formulation and evaluation of herbal lipstickslipstick is poured into metal or plastic mold, the mix...
TRANSCRIPT
Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Reports, 1-12 | 1
Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Lipsticks
K. Akilandeswari a,*, N. Shanthini a, A. Vinitha a, M.R. Nithya kalyani a
a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University, BIT campus, Tiruchirappalli,
Tamilnadu, India.
*Corresponding Author
K.Akilandeswari
Tel.: 0431-2407946
Received : 01-04-2018 Accepted : 15-04-2018
1 Introduction
ABSTRACT: The cosmetics are incredible in demand since historical time till day as it has become part of our culture and fashion. Lipsticks are most widely used to enhance the beauty of lips and it also greatly help in maintaining health and happiness. With respect to this aim and objective, an effort was made to frame herbal lipsticks by using coloured natural pigments of Alkanna tinctoria, and the lipsticks were evaluated on their sensory analysis such as spreading, hardness, shine and gloss to obtain a satisfactory product. The preparation of these lipsticks includes natural ingredients like Alkanna tinctoria, carnauba wax, olive oil, coconut oil, peppermint oil, castor oil, almond oil. Due to various adverse effects of available synthetic preparation, the present work was conceived to formulate an herbal lipstick having minimal or no side effects which will extensively use by the women of our society with great indemnity and contentment. . Keywords: Alkanna tinctoria, carnauba wax, herbal lipstick, cosmetics
Cosmetics and personal care products have played
an essential role in our lives for thousands of years. Food
and drug cosmetic act defines cosmetic as “an article
intended to be rubbed, poured, sprayed on, introduced
into, or otherwise applied to the human body or any part
there off or cleansing, beautifying, promoting
attractiveness, or by altering the appearance without
affecting structure or functions [1]. The product included
in this definition are skin moisturizer, lipstick, nail polish
etc. some lipsticks sucks moisture from lip most of them
are very meticulous about hydration and are made to
preserve the natural state of lip as most people leave their
sensitive tip to the mercy of sun even though they are
most conscious about protecting the rest of face. As a
result, human lips can become dry and chapped easily
therefore it is vital to protect the lip by using lipstick
which acts as sunscreen to protect it from harmful UV
rays. Herbs are invaluable gift of nature; It has been
considered as symbol of safety. These herbal plants are
used by human in many purposes like food, medicine and
cosmetics. An assortment of lipstick is available in the
market like matte lipstick, cream lipstick, sheer and long
lasting lipstick, and glossy lipstick. These lipsticks contains
basic ingredients like pigment, oil, waxes, emollient and
other additive that apply colour, texture and protection to
lips and it is manufactured by four major processes like
pigment premilling, melting and mixing, molding and
flaming [2]. It is available in wide range of shades like true
red together with rose, pink and coral shades to meet the
variety of requirements of the intended user group. The
herbal cosmetics are less toxic, efficient and safe to use
than synthetic preparation.
Colouring lip is an ancient practice and dates back
to antediluvian period. Lipstick’s appropriately colourful
history began with Queen Schub-ad; this Sumerian queen
used lip colorant made with a base of white lead and
crushed red rocks [3]. Lipstick culture then reached
various countries, by the end of 19th century the first
commercial lipstick was invented in 1884, France and only
actor and actress wore lipstick in public. The lipstick
industry having successfully re-imagined lipstick, as a
symbol of devout, conventional femininity within a few
years. Thus lipsticks became a ubiquitous and even
indispensable item during the 1950s [4].
RE
SE
AR
CH
AR
TIC
LE
DO
I: 1
0.2
65
24
/p
r18
11
Vol. 1 Iss. 1 Year 2018 K. Akilandeswari et al/2018
Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Reports, 1-12 | 2
2 Noxious issues of lipstick
Though lipstick has colourful history and has its
unique market, it also suffers from some major perilous
drawback. Recent researches has found that lipstick
contain traces of lead and other heavy metal like
antimony, arsenic, cadmium, which cause serious health
issue and in severe form it can be carcinogenic or even
fatal as it is based on human ingestion [5]. These lip care
product causes certain allergic reaction, the commonest is
allergic contact cheilitis of vermilion margin of lip
sometimes also extend to the adjacent perioral region
which can be in acute or chronic form [6].
