapascal (MPa) megapascal ( M k ) megapascal (Mh) megawatt (MW) meter (m) meter (m) meter (m) meter (m) meter (m) meter (m) meter (m)
0.984206 1.10231 0.102408 947.817 0.372506 0.2 77 778 0.0094781 3 4.30886 3.58780 0.239006 0.145038 145.038 10.442 7 0.0725189 3.41214 0.0497096 0.546806* 3.28084 ( 3 9 3 7/ 1 2 00) * 4.97096 0.198838 1.09361
ton-mass (U.K. long or gross) ton-mass (U.S. short or net) ton-mass (U. S.)/square foot Btu (I.T.) horsepower hour (U.S., 550 ft-lbf/s) kilowatt hour (kW-h) therm (European Community) Btu (I.T.)/gallon (U.K. liquid) Btu (I.T.)/gallon (U.S. liquid) calorie (thermochemical)/milliliter kiplsquare inch pound-force/square inch ton-force (U.S.)/square foot ton-force (LJ.S.)/square inch million Btu (I.T.)/how chain (U.S. survey) fathom (6 U.S. survey foot) foot (1959 international) foot (U.S. survev) link (U.S. survey) rod (U.S. survey) yard (1959 international)
metedcubic meter ( m/m3) 0.0929031
metedcubic meter ( m/m3) 0.0124193
meterkelvin (m/K) 1.82269 metedsecond (m/s) 3.28084 metedsecond (m/s) 196.850 mho 1.00000 * microbar or dynelsquare cm 0.100000*
m ic ro m e t e r ( p m) micron (abolished name, 1967)
micrometer ( p m ) 0.0393701 1 .ooooo * 1.00000 *
2 microsecond/foot 3.28084 00 microsecond/meter (ps/m) 0.304800 *
mil 2 5.4000 * mile (U.S. statute) 5280.00 * mile (international) 1.609344* mile (US. statute) 1.609347
mile (U.S. statute)/hour 0.868961 mile (U. S. statute)/U. S. gallon 0.42 5 144 milehour (international) 1.609 344 milligram (mg) 0.0154324
mil 0.001 000 *
mile (U.S. and international nautical) 1852.00"
foot/cubic foot (1959 international foot)
foot/gallon (U.S. liquid)
foot/" F (1959 international foot) foot/second [ 1959 international foot) foot/minute (1959 international foot) siemens (S) pascal (Pa) mil micron (abolished name, 1967) micrometer or 10-6meter (pm) microsecond/meter (pdm) microsecond/foo t inch (1959 international) micrometer ( 1Wsrn) foot (survey foot of year 1893) kilometer (km) kilometer (km) meter (m) knot (international) kilometedliter kilometer/hour (kmh) grain (mass)
(1959 international foot)
MUrnPLY BY To OBTAIN
milligramkubic decimeter milligramkubic meter (mg/ms) milligramlgallon (US. liquid) millimeter (mm) millimeter (mm) millimeter mercury (0°C) millimeter mercury (0°C) millimeter/second ( m d s ) millimetedsecond ( m d s )
4 millimeter/second (mmls) a million Btu (I.T.)/hour
million electron volt miner’s inch minute (angle) mole/foo t molekilogram (molkg) molelmeter (mol/m) mole/pound (mass) moldsquare foot mole/square meter (mol/m2)
0.436996 0.0436996 0.264172 0.0393701 * 0.00328084 133.322 0.133322 11.81 10 2.36220 0.0393701 0.293071 0.1602 19 2.500 2.90888 X lo-‘ 3.28084 0.45359237* 0.304800* 2.20462 10.7639 0.09290304*
graidcubic foot graid100 cubic foot gradcubic meter (g/ms) inch (1959 international) foot pascal (Pa) kilopascal (kh) foothour inchlminute inchlsecond megawatt (MW) picojoule (pJ) cubic feetlminute radian moleymeter (mol/m) mole/pound - mass mole/foot molekilogram (molkg) mole/square meter ( mol/m2) mole/square foot
