Former Communist Former Communist Countries, the USSR, and Countries, the USSR, and

RussiaRussia

Former/Current Communist Former/Current Communist CountriesCountries

What countries?What countries? USSRUSSR Eastern European SatellitesEastern European Satellites YugoslaviaYugoslavia ChinaChina 2nd echelon: Romania, Bulgaria, 2nd echelon: Romania, Bulgaria,

AlbaniaAlbania

4 Key Questions4 Key Questions Processes: How are decisions made in the Processes: How are decisions made in the

Commy world?Commy world? Policies: What are their public policies?Policies: What are their public policies? Context: What contemporary/historical Context: What contemporary/historical

domestic and international factors shape domestic and international factors shape development?development?

Performance: What are the outcomes of Performance: What are the outcomes of policies?policies?

Hauss: Before we do any of this, we must Hauss: Before we do any of this, we must realize that conventional political science goes realize that conventional political science goes out the window, and we treat the Communist out the window, and we treat the Communist world with a “healthy dose of skepticism.”world with a “healthy dose of skepticism.”

Karl MarxKarl Marx Misunderstood in U.S.Misunderstood in U.S. Saw situation in 19Saw situation in 19thth Cty. Europe, deemed it Cty. Europe, deemed it

“subhuman;” really a humanist“subhuman;” really a humanist From a wealthy German Jewish familyFrom a wealthy German Jewish family Moved from GermanyMoved from GermanyFranceFranceUK, met Friedrich UK, met Friedrich

Engels in Paris, Marx impressedEngels in Paris, Marx impressed Wrote “The Communist Manifesto,” “Das Kapital”: Wrote “The Communist Manifesto,” “Das Kapital”:

History is a process of class conflict over the History is a process of class conflict over the distribution of economic power.distribution of economic power.

The “State” The “State” e.g. bureaucracy, police, armye.g. bureaucracy, police, army protects the protects the “haves” (bourgeoisie) over the “have-nots” (proletariat)“haves” (bourgeoisie) over the “have-nots” (proletariat)

Religion= opium of the masses, creates false hopes and Religion= opium of the masses, creates false hopes and expectationsexpectations

More MarxMore Marx

Capitalism is exploitative; creates Capitalism is exploitative; creates inequalityinequalityalienationalienationclass consciousnessclass consciousness

2 things help class consciousness develop: 2 things help class consciousness develop: mass education and political freedommass education and political freedom

Elections are a survival strategy of the Elections are a survival strategy of the bourgeoisiebourgeoisie

Assumes worldwide revolution will be self-Assumes worldwide revolution will be self-supporting, but Marx forgot about nationalism supporting, but Marx forgot about nationalism (laborers in Italy not necessarily similar to those (laborers in Italy not necessarily similar to those in France)in France)

Vladimir Lenin (1917-1924) and the 1917 Revolutions

Actually 2 revolutions in 1917Actually 2 revolutions in 1917 11stst: Provisional government led by Kerensky after Czar Nicholas II : Provisional government led by Kerensky after Czar Nicholas II

abdicatesabdicates 22nd:nd: Communist “October Revolution,” but happened 11/9/17. Communist “October Revolution,” but happened 11/9/17. Second one broke the “rules;” supposed to go from feudalism Second one broke the “rules;” supposed to go from feudalism

capitalismcapitalism communism communism Marx: Revolution required to establish equality, proletariat Marx: Revolution required to establish equality, proletariat

overthrows bourgeoisie, BUT ONLY AFTER TIMEoverthrows bourgeoisie, BUT ONLY AFTER TIME Lenin: Revolution can be encouraged, promoted by “professional Lenin: Revolution can be encouraged, promoted by “professional

revolutionary vanguard” revolutionary vanguard” Developed New Economic Policy (NEP) which actually encouraged Developed New Economic Policy (NEP) which actually encouraged

capitalism so the Communists could establish communismcapitalism so the Communists could establish communism About 300 members from the Central Committee, meets twice a About 300 members from the Central Committee, meets twice a

year and chooses the Politburo.year and chooses the Politburo. Politburo—about 12 members, standing executive, ran the country Politburo—about 12 members, standing executive, ran the country

on a day-to-day basison a day-to-day basis Politburo became the key decision-making organization. Made up Politburo became the key decision-making organization. Made up

of of nomenklaturanomenklatura (political/economic elite) (political/economic elite) Head of Politburo: General SecretaryHead of Politburo: General Secretary

Joseph Stalin (1924-1953)Joseph Stalin (1924-1953) 11stst goal: Defeat Leon Trotsky for party leadership after goal: Defeat Leon Trotsky for party leadership after

Lenin diedLenin died Mission: Make USSR powerfulMission: Make USSR powerful NEP replaced with collective farms, private ownership NEP replaced with collective farms, private ownership

banned. Kulaks protest and die.banned. Kulaks protest and die. Consolidated power by killing subordinates like Kirov Consolidated power by killing subordinates like Kirov

(1934)(1934) At what cost? 20,000,000+ livesAt what cost? 20,000,000+ lives ““Five Year Plans” set ambitious goals for heavy industry: Five Year Plans” set ambitious goals for heavy industry:

oil, steel, electricity.oil, steel, electricity. Gosplan, state planning committee, carries out others 5 Gosplan, state planning committee, carries out others 5

year plans.year plans. Industrialization at any cost—terror stateIndustrialization at any cost—terror state Show Trials: Kamenev, Zinoviev, military leadersShow Trials: Kamenev, Zinoviev, military leaders Signed Non-Aggression Pact with Germany, 1939Signed Non-Aggression Pact with Germany, 1939 Continued purges after warContinued purges after war

Communist Party Communist Party OrganizationOrganization

Truman “loses China” in Truman “loses China” in 19491949

Mao Tse-Tung’s Communists defeat Mao Tse-Tung’s Communists defeat Chiang Kai-shekChiang Kai-shek

Mao applies Marxism within the Mao applies Marxism within the context of Chinacontext of China

Revolution begins with peasants, not Revolution begins with peasants, not workersworkers

The Illusion of Socialist The Illusion of Socialist HarmonyHarmony

1948: Yugoslavia bucks USSR leadership under 1948: Yugoslavia bucks USSR leadership under Marshal TitoMarshal Tito

