forestry sector strategic policy on land conflict ...tijoss.com/47th volume/fajar4.pdfpanca setyo...

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th December 2016. Vol.47. No.1

© 2012-2016 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved

ISSN 2305-4557 www.Tijoss.com

39

FORESTRY SECTOR STRATEGIC POLICY ON LAND CONFLICT

SETTLEMENT IN PELALAWAN REGENCY OF RIAU PROVINCE

Panca Setyo Prihatin, S.IP., M.Si Government Science Lecturer, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences

Riau Islamic University

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Research

. A region is an integral part in

the development in Indonesia. But

often, there are always problems

between the center and the regions,

one of them in terms of the division

of government affairs between the

center and the region. When we

discuss the central and local

government affairs, regulations that

can be the guide for us is Law No. 23

of 2014 on Regional Government.

Government affairs according to the

law is divided into three parts, the

first absolute government affairs,

second, concurrent government

affairs and the third is the general

government affairs. The three affairs

above divided into central and the

region domain. The principles used

for government affairs division

consists of decentralized,

deconcentration and co-

administration principles.

Absolute government affairs is

the government affairs that became

central fully authority. The Center

Definition if we go in the executive

branch is the central government; its

own definition is the President of the

Republic of Indonesia who’s holding

the power of the Republic of

Indonesia government, assisted by

the Vice President and ministers.

Scope of absolute government affairs

consists of the problem field of

foreign affairs, defense, security,

justice, monetary and fiscal policy as

well as religion. Although entirely in

the hands of the center, the absolute

government affairs can be delegated

to existing vertical agencies in the

region based on deconcentration

principles. Vertical institution itself

is the ministry and / or government

agencies non government which take

Government Affairs that are not

submitted to the autonomous regions

in the specific area in

Deconcentration, such as the

Provincial Religious Affairs,

Regional Police, the Office of

Military and so on.

The second government affairs

are the concurrent government

affairs. Its definition is Government

Affairs which is divided between the

central government and the province

and Regencies / cities, affairs were

delegated to the regions is the basis

of implementing regional autonomy.

The division covers a variety of

fields, ranging from agriculture,

trade, mining, fisheries and others.

But main principles in the

distribution of concurrent

administration affairs are to be based

on accountability, efficiency,

externalities and should be a national

concern.

In connection with the local

authorities which then made in the

form of regional policy, concurrent

government affairs submitted to the

region which then divided into two

parts, the first mandatory

http://tijoss.com/index.html




40

government affairs and alternative

government affairs. Mandatory

affairs then subdivided into two

parts, the first, mandatory

government affairs relating to the

basic service and mandatory

government affairs unrelated to

basic services. The meaning of mandatory

government affairs relating to the

basic service is Government Affairs

that must be held by all Regions and this mandatory governmental

affairs related to basic services,

covering the fields of education,

health, public works, spatial

planning, housing, residential areas,

public order and social problems.

The Region required prioritizing the

mandatory government affairs

relating to basic services, and the

affairs above based on the minimum

service standards by the central

government in the form of

regulations.

While mandatory

government affairs not related to

basic services include the areas of

labor, women's empowerment,

children’s empowerment, food, land,

environment, environment,

transportation, population

administration, cooperatives, SMEs,

culture, statistics and library. For the

alternative government affairs are

affairs that must be held by the

Region in accordance with the

region potential. Fields included are

marine, fisheries, and agriculture,

forestry, trade, industry, energy and

mineral resources.

The third government affairs

that exists in this legislation is

general government affairs, the

definition is government affairs

under the authority of the

President as the head of the

Government. This affairs covers

development of national defense,

inter-religious harmony, national

unity, the handling of social

conflicts, fostering harmony among

ethnic or tribes, tasks implementation

coordination among government

agencies that exist in the region of

province and city / regency,

democratic life development and, all

government affairs implementation

that is not a regional authority.

General government affairs

implementer is the governors and

mayors and regents in their

respective regions, assisted by

vertical institutions. Its

Accountability the governor is

responsible to the President through

the minister and regent / mayor to

minister through the governor. This

is because the governor is positioned

as the representative of the central

government. General government

affairs funding it self comes from the

state budget.

Related to this study, in

accordance with Law No. 23 of 2014

concerning the regional

administration that forestry affair is a

matter for the concurrent

Government Affairs which is divided

between the central government and

the province and regencies / cities.

Here are the important points among

some of the items contained in

specific legislation in the field of

forestry:

1. Planning which includes forest

inventories implementation,

area strengthening, area

stewardship, the establishment

of forest management areas





41

and national forestry plan

which is fully taken up by the

central government.