N nautical mile (U.S. or international) newton (N) newton (N) newton (N) newton (N) newton-meter (N-m) newton-meter (N-m) newton-meter (N-m) newton-metedmeter (N- m/m) newton-meterlmeter (N-m/m)
Iu newtodmeter (N/m) newtoxdmeter (N/m)
0
1.85200* 1 .ooooo*
0.224809 7.23301 0.737562 8.85075 23.7304 0.0187341 0.224809 0.06852 18 0.00571015
i.ooooo x 1 0 5
kilometer (km) kilogram - metedsecond - squared (kjym/s*) dyne pound-force, avoirdupois poundal pound (force)-foot pound (fon;e)-inch poundal-foot pound (force) - footlinc h pound (force) - inchhnch pound - force/foot pound - forcelinc h
oersted ohm (electric resistance) ohm circular miUfoot ohm foot ohm inch ohm square metedmeter (0 mz/m) ohm square metedmeter (0 mVm) ohm square metedmeter (0 mz/m) ounce-force (avoirdupois)
79.5775 1.00000* 1.66243 x lo-' * 0.304800* 0.025400* 6.01531 x 10' 3.28084 39.3701 0.2 78014
~ ounce-mass (avoirdupois) 28.3495 I
ampere turdmeter voltiampere (V/A) ohm square metedmeter (0 mVm) ohm square meterlmeter (0 mVm) ohm square metedmeter (0 mVm) ohm circular mil/foot ohm foot ohm inch newton (N) gram
MULTIPLY BY 'M) OBTAIN
31.1035 gram ounce-mass (troy)
ounce (U.K. fluid), volume measure 28.4131 cubic centimeter ounce (US fluid), volume measure 29.5735 cubic centimeter
(Note: 12 troy ounces = 1 troy pound-mass)
P parsec pascal (Pa) (pressure, stress] pascal (Pa) pascal (Pa)
N A pascal(J3) pascal [Pa) pascal second (hs) pascal second (bs) pascal second (Fbs) pascal second (Faus) pascal second (Pa.s) pascal second (bs) picojoule (pj) pint (U.K. liquid) pint (US. liquid) pint (U.S. dry)
A
3.08374 x lo1* 1 .ooooo* 10. oooo* 0.0075064 2.95301 x lo-' 1.45038 1000. oo* 10 .oooo* 0.0208854 2419.09 0.671969 0.0208854 6.24146 0.568262 0.473 177 5.50611 X lo-'
meter (m) newtonlsquare meter (N/mz) microbar or dy nekquare centimeter millimeter mercury (0°C) or tom inch m0rcury (32OF) pound-force/square inch centipoise dyne-second/square centimeter pound (force)-second/square foot pound-mass/foot - hour pound (mass)/foot-second slug/foot -second million electron volt cubic decimeter cubic decimeter cubic meter (m')
pint (U.K. liquid)/1000 barreis 3.57426
pound-mole 0.4535923 7" pound-mole/cubic foot 16.0185 pound- mole/gal Ion (U. K. liquid) 99.7763 pound-mole/gallon (U. S. liquid) 119.826 powndal 0.138255 poundal 0.0310810 poundal-foot (1959 international foot) 0.0421401
poise (absolute viscosity) 0.100000*
pound-force, avoirdupois (lbf) pound-force pound (force)-foot pound (force)-foot/inch pound (force)-inch pound-foxelfoot pound- foxelinch pound-force/square foot pound-force/square inch (psi) pound-force/square inch-foot pound (force]-second/square foot pound-mass, avoirdupois (lbm) pound-mass, avoirdupois (tbm) pound-mass, avoirdupois pound-mass, troy
4.44822 32.1740 1.35582 53.3787 0.112985 14.5939 175. I27 0.0478803 6.89476 22.6206 47.8803 0.45359237" 1.21528 7000.00 5 760 .OU *
cubic decimeterkubic meter pascal-second (Pa-s) kilomole (kmol) kilomole/cubic meter ( h o b 3 ) kilomole/cubic meter (kmoVm3) kilomolekubic meter (kmol/m3) newton (N) pound- force newton-meter (Nm) newton (N) poundal newtommeter (Nm) new ton -met edmeter (Nmm/m) newton-meter (Nm) newtodmeter (N/m) newtodmeter (N/m) kilopascal (kk) kilopascal (kh) kilopascaUmeter (kFWm) pascal second (bs) kilogram (kg) pound [troy) grain grain