1956: Revolution suppressed in Hungary, 1956: Revolution suppressed in Hungary, 20000 Hungarians killed20000 Hungarians killed

1958: China (Taiwan, India-China conflict): 1958: China (Taiwan, India-China conflict): USSR does not come to rescue, will not provide USSR does not come to rescue, will not provide nuclear weaponsnuclear weapons

Early 1980s: Solidarity movement in Poland Early 1980s: Solidarity movement in Poland (result of exposure to civil society, labor (result of exposure to civil society, labor movement)movement)

1989: System demise as Yugoslavian republics 1989: System demise as Yugoslavian republics fight for independencefight for independence

YugoslaviaYugoslavia Tito dies in 1980, no charismatic leader replaces himTito dies in 1980, no charismatic leader replaces him 3-4 leaders control Consul of Leadership3-4 leaders control Consul of Leadership Break up in 1989-90Break up in 1989-90 Slovenia & Croatia—”We’re prosperous, we want Slovenia & Croatia—”We’re prosperous, we want

independenceindependence Germany 1Germany 1stst to recognize Croatia to recognize Croatia Serbia claims rest of Yugoslavia is under their controlSerbia claims rest of Yugoslavia is under their control Bosnia-Herzegovina: hotbed of diversity. 3 ethnic Bosnia-Herzegovina: hotbed of diversity. 3 ethnic

groups, all hate each other and none dominant (31% groups, all hate each other and none dominant (31% Serb 45% Muslim 16% Croat). 1995 Dayton AccordSerb 45% Muslim 16% Croat). 1995 Dayton Accord

Macedonia: IndependentMacedonia: Independent Kosovo, Vojvodina: autonomous (Kosovo ethnically Kosovo, Vojvodina: autonomous (Kosovo ethnically

composed of Albanians)composed of Albanians)

Cold WarCold War Capitalist and socialist ideological conflict Capitalist and socialist ideological conflict

fought over third-party turffought over third-party turf 1948 Arab-Israeli-Palestinian War1948 Arab-Israeli-Palestinian War 1956 Suez Crisis1956 Suez Crisis Conflicts in Vietnam, AngolaConflicts in Vietnam, Angola Begins to unravel with détente, Berlin Wall falls Begins to unravel with détente, Berlin Wall falls

in 1989in 1989 Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia break away in 1991Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia break away in 1991 Cold War over, but..disturbing trendsCold War over, but..disturbing trends 1995: Poles didn’t reelect Walesa1995: Poles didn’t reelect Walesa Communists big winner in Russian DumaCommunists big winner in Russian Duma

GDP and Population DataGDP and Population Data

RussiaRussia

The Russian FederationThe Russian Federation Cold climate; 50N latitude and aboveCold climate; 50N latitude and above Pop: 141 million (-0.3%/year)Pop: 141 million (-0.3%/year) 76% Urban, 79.8% “Russian”76% Urban, 79.8% “Russian” Poor ($12,240 GNP per capita)Poor ($12,240 GNP per capita) 82% speaks Russian. Ethnic diversity has role in 82% speaks Russian. Ethnic diversity has role in

politicspolitics Literacy: 99% men, 97% womenLiteracy: 99% men, 97% women Extremely rich in minerals, oil, gas, timber, gold, ironExtremely rich in minerals, oil, gas, timber, gold, iron Lacks capital and technical expertise to use resourcesLacks capital and technical expertise to use resources Life expectancy: 64.4 (men 59/women 73)Life expectancy: 64.4 (men 59/women 73) Health crisis: 1/5 children healthy, death rate up 20% Health crisis: 1/5 children healthy, death rate up 20%

since ’92, Russia budgets <1% of its budget for health since ’92, Russia budgets <1% of its budget for health (USA 12%)(USA 12%)

Heart disease, cancer rates very high Heart disease, cancer rates very high ECHR member but not EU member, abolished death ECHR member but not EU member, abolished death

penalty!penalty!

Russian HistoryRussian History 1682-1725: Peter the Great travels to Europe, builds navy1682-1725: Peter the Great travels to Europe, builds navy 1762-1796: Catherine the Great, enlightened despot1762-1796: Catherine the Great, enlightened despot 1854-56: Russia loses Crimean War1854-56: Russia loses Crimean War 1861: Serfs freed by Alexander II1861: Serfs freed by Alexander II 1904-05: War with Japan, Revolution #1 and Constitution1904-05: War with Japan, Revolution #1 and Constitution 1914: Russia enters WWI to help Serbia, Triple Entente obligations1914: Russia enters WWI to help Serbia, Triple Entente obligations 1917: Revolution, Czar overthrown, October Bolshevik Revolution, Peace 1917: Revolution, Czar overthrown, October Bolshevik Revolution, Peace

of Brest-Litovskof Brest-Litovsk 1919-1920: Russian Civil War between “reds” and “whites”—”reds” win1919-1920: Russian Civil War between “reds” and “whites”—”reds” win 1924: Lenin dies1924: Lenin dies 1924-53: Stalin in power, 30 million killed in war/opposition1924-53: Stalin in power, 30 million killed in war/opposition 1939-45: World War II, aka “Great Patriotic War.” 1941-45: Russia allied 1939-45: World War II, aka “Great Patriotic War.” 1941-45: Russia allied

w/US&UKw/US&UK 1953:Khrushchev promotes “peaceful coexistence,” makes “secret 1953:Khrushchev promotes “peaceful coexistence,” makes “secret

speech”speech” 1955: Warsaw Pact1955: Warsaw Pact 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis1962: Cuban Missile Crisis 1964: Brezhnev boots out Khrushchev1964: Brezhnev boots out Khrushchev

Modern Russian HistoryModern Russian History 1979: Invasion of Afghanistan—Soviet “Vietnam”1979: Invasion of Afghanistan—Soviet “Vietnam” 1984 and 1985: Andropov, Chernenko die1984 and 1985: Andropov, Chernenko die 1985: Gorbachev becomes Premier of USSR1985: Gorbachev becomes Premier of USSR 1991: Yeltsin takes over, Russian Federation formed, 1991: Yeltsin takes over, Russian Federation formed,

