fort sumter, april 12-15, 1861. mobilization lincoln prepares north for war va, ar, tn, nc secede 4...
TRANSCRIPT
Fort Sumter, April 12-15, 1861
Mobilization• Lincoln prepares
North for war• VA, AR, TN, NC
secede• 4 slave states remain
– Delaware– Border states / regions
• Maryland• Kentucky• Missouri• Western Virginia
Temporary measures
• Lincoln would take no chances with MD
• Imprisonment of pro-secession state legislators
• Suppression of disloyal newspapers
• Suspended habeas corpus– Supreme Court struck it down– Lincoln ignored Taney – just like Jackson
American Civil War 1861-1865
North v. South
• On the eve of war, one certainty:• North has material advantage• 2x the population – 4x the white pop.• More fighters and workers• Northern advanced industrial complex• South improved, still reliant on Europe• North has better transportation:• More and better roads; 2x the rails• Better integrated rails – uniform gauges• By 1864 Southern inferior rails collapse
Comparing Sides
Railroads 1860
Hindsight is 20/20• At the time, South seems better situated
• Defense war, positions --so…
• North fighting in the South –so…
• Southern commitment mostly uniform
• Northern commitment divided, shaky to end
• One decisive victory away from failure of Northern will
• Perhaps even European intervention for South
Strategy and Diplomacy
• Militarily– Initiative to fight is up to the Union– To keep South it has to defeat South
• Diplomatically– South has to gain recognition from Europe– North needs to maintain status quo
• Attack and Die– South adopts a “Celtic” strategy – full frontal
assault
• Commander-In-Chief
• Material Advantage
• Sees goal– destroy Armies– not territories
• Lincoln is more competent than his generals– Not schooled in
war– “By the power
of his mind, [he] became a fine strategist.”
Lincoln’s GeneralsLincoln’s GeneralsLincoln’s GeneralsLincoln’s Generals
Irwin McDowellIrwin McDowellIrwin McDowellIrwin McDowell
Winfield ScottWinfield ScottWinfield ScottWinfield Scott
George McClellan,George McClellan,Again!Again!
George McClellan,George McClellan,Again!Again!
George McClellanMcClellanGeorge McClellanMcClellan
Ambrose BurnsideAmbrose Burnside
Joseph HookerJoseph HookerJoseph HookerJoseph Hooker
George MeadeGeorge MeadeGeorge MeadeGeorge MeadeUlysses S. GrantUlysses S. GrantUlysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant
Joint Committee on the Conduct of War
• Congress’ voice in formulating war policy
• Very powerful, interfering
• Joint investigative committee from both houses
• Chair: Sen. Benjamin Wade of Ohio
• Radical Republicanism
• Function
• Constantly plague Lincoln
Confederate States of America• Professional Solider
(West Point)• Fails to create
effective system of command
• 1862 names Robert E. Lee principal military advisor
• No plan on sharing• Fed up, Lee goes to
field
The Confederate The Confederate GeneralsGenerals
The Confederate The Confederate GeneralsGenerals
Jeb StuartJeb StuartJeb StuartJeb Stuart
James LongstreetJames LongstreetJames LongstreetJames Longstreet
George PickettGeorge PickettGeorge PickettGeorge Pickett
““Stonewall” JacksonStonewall” Jackson““Stonewall” JacksonStonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Nathan Bedford ForrestForrest
Nathan Bedford Nathan Bedford ForrestForrest
Robert E. LeeRobert E. LeeRobert E. LeeRobert E. Lee
The North’s Plan
Anaconda
• Gen. Scott• Naval blockade• River control• Eventually “squeeze”
toward Richmond
Advantage at Sea
1. Logistics most important 2. Union Blockades
– Not fully effective– Smugglers (Gone with the Wind)– Union is able to squeeze Southern ports
• South tries to break the Blockade – Ironclads – Merrimack v. Monitor– Torpedo boats– Hand-powered submarines
• CSS Huley v. USS Housatonic
Europe• England and France Southern
sympathizers at start– Cotton importation– Weaken USA– Aristocratic nature of society
• France stays out – will follow Britain• Britain stays out – Popular Union support• Freedom v. slavery• Emancipation Proclamation fuels this view
Death of King Cotton
• 1861 UK cotton surplus
• No need for CS cotton
• Turn to Egypt and India to meet demand
• Major southern bargaining tool undermined
• No foreign recognition – never proves its close enough
Battle of Bull Run Battle of Bull Run (1(1stst Manassas) Manassas)
July, 1861July, 1861
Battle of Bull Run Battle of Bull Run (1(1stst Manassas) Manassas)
July, 1861July, 1861
•North defeated
•Disorganized retreat
•Stonewall Jackson got his name
The Battle of the Ironclads, The Battle of the Ironclads, March, 1862March, 1862The Battle of the Ironclads, The Battle of the Ironclads, March, 1862March, 1862
The Monitor vs.