2. Forest management fully by

the central government with

the exception on the planning

and implementation of forest

stewardship of forest

management unit (FMU) by

the provincial government but

not for the forest conservation

management units (KPHK),

utilization issue regulated by

the central government except

for the use of forests in

production area and protected

forest area its only for the

utilization of non-timber forest

products and environmental

services by the provincial

government. In terms of the

rehabilitation implementation

is the central authority with the

exception of outside the

countries forest area by the

provincial government. Area

protections are by the central

government except for the

protected forest area and forest

production area carried out by

the provincial government.

Processing of forest products

regulated by the central

government except timber

forest products which

production capacity of less

than 6000 m2 per year as well

as non-timber forest products

are by the provincial

government.

3. Conservation, held entirely by

the central government except

for the Implementation of the

protection, preservation and

sustainable use of Forest Park

(TAHURA) across the regency

/ city for the the provinces

authority while TAHURA

located in the regency / city are

by regency / city government.

Protection of wild plants and

animals that are not protected

or not included in the list of

CITES appendix (Appendix)

by the provincial government.

Management of important

value ecosystems areas and

buffer zones of nature reserves

and conservation areas by the

provincial government

4. Provincial forestry Extension

and community empowerment

are by provincial governments

5. Management of Watershed

(DAS) in one (1) of province

area are by the provincial

government

6. Monitoring entirely by the

central government

From the above figures it

appears that most of the authority in

the hands of the central government,

only a small part in the provincial

government and only one (1)

authority granted by the regency /

city that TAHURA management or

Forest Park. This means that forest

management has been largely

decentralized in reality the area had

failed to guard the concept of

regional autonomy in forestry. It can

be seen from the fact with the high

rate of land and forest ecosystems

degradation which the negative

impact is felt directly by the people

of Indonesia, especially the people in

the Pelalawan regency of Riau

Province.





42

In Pelalawan regency itself,

as a result of forest management

policy has caused conflicts

continuously until this day. Land use

conflicts between communities and

companies concessionaires Forest

plantations (HPHTI) in Riau

generally and in Pelalawan regency

especially started since the issuing of

the Decree of the Minister of

Forestry on Forest Land Use

Agreement (TGHK) 1986 in the

province of Riau, which has been set

as the Permanent Production Forest.

In 1997 the Ministry of

Forestry issued Decree No. 137 /

Kpts-II / 1997 dated March 10, 1997,

On Granting Plantation Forest Area

Covering Over ± 235 140 hectares,

to PT. Riau Andalan Pulp & Paper

(RAPP) and Sinar Mas Group (Asset

Management Group), located in the

region Siak, Pelalawan, Kampar and

Kuansing. In Pelalawan, based on the

Final Report of the Study of Potential

Natural Resources in Pelalawan

(2009 page 70) in 2008, Industrial

Plant Forest area is 429,070.97

hectares. However, within the

HPHTI region there are Village /

Village, people plantation,

community land area as forest

livelihoods that have been liveable,

managed, used as a source of life

long before Ministry of Forestry

decree on granting HPHTI to PT.

Arara timeless and PT. RAPP nor its

subsidiaries such as PT Sumatera

Riang Lestasi (SRL).

Pelalawan regency as one of

the districts in Riau province carved

out of Kampar Regency. The regency

has huge land resources where the

biggest land use consists of Industrial

Plantation Forest (HTI), plantations

(SOEs, private and community)

which is generally the oil palm

plantations, and people plantations.

This land use raises many conflicts

involving many actors. Land use

conflicts that occurred in the district

of Pelalawan has similar

characteristics to the land-use

conflicts that occurred in Riau as

general. This conflict has broken

power that can inhibit the

development and disrupt the

harmony in dealing with in the

community. Eg conflicts between

employers HTI with the public

related to the land status which has a

different legal basis, as well as

between communities and oil palm

plantation owners. Therefore, the

existence of this conflict need to

know to find solutions to the

problems that the essence could be

not come from land use.

Based on the data that the

number of social conflicts, especially

land area of forest in Pelalawan

regency in 2012-2014 has risen for

the year 2012 happened twice

forestry land area conflict between

communities and companies, in 2013

increased to five times compared to

three times the land conflicts in the

plantation sector and there was a

sharp increase in 2014 as many as 10

times forestry sector conflict and 5

times plantation sector conflict. The

area of conflict in the regency also

has risen for the year 2012 amounted

of 300 ha, and increased to 42 021 ha

in 2013 and decreased to 39 550 ha

area of the forestry sector conflict

between communities and companies

operating in the field of forest

management.1 The presence of

industrial timber estates (HTI),

1Polres Pelalawan





43

particularly in Pelalawan regency

leaves many issues between the

company and the surrounding

community that has given rise to the

conflict. On the one hand HTI

provides positive implications for

regional progress, but on the other

has a negative impact on the

community empowerment program

near HTI.