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) formedCommonwealth of Independent States (CIS) formed 1993: New Constitution1993: New Constitution 1999/2000: Yeltsin resigns, Vladimir Putin becomes 1999/2000: Yeltsin resigns, Vladimir Putin becomes

President, elected 3 mos. laterPresident, elected 3 mos. later 2004: Putin re-elected, Beslan School Massacre2004: Putin re-elected, Beslan School Massacre 2008: Medvedev elected; Putin appointed Prime 2008: Medvedev elected; Putin appointed Prime

MinisterMinister

Recent History—Chechen Recent History—Chechen TerrorismTerrorism

Moscow theatre hostage crisis, Moscow theatre hostage crisis, 20022002

Beslan School Massacre, 2004Beslan School Massacre, 2004 2010 Moscow Metro bombings2010 Moscow Metro bombings

Moscow Theater Hostage Moscow Theater Hostage CrisisCrisis

The The Moscow theatre hostage crisisMoscow theatre hostage crisis, also known as the , also known as the 2002 2002 Nord-Ost siege siege,,[1] was the seizure of a crowded was the seizure of a crowded Moscow theatre on 23 on 23 October 2002 by some 40 to 50 armed October 2002 by some 40 to 50 armed Chechens who claimed allegiance who claimed allegiance to the to the Islamist militant separatist movement in Chechnya. They took 850 . They took 850 hostages and demanded the withdrawal of hostages and demanded the withdrawal of Russian forces from forces from Chechnya and an end to the and an end to the Second Chechen War. The siege was officially led by . The siege was officially led by Movsar Barayev. After a two-and-a-half day siege, Russian . After a two-and-a-half day siege, Russian Spetsnaz forces forces pumped an pumped an unknown chemical agent (thought to be fentanyl, (thought to be fentanyl, 3-methylfentanyl), into the building's ), into the building's ventilation system and raided it. system and raided it.[1]

Officially, 39 of the attackers were killed by Russian forces, along with at Officially, 39 of the attackers were killed by Russian forces, along with at least 129 and possibly many more of the hostages (including nine least 129 and possibly many more of the hostages (including nine foreigners). All but a fewforeigners). All but a few[2] of the hostages who died during the siege were of the hostages who died during the siege were killed by the toxic substance pumped into the theatre to subdue the killed by the toxic substance pumped into the theatre to subdue the militants.militants.[3][4] The use of the gas was The use of the gas was "widely condemned as heavy handed". Physicians in Moscow "condemned Physicians in Moscow "condemned the secrecy surrounding the identity of the gas" that prevented them from the secrecy surrounding the identity of the gas" that prevented them from saving more lives.saving more lives.[5] Roughly, 170 people died in all. Roughly, 170 people died in all.

Beslan School MassacreBeslan School Massacre The The Beslan school hostage crisisBeslan school hostage crisis (also referred to as the (also referred to as the Beslan school siegeBeslan school siege or or Beslan massacreBeslan massacre))[2][3][4] was a three day hostage- was a three day hostage-

taking of over 1,100 people which ended in the deaths of over 300. It began when a group of armed mostly taking of over 1,100 people which ended in the deaths of over 300. It began when a group of armed mostly Ingush and and Chechen terrorists took more than 1,100 people (including 777 children took more than 1,100 people (including 777 children[5]) ) hostage on 1 September 2004, at School Number One (SNO) in the town on 1 September 2004, at School Number One (SNO) in the town of of Beslan, , North Ossetia, an , an autonomous republic in the in the North Caucasus region of the region of the Russian Federation. The hostage taking was carried . The hostage taking was carried out by a out by a group sent by the Chechen sent by the Chechen warlord Shamil Basayev, which issued demands of an end to the , which issued demands of an end to the Second Chechen War. On the third . On the third day of the day of the standoff, , Russian security forces stormed the building, using security forces stormed the building, using tanks, , flamethrower rockets , and other heavy weapons., and other heavy weapons.[6] A series A series of explosions shook the school, followed by a fire which engulfed the building and a chaotic gunbattle between the hostage-takers and of explosions shook the school, followed by a fire which engulfed the building and a chaotic gunbattle between the hostage-takers and Russian security forces. Ultimately, at least 334 hostages were killed, including 186 children;Russian security forces. Ultimately, at least 334 hostages were killed, including 186 children;[7][8] hundreds more were injured and many hundreds more were injured and many were reported missing.were reported missing.

The tragedy led to security and political repercussions in Russia, most notably a series of federal government The tragedy led to security and political repercussions in Russia, most notably a series of federal government reforms consolidating consolidating power in the power in the Kremlin and strengthening of the powers of the and strengthening of the powers of the President of Russia ..[9] According to According to American NGO Freedom House, these , these reforms consolidated Russia as a politically non-free, reforms consolidated Russia as a politically non-free, authoritarian state since the mid- state since the mid-2000s..[10][11]

Russian President Vladimir Putin reappeared publicly during a hurried trip to the Beslan hospital in the early hours of September 4 to see Russian President Vladimir Putin reappeared publicly during a hurried trip to the Beslan hospital in the early hours of September 4 to see several of the wounded victims in his only visit to Beslan.several of the wounded victims in his only visit to Beslan.[113] He was later criticised for not meeting the families of victims. He was later criticised for not meeting the families of victims.[104] After After returning to Moscow, he ordered a two-day period of returning to Moscow, he ordered a two-day period of national mourning for September 6 and September 7, 2004. In his for September 6 and September 7, 2004. In his televised speech Putin paraphrased Putin paraphrased Joseph Stalin saying: "We showed ourselves to be weak. And the weak get beaten." saying: "We showed ourselves to be weak. And the weak get beaten."[45] On the second day of mourning, On the second day of mourning, an estimated 135,000 people joined a government-organised an estimated 135,000 people joined a government-organised rally against terrorism on the against terrorism on the Red Square in in Moscow..[114] An estimated An estimated 40,000 people gathered in 40,000 people gathered in Saint Petersburg's 's Palace Square..[115]