2.1 Lead traces
A recent federal analysis showed that 400 shades
of popular lipstick contained trace amounts of lead that
has exacerbated an ongoing dispute between regulators
and consumer activists over how much lead is safe in
cosmetics. Five lipsticks made by L’Oreal and Maybelline,
owned by L’Oreal USA, ranked among the top 10 most
contaminated of the cosmetics, according to testing by the
Food and Drug Administration. Two Cover Girl and two
NARS lipsticks also landed in the top 10, as did one made
by Stargazer. A study by US consumer group Campaign for
Safe Cosmetics, in October 2007 found 60 percent of
lipsticks tested contained trace amounts of lead, especially
in red lipsticks [7]. The levels of lead varied from 0.03 to
0.65 parts per million. One third of the lipsticks containing
lead exceeded the 0.1ppm limit set by the U.S. Food and
Drug Administration for lead in candy [8-9].
2.2 Description of plant
Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) is
one of the most important vegetables grown worldwide. It
belongs to the family Brassicaceae. This shallow-rooted,
cool-season crop is cultivated for its large leafy head and is
a native vegetable of South-western Europe and
Mediterranean region. Nowadays, we can find this cabbage
not only in this two region but all over the world.
2.3 Taxonomical description
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassaicacea
Genus: Brassica
Species: Brassica oleracea
Before being thought of as a food, cabbage was
valued for medicinal purposes in treating headaches, gout,
and diarrhoea and peptic ulcers [11]. Much research has
focused on beneficial phytochemicals in cabbage,
particularly its indole-3-carbinole (I3C), sulforaphane and
indoles. These compounds help activate and stabilize the
body’s antioxidant and detoxification mechanisms that
dismantle and eliminate cancer-producing substances
[12]. It possesses antioxidant and phytochemicals that
have strong protective effects against major degenerative
diseases including cancer and cardiovascular diseases
[13]. Red cabbage is also a promising source of
anthocyanin for coloration of foods since its anthocyanin’s
are unique in being coloured over a very broad pH-range
compared to anthocyanin’s from, e.g. grape skin, black
currant and elderberry, which only possess a reasonable
degree of colour at pH<4
3 Methodology
Vol. 1 Iss. 1 Year 2018 K. Akilandeswari et al/2018
Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Reports, 1-12 | 3
3.1 Materials and methods
Chemicals and reagents
Carnauba wax, Coconut oil, Almond oil, Olive oil,
Castor oil, Moringa (ben) oil, White soft paraffin,
Peppermint oil, Ethanol, Methanol, Chloroform.
Extraction of red cabbage
The collected red cabbage was washed thoroughly
and the leaves were sliced into small pieces and oven-
dried at 50°C. Dried plants (100gm) were extracted. The
uses of dry plants can be effective to minimize enzymatic
degradation of phonetic compounds inside the plant
tissues. After overnight maceration, the extract was
filtered through gauze and water was evaporated under
reduced pressure at 50°C. After evaporation, the extract is
lyophilized. The resulting dried pigments were then used
for further studies [14].
A REPLACEMENT-Alkanna tinctoria
Thus as, Brassica oleracea, Var.capita F.rubra
commonly known as red cabbage goes awry an
replacement was found which will be soluble in oil and
make it suitable to formulate lipstick.
Alkanet tinctoria also known as dyers alkanet,
dyers bugloss, is an herb in borage family. Alkanna is a
biennial or perennial herbaceous plant growing from 0.3
to 0.6 m in height with pubescent lanceolate leaves. It
bears blue to purple trumpet-shaped flowers arranged in
loose, 1-sided scorpioid racemes. The dried cylindrical,
fissured rhizome has exfoliating, brittle, and dark purple
bark on the outside and remains of bristly leaf and stem
pieces near the crown region [15]. While native to
southern Europe, the plant is also grown in and imported
from Albania, India, Egypt, and Turkey [16]. Alkanna root
belongs to the plant family Boraginaceae and contains
pyrrolizidine alkaloids that aid in plant defence against
insect herbivores. Although pyrrolizidine alkaloids are
found in all plant organs, they are concentrated in the
roots of these plants [17]. The root as a dyestuff is soluble
in alcohol, ether, and the oils, but is insoluble in water. It is
used to give colour to wines, alcoholic tinctures, vegetable
oils and to varnishes. Alkanet is traditionally used in
Indian food under the name "Ratan Jot", and lends its red
colour to some versions of the curry dish Rogan Josh.