1.2 Previous Research

Ekawati study in 2013 also

showed that people still occupies

portions and a relatively minor role

in the forest management. Still

required serious breakthrough on

community forestry policies,

Community Plantation Forest and

Village Forest. Meanwhile, the

results of CIFOR research in 2005

for forestry management in South

Sulawesi indicates the fact that

forestry policies created in the center

(Jakarta) is more suitable to be

declared as a policy that "forced" in

the region, because of the conditions

and needs of the region are not

always in accordance with what is

thought by policy makers officials in

the Ministry of Environment and

Forestry.

1.3 Reserach Problem

1.3.1 Problem

Identification

In the implementation of the

program found several phenomena,

namely:

1. Previous Socialization was

about the company's plans,

which is an tenure study

activity conducted by the firm

that only known by some

villagers. The forestry

management company

conducted a survey related to

the tenure but the public did

not get the results of the

study, and there are

information and granted

documents related

permission, as well as

company activities (Pulp).

The community also was

never given the company's

basic information document

that categorized as

information aspects that is

important to be informed

(legality, ownership, type of

activity, duration, potential

impact, the purpose of the

company and the technology

to be used).

2. Overlaping authorization

rights of land resources

(between communities and

companies). The issue is not

legalization RTRW Riau

province, carrying

implications for the

authorization of land

resources contained in

Pelalawan Regency, this

creates a conflict related to

the management of the

forestry sector in Pelalawan

Regency comunnities.

Overlaping control of the

forestry sector in Pelalawan

regency because inside the

HPHTI region are included

villages,community

plantation, neighborhood

community land as forest

livelihoods which have been

occupied, maintained, used as

a source of life long before





44

the ministerial decree on

granting HPHTI (Industrial

Plantation Forest Concession

rignts) to the Sinar Mas

Group and the APRIL Group

nor its subsidiaries such as

PT Sumatera Riang Lestasi

(SRL)., PT Arara Abadi and

PT Satria Perkasa Agung

(SPA)

3. The reducing of communities

livelihood and economic

resources. Pelalawan

Regency society as a

homogeneous society used to

have a habit of doing

livelihood from nature as an

example, look for honey in

the forest, catch fish in the

river, or wood for the

necessities of life in the

forest. With the exsitence of

HTI as a control company so

because of it Palalawan

Regency society have limited

livelihood. At first

communities livelihoods

around the forest is very

diverse covering gardening,

farming rice, rattan, resin,

sandalwood, frankincense,

fishing and hunting. Its

livelihood diversity because

there are still many economic

potential that can be utilized

by the local community to

meet the need and life

sustainability of the

community. At that time, the

economy needs is not as

complex as the present.

While the primer or housing

needs they can still get it

relatively easy and

inexpensive. To meet the

needs of food, in addition

sourced from those

livelihood, sialang forests

also provide economic

resources for the surrounding

community. To meet the

needs of health, the

community generally use

forest products to be herbs

that relativly do not require

health budget like today's

modern society. But along

with the central government's

policies to utilize the forests

potential to be a source of

revenue for the country, the

concessionaires companies

began to enter the forest.

Slowly begin encroached the

forest. Economic potentials

that become livelihood

sources of the community

such as rattan, resin,

sandalwood, frankincense,

honey, durian, mangosteen,

duku and other fruits the

ecosystems start to disrupted.

1.3.2 Problem Limitations

This study is limited to know

and understand how and what the

impact of strategic policies in the

forestry sector to resolve the conflict

in Pelalawan Regency, Riau

Province.

1.3.3 Problem Formulation

Based on the phenomenon

described in the research

background, the problem statement

in this study is: "the strategic policy

of the forestry sector at the level of

Pelalawan Regency government,

Riau Province has not effectively

resolve th social conflicts". From





45

those problem formulation, research

questions can be presented (reasearch

question) as follows:

1. Why did strategic policy has not

managed to resolve the conflict

in the forestry sector at

Pelalawan Regency, Riau

Province ?.

2. What is the impact of the

forestry sector strategic policy to

decrease conflict (how the

connection between strategic

policy with conflict)?

1.4 Purpose and Objectives The Purpose of this study is to

analyze and understand the strategic

policy of forestry conflict prevention

in Pelalawan Regency, Riau

province, while the purpose of this

research is:

1. Analyze and discuss strategic

policy issues in Pelalawan

Regency, Riau Province.

2. From the analysis and

discussion result are expected

to acquire a new concept

regarding the implementation

of government policies and as

a contribution to the

Government Science.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 The Subtance and Meaning of

Government

State government system

consisting of a government federal

system (federalism) and unitary State

(unitarism). State government

authority carried out by a centralized

government authority (centralism)

and decentralized (desentralism).

Furthermore, the form of State

government distinguished on the

monarchy, aristocracy and

democracy. The word "Pemerintah"

is derived from Java language as

"Titah " (Sabdo, orders, instructions)

Pemerintah or in the English

language is called government is

derived from the word govern that is

institution or organization and its

staff that has tasks, functions,

authority and responsibility to take

care of the task and carry out the will

of the people.