In the wake of Beslan, the government proceeded to toughen laws on terrorism and expand the powers of In the wake of Beslan, the government proceeded to toughen laws on terrorism and expand the powers of law enforcement agencies ..[9]

Increased security measures were introduced to Russian cities. More than 10,000 people without proper documents were detained by Increased security measures were introduced to Russian cities. More than 10,000 people without proper documents were detained by Moscow police in a "terrorist hunt". Colonel Magomet Tolboyev, a Moscow police in a "terrorist hunt". Colonel Magomet Tolboyev, a cosmonaut and and Hero of the Russian Federation , was beaten in the , was beaten in the street in Moscow because of his Chechen-sounding name.street in Moscow because of his Chechen-sounding name.[116][117] The Russian public appeared to be generally supportive of increased The Russian public appeared to be generally supportive of increased security measures. A September 16, 2004 security measures. A September 16, 2004 Levada-Center poll found 58% of Russians supporting stricter found 58% of Russians supporting stricter counter-terrorism laws and the laws and the death penalty for for terrorism, while 33% would support banning all Chechens from entering Russian cities., while 33% would support banning all Chechens from entering Russian cities.[118][119]

In addition, Vladimir Putin signed a law which replaces the direct election of the heads of the In addition, Vladimir Putin signed a law which replaces the direct election of the heads of the federal subjects of Russia with a system with a system whereby they are proposed by the President of Russia and approved or disapproved by the elected legislative power bodies of the whereby they are proposed by the President of Russia and approved or disapproved by the elected legislative power bodies of the federal subjects.federal subjects.[120] The election system for the Russian The election system for the Russian Duma was also repeatedly amended, eliminating the election of State Duma was also repeatedly amended, eliminating the election of State Duma members by single-mandate districts.members by single-mandate districts.[121] The Kremlin consolidated its control over the Russian media and increasingly attacked the The Kremlin consolidated its control over the Russian media and increasingly attacked the non-governmental organizations (especially those foreign-founded). Critics allege that the Putin's circle of (especially those foreign-founded). Critics allege that the Putin's circle of siloviki used the Beslan crisis used the Beslan crisis as an excuse to increase their grip on Russia.as an excuse to increase their grip on Russia.[122] On September 16, 2004, the On September 16, 2004, the United States Secretary of State Colin Powell said that said that Russia was pulling back on democratic reforms.Russia was pulling back on democratic reforms.

Historical Influences on Historical Influences on Russian Political TraditionRussian Political Tradition

Absolute, centralized rule (tsars held Absolute, centralized rule (tsars held absolute power)absolute power)

Extensive cultural heterogeneity (#1 Extensive cultural heterogeneity (#1 cleavage in Russia)cleavage in Russia)

Slavophile v. Westernizer debateSlavophile v. Westernizer debate 2020thth Century Revolutions Century Revolutions Orthodox religion—today trying to re-Orthodox religion—today trying to re-

emerge, tiny religious minoritiesemerge, tiny religious minorities

The Gorbachev Era (1985-The Gorbachev Era (1985-91)91)

Reforms:Reforms: Perestroika—economic restructuringPerestroika—economic restructuring Glasnost—political reforms/opennessGlasnost—political reforms/openness Gorbachev caught between liberals and Gorbachev caught between liberals and

hardliners—neither got what they hardliners—neither got what they wantedwanted

Embraced pragmatist foreign policyEmbraced pragmatist foreign policy Acknowledged inefficiency and Acknowledged inefficiency and

corruption of Soviet governmentcorruption of Soviet government August ’91 coup; failed because few August ’91 coup; failed because few

Soviet people supported it, Yeltsin Soviet people supported it, Yeltsin stepping on tank, armed forces split, stepping on tank, armed forces split, int’l pressure opposed coupint’l pressure opposed coup

Boris Yeltsin (1991-99)Boris Yeltsin (1991-99) President of Russian Federation President of Russian Federation

1991-present; took over after USSR 1991-present; took over after USSR disintegrateddisintegrated

Called for open revolt against Called for open revolt against Leninism via “shock therapy”Leninism via “shock therapy”

Asked for unrestricted foreign Asked for unrestricted foreign investmentinvestment

Privatized 70% of government retail Privatized 70% of government retail commerce and services, rapidly commerce and services, rapidly encouraged reform to market encouraged reform to market systemsystem

Land given to peasants as private Land given to peasants as private propertyproperty

State/collective farms dissolvedState/collective farms dissolved Political freedoms to all minorities & Political freedoms to all minorities &

ethnic groupsethnic groups Weakened Communist Party (as did Weakened Communist Party (as did

Gorbachev)Gorbachev)

Vladimir PutinVladimir Putin Ex-KGB agentEx-KGB agent Prime Minister, 1999-2000Prime Minister, 1999-2000 Became President, 2000, elected Became President, 2000, elected

2000 and re-elected 20042000 and re-elected 2004 Strongly went after Chechens, 1999-Strongly went after Chechens, 1999-

present (good and bad reasons)present (good and bad reasons) Went after oligarchs that threatened Went after oligarchs that threatened

him politically—including some like him politically—including some like Berezovsky that supported his riseBerezovsky that supported his rise

Arrested Khodorkovsky (Yukos Arrested Khodorkovsky (Yukos owner)—put him in cage for trialowner)—put him in cage for trial

Probably behind the polonium Probably behind the polonium poisoning of ex-FSB member and poisoning of ex-FSB member and journalist Alexander Litvenenko and journalist Alexander Litvenenko and shooting death of Anna shooting death of Anna Politkovskaya (Chechnya writer)Politkovskaya (Chechnya writer)

Putin’s Authoritarian Actions, Putin’s Authoritarian Actions, 2000-20082000-2008

Created 7 federal districts with Presidential envoys/plenipotentiaries that report directly to the Created 7 federal districts with Presidential envoys/plenipotentiaries that report directly to the President, 2000. CREATED “POWER VERTICAL”—oversee federal implementation (good and bad President, 2000. CREATED “POWER VERTICAL”—oversee federal implementation (good and bad reasons)reasons)