Vol. 1 Iss. 1 Year 2018 K. Akilandeswari et al/2018
Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Reports, 1-12 | 4
Taxonomical description
Kingdom: Plantae
Family : Boraginacea
Genus : Alkanna
Species : Alkanna tinctoria
The Greek physician Hippocrates (ca. 460 to 370
BC) recorded the use of Alkanna root for the treatment of
skin ulcers, and the botanist Theophrastus (ca. 371 to 287
BC) suggested that it could be used as a dye and in
medications. Greek physician and pharmacologist
Dioscorides (ca. 49 to 90 AD) also described Alkanna's
properties [18]. It was traditionally used topically for the
treatment of skin wounds and diseases. Orally, Alkanna
root has been used for diarrhoea and gastric ulcers [19].
Alkanna root has demonstrated radical scavenging
activity, suggesting potential antiaging effects; however,
clinical trial information is lacking [20].
Extraction
The extraction of red pigment from Alkanet root is
done by maceration extraction technique. Since the
Alkanet root is insoluble in water the extraction is done by
using oil as an extraction medium. The various oils used
for the extraction technique is coconut oil, castor oil, olive
oil, almond oil. The Alkanet root is infused in oil and is
kept macerated for one week to obtain a dark red colour
pigment. The obtained red pigment which is infused in oil
is then filtered using a lint cloth and funnel since the
viscosity of oil differs filter paper is not used. The infused
Alkanet root oil which produced a red pigment can be used
in formulation of herbal lipstick as it is soluble in oil.
3.2 Procedure
The formulation of herbal lipstick involves the
basic manufacturing process like,
Pigment premilling
The first step involved in formulation of herbal
lipstick is pigment premilling where the agglomerates in
the powder are broken down to provide homogeneous
smooth and even colour to the lipstick.
Melting and mixing
The next step involved is the melting and mixing
stage, since waxes are solid at room temperature it cannot
be mixed with other ingredient in order to make to make
this process easy the waxes are melted. It can be usually
mixed with oil and melted to the melted base the pigment
and other additives are added and mixed to form a
homogeneous product.
3.1.7 Molding
Molding is the actual step where the melted
lipstick is poured into metal or plastic mold, the mix is
poured while it is hot however it is beneficial to harden
and then it is removed from the mole with slight pressure.
3.1.8 Flaming
Flaming is the last step where the lipstick is
passed through flame, it is typically held and twisted in the
flame for up to a second and then removed to avoid
melting and losing shape to obtain a glossy finish and then
it is placed in the container [21]. Various formulation is
done from trial 1 to 5 to find the superior quality lipstick
with colorant and oil as variable parameter.
From consumer perspective a lip care cosmetic
should possess the following requirement:
Attractive colour
Homogeneous colour when applied
Pleasant smell and taste
Easy to apply
No staining or bleeding into fine line
surrounding the lips
Long lasting effect
Basic ingredients required
Table 1: The ingredients used in the formulation of
herbal lipsticks are,
Ingredients Function
Carnauba wax Hardness and High melting
point
Coconut Oil Anti-microbial and
antioxidant
Moringa oil Prevent rancidity
Cabbage extract Coloring agent
Peppermint oil Flavoring and anti-viral
agent
Vol. 1 Iss. 1 Year 2018 K. Akilandeswari et al/2018
Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Reports, 1-12 | 5
Formulation 1
3.6g of carnauba wax and 4ml of moringa oil were
taken in a beaker and melted to form a
homogeneous mixture.
To the mixture 0.5 ml pigment infused coconut oil
is added and melted and sufficient quantity of
peppermint oil is added.