Based on the description

above, it seems clear that the word

"government" (which may have

meaning governments and

governance) has a broad meaning

which includes legislative power,

executive power and judicial power.

This Meaning is based on trias

politica doctrine (tri township) of

Montesquieu. The government is

with governance. Mustafa (2013: 76)

defines the government is an

institution or public bodies that

serves to regulate the implementation

of governance tasks to achieve the

objectives of the State. While

governance includes two groups

within the state order, namely,

structure or institutional composed of

people "who govern" and both

formal and informal institutions

outside government who are in

control of governance referred as

"the governed".

Based on the description

above, the government interpreted as

an institutional or public bodies that

run the authority and power of

governing. Institutions or units





46

responsible for managing the

implementation of the ogovernment

tasks, while governance is a process

or means used by Institutions or

public bodies in the implementation

of the government tasks. The

government is responsible for

directing and providing services that

can not be produced by other parties.

2.1.2 Main Duties and

Functions of Government

Government as an element of

State carries out the duties and

functions of government, which,

according to Rashid (2002: 14)

includes seven service areas, namely:

a. Guarantee the State security

against external attack and

keep no rebellion against the

legitimate government.

b. Maintaining order and

preventing head-to-quarrel

between residents, ensure the

changes taking place in

society peacefully.

c. Ensure the application of fair

treatment to every citizen

regardless of their status that

reflected and court decisions

are fair and impartial.

d. Perform public works and

provide services in areas that

are not possible done by non-

governmental organizations

such as the construction of

roads, education and health

facilities that are affordable to

people on low incomes;

e. Make efforts to improve the

social activities (helping the

disabled, elderly and

abandoned children);

f. Applying economic policy

that benefits society at large,

control inflation, create jobs,

promote trade among nations

as well as other policies to

ensure economic resilience of

the State and society;

g. Implement policies for the

maintenance of natural

resources and the

environment, such as water,

soil and forests. The

government is also obliged to

encourage research and

development activities to

exploit the natural resources

that promotes environmental

sustainability.

Selanjutnya, fungsi pemerintahan

menurut Van Volanhoven (1934)

dalam bukunya Staatsrecht Ovezee,

yang dikutip Salam (2002:33) terdiri

dari:

Furthermore, governance functions

according to Van Volanhoven (1934)

in his book Staatsrecht Ovezee,

quoted by Salam (2002: 33)

consisting of:

1. Function bestuur or

governance in the strict sense;

2. Preventive rechszorg

Functions (prevention of the

legal order violations in its

efforts to maintain public

order);

3. The judiciary function which

is the power to ensure justice

in the country and

4. Regeling Function, namely

the power to make the

general rules in the State.





47

While Rewansyah (2010: 133)

suggests five functions of

government in the narrow sense (the

executive institutions), namely:

a. settings Function

(regulation), which deals with

public policy or the State

policy. The government

function as a regulator and

make the rules as well as

supervisors and controllers or

in terms of Gaebler and

Osborn emphasized the

steering rather then rowing

which is mean the function of

government as a regulator in

the making of public policy

or legislation to regulate

public goods and public

services to promote the

welfare of society.

b. The public service function is

a function of government as a

services provider (provider)

of public services that can not

be privatized, including

defense services, the civil

service and the bureaucracy

service.

c. Empowerment Function,

continuous, comprehensive

and simultaneous to the

threshold of achieving a

dynamic balance between

government and citizens.

d. Asset management function

or the State assets is a

governance function in

managing the assets or the

State assets that have an

economic value both physical

and non-physical or in the

form of money. Securities

and natural resources. State

property assets including

property of the State (BMN)

obtained through APBN that

is used to carry out the duties

and functions of government.

e. Security Function, order,

security and protection

(polisional) is the function of

the government in

implementing the security

services and the protection of

citizens from security threats.

The main task of the

government, as mentioned above

shows the government's obligation to

protect the people in accordance with

the mandate of the 1945 amendments

IV, namely "... .Protecting entire

Indonesian nation and the entire

homeland of Indonesia, and to

promote the general welfare,

educating the nation and participate

establishment of world order based

freedom, everlasting peace and social

justice. "The main task of

government is quite complex, so that

government officials need to have an

understanding of the duties and

functions of government.

2.5 The Interest of Foreign

Exchange Revenue Forests as one of the State

assets that have an economic value

so far is rated as one of Indonesia

foreign exchange revenue. Foreign

exchange generated from the forestry

sector products such as pulp and

paper are still regarded by the

government as Indonesia prospect

sectors in the future. According to

data from the ministry of forestry,

pulp and paper forestry products that

are manage sustainably by Indonesia





48

industrial forest (HTI) potential to

generate foreign exchange of US $

100 billion per year in the next 5-7

years. Pulp and paper will become

comparatively superior than similar

products of other countries. The

trend towards it is already visible,

because this industry still exist amid

the slowing global economy (Voice

Updates 08/27/2013). Preliminary

data showed that the pulp and paper

industry contributes at least 5 billion

dollars per year (Rp 50 trillion at an

exchange rate of Rp 10,000). Not

surprisingly, pulp and paper into one

of the excellent national forestry

sector. (Kompas 27/11/2008).