the Merrimac
The Monitor vs.
the Merrimac
War in the East: 1861-War in the East: 1861-18621862
War in the East: 1861-War in the East: 1861-18621862
Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War” “Bloodiest Single Day of the War”
Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War” “Bloodiest Single Day of the War”
September 17, September 17, 18621862September 17, September 17, 18621862
Order No. 191
• Lee’s battle plan for Antietam
• Fell into Union hands• McClellan knew
exactly how Lee would attack
• Still, McClellan refused to commit to victory
23,000 23,000 casualtiecasualtie
ss
23,000 23,000 casualtiecasualtie
ss
TheTheEmancipatiEmancipati
ononProclamatioProclamatio
nn
TheTheEmancipatiEmancipati
ononProclamatioProclamatio
nn
Emancipation in 1863Emancipation in 1863Emancipation in 1863Emancipation in 1863
The Famous 54The Famous 54thth MassachusettsMassachusetts
The Famous 54The Famous 54thth MassachusettsMassachusetts
Extensive Legislation Extensive Legislation PassedPassed
Without the South in Without the South in CongressCongress
Extensive Legislation Extensive Legislation PassedPassed
Without the South in Without the South in CongressCongress
1861 – Morrill Tariff Act
1862 – Homestead Act
1862 – Legal Tender Act
1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act
1862 – Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863)
1863 – Pacific Railway Act
1863 – National Bank Act
1861 – Morrill Tariff Act
1862 – Homestead Act
1862 – Legal Tender Act
1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act
1862 – Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863)
1863 – Pacific Railway Act
1863 – National Bank Act
The War The War in in
the West, the West, 1863:1863:
VicksburgVicksburg
The War The War in in
the West, the West, 1863:1863:
VicksburgVicksburg
The Road to Gettysburg: The Road to Gettysburg: 18631863
The Road to Gettysburg: The Road to Gettysburg: 18631863
Gettysburg Gettysburg CasualtiesCasualtiesGettysburg Gettysburg CasualtiesCasualties
The North The North Initiates Initiates
the Draft, the Draft, 18631863
The North The North Initiates Initiates
the Draft, the Draft, 18631863
NYC Draft Riots, NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)(July 13-16, 1863)NYC Draft Riots, NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)(July 13-16, 1863)
Inflation in the SouthInflation in the SouthInflation in the SouthInflation in the South
The Progress of War: 1861-The Progress of War: 1861-18651865
The Progress of War: 1861-The Progress of War: 1861-18651865
Sherman’Sherman’ss
“March“Marchto theto theSea”Sea”
throughthroughGeorgia,Georgia,
18641864
Sherman’Sherman’ss
“March“Marchto theto theSea”Sea”
throughthroughGeorgia,Georgia,
18641864
1864 Election1864 Election1864 Election1864 Election
Pres. Lincoln (R)Pres. Lincoln (R)Pres. Lincoln (R)Pres. Lincoln (R) George McClellan George McClellan (D)(D)
George McClellan George McClellan (D)(D)
The Peace Movement: The Peace Movement: CopperheadsCopperheads
The Peace Movement: The Peace Movement: CopperheadsCopperheads
Clement Clement VallandighamVallandigham
Clement Clement VallandighamVallandigham
PresidentiPresidential Election al Election
Results:Results:
18641864
PresidentiPresidential Election al Election
Results:Results:
18641864
The Final Virginia The Final Virginia Campaign:Campaign:1864-18651864-1865
The Final Virginia The Final Virginia Campaign:Campaign:1864-18651864-1865
Surrender at Surrender at AppomattoxAppomattox
April 9, 1865April 9, 1865
Surrender at Surrender at AppomattoxAppomattox
April 9, 1865April 9, 1865
Casualties on Both Casualties on Both SidesSides
Casualties on Both Casualties on Both SidesSides
Civil War CasualtiesCivil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other in Comparison to Other
WarsWars
Civil War CasualtiesCivil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other in Comparison to Other
WarsWars
Ford’s Theater Ford’s Theater (April 14, (April 14, 1865)1865)
Ford’s Theater Ford’s Theater (April 14, (April 14, 1865)1865)
The AssassinThe AssassinThe AssassinThe Assassin
John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Booth
The AssassinationThe AssassinationThe AssassinationThe Assassination
“Sic semper tyrannis!”
WANTED
WANTED
WANTED
WANTED
The ExecutionThe ExecutionThe ExecutionThe Execution