The melted mixture is then poured in the mold
and then placed in a refrigerator for the stick to
harden.
After the stick has hardened it is removed from
the mold with slight pressure
The lipstick is then passed through the flame to
obtain a glossy finish and then finally it is placed
in the container.
Formulation 2
3.6g of carnauba wax and 2.5ml of olive oil were
taken in a beaker and melted to form a
homogeneous mixture.
To the mixture 1.5 ml pigment infused coconut oil
and 2ml of moringa oil is added and melted and
sufficient quantity of peppermint oil is added.
The melted mixture is then poured in the mold
and then placed in a refrigerator for the stick to
harden.
After the stick has hardened it is removed from
the mold with slight pressure
The lipstick is then passed through the flame to
obtain a glossy finish and then finally it is placed
in the container.
Formulation 3
3.6g of carnauba wax and 2ml of olive oil were
taken in a beaker and melted to form a
homogeneous mixture.
To the mixture 2.5 ml pigment infused coconut oil
and 2ml of moringa oil is added and melted
sufficient quantity of peppermint oil is added.
The melted mixture is then poured in the mold
and then placed in a refrigerator for the stick to
harden.
After the stick has hardened it is removed from
the mold with slight pressure
The lipstick is then passed through the flame to
obtain a glossy finish and then finally it is placed
in the container.
Formulation 4
3.6g of carnauba wax and 2.5ml of castor oil were
taken in a beaker and melted to form a
homogeneous mixture.
To the mixture 3 ml pigment infused coconut oil
and 2ml of moringa oil is added and melted
sufficient quantity of peppermint oil is added.
The melted mixture is then poured in the mold
and then placed in a refrigerator for the stick to
harden.
After the stick has hardened it is removed from
the mold with slight pressure
The lipstick is then passed through the flame to
obtain a glossy finish and then finally it is placed
in the container.
Formulation 5
3.6g of carnauba wax and 2.5ml of almond oil
were taken in a beaker and melted to form a
homogeneous mixture.
To the mixture 4 ml pigment infused coconut oil
and 2ml of moringa oil is added and melted
sufficient quantity of peppermint oil is added.
The melted mixture is then poured in the mold
and then placed in a refrigerator for the stick to
harden.
After the stick has hardened it is removed from
the mold with slight pressure
The lipstick is then passed through the flame to
obtain a glossy finish and then finally it is placed
in the container.
Formulation 6
3.6g of carnauba wax and 2.5ml of almond oil
were taken in a beaker and melted to form a
homogeneous mixture.
To the mixture 4.5 ml pigment infused coconut oil
and 2ml of moringa oil is added and melted
sufficient quantity of peppermint oil is added.
Vol. 1 Iss. 1 Year 2018 K. Akilandeswari et al/2018
Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Reports, 1-12 | 6
The melted mixture is then poured in the mold
and then placed in a refrigerator for the stick to
harden.
After the stick has hardened it is removed from
the mold with slight pressure
The lipstick is then passed through the flame to
obtain a glossy finish and then finally it is placed
in the container.
Evaluation of herbal lipstick
The quality of cosmetic product in the same way
as to other kind of product is initially defined by
manufacturer chooses the features that a product should
present. The quality control of the product aims to verify if
all these defined features are in accordance with standard
definition and if it will be maintained during the shelf life
of the product [22].
The quality control of cosmetic is important to
ensure the efficacy and safety of the product and its raw
material. Some current technique used by the cosmetic
industry is applied to the evaluation of cosmetic. The
quality control parameter used in efficient are
Melting point
pH
Surface anomalies
Solubility test
Skin irritation test
Colour
Rancidity
Microbiological test
Sensorial analysis is an another powerful tool
since there is no equipment able to measure the
human feeling it can be understood as a discipline that
interprets assess and measure the characteristic of a
product. After stimulating people in relation to their
vital senses as vision, smell, touch and taste [23]. It
allows the establishment of the organoleptic profile of
the diverse product. Thus sensorial analysis is a
indispensable technique to help the formulator to
evaluate the quality of its new product in relation to
its sensorial characteristic and to its stability testing is
the product will keep the nice sensorial feeling by
transmitting to the consumer during the time of use.