1.2 Grand Theory

2.2.1 Structural Functional Theory

Structural functionalism

theory was first developed and

popularized by Talcott Parsons.

Talcott Parsons was an American

contemporary sociologist who uses a

functional approach in public view,

both concerning functionality and its

processes. The basic assumption of

the structural functionalism theory,

namely a society that is integrated

based on the agreement of its

members to certain societal values

that have the ability to overcome

differences so that the community is

seen as a system that is functionally

integrated in a balance. Thus society

is a collection of social systems

relate one to another and

interdependence.

1.2.1.1 Social Action and

Subjective Orientation


theory constructed by Talcott

Parsons and influenced by European

sociologists led to empirical,

positivistic and ideal. His view of

human action that is voluntaristic,

which means because its action

based on willingness encouragement

with due regard for the values, ideas

and agreed norms. Human beings

individual actions have the freedom

to choose the means (tools) and the

objectives to be achieved was

influenced by the environment or

conditions, and what is selected is

controlled by the values and norms.

Additionally, normativly those acts

are arranged with respect to the

determination of tools and goals. Or

in other words it can be stated that

the action was seen as the smallest

and fundamental social reality,

whose elements are in the form of

tools, objectives, situations, and the

norm.

Thus, in these actions can be

described an individual as the

perpetrator with the existing tools

will achieve the goal in various

ways, which also was affected by the

conditions of individuals who can

assist in selecting the objectives to be

achieved, with the guidance of values

and ideas as well as the norm.

Human individual action is also

determined by the orientation of its

subjectivity, in the form of

motivational and norm orientation.

also need to know that the individual

actions in its realization can be

assorted for their elements, as noted

above.

1.2.1.2 Structural Functional

Analysis and





49

Structural

Differentiation

As has been described that

the structural functionalism theory

assumes that society is a system that

is functionally integrated into the

balance form. According to Talcott

Parsons stated that the functional

requirements in the community

system can be analyzed, both

concerning the structure and social

action, is in the form of value

realization and adjustment to

tenvironment that demanding

consequence of the functional

requirements.

Need to keep in mind that

even though since the beginning

Talcott Parsons wants to build a great

theory, but ultimately leads to a

tendency that does not correspond to

his intentions. It is for their

discoveries concerning relationships

and new things, namely the

principles of behavior change the

dynamic equilibrium, shifts which

refers to the cybernetics general

theory systems. In this case, it is

stated that the development of

society through four processes of

structural change, namely the

renewal that led to the Talcott

Parsons evolution adjustments relate

to the four functional requirements

above to analyze the process of

change.


theory proposed by Robert K.

Merton proved to have a difference

when compared with its predecessor

and teacher, Talcott Parsons. If

Talcott Parsons in his theory more

emphasis on the individual's

subjective orientation in the behavior

then Robert K. Merton focuses on

the objective consequences of

individual behavior. According to

Robert K. Merton objective

consequences of individual behavior,

there is leading to the integration and

balance (manifest functions), but

there are also objective consequences

of individual behavior which is not

intended and are not known.

Therefore, in his opinion, the objects

consequences of individual in such

behavior there is both functional and

some are dysfunctional.

2.2.1.3 Dysfunction and

Social Change

According to Robert K.

Merton stated that the objective

consequences of individual in

behavior can be both functional and

can also be dysfunctional. The

objective consequences of individual

in behavior capable of leading to the

integration and balance, while the

objective consequences of individual

in behavior that is dysfunctional

weakens integration. The

dysfunctional objective

consequences will cause tension or

conflict in the social system.

Tensions arose as a result of their

line of sight between the

dysfunctional consequences. Given

these tensions will invite the

emergence of a structure that is

alternative as a substitute to

neutralize tensions.

Need to keep in mind with

the tensions that resulted in the new

structures will mean that the

dysfunctional objective

consequences will result in social

changes. In addition dysfunction will

also cause the onset of anomie and





50

social problems. The fact also

implies the emergence of new

structures, which essentially shows

the social changes that lead to

improvements in public order.

1.3 Midle Theory

1.3.1 Governance Management

Theory

2.3.1.1 Governance

Management Concept

A discussion of the an

effective governance implementation

is closely related to the activity

undertaken by the government in

providing public services in order to

reach the right target that is efficient

for the community it serves.

Therefore, an effective governance

was not removed from the concept of

government management.

