forestry 280 features of woods 57-74. #57: yellow birch betula alleghaniensis avg. sg: 0.62 ...
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#57: Yellow Birch Betula alleghaniensis
Avg. SG: 0.62 Heartwood Color: Light to
dark brown or reddish brown Pore Distribution: Diffuse-
porous Pores: Small to medium,
solitary or in radial multiples of 2 to several; with lens, pore diameters clearly greater than ray width; some pores appear to be filled with whitish substance
#58: Paper Birch Betula papyrifera
Like yellow birch, except that heartwood is lighter and less yellow in color
Don’t separate Yellow from Paper birch (#57 and 58)
#59: Red Alder Alnus rubra
Avg. SG: 0.41 Heartwood Color: Pale tan
when freshly cut darkening w/age to light reddish brown
Pore Distribution: Diffuse-porous
Pores: Small, solitary and in mostly radial multiples
Rays: Large aggregate rays widely scattered but easily seen w/o lens
#60: American Beech Fagus grandifolia
Avg. SG: 0.64 Heartwood Color: Creamy white
w/reddish tinge to medium reddish brown
Pore Distribution: Diffuse-porous; growth rings distinct
Pores: Small, solitary and in irregular multiples and clusters; numerous and evenly distributed throughout most of the ring; narrow but distinct latewood in each ring having fewer, smaller pores
Rays: Largest rays conspicuous on all surfaces; darker ray fleck against lighter background on radial surfaces
#61: Magnolia Magnolia grandiflora
Diffuse porous; pores small and evenly distributed throughout growth ring
Heartwood color variable from yellowto greenish black
Marginal parenchyma create whitish lines at growth ring boundaries
#62: Yellow Poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Avg. SG: 0.42 Heartwood Color: Green, or
yellow to tan w/greenish cast Sapwood Color: Creamy white Pore Distribution: Diffuse-
porous; growth rings delineated by distinct light cream or yellowish line of marginal parenchyma
Pores: Small, solitary, but mostly in radial or irregular multiples and small clusters
Rays: Distinct on cross section w/lens; produce conspicuous fine light ray fleck on radial surface
#63: California laurel Umbellularia californica
Wood heavy, hard “Relatively few pores” Pores encircled by
vasicentric parenchyma gives appearance of a whitish sheath around pores and pore multiples
Heartwood may have a “spicy” or “wintergreen” odor
#64: Sweetgum or Redgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Avg. SG: 0.52 Heartwood Color: Grey or
reddish brown, sometimes w/variegated pigment
Pore Distribution: Diffuse-porous
Pores: Very small, numerous, solitary and in multiples and small clusters, often in intermittent radial chains
Rays: Very fine, not distinct even w/hand lens
DON’T SEPARATE from #71, Black Gum/Tupelo
# 65: Sycamore Platanus occidentalis
Avg. SG: 0.49 Heartwood Color: Light to dark
brown, usually w/reddish cast Pore Distribution: Diffuse-porous;
growth rings distinct d/t unusual lighter color of latewood
Pores: Small, solitary and in irregular multiples and clusters, numerous and evenly distributed throughout most of the growth ring
Rays: Easily visible w/o lens on all surfaces, appearing uniform in size and evenly spaced on transverse and tangential surfaces, producing conspicuous dark ray fleck on radial surfaces
#66: Holly Ilex opaca
Wood hard and heavy Very light colored
heartwood, “ivory white”
Narrow and broad rays Pores arranged in
long radial strings
#67: Sugar Maple Acer saccharum (hard maple)
Avg. SG: 0.63 Heartwood Color: Creamy white to
light reddish brown Pore Distribution: Diffuse-porous;
growth rings distinct due to darker brown narrow latewood line
Pores: Small, with largest approximately equal to maximum ray width in cross section; solitary or in radial multiples; very evenly distributed