A N w
MULTIPLY BY To OBTAIN
pound-mass, avoirdupois pound-massharrel pound-mass/cubic foot (density) pound-mass/foot pound-mass/foot- hour pound- mass/foot second pound-masdgallon (U.K. liquid) pound-mass/gallon (U. S. liquid) pound-mass/lOoO gallons
(U.K. liquid) pound-mass/lOOO gallons
(U.S. liquid) pound-masshour pound-masshour square foot pound- masslminute pound - madmole pound-mass/second pound-mass/second-foot pound - mass/second - square foot pound-mass/square foot pound (mass)- footlsecond pound (mass)-square foot
0.0310810 2.85301 16.0185 1.48816 0.00041338 3.48816 0.0997763 0.119826 99.7763
119.826
0.000125998 0.00135623 0.00755987 0.45359237* 0.4535923 7 * 1.48816 4.88243 4.88243 0.138255 0.0421401
slug (mass) kilogramkubic meter (kg/m3) kilogram/cubic meter (kg/m3) kilogram/meter (kg/m) pascal. second (EN) pascal second (Pa-s) kilogramkubic decimeter k i logdcubic decimeter gramlcubic meter
gradcubic meter
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
1 I 1 1 I I I I I I
o g d s e c o n d (kg/s) ogradsecond-square meter (kg/s-m2) ogramlsecond (kg/s) o g d m o l e (kglmol) ogrdsecond (kg/s) .ogram/second -meter (kg/sm) .ogram/second-square meter (kg/sm*) .ogram/square meter (kg/m2) .ogram-meterlsecond fkg.m/s) logram-square meter (kgm2)
Q quart (U.K. dry) quart (U.S. dry] quart W.K. liquid) quart (U.K. liquid) quart (U.K. liquid) quart (U.S. liquid) quart (V.S. liquid)
quart (US. liquid) quart (US. iiquid)
R -~
rad (radiation dose absorbed) radian (rad) radian (rad) radian (rad) radian (rad) radiadsecond (rad/s) radianlsecond (radis) radianlsecond squared (rad/s2) radianlsecond squared [rad/sz) revoiution/minute
1.03206 0.96894 1.13652 1.13652 1.20095 0.946353 0.94635 3 0.859367 0.832674
quart (U.S. dry) quart (U.K. dry) cubic decimeter liter quart (US. liquid) cubic decimeter liter quart (U.S. dry) quart (U.K. liquid)
0.010000* 206 265 3437.75 57.2958 63.6620 0.159155 9.54930 0.159155 572.958 0.104720
gray [Gy) (joulekilogram) second (angle) minute (angle) degree (angle) grad revolutiodsecond revolut iodminute revolution/second squared revolutiodminute squared radiadsecond (rad/s)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
revolu t iodminute squared 0.001 7453 3 radiadsecond squared (rad/sz) revolution/second 6.28318 radiadsecond (rad/s) rev0 lut io n/se c ond squared radiadsecond squared (rad/sz) rod (U.S. survey, 16.5 ft. exactly) 5.02921 meter (m) roentgen 2.57976 x * coulombkilogram (Ckg)
6.28318
S
second (angle) 4.84814 x 10-8 section (1 square statute mile) section (U.S. survey) 640 siemens (S) (electrical conductance) siemedmeter ( S/m) 0.02 5400* slug (mass) 32.1740 slug (mass) 14.5939 slughbic foot (density) 515.379 slug-foot (1959 international foot) 4.44822 slug/foot -second 47.8803 square foot (1959 international) square foothour (thermal difhsivity) 25.8064 * square footlpound-mass 0.2 04816 square foot/second 9290.304"
2.5898
1.00000 *
0.09290304 *
