ForeignFrom the Latin foris,

meaning outside

What did Romans think

of foreigners?

What did the Romans think of foreigners?

1. Would you expect Romans to have had much contact with foreigners? explain…

2. Would you expect Romans to integrate foreigners’ customs into their own ways of doing things? explain…

3. Would you expect Romans to like/dislike foreigners? (strongly/ moderately/ a little / hardly at all) explain…

Now write your hypothesis.“What did the Romans think of foreigners?”

CiceroRoman writer, politician and philosopher.Republican.Enemy of Mark Anthony.

Sexism

Chauvinism(belief in national

superiority)

Xenophobia (fear and dislike of

foreigners)

Personal pride / vanity

Ignorance

Fear / feeling threatened

What shapes Cicero’s view of Cleopatra? (find quotations)

Mar

cus

Tul

lius,

G

reet

ings

and

goo

d he

alth

!  

   

 I d

o no

t w

ish

to b

e un

fair

to t

he g

raec

ula

(‘the

Gre

ek’ –

use

d in

a d

erog

ator

y w

ay).

 S

he is

cle

ver

beyo

nd w

ords

, no

den

ying

it.

 You

may

und

erst

and

my

impa

tienc

e w

ith h

er if

I r

emin

d yo

u th

at,

alth

ough

sh

e ch

atte

rs o

n in

Heb

rew

, Ara

mai

c, S

yria

c, G

reek

of

cour

se,

Par

thia

n, M

edia

n, E

gypt

ian

(she

is s

aid

to b

e th

e fir

st P

tole

my

to m

aste

r th

at),

Eth

iopi

an,

and

Tro

gody

te,

all w

ith m

arve

lous

flu

ency

so

they

say

, sh

e w

as

unab

le t

o re

ceiv

e m

e in

Lat

in!

 Or

clai

med

to

be u

nabl

e to

do

so,

so t

hat

right

her

e in

the

city

I w

as

com

pelle

d to

con

vers

e in

Gre

ek.

 It

is n

o di

ffere

nt w

ith h

er v

aunt

ed d

rive,

ene

rgy

and

ambi

tion:

 th

ey w

ere

not

enou

gh t

o m

otiv

ate

her

to c

ultiv

ate

the

mos

t im

port

ant

Rom

an s

enat

or.

 And

of

 her

fab

led

trea

sure

:  a

lthou

gh h

er a

ides

had

pro

mis

ed a

pur

ely

liter

ary

ackn

owle

dgm

ent

of m

y m

erits

, I

cam

e an

d w

ent

empt

y ha

nded

.  

    

 I

will

not

eve

n to

uch

upon

her

unf

atho

mab

le im

pert

inen

ce.

 She

see

med

inte

nt u

pon

chal

leng

ing

my

own

unde

serv

ed r

eput

atio

n fo

r ca

ustic

hum

or,

whi

le I

was

at

pain

s to

be

mos

t gr

acio

us,

even

co

ndes

cend

ing

tow

ard

her.

 O

ut o

f ki

ndne

ss,

I w

ill p

ass

over

thi

s ga

lling

per

sona

l exp

erie

nce

and

subs

titut

e an

exa

mpl

e fr

om t

he la

st d

ays

of t

he R

epub

lic (

whi

ch I

was

spa

red)

.  -

-Ant

ony'

s fr

iend

s, b

eing

muc

h co

ncer

ned

abou

t R

oman

opi

nion

of

him

, di

spat

ched

to

Ath

ens

one

Gai

us G

emin

ius

as e

nvoy

to

caut

ion

Ant

ony

not

to r

isk

brin

ging

his

het

aera

to

Ital

y.  

Cle

opat

ra s

eate

d th

is d

istin

guis

hed

visi

tor

at t

he f

ar e

nd o

f th

eir

tabl

e, c

omm

issi

oned

all

sort

s of

pra

ctic

al jo

kes

to b

e pl

ayed

on

him

, an

d fo

rest

alle

d an

y pr

ivat

e au

dien

ce b

y ca

lling

upo

n G

emin

ius

to s

tate

his

bus

ines

s th

ere

on t

he s

pot

(Ant

ony

bein

g in

his

cup

s, o

f co

urse

).  

