Forests in Canada- Forests cover 42% of

Canada

- 4, 187, 820 kilometers squared

- Almost half of Canada

Commercial VS. Non Commercial

- 25 % are commercial forests

- 17 % are Non- Commercial Forests

- 58 % is Non- Forested

- Over 45 % of BC ‘s total area is commercial forest.

-BC contains many softwood trees to make lumber out of.

-This is majority the Montane forest region thus making it the largest commercial forest region.

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Forest Regions

( Environment Canada, 2005-10-10) http://www.on.ec.gc.ca/wildlife/wildspace/maps-e.html

Boreal Forest, Taiga Forest, Montane Forest, Mixed Forest, West Coast Forest, Artic, Prairies.

Boreal is the largest.

See Page 311 in your Text book.

The Arctic Region has the least amount of forest because it is so cold. ( Only 1%)

The Boreal region is the largest and it spreads all through Canada thus making it the largest region.

49% 11%

65%47%

39%

Forests in Provinces

- Boreal: NFL, Que, On, Man, Sask, Alb, BC, Yuk,

- Mixed Forest: On, Que, NB, NS & PEI. Taiga Forest: NFL, Que, On, Man, Sask, Alb, BC, Yuk, NWT.

- Montane Forest: BC, Alb- West Coast Forest: BC & Yuk.

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Sustained Yield Forest ManagementSustained yield forest management Is when the number of trees cut down is restrained or a tree is planted in the place of one that has been cut down.

Canada's Forest Regions

Boreal Forest RegionThe boreal forest region is the largest in Canada, heading west from Newfoundland and Labrador all the way to British Colombia. It is Mostly Coniferous trees but has some deciduous trees. The boreal forest is cold and vast. This forest is made up of many Trees Such as spruce ,fir , pine and aspen

WoodsWaterWildlife

West Coast Forest RegionThe west coast forest region is located on the coast of British Colombia and goes north to Alaska.This forest covers 16.5 Million Hectors of land . This region is very wet and relatively cold. There is some forestry but it is hard with the terrain (Mountains).

Taiga Forest RegionThe Taiga Forest region Covers much of Canada, the temperture can stretch from -54c to 10c. The Taiga forest does have some deciduous trees like Birch, alder, willow and poplar. But mostly coniferous trees. This Region has alot of forestry activity

Montane forest region

This region Is mostly made up of small shrubs(Blue Douglas Fir) located around mountains. This region is fairly dry because of relief precipitation. Very little to no forestry productivity.

Softwood and Hardwood

Softwood Comes from coniferous trees and hardwood comes from deciduous trees. Hardwoods usually come from slower growing trees. Softwoods grow in huge sections of just softwoods, but hardwoods are mostly found with many varieties of other trees.

My Project!

Why is Central Canada the leading Pulp and Paper producer?

• High energy rate• Hydro energy provided energy needed• Central Canada was full of rivers providing the

energy needed.• When Pulp and Paper became a major industry,

central Canada was full of willing workers to build and work the mills.

Continued…

• Trees in central Canada were perfect for newspaper• Newspaper required no or little chemicals• Newspaper quickly became the best selling form of

paper• Central Canada was also close to the main buyers of

Newspaper. The U.S.A.• Newspaper saw rapid growth in sales around WW1,

WW2 and still continues to see growth today.

Le Picture

Some Problems

• Trees used in paper face disease, over-farming/bad soil, and being used for other purposes (ex: Furniture)

• As more information becomes digital, paper is becoming obsolete, specifically newspaper

• People are beginning to concern themselves with the environment, and logging, pulp, etc… is becoming ‘vilified’ in the public mind.

Why is B.C. the leading producer of Canada’s lumber?

• B.C. is full of Softwood, a preferred wood for furniture, planks, etc..

• Once demand for North American softwood came from China and Japan, prices and exports soared.

• Because B.C. is closest to Asia, B.C. sends most of the wood.

• B.C. is now experiencing a growth ‘bubble”• B.C. is now exporting most of Canada’s wood.

Problems

• Certain Beetle infect preferred trees• Trees are susceptible to disease • Clear-cutting can present erosion problems,

environmental problems and future economic problems.

• Exports may slow down in future years causing lay-offs, and possibly a depression in the lumber economy.

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Why is the number of Sawmills decreasing?

• Sawmills decreased because of recession, dispute, and decreased demand.

• In 2009 a recession hit and lumber decreased exceptionally

• A dispute between the U.S. about softwood trade lowered lumber sales

• Decreased demand was because of recycling, less need, etc…

Continued

• Because some of these reasons it contributed to the downfall of some sawmills.