Rays: Visible to eye on tangential surface as very fine, even-sized, evenly distributed lines; on radial surfaces, ray fleck usually conspicuous
DON’T SEPARATE from soft maple (#68)
#68: Red Maple Acer rubrum (Soft maple)
Heartwood Color: Creamy white to light reddish brown, commonly with grayish cast or streaks
Pore Distribution: Diffuse-porous
Pores: Small, solitary and in radial multiples, very evenly distributed; largest as large or slightly larger than widest rays on cross section
Rays: May be visible on tangential surface as very fine, even-sized and evenly spaced lines; on radial surfaces, ray fleck usually conspicuous
DON’T SEPARATE from hard maple, #67
#69: Buckeye Aesculus octandra, A. glabra
Heartwood creamy white to yellowish white, often with darker streaks
Fine, closely-spaced rays Marginal parenchyma form
whitish lines at growth ring boundaries
Wood light and soft Look for RIPPLE MARKS
on tangential surface
#70: Basswood Tilia americana
Heartwood Color: Creamy white to pale brown
Wood is relatively easy to cut & carve
Pore Distribution: Diffuse-porous; growth rings indistinct or faintly delineated by marginal parenchyma, sometimes w/blurry whitish spots along growth ring
Pores: Small, mostly in irregular multiples and clusters
Rays: Distinct but not conspicuous on transverse surface with lens; look for ray fleck on radial surfaces
#71: Black Tupelo Nyssa sylvatica
Avg. SG: 0.50 Heartwood Color: Medium
grey or grey with green or brown cast
Pore Distribution: Diffuse-porous
Pores: Very small, numerous, solitary and in multiples and small clusters
Rays: Barely visible even with hand lens; closely spaced, appearing to make up half of the transverse surface
DON’T SEPARATE from #64 (Sweetgum)
#72: Dogwood Cornus florida
Avg. SG: 0.73 Heartwood Color: Dark brown Sapwood Color: Creamy w/flesh
or pinkish cast Pore Distribution: Diffuse-
porous Pores: Very small, mostly
solitary with some radial multiples
Rays: Approximately as wide or wider than largest pores
#73: Honduras mahogany Swietenia macrophylla (or Tropical American mahogany)
Heartwood reddish brown
Pores visible to eye, rather circular in cross-section, solitary and in multiples
Ripple marks often observed on tangential-longitudinal surfaces
#74: Lauan Shorea spp. (or Philippine mahogany)
Avg. SG: 0.46 Heartwood: Pale grayish or
yellowish brown w/pinkish cast and silvery sheen
Growth Rings: Not distinct Pores: Medium-large to very
large, distinct w/o lens, solitary and in radial groups of 2-3
Gum Ducts: In long tangential lines, embedded in bands of parenchyma; free of contents
Parenchyma: Vasicentric and aliform with short wings
Rays: Barely visible without lens; forms distinctive ray fleck on radial-longitudinal surfaces
African Mahogany Khaya spp.
Avg. SG: 0.63 Heartwood: Pale rosy red to dark
reddish brown, often purplish cast Grain: Typically interlocked producing
even striped figure Growth Rings: Usually indistinct, but
sometimes distinct d/t increased fiber density in outer latewood
Pores: Medium to med. large, visible w/o lens, evenly distributed solitary and in radial groups of 2-8
Gum: Some pores w/red gum Parenchyma: Usually not distinct w/o
lens; terminal parenchyma occasionally present, poorly defined
Rays: Distinct on cross section Ray Fleck: On radial surfaces, ray fleck
darker than background
Teak Tectona grandis
Avg. SG: 0.57 Heartwood: Dark golden yellow
turning dark brown or nearly black Grain: Straight Odor: Characteristic spicy odor Growth Rings: Distinct; wood
usually ring-porous Pores: Earlywood pores very large,
solitary and in radial groups of 2-3; latewood pores smaller, not numerous, evenly distributed; vessels w/tyloses or with yellowish or whitish deposits
Parenchyma: Terminal & Vasicentric
Rays: Distinct w/o lens