Whe

n G

emin

ius

conf

esse

d he

was

the

re t

o sa

y th

at a

ll m

ight

go

wel

l in

Rom

e if

Cle

opat

ra m

ight

re

turn

to

Egy

pt,

the

harlo

t la

ughe

d,  

"You

hav

e do

ne w

ell,

Gem

iniu

s, t

o co

nfes

s th

e tr

uth

with

out

bein

g pu

t to

tor

ture

."

   

   T

his

to a

citi

zen

of R

ome!

 T

his

to a

gue

st in

her

hou

se!

 Thi

s to

a d

istin

guis

hed

stat

esm

an!

 And

fro

m

a w

oman

!  S

he is

, by

the

way

, a

beau

ty in

no

way

, sh

ape,

man

ner,

or

form

.  H

er f

igur

e is

any

thin

g ot

her

than

vol

uptu

ous,

and

her

fac

e is

mar

red

not

mer

ely

by t

he in

bred

Pto

lem

y ho

oked

nos

e, b

ut b

y a

stro

ng

chin

and

har

d fe

atur

es w

hich

det

ract

fro

m t

he s

wee

tnes

s an

d ge

ntle

ness

we

priz

e in

our

wom

en.

Cae

sar,

be

ing

exac

tly t

wic

e he

r ag

e w

hen

she

cam

e to

him

in A

lexa

ndria

, w

as p

erha

ps le

ss v

ulne

rabl

e th

an t

hat

hot

bull

Ant

ony.

  I

am

not

a s

uper

stiti

ous

man

, bu

t if

this

is t

he f

amed

sed

uctr

ess

of t

hose

tw

o gr

eat

Rom

ans-

-an

d w

ho k

now

s of

 ho

w m

any

othe

rs--

then

her

mea

ns a

re w

itchc

raft

and

vile

Egy

ptia

n po

tions

.  F

or s

he

know

s no

t ho

w t

o be

have

like

a w

oman

in a

ny o

f th

e w

ays

that

mat

ter.

 

   

 Les

t yo

u de

em m

y ju

dgm

ent

som

ewha

t ha

rsh,

I r

emin

d yo

u th

at,

havi

ng d

evot

ed m

y lif

e to

lite

ratu

re

and

stat

esm

ansh

ip,

I ha

ve a

cqui

red

a st

rong

bia

s in

fav

or o

f th

e Q

ueen

's p

olic

y.  

Am

I n

ot t

he f

orem

ost

advo

cate

of

Gre

ek p

hilo

soph

y an

d le

arni

ng a

mon

g R

oman

s?  

Hav

e I

not

stru

ggle

d fo

r ha

rmon

y an

d co

nsen

sus

amon

g al

l the

cla

sses

and

con

stitu

enci

es o

f th

e R

epub

lic?

 Pre

cise

ly s

uch

an in

tegr

atio

n--s

he

calls

it h

omon

oia-

-is w

hat

her

defe

nder

s cl

aim

was

her

pur

pose

the

se t

en y

ears

with

Ant

ony

in h

er b

ed.

 The

n th

ey a

rgue

fro

m t

he c

ultu

ral a

nd p

oliti

cal n

eces

sitie

s im

pose

d up

on R

ome

by o

ur e

aste

rn p

rovi

nces

.  I

ndee

d, f

rom

you

r va

ntag

e po

int

thei

r co

nten

tion

may

see

m t

o ho

ld.

 But

the

wis

dom

of

hind

sigh

t is

gr

ante

d, h

appi

ly,

only

to

hist

ory

writ

ers.

 

   

 Let

me

tell

you

wha

t w

e ha

ve s

een

befo

re o

ur v

ery

eyes

.  M

ark

Ant

ony,

a f

ollo

wer

to

be s

ure

of C

aesa

r,

but

afte

r C

aesa

r's d

emis

e ou

r be

st h

ope

for

surv

ival

of

the

Rep

ublic

, co

mes

fro

m t

he o

ldes

t R

oman

nob

ility

.  H

e m

ay b

e ro

ugh,

blu

ff, b

oist

erou

s, a

nd b

lunt

, bu

t su

ch is

the

nat

ure

of t

he w

arrio

r.  

The

legi

ons

adm

ire h

is

phys

ical

pro

wes

s an

d en

dura

nce,

his

abi

lity

to r

ewar

d m

erit.