radian (rad) square kilometer (km') acre ampereholt (AN) or rnho amperdvolt inch pound- mass (avoirdupois) kilogram (kg) kilogradcubic meter (kg/m3) kilogram-meter (kgmm) pascal second ( b s ) square meter (mz] square millimeter/second square meterkilogram (m2kg) square millimeter/second
square foot pound (mass)/sec' square inch (1959 international) square. kilometer (kmz) square kilometer (km2) square meter (mZ) square meter (mz) square meter (Xn') square meterkilogram fmVkg) square mile (1959 international) square millimeter (mmz) square millimetedsecond (mmVs)
a square millimetedsecond (mmz/s) * square millimeter/second (mm2/s)
square yard (1959 international) standard cubic footharrel
(6OoF, z atmosphere) standard cubic foot (60°F, 1 atmosphere)
standard cubic meter (O°C, 1 atmosphere)
standard cubic meter (15Oc, 1 atmosphere)
s tatampere statcoulomb
Iu
0.042 1.40 1 645.160* 0.386 101 0.386102 10.7639 2.47104 x lo-' 1.19599 4.88243 2.58999 0.001 55000 1.07639 x 0.0387501 1.00000 * 0.836127 0.0075182
0.0011953
0 -0446 16
0.042293
3.33564 x 3.33564 x 10-lo
joule 0) square millimeter ( mmz) section (1 square statute mile) square mile (1959 international) square foot (1959 international) acre (US. survey) square yard (1959 international) square footlpound-mass square kilometer (km') square inch (1959 international] square foothecond square foothour cent istoke square meter (mz) kilomole/cubic meter (kmol/m3)
kilomole (kmol)
kilomole (kmol)
kilomole (kmol)
ampere (A) coulomb (C)
M U r n L Y BY m o m .
statfarad stathenry statohm statvolt stem stokes (kinemaLlz viscos stokes
T
L j i
1.11265 x lo-’’ farad (F) 8.98755 x 10” henry (HI 8.98755 x loa1 ohm (0) 299.793 volt (V) 1 .ooooo* cubic meter (m3) 1 0 - 4 * square meterlsecond 10.7639 x -I square footlsecond
A temperature (see “degree” for temperature interval or difference) temperature, degree Fahrenheit, tF =z 1.8tc + 32 temperaturn, degree Celsius, & = (tP - 32111.8 = 0.555 556 (tF - 32) temperature, degree Kelvin, tK = Tc + 273.15 (by definition) temperature, degree Rankine, tn = t, + 459.67 (by definition) temperature, degreeklvin, tK = 0.555 556 tn temperature, degree Rankine, temperature, degree Fahrenheit, tp = 1.8tx - 459.67 temperature, degreeCelsius, tesla (T) magnetic flux density 1.0000* webedsquare meter (Wb/mz) tesla (T) 10 ooo.o* gauss telsa (T) 64 516.0* line/square inch them (lo5 Btu, I.T., Eur. Comm.) 105,506 megajoule (MJ)
Iu 4
= 1.8 tu
= 0,555 SSSt, - 27325
them (US. natural gas) ton-force (U.K., 2240 lbfl ton-force (U. S., 2000 hf) ton (force) (U.S.)-foot
ton-force (US.)/square inch ton-mass (U.K. long or gross) ton-mass [U.K. long or gross) ton-mass (U.K. long or gross) ton-mass (U.K. long or gross) ton-mass (U.S. short or net) ton-mass (US. short or net) ton-mass (US. short or net) ton-mass (US. short or net) ton-metric [tonne) ton-metric (tonne) towmetric (tonne) ton- metric (tonne) ton- mass (V.K.)lday ton-mass (U.S.)/day ton-mass (U.K.)lhour ton-mass (U.S.)/haur ton-mass (U.K.)lminute ton-mass (U. S.)/minute
,ton-force (U. S.)lspuare foot
-L
00 N
