FOREIGN POLICY CHAPTER 16

WHO MAKES FOREIGN POLICY? All actors have a

role to play President Bureaucracy Congress Interest Groups Media

Constitutional Power Informal rules

Power President Congress President CongressWar Power Acts as

commander in chief

Declares War; provides for the common defense

Makes preemptive military commitments and threatens war

Refuses to appropriate funds, investigates, threatens to impeach

Treaty Power Negotiate Treaties

Ratify Treaties Makes executive agreements

Issues resolutions

Appointment Power

Selects and nominates Ambassadors

Approves appointments(50%+1 in senate)

Makes recess appointments

Issues resolutions condemning appointments

Foreign Commerce Power

Negotiates trade treaties

Regulates foreign commerce

Makes executive agreements and requests foreign aid

Cuts or reduces aid

Recognition Power

Receives Ambassadors

Has no explicit power

Makes visits and negotiates

Makes visits and issues resolutions

WHAT DO WE VALUE AS A NATION? Isolationism- since Washington warned of avoiding

foreign entanglements in his farewell address it has been the major thrust of our foreign policy until the mid 1800’s

In the mid 1800’s, the US dabbled with Imperialism and compelled weaker states in the western hemisphere to do what it wanted.

Largely, we wanted to stay out of the affairs of Europe until WWII

After WWII, we were left as one of the remaining 2 superpowers (along with the Soviet Union)

Couple this wealth with the erosion of Federalism during the new deal and you are left with a race for world policy domination

COLD WAR POLICY Multilateralism- foreign policy which

encourages the involvement of allies in coordinated action

Deterrence- MAD “Mutually Assured Destruction”

Containment- The US used its political, economic, and military power, to prevent the spread of communism to developing or unstable countries

WHAT ARE THE INSTRUMENTS OF MODERN FOREIGN POLICY? Diplomacy United Nations International Monetary Structure (IMF, World

Bank) Economic Aid Collective Security Military Deterrence

UNITED NATIONS Created by the victorious allies after

WWII and replaced the League of nations

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights and achieving world peace.

DIVISION The General Assembly (the

main deliberative assembly); The Security Council (decides

certain resolutions for peace and security);

The Economic and Social Council (assists in promoting international economic and social cooperation and development);

The Secretariat (provides studies, information and facilities needed by the UN);

The International Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ).

The Expansion of The United Nations

WHO CONTROLS IT? Member state Contribution(% of UN budget)

 United States 22.00% Japan 16.624% Germany 8.66% United Kingdom 6.13% France 6.03% Italy 4.89% Canada 2.81% China 2.667% Spain 2.52% Mexico 1.88% Australia 1.59% Brazil 1.52%Other member states

22.679%

•The Security Council is made up of 15 member states, consisting of 5 permanent members - China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States - and 10 non-permanent members, currently Belgium, Burkina Faso, Costa Rica, Croatia, Indonesia, Italy, Libya, Panama, South Africa and Vietnam. •The five permanent members hold veto power over substantive but not procedural resolutions allowing a permanent member to block adoption but not to block the debate of a resolution unacceptable to it. •The ten temporary seats are held for two-year terms with member states voted in by the General Assembly on a regional basis.

WORLD BANK AND IMF The World Bank- set up to contribute

funds to developing nations after WWII, the US contributes 1/3 of the total capital

International Monetary Fund- fund set up to lend money to nations if they have temporary budgetary deficits Right now lots of nations are hitting up

this institution for cash Structural Adjustments- to be

eligible for loans countries applying must often change things in their economy

DEFENSE STRATEGIES Multilateral treaties- a treaty among more

than 2 nations Bilateral treaties- a treaty between 2

nations NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization, an

attack on one nation was an attack on any nation This reliance on allies allows for reduced defense

spending for all Pg 695

ROLES NATIONS PLAY Napoleonic Role- making the world safe for

democracy, often through force. Holy Alliance Role- opposite of Napoleonic and is

meant to put down any change in the current order of the world.

Balance of Power Role- excepts political systems of all and only enters into treaties to retain borders and the interests of all.

Economic Expansionist Role- excepts all political systems and asks if countries are able to buy, sell, and honor their contracts.