  The

y w

ill f

ollo

w h

im a

nyw

here

--or

I s

houl

d sa

y,

wou

ld h

ave

follo

wed

him

any

whe

re.

 But

wha

t do

the

y no

w b

ehol

d?  

A f

ello

w w

ho c

ostu

mes

him

self 

afte

r th

e m

anne

r of

Gre

ek o

ffici

aldo

m in

ord

er t

o go

out

am

ong

the

scho

ols

and

tem

ples

, in

to s

o-ca

lled

lear

ned

disc

ussi

ons,

a r

eade

r of

pap

yrus

scr

olls

, an

end

ower

of

libra

ries.

 In

Rom

e he

was

bla

med

for

car

ousi

ng,

but

now

his

dru

nken

ness

is f

or D

iony

siac

dan

cing

(R

oman

s do

not

dan

ce e

ven

whe

n in

ebria

ted)

.  O

h ye

s,

he is

no

long

er a

wor

ship

per

of D

iony

sus,

he

is D

iony

sus!

 A

nd in

the

Eas

t D

iony

sus

is g

od,

not

mer

ely

of

into

xica

tion,

but

cou

nter

part

to

thei

r Aph

rodi

te,

the

wel

lspr

ing

of  

life

itsel

f, in

sho

rt, A

nton

y is

bec

ome

Osi

ris

to C

leop

atra

's I

sis!

 

   S

o yo

u se

e, t

heir

chie

f de

fens

e of

thi

s so

-cal

led

Que

en o

f  K

ings

is t

hat

she

wou

ld r

esto

re t

he a

ncie

nt

Pto

lem

aic

Em

pire

and

rul

e it

as c

hief

 la

wgi

ver

from

Rom

e, n

ever

min

d th

at R

oman

virt

ue m

ust,

with

Rom

e,

be s

acrif

iced

to

her

gran

d an

d no

ble

end.

 

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

 With

bes

t w

ishe

s,

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

  T

ulliu

s C

icer

o

Juvenal, Satire III

"And now let me speak at once of the race which is most dear to our rich men, and which I avoid above all others; no shyness shall stand in my way. I cannot abide, Quirites, a Rome of Greeks; and yet what fraction of our dregs comes from Greece? The Syrian Orontes has long since poured into the Tiber, bringing with it its lingo and its manners, its flutes and its slanting harp-strings; bringing too the timbrels of the breed, and the trulls who are bidden ply their trade at the Circus. Out upon you, all ye that delight in foreign strumpets with painted headdresses! Your country clown, Quirinus, now trips to dinner in Greek-fangled slippers, and wears niceterian ornaments upon a ceromatic neck! One comes from lofty Sicyon, another from Amydon or Andros, others from Samos, Tralles or Alabanda; all making for the Esquiline, or for the hill that takes its name from osier-beds; all ready to worm their way into the houses of the great and become their masters. Quick of wit and of unbounded impudence, they are as ready of speech as Isaeus, and more torrential. Say, what do you think that fellow there to be? He has brought with him any character you please; grammarian, orator, geometrician; painter, trainer, or rope-dancer; augur, doctor or astrologer:- 'All sciences a fasting monsieur knows, And bid him go to Hell, to Hell he goes! ' In fine, the man who took to himself wings was not a Moor, nor a Sarmatian, nor a Thracian, but one born in the very heart of Athens!

"Quae nunc divitibus gens acceptissima nostris et quos praecipue fugiam, properabo fateri,60 nec pudor opstabit. non possum ferre, Quirites, Graecam urbem; quamvis quota potio faecis Achaei? iam pridem Syrus in Tiberim defluxit Orontes,et linguam et mores et cum tibicine chordas obliquas nec non gentilia tympana secum65 vexit et ad circum iussas prostare puellas. ite, quibus grata est picta lupa barbara mitra! rusticus ille tuus sumit trechedipna, Quirine,et ceromatico fert niceteria collo.hic alta Sicyone, ast hic Amydone relicta,70 hic Andro, ille Samo, hic Trallibus aut Alabandis Esquilias dictumque petunt a vimine collem,viscera magnarum domuum dominique futuri. ingenium velox, audacia perdita, sermo promptus et Isaeo torrentior: ede quid illum75 esse putes? quemvis hominem secum attulit ad nos: grammaticus rhetor geometres pictor aliptesaugur schoenobates medicus magus: omnia novit Graeculus esuriens; in caelum iusseris ibit.in summa non Maurus erat neque Sarmata nec Thrax 80 qui sumpsit pinnas, mediis sed natus Athenis.