President now appoints all regional governors, who are confirmed by regional legislaturesPresident now appoints all regional governors, who are confirmed by regional legislatures Eliminated “AGAINST ALL” option on Russian ballotsEliminated “AGAINST ALL” option on Russian ballots Governors don’t serve in Federation Council anymore—newly appointed pro-Putin governors Governors don’t serve in Federation Council anymore—newly appointed pro-Putin governors

choose 1 of the 2 representatives—giving the President control of the FCchoose 1 of the 2 representatives—giving the President control of the FC Moved Constitutional Court to St. Petersburg from Moscow to limit judiciary influenceMoved Constitutional Court to St. Petersburg from Moscow to limit judiciary influence Got Duma to pass electoral reform in 2007—switched from Mixed-Member proportional to fully Got Duma to pass electoral reform in 2007—switched from Mixed-Member proportional to fully

proportional Duma elections with 7% threshold to kill small partiesproportional Duma elections with 7% threshold to kill small parties Created “Potemkin Parties” like “Just Russia” to dilute the vote even further—these parties and Created “Potemkin Parties” like “Just Russia” to dilute the vote even further—these parties and

candidates secretly support Putin but draw votes from other parties, keeping them under the candidates secretly support Putin but draw votes from other parties, keeping them under the thresholdthreshold

Restricted media through censorship and threats—took over TV6 and NTV, also newspapersRestricted media through censorship and threats—took over TV6 and NTV, also newspapers Created a dominant party (United Russia)Created a dominant party (United Russia) Gary Kasparov and “Other Russia” cracked down on—demonstrations limitedGary Kasparov and “Other Russia” cracked down on—demonstrations limited Parties must register. To do so, they must have 50,000 members (it used to be 10,000), and Parties must register. To do so, they must have 50,000 members (it used to be 10,000), and

gather 200,000 signatures to actually rungather 200,000 signatures to actually run Candidates removed from ballot for minor, technical reasonsCandidates removed from ballot for minor, technical reasons 2006 NGO registration law restricted NGO’s abilities to operate2006 NGO registration law restricted NGO’s abilities to operate PUPPETEER with Medvedev—his handpicked successorPUPPETEER with Medvedev—his handpicked successor Stepped up arrest of Chechens in MoscowStepped up arrest of Chechens in Moscow Uses Nashi to further “Cult of Personality”Uses Nashi to further “Cult of Personality”

Building a Cult of Building a Cult of Personality:Personality:

“A Man Like Putin”/ Nashi“A Man Like Putin”/ NashiA Man Like Putin A Man Like Putin

I want a man like Putin, I want a man like Putin, who's full of strength. I who's full of strength. I want a man like Putin, who want a man like Putin, who doesn't drink. I want a man doesn't drink. I want a man like Putin, who won't make like Putin, who won't make me sadme sad..

http://vodpod.com/watch/http://vodpod.com/watch/2813828-sound-tracks-2813828-sound-tracks-music-without-borders-a-music-without-borders-a-man-like-putin-pbsman-like-putin-pbs

http://www.youtube.com/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YR3kW0p32ccwatch?v=YR3kW0p32cc

NASHINASHI Every summer, Nashi runs Every summer, Nashi runs

recruiting camps all across recruiting camps all across Russia. New members watch Russia. New members watch propaganda films and receive propaganda films and receive basic military-style training, basic military-style training, according to Nashi leader Vasily according to Nashi leader Vasily Yakimenko. Yakimenko.

In July 2007, Nashi's annual camp In July 2007, Nashi's annual camp located 200 miles outside Moscow located 200 miles outside Moscow was attended by over 10,000 was attended by over 10,000 Nashi members. Some reports Nashi members. Some reports mention the use of the camp to mention the use of the camp to improve Russia's demographics, improve Russia's demographics, where twenty tents were set up in where twenty tents were set up in order to allow twenty newlywed order to allow twenty newlywed couples to sleep together.couples to sleep together.

Dmitri MedvedevDmitri MedvedevPresident 2008-presentPresident 2008-present

Putin’s successorPutin’s successor Jammed through Jammed through

extension of extension of Presidential term to 6 Presidential term to 6 yrs and eliminated 2 yrs and eliminated 2 term limit (2009—term limit (2009—fastest amendment in fastest amendment in Russian Constitutional Russian Constitutional history)history)

The 1993 ConstitutionThe 1993 Constitution Borrows from France, USA, GermanyBorrows from France, USA, Germany Multiparty systemMultiparty system Bicameral ParliamentBicameral Parliament Multipolar points of power: Head of Duma, Director of Multipolar points of power: Head of Duma, Director of

Federation CouncilFederation Council Creates strong presidency: Elected directly, not party-Creates strong presidency: Elected directly, not party-

dominateddominated 2-ballot system. 2-ballot system. President most significant locus of power. President President most significant locus of power. President

may disband Parliament (unlike old Soviet Constitution)may disband Parliament (unlike old Soviet Constitution) 3 types of votes allowed: referendum (Yeltsin job 3 types of votes allowed: referendum (Yeltsin job

performance), Duma elections, Presidential electionsperformance), Duma elections, Presidential elections

4 Types of Russian 4 Types of Russian SubdivisionsSubdivisions

21 Republics, ethnic enclaves21 Republics, ethnic enclaves 52 Oblasts (regions) mostly 52 Oblasts (regions) mostly

populated by Russianspopulated by Russians 6 Krais (Territories)6 Krais (Territories) 10 autonomous districts called 10 autonomous districts called

OkrugsOkrugs

83 regions now—some consolidated83 regions now—some consolidated

The Russian ParliamentThe Russian Parliament State Duma (450)State Duma (450) All 450 elected by All 450 elected by

proportional proportional representationrepresentation

Must pass 7% Must pass 7% threshold to get any threshold to get any representationrepresentation

Putin changed MMP Putin changed MMP to PR and upped 5% to PR and upped 5% limit to 7% (2007)limit to 7% (2007)

Passes billsPasses bills Approves budgetApproves budget Confirms Presidential Confirms Presidential

nominees to nominees to Cabinet**Cabinet**

Can vote no Can vote no confidence in a confidence in a CabinetCabinet

Can override Can override Presidential veto with Presidential veto with 2/3 majority2/3 majority

