Foreign ExpansionForeign Expansion

I. U.S. Looks OutwardI. U.S. Looks Outward

Reasons For ExpansionReasons For Expansion

Late 1800s: Many Americans began to Late 1800s: Many Americans began to supportsupport imperialismimperialism – looking beyond – looking beyond your borders and acquiring your borders and acquiring territoryterritory

EuropeanEuropean countries had been countries had been participating in imperialism for yearsparticipating in imperialism for years-Much of Africa and -Much of Africa and AsiaAsia under European under European control by the late 1800scontrol by the late 1800s-”The sun never sets on the -”The sun never sets on the BritishBritish Empire” Empire”

► Imperialists believed the U.S. should Imperialists believed the U.S. should expand…Why???expand…Why???

1)1) It would provide new It would provide new marketsmarkets to sell to sell goodsgoods

-Americans could not consume all the -Americans could not consume all the foodfood and goods that they producedand goods that they produced

-Needed to look elsewhere to sell their -Needed to look elsewhere to sell their goodsgoods

2)2) It would increase national It would increase national securitysecurity (because we would have to build (because we would have to build naval ships)naval ships)

-Alfred T. -Alfred T. MahanMahan……The Influence of Sea The Influence of Sea Power Upon HistoryPower Upon History – said the U.S. needed – said the U.S. needed a powerful a powerful navynavy to protect its new markets to protect its new markets

3)3) It would give the U.S. the ability to It would give the U.S. the ability to teachteach “less-civilized” people“less-civilized” people

-Josiah Strong argued that -Josiah Strong argued that AngloAnglo-Saxon people -Saxon people were superior to other people in the worldwere superior to other people in the world

4)4) It would allow the U.S. to spread It would allow the U.S. to spread Christianity and Christianity and democracydemocracy

--Social Darwinists used this reason to Social Darwinists used this reason to justifyjustify imperialismimperialism

IsolationismIsolationism

Other Americans supported Other Americans supported isolationismisolationism – – separatingseparating from the from the rest of the worldrest of the world

Isolationists believed the U.S. should Isolationists believed the U.S. should notnot expand…Why??? expand…Why???

1)1) It would pull the U.S. into foreign It would pull the U.S. into foreign conflictsconflicts

2)2) It would take the focus off It would take the focus off domesticdomestic (at (at home) problemshome) problems

3)3) It goes against the idea of “It goes against the idea of “selfself--government” and freedom we were government” and freedom we were founded uponfounded upon

The PacificThe Pacific

Most imperialists turned their attention Most imperialists turned their attention toward the toward the PacificPacific……Pacific ExpansionPacific Expansion

Businessmen wanted to trade with Businessmen wanted to trade with ChinaChina and other Asian countries and other Asian countries

Two examples of expansion in the Two examples of expansion in the Pacific…Pacific…

1)1) AlaskaAlaska

-bought from -bought from RussiaRussia in 1867 by Sec. of in 1867 by Sec. of State William SewardState William Seward

-most Americans ridiculed the purchase -most Americans ridiculed the purchase saying we saying we boughtbought “walrus-covered “walrus-covered icebergs” in a “barren, worthless, God-icebergs” in a “barren, worthless, God-forsaken regionforsaken region

-nicknamed “Seward’s -nicknamed “Seward’s FollyFolly””

2)2) Pacific IslandsPacific Islands-1853: An American fleet led by Matthew -1853: An American fleet led by Matthew C. Perry sailed into C. Perry sailed into TokyoTokyo Bay and Bay and convinced Japan to open trade relations convinced Japan to open trade relations with the U.S. (they were impressed with with the U.S. (they were impressed with American technology)American technology)-1860s: U.S. and several -1860s: U.S. and several EuropeanEuropean nations nations signed treaties that allowed for expanded signed treaties that allowed for expanded trade with trade with ChinaChina-Later, -Later, Sec. of State John HaySec. of State John Hay proposed proposed that all countries should have the right to that all countries should have the right to trade with China (trade with China (Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy))-Now the U.S. needed refueling stations in -Now the U.S. needed refueling stations in the Pacific for their shipsthe Pacific for their ships

-1867: Seward annexed the uninhabited -1867: Seward annexed the uninhabited MidwayMidway Islands Islands

-1875: U.S. signed a treaty with -1875: U.S. signed a treaty with HawaiiHawaii to to allow Hawaiians to sell sugar in the U.S. tax allow Hawaiians to sell sugar in the U.S. tax free…the U.S. got the right to build a free…the U.S. got the right to build a navalnaval base in Pearl Harborbase in Pearl Harbor