Ndraha (2003: 159) argued,

management learn how to create

effective of business (do right thing)

efficiently (doing thing right) and

productive, through functions and

particular cycle, in order to achieve

organizational goals. Meanwhile,

according to Kontz and O'Donnell

was quoted by salam (2002: 11)

states management involves things

done through and with people

(management includes efforts to

achieve goals through and with

people). Furthermore, the definition

of management according to Stoner

quoted by Ali (2012: 183), "the

process of planning, organizing,

directing and monitoring efforts of

the organization members and the

use of other organizational resources

in order to achieve organizational

goals that have been applied".

2.3.1.2 Governance Management

functions

Wasistiono (2003: 51) states

majority of governance management

planning, organizing and controlling

performed by public managers in

order to provide services to the

community. Ndraha (2003: 158)

argued:

The scope of governance

management functions include:

(1) governance planning; (2)

governance resources

organization; (3) the use of

governance resources and (4)

Governance Control. The

functions are run by the

management process which is

input (IP), througtput (TP), and

output (OP). Output usage raises

Outcome (OC).

Management functions, as

noted above in essence are tools to

achieve goals, namely the creation of

a public service. The role and

function of a leader is crucial and

determine the process of achieving

that goal.

2.3.1.3 Effective and Efficient

Governance Management

Implementation of an

effective and efficient governance

management is needed in order to

optimize public services to achieve

governance organizational

performance. Cohen et al (2011: 19)

states that the inability of the

government has led to continuous

crisis in public management. Things

that make a governance leader or

manager becomes ineffective

namely: (1) the general perception

that bureaucrats often make the

mistake of relying on written

communication, it is a formality





51

which employees work within the

framework of institutions and laws

that hinder efficient and capable of

responding to community needs. (2)

strict supervision by public cause

bureaucrats bad stereotype

perpetuated by the media. Whereas

decisions on public policy often

difficult to take because it involves

difficult exchange and complex

considerations and options. (3)

bureaucrats perception image of who

are often considered shifting the

responsibility to avoid making

decisions and hiding behind vague

decision with convoluted language.

Respond to the ugly image,

the government bureaucracy must be

managed with an effective and

efficient governance management.

Stoner Opinion as quoted by Ali

(2012: 183), the concept of

effectiveness differentiated with

efficiency. Efficiency means how to

do something well (doing right thing

- do / anything right), efficient can be

defined as the ability to minimize the

use of existing resources to achieve

the organization goal. While

effectiveness is the ability to achieve

the objectives set by the organization

( doing the right thing- do the right

thing).

1.3.2 Policy Implementation

Concept

Etymologically Overview,

implementation is derived from the

English term "to implement", which

means that the implementation and

application (Adiwisastra, 2008). This

term is reinforced by Hill and Hupe

(2002: 3-4) in Pranoto (2005: 45) and

Pressman and Wildavsky (1984: xxi)

that formulate shortly that "to

implement" or implement means "to

provide the means of carring out "or

provide the means to carry out

something; "To give practical effect

to" impact or due to something, or to

Accomplish, to fulfill, to produce, to

complete, even Pressman and

Wildavsky (1984: xxi) says that the

implementation as well as a verb

(verb) also must have an object

(object) that is the policy (policy). So

basically implementation is to

implement something in this is

policy may lead to something

impacts the achievement of whether

or not somet policy by using the

means to implement the policy.

1.3.2 Social Conflict Theory

Basically Conflict is something

that is unavoidable in our life.

Conflict is part of the social

interaction that is dissociative. A

situation that has a great chance for

the conflict was the difference. The

difference in question is the

difference in interest. Conflict comes

from the Latin verb configere which

means hit each other. Sociologically,

the conflict is defined as a social

process between two people or more

(can also group) where one party

trying to get rid of the other party to

destroy it or make it powerless.

Max Weber argued that

conflicts arise from social

stratification in society. Each

stratification is worth fighting

positions by the man and his group

(Susan 2009: 42) .Weber found

relationships that arise are efforts to





52

gain a high position in society.

Weber emphasized the importance of

power (power) in any type of social

relations. Power (power) is a

generator of social dynamics which

individuals and groups mobilized or

mobilizing. At the same time power

(power) becomes a source of

conflict, and in most cases occur

interests combination of every social

structure that creates a conflict

dynamics. Emilie Durkheim in one

of his social movement theory

mentions the collective

consciousness that binds individuals

through various symbols and social

norms. This collective consciousness

is a fundamental element of the

maintenance of the group's existence.

For Mark conflict is something

that needed because it is the cause of

the change creation. Mark famous

conflict theory is the theory of class

conflict where in a society there are

two classes which is the capitalist

class (bourgeoisie) and the poor

working class (proletariat). The

bourgeoisie always exploit the

Proleter in the production process.

Exploitation by the bourgeoisie

against the proletariat continually

wich in the end will raise

consciousness of the proletariat to

rise up against so that there was great

social change, namely the social

revolution.