3.3 Melting point Apparatus
Flat Bottom Tube, Thermometer
Procedure
Place the lipstick with protruded salve in the flat
bottom tube. Fix the thermometer through a cork in such a
way that the bulb of the thermometer just touches the
lipstick salve. Insert this arrangement into a 1-litre beaker
filled with water to a level one centimetre above the upper
tip of the lipstick salve. Slowly heat the water while
stirring so that temperature rises at a rate not exceeding
2°C per minute. When the temperature reaches about
45°C, raise the temperature at the rate of 1°C per minute.
Constantly watch the lipstick salve. Record the
temperature when the salve starts bending and losing its
shape [24].
pH test
The pH of formulated herbal lipstick was
determined using pH paper [25].
Surface anomalies
This is studied to determine any surface defects,
such as formation of crystals on surfaces, contamination
by moulds, fungi etc [26].
Solubility test
The formulated herbal lipstick was dissolved in
various solvents to observe the solubility [26].
Skin irritation test
It is carried out by applying product on the skin
for 10 min [28].
Rancidity
This test when carried out on dark coloured
lipsticks is likely to be vitiated. because endpoint in
determination of peroxide number may not be very sharp.
In such cases, it is expected, as a good manufacturing
practice manufacturer should check rancidity of lipstick
raw materials, especially vegetable oils and other rancidity
prone materials regularly in lipsticks base mixtures
without colours, by peroxide number test.
Vol. 1 Iss. 1 Year 2018 K. Akilandeswari et al/2018
Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Reports, 1-12 | 7
Reagents
Acetic Acid, Chloroform, Potassium Chloride Solution –
Saturated
Sodium Thiosulphate Solution – Approx. 0.01 N.
Procedure
Weigh 5.0&0.05 g of lipstick sample in a 250 ml
conical flask and dissolve in 30 ml of acetic acid -
chloroform mixture (3: 2). Heat if necessary to dissolve the
sample. Add 0.5 ml of freshly made saturated potassium
iodide solution. Shake and after two minutes add 30 ml of
distilled water and then titrate with 0.01 N sodium
thiosulphate solution using starch as an indicator.
Calculation
Peroxide number = Milli equivalents peroxide per 1000 g
sample
A x N x 1 000/ Mass of sample
A = volume in ml of sodium thiosulphate
N = normality of sodium thiosulphate Solution [24].
3.4 Microbiological test The test consists of plating a known mass of the
sample on two selected culture media specifically suitable
for the growth of bacteria and fungi and incubating them
for a specified period to permit the development of visual
colonies for counting.
Apparatus
Tubes - Of resistant glass provided with closely
fitting metal Autoclaves - Of suitable size. They shall keep
uniform temperature within the chamber up to and
including the sterilizing temperature of 120°C. They shall
be equipped with an accurate thermometer, located so as
to register the minimum temperature within the sterilizing
chamber, a pressure gauge and properly adjusted safety
valve, petri dish, colony counter
Media
Nutrient Agar Medium
Dissolve 5 g of yeast extract (or meat extract), 5 g
of sodium chloride and 10 g of peptone in1 000 ml of
distilled water contained in a 2-litrebeaker by heating on a
water, bath. Add 25 g of powdered agar and continue
boiling until the agar is completely dissolved. Adjust the
pH to 7.4 with sodium hydroxide solution using pH meter
or comparator. Filter while hot through lint cloth placed in
a funnel and dispense into tubes in 20 ml quantities. Close
the tubes with metal caps or cotton and sterilize in an
autoclave at 121°Cand 1.05 kgf/cmg pressure for 20
minutes. After autoclaving, store the tubes in a
refrigerator.
Procedure
Weigh and transfer aseptically four0.5 g
portions of the sample to four melted nutrient agar tubes,
Shake the tubes to mix the contents thoroughly and pour
into sterile petri dishes. Incubate the nutrient agar tubes at
37ºC for 48 h. Determine the average number of colonies
per gram of the sample on nutrient agar tube [24].