-1893: A group of -1893: A group of plantersplanters, led by Sanford , led by Sanford Dole, with the help of the U.S. Marines, Dole, with the help of the U.S. Marines, removed Queen Liliuokalani from power removed Queen Liliuokalani from power (she had tried to rid Hawaii of all foreign (she had tried to rid Hawaii of all foreign influence)influence)

The Spanish-American War (1898)The Spanish-American War (1898)

Late 1800s: Late 1800s: CubaCuba still under Spanish still under Spanish controlcontrol

1895: Cuba rebelled and Spain sent 1895: Cuba rebelled and Spain sent 1000s of 1000s of troopstroops to restore order to restore order

Spanish sent 1000s of Cubans to Spanish sent 1000s of Cubans to concentrationconcentration camps (many died) camps (many died)

►Competing Competing newspapersnewspapers in the U.S. in the U.S. printed stories about Spanish abuses printed stories about Spanish abuses of Cubansof Cubans

►Often exaggerated and Often exaggerated and untrueuntrue, these , these stories were meant to sell papers stories were meant to sell papers rather than to accurately report the rather than to accurately report the facts…this is called “facts…this is called “yellow yellow journalismjournalism””

►Yellow journalists like Yellow journalists like JosephJoseph Pulitzer Pulitzer and and William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst ignited the ignited the emotions of the American public and emotions of the American public and contributed to calls for war against contributed to calls for war against SpainSpain

►Asst. Sec. of the Navy Asst. Sec. of the Navy Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt was one of the many voices calling for warwas one of the many voices calling for war

►When the war began, Roosevelt resigned When the war began, Roosevelt resigned his position and led a group of his position and led a group of volunteersvolunteers known as the “known as the “Rough RidersRough Riders””

““A Splendid Little War”A Splendid Little War” Feb. 1898: Feb. 1898: U.S.S. MaineU.S.S. Maine explodedexploded in a in a

Cuban harborCuban harbor Newspapers immediately blamed the Newspapers immediately blamed the

SpanishSpanish and U.S. citizens demanded and U.S. citizens demanded warwar

April April 18981898: U.S. declared war on Spain: U.S. declared war on Spain

►U.S. Commodore U.S. Commodore George DeweyGeorge Dewey set set sail for the sail for the PhilippinesPhilippines in the Pacific – in the Pacific – another Spanish colonyanother Spanish colony

►Dewey quickly destroyed the Spanish Dewey quickly destroyed the Spanish fleetfleet and took control of the and took control of the PhilippinesPhilippines

► In Cuba, the Rough Riders made bold In Cuba, the Rough Riders made bold charges up Kettle and San Juan charges up Kettle and San Juan hillshills (most famous incident of the war) and (most famous incident of the war) and helped the U.S. defeat Spain in helped the U.S. defeat Spain in CubaCuba

► In less than In less than 33 months, the U.S. had months, the U.S. had defeated Spain in Cuba and in the defeated Spain in Cuba and in the PhilippinesPhilippines

► John HayJohn Hay, future Sec. of State, , future Sec. of State, captured what most Americans felt captured what most Americans felt about the about the warwar when he referred to the when he referred to the taking of the Philippines as a “taking of the Philippines as a “splendid splendid little warlittle war””

Cuba, Puerto Rico, and GuamCuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam

Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris (1898) officially (1898) officially endedended the Spanish-American Warthe Spanish-American War

But the But the Teller AmendmentTeller Amendment, passed , passed when the war began, had promised when the war began, had promised CubaCuba their independence following the their independence following the warwar

►However, to protect American However, to protect American businessesbusinesses in Cuba, President McKinley in Cuba, President McKinley installed a U.S. military government for installed a U.S. military government for 33 years to restore stability years to restore stability

►1900: Cuba began to draft their own 1900: Cuba began to draft their own constitutionconstitution

-Forced to include the -Forced to include the Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment which gave the U.S. two naval bases in Cuba which gave the U.S. two naval bases in Cuba and allowed the U.S. to intervene if we and allowed the U.S. to intervene if we believed it was necessarybelieved it was necessary

►Meanwhile, former Meanwhile, former SpanishSpanish colonies colonies Puerto Rico and Guam both became Puerto Rico and Guam both became U.S. territoriesU.S. territories