What does Juvenal think of foreigners?

And now, behold! in comes the chorus of the frantic Bellona and the mother of the Gods, attended by a giant eunuch to whom his obscene inferiors must do reverence. . . . Before him the howling herd with the timbrels give way; his plebeian cheeks are covered with a Phrygian tiara. With solemn utterance he bids the lady beware the coming of the September Siroccos if she do not purify herself with a hundred eggs, and present him with some old mulberry-coloured garments in order that any great and unforeseen calamity impending may pass into the clothes, and make expiation for the entire year. In winter she will go down to the river of a morning, Break the ice, and plunge three time into the Tiber, dipping her trembling head even in its whirling waters, and crawling out thence naked and shivering, she will creep with bleeding knees right across the field of Tarquin the Proud.  If the white shall so order, she will journey to the confines of Egypt, and fetch water got from hot Meroe with which to sprinkle the Temple of Isis which stands hard by the ancient sheepfold. For she believes that the command was given by the voice of the Goddess herself--a pretty kind of mind and spirit for the Gods to have converse with by night! Hence the chief and highest place of honour is awarded to Anubis, who, with his linen-clad and bald crew, mocks at the weeping of the people as he runs along. He it is that obtains pardon for wives who break the law of purity on days that should be kept holy, and exacts huge penalties when the coverlet has been profaned, or when the silver serpent has been seen to nod his head.   His tears and carefully-studied mutterings make sure that Osiris will not refuse a pardon for the fault, bribed, no doubt, by a fat goose and a slice of sacrificial cake.

     No sooner has that fellow departed than a palsied

Jewess, leaving her basket and her truss of hay, comes begging to her secret ear; she is an interpreter of the laws of Jerusalem, a high priestess of the tree, a trusty go-between of highest heaven. She, too, fills her palm, but more sparingly, for a Jew will tell you dreams of any kind you please for the minutest of coins.

     An Armenian or Commagenian sooth-sayer, after examining the lungs of a dove that is still warm, will promise a youthful lover, or a big bequest from some rich and childless man; he will probe the breast of a chicken, or the entrails of a puppy, sometimes even of a boy; some things he will do with the intention of informing against them himself.

     Still more trusted are the Chaldaeans; every word uttered by the astrologer they will believe has come from Hammon's fountain, for now that the Delphian oracles are dumb, man is condemned to darkness as to his future. Chief among these was one1 who was oft in exile, through whose friendship and venal ticket of prophecy the great citizen2 died whom Otho feared.  For nowadays no astrologer has credit unless he have been imprisoned in some distant camp, with chains clanking on either arm; none believe in his powers unless he has been condemned and all but put to death, having just contrived to get deported to a Cyclad, or to escape at last from the diminutive Seriphos.3

Juvenal, Satire VI

What does Juvenal think of foreigners?

Plutarch, The Parallel Lives Plutarch is writing about Cato the Elder. Cato was from an ancient Plebeian family who

held the offices of Tribune (214 BC), Quaestor (204 BC), Aedile (199 BC), Praetor (198 BC), Consul (195 BC) and finally Censor (184 BC).

When he was now well on in years, there came as ambassadors from Athens to Rome, Carneades the Academic, and Diogenes the Stoic philosopher, to beg the reversal of a certain decision against the Athenian people, which imposed upon them a fine of five hundred talents. The people of Oropus had brought the suit, the Athenians had let the case go by default, and the Sicyonians had pronounced judgment against them. Upon the arrival of these philosophers, the most studious of the city's youth hastened to wait upon them, and became their devoted and admiring listeners. The charm of Carneades especially, which had boundless power, and a fame not inferior to its power, won large and sympathetic audiences, and filled the city, like a rushing mighty wind, with the noise of his praises. Report spread far and wide that a Greek of amazing talent, who disarmed all opposition by the magic of his eloquence, had infused a tremendous passion into the youth of the city, in consequence of which they forsook their other pleasures and pursuits and were "possessed" about philosophy. The other Romans were pleased at this, and glad to see their young men lay hold of Greek culture and consort with such admirable men. But Cato, at the very outset, when this zeal for discussion came pouring into the city, was distressed, fearing lest the young men, by giving this direction to their ambition, should come to love a reputation based on mere words more than one achieved by martial deeds. And when the fame of the visiting philosophers rose yet higher in the city, and their first speeches before the Senate were interpreted, at his own instance and request, by so conspicuous a man as Gaius Acilius, Cato determined, on some decent pretext or other, to rid and purge the city of them all. So he rose in the Senate and censured the magistrates for keeping in such long suspense an embassy composed of men who could easily secure anything they wished, so persuasive were they. "We ought," he said, "to make up our minds one way or another, and vote on what the embassy proposes, in order that these men may return to their schools and lecture to the sons of Greece, while the youth of Rome give ear to their laws and magistrates, as heretofore."