5 year term as of 5 year term as of 2009 Amendments2009 Amendments

Federation Council (178)--2 members from 89 regions; 1 Federation Council (178)--2 members from 89 regions; 1 chosen by legislatures, 1 by governor, subject to chosen by legislatures, 1 by governor, subject to approvalapproval

Special powers accorded only to the Federation Council Special powers accorded only to the Federation Council are:are:

Approval of changes in borders between subjects of the Approval of changes in borders between subjects of the Russian Federation; Russian Federation;

Approval of a decree of the President of the Russian Approval of a decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of martial law; Federation on the introduction of martial law;

Approval of a decree of the President of the Russian Approval of a decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency; Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency;

Deciding on the possibility of using the Armed Forces of Deciding on the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the the Russian Federation outside the territory of the Russian Federation; Russian Federation;

Declaring of elections of the President of the Russian Declaring of elections of the President of the Russian Federation; Federation;

Impeachment of the President of the Russian Federation; Impeachment of the President of the Russian Federation; appointment of judges of the Constitutional Court of the appointment of judges of the Constitutional Court of the

Russian Federation, of the Supreme Court of the Russian Russian Federation, of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, of the Higher Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, of the Higher Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation; Federation;

Appointment and dismissal of the Attorney General of the Appointment and dismissal of the Attorney General of the Russian Federation; Russian Federation;

Appointment and dismissal of Deputy Chairman and half Appointment and dismissal of Deputy Chairman and half of the auditors of the Accounting Chamber. of the auditors of the Accounting Chamber.

Russian Dual ExecutiveRussian Dual Executive President: Dmitri MedvedevPresident: Dmitri Medvedev Recent movements against full democracy: Regional governors now Recent movements against full democracy: Regional governors now

appointed and must be confirmed by the regional legislaturesappointed and must be confirmed by the regional legislatures Putin (2000-2008):Putin (2000-2008): Cracked down on Muslim, independence-desiring Chechnya, Cracked down on Muslim, independence-desiring Chechnya,

especially after Beslan (350 dead)especially after Beslan (350 dead) Powers:Powers: 1) Appoint PM and Cabinet1) Appoint PM and Cabinet 2) Issue decrees with the force of law2) Issue decrees with the force of law 3) Dissolve the Duma3) Dissolve the Duma

Prime Minister: Vladimir PutinPrime Minister: Vladimir Putin PMs must be confirmed by the DumaPMs must be confirmed by the Duma 3 rejections=President can dissolve Duma (even if same person all 3 rejections=President can dissolve Duma (even if same person all

3 times)3 times)

Death or incapicitation of President: PM assumes duties, elections Death or incapicitation of President: PM assumes duties, elections within 3 mos. (12/31/99—Yeltsin/Putin)within 3 mos. (12/31/99—Yeltsin/Putin)

Russian Presidential Election, Russian Presidential Election, March 2000March 2000

Vladimir Putin, Unity Party 53%Vladimir Putin, Unity Party 53% Gennady Zyuganov, Communist 29%Gennady Zyuganov, Communist 29% Grigory Yavlinksky, Yabloko 5.8%Grigory Yavlinksky, Yabloko 5.8% Vladimir Zhironovsky, Lib Dem 2.7%Vladimir Zhironovsky, Lib Dem 2.7%

Not completely fair or free but better than Not completely fair or free but better than beforebefore

No run-off required due to Putin > 50%No run-off required due to Putin > 50%

Russian Presidential Russian Presidential Election 2004Election 2004

Putin 71%Putin 71% Kharitonov (CPRF) 14%Kharitonov (CPRF) 14% Against All 3.5%Against All 3.5%

2008 Russian Presidential 2008 Russian Presidential ElectionElection

Candidates Nominating parties Votes %Candidates Nominating parties Votes % Dmitry Medvedev United Russia, Agrarian Party, Fair Russia,Dmitry Medvedev United Russia, Agrarian Party, Fair Russia,

Russian Ecological Party - "The Greens" and Civilian Power. Russian Ecological Party - "The Greens" and Civilian Power. 52,530,712 70.28%52,530,712 70.28%

Gennady Zyuganov Communist Party of the Russian Federation Gennady Zyuganov Communist Party of the Russian Federation 13,243,550 17.72 %13,243,550 17.72 %

Vladimir Zhirinovsky Liberal Democratic Party of Russia 6,988,510 Vladimir Zhirinovsky Liberal Democratic Party of Russia 6,988,510

9.35 %9.35 % Andrei Bogdanov Democratic Party of Russia 968,344 Andrei Bogdanov Democratic Party of Russia 968,344

1.30% 1.30% Invalid ballots 1,015,533 1.35%Invalid ballots 1,015,533 1.35%

What are the goals of the French and What are the goals of the French and Russian Presidential Election Systems?Russian Presidential Election Systems? Popular legitimacyPopular legitimacy Popular mandatePopular mandate Prevent electoral/institutional gridlockPrevent electoral/institutional gridlock Policy leadershipPolicy leadership Independence from legislatureIndependence from legislature StabilityStability Strong ExecutiveStrong Executive Inclusion of a wide range of partiesInclusion of a wide range of parties National unityNational unity Encourages coalition building among the electorateEncourages coalition building among the electorate Increases voter turnout, hopefully decreases apathy Increases voter turnout, hopefully decreases apathy

and increases efficacyand increases efficacy

Russian JudiciaryRussian Judiciary

Constitutional Court—19 judges--determines Constitutional Court—19 judges--determines Constitutionality of laws, appointed by President Constitutionality of laws, appointed by President and and confirmed by Federation Councilconfirmed by Federation Council

Supreme Court—hears appeals for civil, criminal, Supreme Court—hears appeals for civil, criminal, and administrative cases, oversees lower courtsand administrative cases, oversees lower courts

Supreme Arbitration Court—ECN/BUS mattersSupreme Arbitration Court—ECN/BUS matters

All regions but Chechnya: Trial by jury by 2007All regions but Chechnya: Trial by jury by 2007

Political Parties in RussiaPolitical Parties in Russia Multiparty system represents wide range of ideological viewpointsMultiparty system represents wide range of ideological viewpoints 30 parties, 5 with substantial following30 parties, 5 with substantial following United RussiaUnited Russia (Putin’s party, won 221 of 450 Duma seats in 2003). (Putin’s party, won 221 of 450 Duma seats in 2003).