4 Results and disscusion
Red cabbage extraction and formulation
Herbal lipstick
The formulated lipstick using Brassica oleracea
var. capitata f.rubra (red cabbage) goes awry as pigment is
insoluble in oil and settle at bottom without imparting any
colour to the stick.
Figure 1: Red Cabbage extraction and Formulation of Herbal Lipstick
Vol. 1 Iss. 1 Year 2018 K. Akilandeswari et al/2018
Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Reports, 1-12 | 8
Formulation 1 has bad consistency and ease of application but no coloured pigment were retained in the formulation.
Formulation 2 has good consistency but the colored pigment retained is less
Formulation 3 has good consistency but the color pigment retained was up to an appropriate extent
Formulation 4 has good consistency and the color pigment retained was better than previous formulation
Formulation 5 has good consistency, the color pigment was retained but the microbial content is high
Formulation 6 has good consistency and the color pigment retained was also best than other formulations
Vol. 1 Iss. 1 Year 2018 K. Akilandeswari et al/2018
Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Reports, 1-12 | 9
Figure 3: Melting Points of various Formulations
Figure 4: pH Test of various formulations
Vol. 1 Iss. 1 Year 2018 K. Akilandeswari et al/2018
Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Reports, 1-12 | 10
Melting point
The melting point of the formulated
herbal lipsticks was evaluated and the result indicates that
formulation 6 has highest melting point compared to other
formulations
pH
The pH of the formulated herbal lipstick was
evaluated as quality control test and as a result it was
found that four formulations has pH range of 6
Figure 5: Rancidity Test of various Formulations
Microbiological test
Any product will be in jeopardy by the growth of
micro-organism hence it is essential to determine the
number of microorganism that has grown on the product
through microbiological test. This quality control test has
been done on all six formulations and it has been found
that formulation 6 is less susceptible to the growth of
microorganism.
Organoleptic evaluation of lipstick
It is indispensable for a cosmetic product to
evaluate its organoleptic properties or sensorial analysis
to meet out with requirement of punter. Hence the
formulated herbal lipstick was evaluated on its
organoleptic properties, as a result of evaluation it was
found that formulation 6 is the best of all the six
formulation.
Vol. 1 Iss. 1 Year 2018 K. Akilandeswari et al/2018
Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Reports, 1-12 | 11
Table 9.
PARAMETER TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 TRIAL 4 TRIAL 5 TRIAL 6
COLOUR White Pale pink Pale pink pink Deep red Pinkish red
SURFACE ANOMALIES No defect No defect No defect No defect No defect No defect
EASE OF APPLICATION Poor Poor Good Easy Good Easy
AGING STABILITY Rough Smooth Smooth Smooth Smooth Smooth
PERFUME STABILITY ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ +++
SOLUBILITY TEST CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3 CHCl3
SKIN IRRITATION TEST No No No No No No
5 Conclusion
In the present study, formulation of lipstick it
was formulated by herbal preparation. At first it was
formulated using red cabbage, but it goes awry a
replacement was used which is Alkanna tinctoria root
extract. Different formulations were made by using the
basic manufacturing process like pigment premilling,
melting, mixing, moulding, flaming processes using
Alkanna tinctoria as a colouring pigment. All the
formulations were evaluated for their physical
characteristic and sensorial analysis. Taking into
consideration of both consistency and quality control we
conclude that Formulation 6 is the best formulation of all
formulated herbal lipstick as other formulation has minor
deformities. The formulated herbal lipstick also possess
certain pros compared to available synthetic preparation
like these are less toxic and possess anti-microbial and
antioxidant property which shield the lip as we all leave
our sensitive lip to the mercy of sun.
.
References
[1] C.K. Kokate, The drug and cosmetic act 1940 and rules 1945 CP 8 In Textbook of Forensic Pharmacy, 1st Ed
(2006) Pharma book syndicate, Telangana, India.
[2] G. Baki, K.S. Alexander, Introduction to Cosmetic Formulation and Technology, 1st Ed (2015) John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
[3] Sally Pointer, The Artifice of Beauty: A History and Practical Guide to Perfume and Cosmetics, (2005) Sutton
Publishing, United Kingdom.
[4] Gunn, supra note 2, at 159.