This he did, not, as some think, out of personal hostility to Carneades, but because he was wholly averse to philosophy, and

made mock of all Greek culture and training, out of patriotic zeal. He says, for instance, that Socrates was a mighty prattler, who attempted, as best he could, to be his country's tyrant, by abolishing its customs, and by enticing his fellow citizens into opinions contrary to the laws. He made fun of the school of Isocrates, declaring that his pupils kept on studying with him till they were old men, as if they were to practise their arts and plead their cases before Minos in Hades. And seeking to prejudice his son against Greek culture, he indulges in an utterance all too rash for his years, declaring, in the tone of a prophet or a seer, that Rome would lose her empire when she had become infected with Greek letters. But time has certainly shown the emptiness of this ill-boding speech of his, for while the city was at the zenith of its empire, she made every form of Greek learning and culture her own. It was not only Greek philosophers that he hated, but he was also suspicious of Greeks who practised medicine at Rome. He had heard, it would seem, of Hippocrates' reply when the Great King of Persia consulted him, with the promise of a fee of many talents, namely, that he would never put his skill at the service of Barbarians who were enemies of Greece. He said all Greek physicians had taken a similar oath, and urged his son to beware of them all. He himself, he said, had written a book of recipes, which he followed in the treatment and regimen of any who were sick in his family. He never required his patients to fast, but fed them on greens, on bits of duck, pigeon, or hare. Such a diet, he said, was light and good for sick people, except that it often causes dreams. By following such treatment and regimen he said he had good health himself, and kept his family in good health.

What does Cato the Elder think of foreigners according to Plutarch?

Mar

cus

Tul

lius,

G

reet

ings

and

goo

d he

alth

!  

   

 I d

o no

t w

ish

to b

e un

fair

to t

he g

raec

ula

(‘the

Gre

ek’ –

use

d in

a d

erog

ator

y w

ay).

 S

he is

cle

ver

beyo

nd w

ords

, no

den

ying

it.

 You

may

und

erst

and

my

impa

tienc

e w

ith h

er if

I r

emin

d yo

u th

at,

alth

ough

sh

e ch

atte

rs o

n in

Heb

rew

, Ara

mai

c, S

yria

c, G

reek

of

cour

se,

Par

thia

n, M

edia

n, E

gypt

ian

(she

is s

aid

to b

e th

e fir

st P

tole

my

to m

aste

r th

at),

Eth

iopi

an,

and

Tro

gody

te,

all w

ith m

arve

lous

flu

ency

so

they

say

, sh

e w

as

unab

le t

o re

ceiv

e m

e in

Lat

in!

 Or

clai

med

to

be u

nabl

e to

do

so,

so t

hat

right

her

e in

the

city

I w

as

com

pelle

d to

con

vers

e in

Gre

ek.

 It

is n

o di

ffere

nt w

ith h

er v

aunt

ed d

rive,

ene

rgy

and

ambi

tion:

 th

ey w

ere

not

enou

gh t

o m

otiv

ate

her

to c

ultiv

ate

the

mos

t im

port

ant

Rom

an s

enat

or.

 And

of

 her

fab

led

trea

sure

:  a

lthou

gh h

er a

ides

had

pro

mis

ed a

pur

ely

liter

ary

ackn

owle

dgm

ent

of m

y m

erits

, I

cam

e an

d w

ent

empt

y ha

nded

.  

    

 I

will

not

eve

n to

uch

upon

her

unf

atho

mab

le im

pert

inen

ce.