Put together by Boris Berezovsky to support Putin in 2000. Pro-Put together by Boris Berezovsky to support Putin in 2000. Pro-Putin, no clear ideologyPutin, no clear ideology

CommunistsCommunists—2—2ndnd strongest, 12.6% of vote, 51 seats in Duma. strongest, 12.6% of vote, 51 seats in Duma. Gennady Zyuganov is leader.Gennady Zyuganov is leader.

Reform Parties:Reform Parties: YablokoYabloko—leader Grigory Yavlinski, strong pro-Democracy stance. 4 —leader Grigory Yavlinski, strong pro-Democracy stance. 4

Duma seats, only 4.4% of vote, no PR seatsDuma seats, only 4.4% of vote, no PR seats Union of Right Forces—”right in understanding truth”: Union of Right Forces—”right in understanding truth”: backs backs

privatization, only 3 seatsprivatization, only 3 seats Radical dangerous parties:Radical dangerous parties: Liberal DemocratsLiberal Democrats (Zhironovksy’s party, extremist/Communist): (Zhironovksy’s party, extremist/Communist):

11% of vote, 37 seats.11% of vote, 37 seats.

Russian Political Culture: Russian Political Culture: InfluencesInfluences

Geography: ethnic diversity, borders vastly Geography: ethnic diversity, borders vastly different countries with different political cultures different countries with different political cultures and customs. Historical need for warm water and customs. Historical need for warm water portsports

Eastern Orthodoxy: Western countries had Eastern Orthodoxy: Western countries had Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, separation of church and state, Enlightenment, separation of church and state, and spheres of privacy free from control of the and spheres of privacy free from control of the state (civil society). Russia didn’t.state (civil society). Russia didn’t.

Equality of Results (impacts development of Equality of Results (impacts development of capitalism)capitalism)

Hostility towards the government (despite Hostility towards the government (despite obeisance)obeisance)

Importance of nationality (discrimination commonImportance of nationality (discrimination common—Baltic people “civil,” Muslim-Turks “barbaric”)—Baltic people “civil,” Muslim-Turks “barbaric”)

Political Culture and Political Culture and ParticipationParticipation

– Personalized parties of the early years of Russian Federation have almost Personalized parties of the early years of Russian Federation have almost disappeareddisappeared

– United Russia, a party of power, has established itself to survive elections United Russia, a party of power, has established itself to survive elections and leadership changesand leadership changes

– Just Russia, fake competition created by the power elite, will not contest Just Russia, fake competition created by the power elite, will not contest for real powerfor real power

– Another Russia not being allowed to emergeAnother Russia not being allowed to emerge– Communist Party of the Russian Federation is a nationalistic, social Communist Party of the Russian Federation is a nationalistic, social

democratic (self-labeled) party that is a nation-wide organization losing democratic (self-labeled) party that is a nation-wide organization losing support everywheresupport everywhere

– Yabloko is a reformist party favoring democracy and a social welfare Yabloko is a reformist party favoring democracy and a social welfare system that is also losing supportsystem that is also losing support

– Union of Right Forces is a reformist party favoring drastic economic Union of Right Forces is a reformist party favoring drastic economic restructuring which is also losing popularityrestructuring which is also losing popularity

– Liberal Democrats are an anti-Semitic, super nationalistic party that earns Liberal Democrats are an anti-Semitic, super nationalistic party that earns headlines more easily than votesheadlines more easily than votes

Russian Internal ProblemsRussian Internal Problems

Oligarchs: Wild fortunes amassed under Oligarchs: Wild fortunes amassed under Yeltsin, Putin has cracked down some--Yeltsin, Putin has cracked down some--Berezovsky now in exile, Khodorvsky Berezovsky now in exile, Khodorvsky (Yukos) arrested, Yukos taxed into (Yukos) arrested, Yukos taxed into bankruptcybankruptcy

Russian mafia—”protection money,” Russian mafia—”protection money,” money laundering, murder bankers, money laundering, murder bankers, businessmen, Duma membersbusinessmen, Duma members

Russian media—Putin has suppressed Russian media—Putin has suppressed some freedom of the press. NTV, only some freedom of the press. NTV, only independent TV channel, taken over.independent TV channel, taken over.

Russian Political CultureRussian Political Culture #1: DESIRE FOR ORDER & STABILITY--STATISM#1: DESIRE FOR ORDER & STABILITY--STATISM Russians will take a while to adapt to free Russians will take a while to adapt to free

market (Spanish and Germans have learned)market (Spanish and Germans have learned) Democracy weak; “kleptocracy”Democracy weak; “kleptocracy” State has been unable to improve living State has been unable to improve living

conditions, leads to pessimism about conditions, leads to pessimism about democracy nowdemocracy now

Some Russians still hostile towards West Some Russians still hostile towards West (Zhironovsky)(Zhironovsky)

Nostalgia for old Soviet militaryNostalgia for old Soviet military Voter turnout 65% in 2004 election—100% Voter turnout 65% in 2004 election—100%

under Sovietsunder Soviets

Russian/Soviet Foreign Russian/Soviet Foreign PolicyPolicy

Chechnya problem: want them recognized Chechnya problem: want them recognized as terroristsas terrorists

South Ossetia conflict, 2008South Ossetia conflict, 2008 Don’t like NATO expansion or US missile Don’t like NATO expansion or US missile

defense, recently accepted as a NATO defense, recently accepted as a NATO “partner”“partner”

DétenteDétenteEntenteEntente CIS relations still importantCIS relations still important Meddling in Ukraine elections, 2004Meddling in Ukraine elections, 2004 G-8 memberG-8 member Bidding to join WTOBidding to join WTO

Learning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesAfter mastering the concepts presented in this chapter, you will be able to:After mastering the concepts presented in this chapter, you will be able to: Comprehend the development of communist doctrine and ideology in Europe. Comprehend the development of communist doctrine and ideology in Europe. Differentiate among and define the following: Marxism, Leninism, Stalinism, Differentiate among and define the following: Marxism, Leninism, Stalinism,