• Lay-offs, bankruptcy, etc… caused many shut-downs and abandonment’s.

• Also, as the world becomes more digital the need for paper information becomes less

How are new sawmills different from older ones?

• Old sawmills required a human workforce to supply, operate, and keep the sawmill running.

• Old sawmills were not as efficient.• Old sawmills presented a constant risk to the

workers• Old sawmills provided more jobs• Old sawmills were almost always powered by

water.

Continued…• New sawmills are mechanically operated, either through remote human

operation, or programmed to perform set task.• New sawmills perform better and give a better output• New Sawmills provide less jobs• New sawmills are costly• New Sawmills put out old sawmills, even by large numbers, decreasing the

number of sawmills in the area.• New sawmills can either use water or electricity for a source of power,

and use both trucks and boats to transport the merchandise.• New sawmills still do require human workforce for certain tasks like log

jams or thin cuts with saws.• New sawmills have greater safety precautions.

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Le Fin!

•Its a forestry or logging practice of cutting the trees in a given area granted by the owner of the

land and by the government.•The wood cut is usually transported away to

create products such as paper or furniture

5 Types of Clear CuttingStandard Clear Cut- just cutting everything

Patch Clear Cut -cutting trees in a certain patch leaving others behind

Strip Clear Cutting-cutting trees in a row perpendicular to the wind

Clear Cutting With Reserves -cutting most trees while leaving some for different purposes E.g. Wildlife

Slash and Burn -burn everything down, leaving nothing behind

Clear Cutting Good and Bads

Positive-lumber can be used to make goods like paper and furniture for

money -builds new ecosystem in the area-more space for farmingNegative-destruction of land and habitats -unattractive to see -less natural recreation areas -endangers animals

By combining chemicals and other substances, people create pesticides that usually repel or kill a certain kind of pest.

Its used to:

-prevent crops from being damaged by pest around the area like weeds and bugs

-prevents the bug pests from growing again such as swamps (mosquito)

Main Types of PesticidesHerbicides

-plants: weeds

Fungicides-fungi: mushrooms

Bactericides -bacteria

Insecticides -bugs: mosquito

Pesticides Worth it??????

Positive-better harvest of crops-kill dangerous bugs

preventing spread of diseases

Negative-waste of money -expose to pesticides can have

negative effects to humans-pesticide run off into water is

deadly the marine ecosystem and life

-air pollution due to excess in the air

-can kill animals and cause extinction

•Businesses competing against other worldwide businesses trying to achieve better products so

people would buy from them.

Global Competition Good & Bad

Positive-competition makes

life interesting -more money for the

country

Negative-people will chop more

trees to compete against others

-stressful to workers while lower wages

BC Forests: Environment or Industry?

ENVIROMENTAL POINT OF VIEW Looking at the forests of British Columbia you

can’t help but think that these forests are some of the most beautiful forests and they should be preserved.

Environmental Point of View

After all the BC forests are home to more than 20 native animal types including the flying squirrel, the peregrine falcon, and the white tailed deer.

Environmental Point of View

If the forests were to be cut down the would be catastrophic consequences to all of these animals who rely on these forests as a habitat.

BC Forests Industrial

INDUSTRIAL POINT OF VIEW The need for nature is ever present in our

lives but the very foundation of our society could be at right if we do not exploit this natural resource.

Industrial Point of View

Recently the demand for lumber in China shot up and so did the production rate. But as the rate of consumption increases our rate of production decreases with less forests to harvest.

Industrial Point of View

To not meet China’s supply needs would be a serious blow to the economic recovery in British Columbia. 10% of British Columbia’s economy is dependant upon the lumber industry and China is 40% of the total exports.

Logging TechniquesHarvesting Process Ease of Logging Cost Ecological Protection

Clear Cutting

Clear Cutting is the easiest type of logging because you just cut everything down

Clear Cutting is not very costly because all you do is chop everything, unless the workers charge by the tree

This method provides no form of ecological protection whatsoever.

Shelterwood Logging

This method is moderately difficult because you have to pick out certain generations of trees to cut.

Shelterwood logging is moderately cost effective because you get the money over time.

This method provides solid protection for the young saplings that are planted to replace the big ones.

Selective Cutting

Selective cutting is very easy because you only have to cut down one or two trees

Selective cutting does not cost a lot because you are cutting down one or two trees.

Selective cutting is traditionally thought to be economically sustainable but recent research has shown that it is actually harmful.