[5] www.lipsource.com >lipstick facts
[6] Is There Danger Lurking in Your Lipstick? By Deborah blum New york times (2013).
[7] M. Asai, A. Kawada, Y. Aragane, T. Tezuka, (2001) Allergic contact cheilitis due to glyceryl monoisostearate
monomyristate in a lipstick, Contact Dermatitis, 45 (2001) 173.
[8] My Product Alert: Extensive Report on Lead in Lipsticks.
Vol. 1 Iss. 1 Year 2018 K. Akilandeswari et al/2018
Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Reports, 1-12 | 12
[9] US FDA: Document on Lead in Candy.
[10] Angela C. Kozlowski, (2013) Skin Care CP 3 In “Primer on Formulating Natural Products” Marian Raney
publishers.
[11] G. Cheney, Anti-peptic ulcer dietary factor (vitamin "U") in the treatment of peptic ulcer, Journal of the
American Dietetic Association, 26 (1950) 668-672.
[12] J.D. Brooks, V.G. Paton, G. Vidanes, Potent induction of phase 2 enzymes in human prostate cells by
sulforaphane, Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 10 (2001) 949-954.
[13] G. Block, B. Patterson, A. Subar, Fruits vegetables and cancer prevention: a review of the epidemiological
evidence, Nutrition and Cancer, 18 (1992) 1-29.
[14] Ying Li, Shu-Hao Ku, Shen-Ming Chen, M. Ajmal Ali, Fahad M.A. AlHemaid, Photoelectrochemistry for Red
Cabbage Extract as Natural Dye to Develop a Dye-sensitized Solar Cells, International Journal of Electrochemical
Science, 8 (2013) 1237-1245.
[15] N.G. Bisset, trans-ed. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis,
Medpharm Scientific Publishers, (1994) Stuttgart, Germany.
[16] E. Roeder, Medicinal plants in Europe containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 50 (1995) 83-98.
[17] M. Chojkier, Hepatic sinusoidal-obstruction syndrome: toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, Journal of Hepatology,
39 (2003) 437-446.
[18] V.P. Papageorgiou, A.N. Assimopoulou, A.C. Ballis, Alkannins and shikonins: a new class of wound healing
agents, Current Medicinal Chemistry, 15 (2008) 3248-32.
[19] M. Sengul, H. Yildiz, N. Gungor, B. Cetin, Z. Eser, S. Ercisli, Total phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial
activities of some medicinal plants, Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22 (2009) 102-106
[20] A.N. Assimopoulou, V.P. Papageorgiou, Radical scavenging activity of Alkanna tinctoria root extracts and their
main constituents, hydroxynaphthoquinones, Phytotherapy Research, 19 (2005) 141-147.
[21] T.Mitsui, New Cosmetic Science, (1997) 1st Edition, Elsevier, New York, United States.
[22] W.A. Shewhart, Economic control of quality of manufactured product, (1980) American society for quality
control, Wisconsin, United States.
[23] H. Stone, J.L. Sidal, (1993) Sensory evaluation practices, Academic press, San Diego, California, US State.
[24] Indian standard (IS) (1990) 9875: Lipstick [PCD 19: Cosmetics].
[25] D. Sumeet, D. Sangeeta, P.C. Patel, Formulation, evaluation and antimicrobial activity of herbal lipstick, In
Recent Advances in Prospects and Potential of Medicinal Plants, (2009) Gayatri Publication, India, 39-43.
[26] R.N Saha, B.M. Mittal, A Handbook of Cosmetics, (2003) A Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi, India.
[27] B. Vishwakarma, S. Dwivedi, K. Dubey, H. Joshi, Formulation and evaluation of herbal lipstick, International
Journal of Drug Discovery and Herbal Research, 1 (2011) 18-19.
[28] P. Mishra, S. Dwivedi, Formulation and Evaluation of Lipstick Containing Herbal Ingredients, Asian Journal of
Medical and Pharmaceutical Researches, 2 (2012) 58-60.
Acknowledgment
We express our profound and sincere gratitude to the department of pharmaceutical technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, India
Competing Interests:
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. About The License
The text of this article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.