105.4804" 9.9 6402 8,89644 2.71164 95.7605 13.7895 2240* 1.01605 1.01605 1.12000 moo* 0.907185 0.907185 0.89285 7 2204.62" 1.00000* 0.984206 1.10231 0.01 17598 0.0104998 0.282235 0 251996 16.9341 15.1197
megajoule (MJ) kilonewton (ZEN) kilonewton (kN) kilonewton meter (Warn) kilopascal (kk) megapascal (MPa) pound-mass megagram (MI31 metric ton or tonne ton-mass (US. short or net) pound-mass megagram IMg) metric ton or tonne ton-mass (U.K. long) pound - mass n.ww3mm (Mg) tan-mass (U.K. long) ton-mass (U. S. short) kilogradsecond (kg/s) kilogradsecond (kg/s) ki€ogram/second (kg/s) kilogram/second (kg/s) kilogram/second (kg/s) kilogradsecond (kg/s)
lbmxiPLY BY TO OBTAIN
ton-mass (u,S.)/square foot 9.76485 megagradsquare meter (Mg/m'] ton refrigeration (12 000 Btuh) 3.517 kilowatt (kw) ton (nuclear equivalent of TNT) joule (J) (defined, not measured) tom (mm mercury, O°C) 133.322 pascal
U
4.184 X lo@
unitlfoot unithenry unit/met er
V
3.28084 unitheter 1 .ooooo * amperelweber [ A m ) 3,28084 volt /meter (Wm)
volt (V] electric potential) 1.00000* watt/ampere (WIA) VOlt/fQOt 3.28004 volt /meter (Wm) voltcinc b 39.3701 voit/meter (Wm) vohheter [Vh] 0.304800* voltlfoot voltheter ( V h ) 0 0254OQ * volt/inch volume parts per million 1.00000' cubic centimeterlcubic meter
W
1.00000" joulehecond 01s)
watt (W) watt (wl waff W) watt (W) watt hour (W*h) wattlinch (international) watt/meter (Wh] watthneter kelvin (W/m*K) watt/meter kelvin [WlmK) wattlmeter kelvin (W1m.K) wawmeter kelvin (W/mK) watt/square meter (W/mz) wattlsquare meter kelvin [Wlm2*K) watt/square meter kelvin (W/m2*K) watt second [Was) weber (W) (magnetic flux) weber (Wb) weber (Wbj webedampere [Wb/A)
Y
3.412 14 44 I 2 53 7 0.737562 0,86042 1 3.60000" 39.3701 0.025400* 0.5 77789 6,93347 8,6042 1 O.OO239OO6 0.3 16998 0,176110 0.860421 1.00000" 1 .ooooo* 1,00000 x 10"
1. ooooo* i,ooooo x 1 0 4
-
Btu (I.T.)/hour foot-pound (force]/minute foot pound (force)/second kilocalorie (thermochemical)/hour kilojoule (kJ) wattheter [ W/m) watthnch (international) Btu (1.T.)-foothour square footOF Btu (1.T.)-inchhour square foot O F
calorie [thermochemical)-cm/hour crn2 "C calorie (thermochemica1)-cmlecond cmz "C Btu (f.T,)/hour square foot Btu (I.T.j/hour square foot O F
kilocalorie (thermochemica1)hour cm* "C joule [Jl volt-second (V-s) line maxwell henry (HI
yard (1959 internat~onal) 0.914400* meter (m)
I BARRA ARCTIC OCEAN
NllHAU
SEISMIC ZONE MAP OF THE UNITED STATES ZONE 0 - No damage. ZONE 1 - Minor damage; distant earthquakes may cause damage to struc-
tures with fundamental periods greater than 1.0 seconds; corm responds to intensities V and VI of the M.M.* Scale.
ZONE 2 - Moderate damage: corresponds to intensity VII of the M.M.* Scale.
ZONE 3 - Major damage; corresponds to intensity Vlll and higher of the M.M.* Scale.
This map is based on the known distribution of damaging earthquakes and the M.M.* intensities associated with these earthquakes; evidence of strain release; and consideration of major geologlc, structures and provinces believed to be associated with earthquake activity. The probable frequency of occur- rence of damaging earthquakes in each zone was not considered in assigning ratings to the various zones.