 She

see

med

inte

nt u

pon

chal

leng

ing

my

own

unde

serv

ed r

eput

atio

n fo

r ca

ustic

hum

or,

whi

le I

was

at

pain

s to

be

mos

t gr

acio

us,

even

co

ndes

cend

ing

tow

ard

her.

 O

ut o

f ki

ndne

ss,

I w

ill p

ass

over

thi

s ga

lling

per

sona

l exp

erie

nce

and

subs

titut

e an

exa

mpl

e fr

om t

he la

st d

ays

of t

he R

epub

lic (

whi

ch I

was

spa

red)

.  -

-Ant

ony'

s fr

iend

s, b

eing

muc

h co

ncer

ned

abou

t R

oman

opi

nion

of

him

, di

spat

ched

to

Ath

ens

one

Gai

us G

emin

ius

as e

nvoy

to

caut

ion

Ant

ony

not

to r

isk

brin

ging

his

het

aera

to

Ital

y.  

Cle

opat

ra s

eate

d th

is d

istin

guis

hed

visi

tor

at t

he f

ar e

nd o

f th

eir

tabl

e, c

omm

issi

oned

all

sort

s of

pra

ctic

al jo

kes

to b

e pl

ayed

on

him

, an

d fo

rest

alle

d an

y pr

ivat

e au

dien

ce b

y ca

lling

upo

n G

emin

ius

to s

tate

his

bus

ines

s th

ere

on t

he s

pot

(Ant

ony

bein

g in

his

cup

s, o

f co

urse

).  

Whe

n G

emin

ius

conf

esse

d he

was

the

re t

o sa

y th

at a

ll m

ight

go

wel

l in

Rom

e if

Cle

opat

ra m

ight

re

turn

to

Egy

pt,

the

harlo

t la

ughe

d,  

"You

hav

e do

ne w

ell,

Gem

iniu

s, t

o co

nfes

s th

e tr

uth

with

out

bein

g pu

t to

tor

ture

."

   

   T

his

to a

citi

zen

of R

ome!

 T

his

to a

gue

st in

her

hou

se!

 Thi

s to

a d

istin

guis

hed

stat

esm

an!

 And

fro

m

a w

oman

!  S

he is

, by

the

way

, a

beau

ty in

no

way

, sh

ape,

man

ner,

or

form

.  H

er f

igur

e is

any

thin

g ot

her

than

vol

uptu

ous,

and

her

fac

e is

mar

red

not

mer

ely

by t

he in

bred

Pto

lem

y ho

oked

nos

e, b

ut b

y a

stro

ng

chin

and

har

d fe

atur

es w

hich

det

ract

fro

m t

he s

wee

tnes

s an

d ge

ntle

ness

we

priz

e in

our

wom

en.

Cae

sar,

be

ing

exac

tly t

wic

e he

r ag

e w

hen

she

cam

e to

him

in A

lexa

ndria

, w

as p

erha

ps le

ss v

ulne

rabl

e th

an t

hat

hot

bull

Ant

ony.

  I

am

not

a s

uper

stiti

ous

man

, bu

t if

this

is t

he f

amed

sed

uctr

ess

of t

hose

tw

o gr

eat

Rom

ans-

-an

d w

ho k

now

s of

 ho

w m

any

othe

rs--

then

her

mea

ns a

re w

itchc

raft

and

vile

Egy

ptia

n po

tions

.  F

or s

he

know

s no

t ho

w t

o be

have

like

a w

oman

in a

ny o

f th

e w

ays

that

mat

ter.

 

   

 Les

t yo

u de

em m

y ju

dgm

ent

som

ewha

t ha

rsh,

I r

emin

d yo

u th

at,

havi

ng d

evot

ed m

y lif

e to

lite

ratu

re

and

stat

esm

ansh

ip,

I ha

ve a

cqui

red

a st

rong

bia

s in

fav

or o

f th

e Q

ueen

's p

olic

y.  

Am

I n

ot t

he f

orem

ost

advo

cate

of

Gre

ek p

hilo

soph

y an

d le

arni

ng a

mon

g R

oman

s?  

Hav

e I

not

stru

ggle

d fo

r ha

rmon

y an

d co

nsen

sus

amon

g al

l the

cla

sses

and

con

stitu

enci

es o

f th

e R

epub

lic?