TotalitarianismTotalitarianism Comprehend political and economic doctrines of Karl Marx on communism and class Comprehend political and economic doctrines of Karl Marx on communism and class

exploitation.exploitation. Define Marxist theory and explain the following notions and terms: Historical Define Marxist theory and explain the following notions and terms: Historical

materialism, Dialectics, Proletarian revolutionmaterialism, Dialectics, Proletarian revolution Understand the role of Russian Revolution in 1917 in the development of communist Understand the role of Russian Revolution in 1917 in the development of communist

regimes in Eastern Europe and beyond.regimes in Eastern Europe and beyond. Comparatively define socialism and communism.Comparatively define socialism and communism. Understand the notion of totalitarian regime and totalitarian form of governance.Understand the notion of totalitarian regime and totalitarian form of governance. Assess major differences between the command and free market economies.Assess major differences between the command and free market economies. Comparatively analyze similarities and differences between the USSR and the Comparatively analyze similarities and differences between the USSR and the

People’s Republic of China in managing economy and political process under People’s Republic of China in managing economy and political process under communist ideology and party system.communist ideology and party system.

Learning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesAfter mastering the concepts presented in this chapter, you will be able to:After mastering the concepts presented in this chapter, you will be able to: Recognize the role of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong in the process of Recognize the role of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong in the process of

communist state formation and development.communist state formation and development. Discuss the structure of the Communist Party and government institutions in the Soviet Discuss the structure of the Communist Party and government institutions in the Soviet

Union. Define the following terms: Nomenklatura, Central Committee, Politburo, General Union. Define the following terms: Nomenklatura, Central Committee, Politburo, General SecretarySecretary

Understand the role of Mikhail Gorbachev in the process of party, state and ideological Understand the role of Mikhail Gorbachev in the process of party, state and ideological reformation in the USSR. Define the following terms: Glasnost, Perestroikareformation in the USSR. Define the following terms: Glasnost, Perestroika

Recognize factors that contribute to the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe Recognize factors that contribute to the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.and the Soviet Union.

Identify challenges of post-communist democratization in Eastern Europe.Identify challenges of post-communist democratization in Eastern Europe. Define social and political, including of revolutionary character movements in Hungary, Define social and political, including of revolutionary character movements in Hungary,

Romania, Soviet Union, Poland and other countries against communism.Romania, Soviet Union, Poland and other countries against communism. Recognize the process of the USSR disintegration.Recognize the process of the USSR disintegration. Discuss the implications of the shock therapy in post-communist countries.Discuss the implications of the shock therapy in post-communist countries. Identify remaining communist regimes and discuss their political, economic and social Identify remaining communist regimes and discuss their political, economic and social

challenges.challenges.

Learning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesAfter mastering the concepts presented in this chapter, you will be able to:After mastering the concepts presented in this chapter, you will be able to: Understand key factors of the historical formation of the Russian state in 19-20th centuries.Understand key factors of the historical formation of the Russian state in 19-20th centuries. Comprehend the development of communist doctrine and ideology in Russia. Comprehend the development of communist doctrine and ideology in Russia. Define key elements of the 1917 revolutions in Russia. Define the following:Define key elements of the 1917 revolutions in Russia. Define the following: Provisional GovernmentProvisional Government BolsheviksBolsheviks MensheviksMensheviks Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin Define Russian diversity, geography and current economic challenges.Define Russian diversity, geography and current economic challenges. Understand the process of political, economic and social developments of the Union of Soviet Understand the process of political, economic and social developments of the Union of Soviet

Socialist Republics (USSR).Socialist Republics (USSR). Discuss the role of Joseph Stalin in the history of the USSR.Discuss the role of Joseph Stalin in the history of the USSR. Understand the necessity of creating the Comintern by Vladimir Lenin.Understand the necessity of creating the Comintern by Vladimir Lenin. Comprehend the impact of the following Soviet leaders on the political development of the Comprehend the impact of the following Soviet leaders on the political development of the

USSR: Nikita Khrushchev, Leonid Brezhnev, Constantine Chernenko, Mikhail GorbachevUSSR: Nikita Khrushchev, Leonid Brezhnev, Constantine Chernenko, Mikhail Gorbachev Recognize the structure of the Communist Party and government institutions in the Soviet Recognize the structure of the Communist Party and government institutions in the Soviet

Union. Define the following terms: Central Committee, Politburo, Secretariat, NomenklaturaUnion. Define the following terms: Central Committee, Politburo, Secretariat, Nomenklatura

Learning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesAfter mastering the concepts presented in this chapter, you will be able to:After mastering the concepts presented in this chapter, you will be able to: Understand the role of Mikhail Gorbachev in the process of party, state and ideological Understand the role of Mikhail Gorbachev in the process of party, state and ideological

reformation in the USSR.reformation in the USSR. Comprehend Gorbachev’s doctrines of Comprehend Gorbachev’s doctrines of perestroikaperestroika, , glasnost glasnost and and democratizationdemocratization.. Define and differentiate between the 1991 and the 1993 coups in the USSR and the Define and differentiate between the 1991 and the 1993 coups in the USSR and the

Russian Federation.Russian Federation. Discuss the implications of the shock therapy and privatization in Russia.Discuss the implications of the shock therapy and privatization in Russia. Identify patterns of political culture, civil society participation and party affiliation among Identify patterns of political culture, civil society participation and party affiliation among

Russian voters in 1990s.Russian voters in 1990s. Understand Russia’s electoral system and its impact on the development of the political Understand Russia’s electoral system and its impact on the development of the political

system.system. Define the role of political parties in the elections and differentiate among the following Define the role of political parties in the elections and differentiate among the following

political parties: Yabloko, United Russia, Just Russia, Liberal Democrats, Union of Right political parties: Yabloko, United Russia, Just Russia, Liberal Democrats, Union of Right ForcesForces

Understand the composition of the Russian federal state.Understand the composition of the Russian federal state. Comprehend the challenging process of the development of Russian economy.Comprehend the challenging process of the development of Russian economy. Discuss the role of oligarchs in the Russian political and economic development.Discuss the role of oligarchs in the Russian political and economic development.