Reproduced from Uniform Building Code, 1973 Edition, with permission of International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, Californta.
*Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931.
131
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS with international atomic weights*
ELEMENT & SYMBOL ATOMIC NUMBER ATOMIC WEIGHT actinium (Ac) 89 aluminum (Al) 13 26.98 15 americium (Am) 95 antimony (Sb) 51 121.75 argon (Ar) 18 39.948 arsenic (As) 33 74.9216 astatine (At) 85 barium (Ba) 56 137.34
beryllium (Be) 4 9.0122 bismuth (Bi) 83 208.980 boron (B) 5 10.811 bromine (Br) 35 79.909 cadmium (Cd) 48 112.40 calcium (Ca) 20 40.08 californium (Cf) 98 carbon (C) 6 12.01 115
58 140.12 cerium (Ce) cesium (Cs) 55 132.905 chlorine (CI) 17 35.453 chromium (Cr) 24 51.996 cobalt (Co) 27 58.9332 columbium (Cb) (see niobium) copper (Cu) 29 63.54 curium (Cm) 96 dysprosium (Oy) 66 162.50
erbium (Er) 68 167.26 europium (Eu) 63 151.96
fluorine (F) 9 18.9984 francium (Fr) 87 gadolinium (Gd) 64 157.25 gallium (Ga) 31 69.72 germanium (Ge) 32 72.59 gold (Au) 79 196.967 hafnium (Hf) 72 178.49 helium (He) 2 4.0026 holmium (Ho) 67 164.930 hydrogen (H) 1 1.00797 indium (In) 49 114.82 iodine (I) 53 126.9044 iridium (Ir) 77 192.2 iron (Fe) 26 55.847 krypton (Kr) 36 83.80
57 138.91 lanthanum (La) lawrencium (Lw) 103
82 207.19 lead (Pb) lithium (Li) 3 6.939 lutetium (Lu) 71 174.97 magnesium (Mg) 12 24.3 12
*Based on “International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry’’ data, c c 12.0000.
berkelium (Bk) 97
einsteinium (Es) 99
fermium (Fm) 100
132
‘I
CH EM ICAL ELEM ENTS-(Cont hued) with international atomic weights”
ELEMENT & SYMBOL ATOMIC NUMBER ATOMIC WEIGHT manganese (Mn) mendelevium (Md) mercury (Hg) molybdenum (Mo) neodymium (Nd) neon (Ne) neptunium (Np) nickel (Ni) niobium (Nb) nitrogen (N) nobelium (No) osmium (0s) oxygen (0) palladium (Pd) phosphorus (P) platinum (PI) plutonium (Pu) polonium (Po) potassium (K) praseodymium (Pr) promethium (Pm) protactinium (Pa) radium (Ra) radon (Rn) rhenium (Re) rhodium (Rh) rubidium (Rb) ruthenium (Ru) samarium (Sm) scandium (Sc) selenium (Se) silicon (Si) silver (Ag) sodium (Na) strontium (Sr) sulfur (S) tantalum (Ta) technetium (Tc) tellurium (Te) terbium (Tb) thallium (TI) thorium (Th) thulium (Tm) tin (Sn) titanium (TJ tungsten ( )
25 101 80 42 60 10 93 28 41
7 102 76 8
46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 83 86 75 45 37 44 62 21 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69 50 22 74
54.9380
200.59 95.94
144.24 20.183
58.71 92.906 14.0067
190.2
106.4
195.09
15.9994
30.9738
39.102 140.907
186.2 102.905 85.47
101.07 150.35 44.956 78.96 28.086
107.870 22.9898 87.62 32.064
180.948
127.60 158.924 204.37 23 2.038 168.934 118.69 47.90
183.85 uranium (U) 92 238.03 vanadium (V) 23 50.942 wolfram (W) (see tungsten) xenon (Xe) 54 131.30 ytterbium (Yb) 79 173.04 yttrium (Y) zinc (Zn) 30 65.37 zirconium (Zr) 40 91.22
+Based on “International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry” data, c = 12.0000,
39 88.905
133