 Pre

cise

ly s

uch

an in

tegr

atio

n--s

he

calls

it h

omon

oia-

-is w

hat

her

defe

nder

s cl

aim

was

her

pur

pose

the

se t

en y

ears

with

Ant

ony

in h

er b

ed.

 The

n th

ey a

rgue

fro

m t

he c

ultu

ral a

nd p

oliti

cal n

eces

sitie

s im

pose

d up

on R

ome

by o

ur e

aste

rn p

rovi

nces

.  I

ndee

d, f

rom

you

r va

ntag

e po

int

thei

r co

nten

tion

may

see

m t

o ho

ld.

 But

the

wis

dom

of

hind

sigh

t is

gr

ante

d, h

appi

ly,

only

to

hist

ory

writ

ers.

 

   

 Let

me

tell

you

wha

t w

e ha

ve s

een

befo

re o

ur v

ery

eyes

.  M

ark

Ant

ony,

a f

ollo

wer

to

be s

ure

of C

aesa

r,

but

afte

r C

aesa

r's d

emis

e ou

r be

st h

ope

for

surv

ival

of

the

Rep

ublic

, co

mes

fro

m t

he o

ldes

t R

oman

nob

ility

.  H

e m

ay b

e ro

ugh,

blu

ff, b

oist

erou

s, a

nd b

lunt

, bu

t su

ch is

the

nat

ure

of t

he w

arrio

r.  

The

legi

ons

adm

ire h

is

phys

ical

pro

wes

s an

d en

dura

nce,

his

abi

lity

to r

ewar

d m

erit.

  The

y w

ill f

ollo

w h

im a

nyw

here

--or

I s

houl

d sa

y,

wou

ld h

ave

follo

wed

him

any

whe

re.

 But

wha

t do

the

y no

w b

ehol

d?  

A f

ello

w w

ho c

ostu

mes

him

self 

afte

r th

e m

anne

r of

Gre

ek o

ffici

aldo

m in

ord

er t

o go

out

am

ong

the

scho

ols

and

tem

ples

, in

to s

o-ca

lled

lear

ned

disc

ussi

ons,

a r

eade

r of

pap

yrus

scr

olls

, an

end

ower

of

libra

ries.

 In

Rom

e he

was

bla

med

for

car

ousi

ng,

but

now

his

dru

nken

ness

is f

or D

iony

siac

dan

cing

(R

oman

s do

not

dan

ce e

ven

whe

n in

ebria

ted)

.  O

h ye

s,

he is

no

long

er a

wor

ship

per

of D

iony

sus,

he

is D

iony

sus!

 A

nd in

the

Eas

t D

iony

sus

is g

od,

not

mer

ely

of

into

xica

tion,

but

cou

nter

part

to

thei

r Aph

rodi

te,

the

wel

lspr

ing

of  

life

itsel

f, in

sho

rt, A

nton

y is

bec

ome

Osi

ris

to C

leop

atra

's I

sis!

 

   S

o yo

u se

e, t

heir

chie

f de

fens

e of

thi

s so

-cal

led

Que

en o

f  K

ings

is t

hat

she

wou

ld r

esto

re t

he a

ncie

nt

Pto

lem

aic

Em

pire

and

rul

e it

as c

hief

 la

wgi

ver

from

Rom

e, n

ever

min

d th

at R

oman

virt

ue m

ust,

with

Rom

e,

be s

acrif

iced

to

her

gran

d an

d no

ble

end.

 

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

 With

bes

t w

ishe

s,

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

  T

ulliu

s C

icer

o

What did the Romans think of foreigners?

Your hypothesis.“What did the Romans think of foreigners?”

How have these attitudes come about?

• Conquest by Romans?• Seen as inferior?• Culturally different?• Seen as a threat?• Religious influences?

What did the Romans think of foreigners?

1. What is Cicero’s opinion of Cleopatra?2. How does he express this? Try to find at least three

quotations.

Now return to your hypothesis.What did the Romans think of foreigners?• What would you change? Why?• Can you support your changes with quotations? (in green)

What did the Romans think of foreigners?

1. What is Cicero’s opinion of Cleopatra?2. How does he express this? Try to find at least three

quotations.

Now return to your hypothesis.What did the Romans think of foreigners?• What would you change? Why?• Can you support your changes with quotations? (in a

different colour if possible)

HOMEWORK – DUE MONDAY 8 OCTOBER