1.4 Apllied Theory

1.3.3 Policy Implementation

Models

1.3.3.1 Edwards III Models

policies implementation in

the era before the 1970s still not

getting the serious attention of the

public administrator, although the

study of public policy has begun to

develop in the 1950s, as stated by

Edwards III through study in the

United American government. In the

1970s, then came the problems

relating to the implementation and

application of the policy, as stated by

Edwards III (1980: 9-10), as follows:

“.... four critical factors or

variabels in implementing public

policy: communication, resourcess,

dispositions or attitudes, and

bureaucratic structure.”

This model sees how

administrators faced policy

implementation problems caused by

the resistance of the bureaucracy

itself (internalbureaucratic

resistance) in implementing policies

that have been formulated by policy

makers as a study results conducted

by Edwards III.

2.4.1 Conflict Resolution Concept

The conflict resolution concept

has become so complex concepts in

the realm of international relations,

particularly for international relations

student today. Use of the term

conflicts and conflict resolution are

often confusing, because the same

terms are used in different ways in

the academic literature and in general

use. Basically, the notion of conflict

resolution can see we based on the





53

terms of the conflict itself. Conflict is

not a new thing in human life.

Conflict very closely related to the

lives of humans as social beings.

When humans interact with other

humans, there will be found

disagreement, the view of a case or

even a divergence of interests

between the individual interacting.

Therefore, the maximum steps

that can be done to deal with this

conflict is the setting or conflict

management (conflict management)

Secondly, the view that assumes that

the conflict manifestation tend to

harm the public. So the attitude that

should be done is that efforts to

stamp out conflict. But the problem

is, in the short term conflict

possibility can be eradicated by

means of violence, but for the long-

term conflict still have the possibility

to re-occur. Third, the views start

from the assumption that by simply

refers to the causes of conflict, then

in the long term relationship

structure of the warring parties can

resolved. This kind of view is better

known as a resolution of the conflict

(conflict resolution).2

The state of conflict talk about

problems of social groups has has its

own complexity .It is because each

of the groups involved in the conflict

to have the desire to increase its

influence in the country and achieve

the demands of each group. These

circumstances give rise to a conflict

which need not a very short time

resolutions. A state of conflict

becomes more complicated when a

group has dominance and power

more than other groups.

2 Vinsensio Dugis, op cit., hal. 53-54.

In conflict resolution, much

depends on the conflict resolution

mechanisms. In the context of

international relations, there are

some resolution character of the

conflict itself, according to Oliver

Ramsbotham, Hugh Miall, And

Tom Voodhouse3, namely:

a. Multilevel: conflict

resolution must include all

levels of conflict, the

conflict between

individuals, between

groups, and between

international actors,

regional, and national

levels.

b. Multidisciplinary: basically

conflict resolution includes

several sciences, including

political science,

international relations,

approach and resolution

strategy discussion, to the

psychology science. This is

because the conflict is a

multidimensional problem

that involves a lot of

knowledge.

c. Multicultural: the conflict

between humans is a global

phenomenon and represents

an increase of local/ global

cultural relations so its

require cooperative efforts

among countries to resolve

the conflict that will impact

directly or indirectly on the

country that is

geographically located

around the conflict country.

d. Both analytic and

normative: is an analysis in

terms of transforming a

3 Oliver Ramsbotham, op cit., hal.8.





54

situation depicting violence

towards more secure

condition. Transformation

in question is the social and

political transformation.

e. Both theoretical and

practical: resolusi konflik

seharusnya merupakan

gabungan antara teori yang

dibahas dan dapat

diimplementasikan.

f. Both theoretical and

practical: the conflict

resolution should be a

combination of theory that

are discussed and can be

implemented.

If we look at some of the

characteristic described above, then

comes some of the mechanisms and

conflict resolution models. In

general, a conflict resolution models

can be divided into two parts: a

asymmetrical conflict resolution

model (asymmetric conflict) and a

symmetric conflict resolution model

(symmetric conflict). Conflict

resolution model that will be used by

the authors focused on asymmetric

conflict resolution model.

Asymmetric conflict is a conflict

between a large force against small

forces, such as the conflict between

the government and rebel groups, or

conflicts between majority and

minority4. Circumstances described

in conflict situations like this one is

fairly unique. This is because oftenly

a force above which have far greater

resources, are likely to win. In the

end the best way to resolve this type

of conflict is to revamp and change

4Johan Galtung dan Charles Webel,

Handbook on Peace and Conflict Studies,

Routledge, USA, 2007, hal. 36.

the structure in accordance with

aspirations of the rebellion group.

Conflict resolution is an

analysis and problem resolution

process considering the needs of

individuals and groups such as

identity and recognition also

institutions changes that required to

meet the needs. In every conflict

always look for a way of solution.

Conflict sometimes can only be

resolved directly by the two

conflicting sides. But often its have

to involve a third party to mediate

and find a way out either by the state

or as a Regional Organization or

even an International Organization.

Atas dasar hal tersebut maka disusun

theoretical framework sebagai

berikut:

On that basis the theoretical framework

structured arranged as follows:

Picture 2.4: Research Framework

Government Strategic Policy in Forestry

Conflict Resolution Between

Companies With the Community

surrounding Industrial Plantation Forest

PT Arara Abadi in Pelalawan Regency,

Riau Province





55

Picture 2.7: Research Framework

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Methods The research in this study using

qualitative research methods. According

to Denzin and Lincoln in Creswell (2007

p 36) "Qualitative research is an activity

that puts the researchers in the world.

The qualitative research consisted a

series of material interpretation

practices which make the world

become visible. These practices

transform the world. They changed

the world into a series of

representations, including field notes,

interviews, conversations, images,

recordings, and self memos. At this

level, qualitative research includes an

interpretive and naturalistic approach

to the world. This means that

qualitative researchers study things

in their natural settings, attempting to

understand, or interpret phenomena





56

in terms of meaning that people bring

into the phenomenon ".Therefore,

here will be presented on the types of

research, the research approach, data

sources, data collection techniques

and data analysis techniques.

3.2 Types of Data

The type of data in this study

consisted of primary and secondary

data. The primary data comes from

interviews with Pelelawan regency

Local Government, community,

other concerned agencies. Secondary

data derived from laws, regulations,

books, journals, magazines, research

and institutions publications and so

forth.

3.3 Research Informant

This study requires research

informants. The research informants

are people who used to provide

information about the circumstances

of the research background (Moleong

2000: 97) .In this study, key

informants is the Pelalawan Regency

Government in this case the Forest

Service officials and Pelalawan

regency Forestry Office former

officials which in charge inthe last

few years.

In addition to a key informant there

also a supporting informant, namely :

a. some of the people who live

around the area of Industrial

Plantation Forestry

particularly those managed

by PT Arara Abadi in

Pelalawan Regency.

b. researchers and activists of

other organizations that focus

on forest policy issues

particularly in Pelalawan

regency.

3.4 Data Collection Methods

a. Primary data was collected

from the research interviews

(dept interview) and

observations of the study

area.

b. This study secondary data

obtained from books, journals

and publications issued by the

agency or institution.

3.5 Data Analysis Methods

According to Creswell (2007

page 117), in analyzing qualitative

research data starts with preparing

and organizing the data (ie, text data

such as transcripts, or image data

such as photographs) for analysis,

then reduce the data into the theme

through the coding process and code

summary, and Last presenting data.

More details according Creaswell as

follows: 1. Organize Data: Data

Management, the first circle in those

spiral, began the process of data

analysis. At this early stage organize

their data in a file-file. 2. Reading

And Making Memo (Memoing):

Write a note or memo section of the

edge of the field notes or traskip or

below the photo will help in the

beginning of the exploration database

process. Memo can be either short

phrases, ideas, or important concepts

that come to analysis mind. 3.

Describe, classify, and Interpreting

Data Become codes and themes,

detailed course description, theme or

dimension development, and

interpretation based on perspectives

that exist in the literature. The coding

process (coding) begins by

classifying text data or visual





57

information into smaller categories,

looking for evidence to the code of

various databases used in the study,

then give the label for the code.

Themes in qualitative research is a

unit of the vast information that is

composed of several codes that are

grouped to form idea. 4. Interpreting

the Data: The interpretation is give

the meaning of the data.

Interpretation in qualitative research

is out of code and themes towards a

wider meaning than data.5.

Presenting and Visualizing Data: The

illustration shows the inductive

analysis that starts with raw data that

consists of a variety of information

resources, then spread on a few

specific themes and continues on

more general themes are represented

by a particular perspective.

(Creswell, 2007 it 156-157).

Data Validity Checking

Method

According to Creswell (2009

Page 285) there are eight procedures

that are often used in data validity for

qualitative research, among others

tringulasi, member cheking, create

descriptions, clarification, presenting

different information (negative),

using a long time, do a Question and

answer with partners and invites

outside auditors. In this study will be

used the triangulation method .

Furthermore According to

Creswell (2007 p. 219) a good

criteria for case study are as follows:

1. Is there a clear

identification of the

"case" or "a few cases" in

the study?

2. What is the "case" (or

"cases") are used to

understand the issue of

research or used because

the case does have

inherent usefulness?

3. Is there a clear description

of the "case" ?

4. What are the themes

identified for the "case"

is?

5. Does the assertion or

generalization made from

the "case" analysis?

6. Does the researcher to be

reflexive or open about

his position in the study?


forestry sector strategic policy on land conflict ...tijoss.com/47th volume/fajar4.pdfpanca setyo...

Documents