The PhilippinesThe Philippines

Some supported annexing the Some supported annexing the Philippines following the Philippines following the warwar…new …new markets for goods and refueling markets for goods and refueling stationsstations

Many opposed…may increase the Many opposed…may increase the chances of future wars in the chances of future wars in the PacificPacific

►Many joined the Many joined the Anti-Imperialist LeagueAnti-Imperialist League

-led by Andrew -led by Andrew CarnegieCarnegie

-an organization that strongly -an organization that strongly opposedopposed U.S. U.S. expansionexpansion

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo led a led a revoltrevolt by the by the Filipinos against U.S. occupationFilipinos against U.S. occupation

-used -used guerilla warfareguerilla warfare tactics – attack and tactics – attack and retreatretreat

-the revolt lasted more than -the revolt lasted more than twotwo years until years until Aguinaldo was captured in 1901Aguinaldo was captured in 1901

►1902: the Philippines became an 1902: the Philippines became an “unorganized territory” of the “unorganized territory” of the U.S.U.S. with with the promise of eventual independencethe promise of eventual independence

►1946: the Philippines became an 1946: the Philippines became an independentindependent nation nation

II. U.S. Involvement in Latin II. U.S. Involvement in Latin AmericaAmerica

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal

1901: President 1901: President McKinleyMcKinley was was assassinated – replaced by VP assassinated – replaced by VP Theodore Theodore RooseveltRoosevelt

Roosevelt wanted to build a Roosevelt wanted to build a canalcanal across Latin America to enable ships to across Latin America to enable ships to move more quickly between the move more quickly between the Atlantic and the Atlantic and the PacificPacific oceans oceans

►This canal would be useful for both the This canal would be useful for both the U.S. U.S. militarymilitary and for and for tradetrade ships ships

►Problem: Problem: ColombiaColombia controlled much of controlled much of the region and refused to the region and refused to sellsell or lease or lease land to the U.S. necessary for the land to the U.S. necessary for the projectproject

►1903: Panama 1903: Panama revoltedrevolted against against Colombia and won their independence Colombia and won their independence with with U.S.U.S. naval support naval support

► In return, In return, PanamaPanama allowed the U.S. to allowed the U.S. to lease the land needed for the lease the land needed for the canalcanal

►Construction on the Panama Canal Construction on the Panama Canal began in began in 19051905 and was completed in and was completed in 19141914

►Thousands died from Thousands died from accidentsaccidents and and diseasedisease (more Americans actually died (more Americans actually died working on the canal than died during working on the canal than died during the Spanish-American War)the Spanish-American War)

►1977: President Jimmy 1977: President Jimmy CarterCarter agreed agreed to give control of the canal to Panamato give control of the canal to Panama

►19991999: Panama finally took control of : Panama finally took control of the Panama Canalthe Panama Canal

Roosevelt Corollary (“Big Stick Diplomacy”)Roosevelt Corollary (“Big Stick Diplomacy”)

1904: Roosevelt issued the 1904: Roosevelt issued the Roosevelt Roosevelt CorollaryCorollary which expanded on the which expanded on the MonroeMonroe Doctrine (had forbidden European Doctrine (had forbidden European countries from further colonization in countries from further colonization in Latin America)Latin America)

-The Roosevelt Corollary said the -The Roosevelt Corollary said the U.S.U.S. had the had the right to intervene in the region if a nation had right to intervene in the region if a nation had trouble paying its trouble paying its debtdebt

►Roosevelt wanted to be sure that Roosevelt wanted to be sure that imperialist nations did not use debt imperialist nations did not use debt collection as an collection as an excuseexcuse to occupy to occupy territories in the Caribbean or territories in the Caribbean or LatinLatin AmericaAmerica

►This doctrine became known as This doctrine became known as Roosevelt’s “Roosevelt’s “big stick diplomacybig stick diplomacy””

-the name came from an -the name came from an AfricanAfrican proverb which proverb which said, “said, “Speak softly and carry a big stickSpeak softly and carry a big stick””

-It meant two things…-It meant two things…

1) the U.S. did not intend to be a 1) the U.S. did not intend to be a threateningthreatening presence in the Western presence in the Western HemisphereHemisphere

2) neither would the U.S. hesitate to 2) neither would the U.S. hesitate to forcefullyforcefully protect its own interest protect its own interest

William Taft and “Dollar Diplomacy”William Taft and “Dollar Diplomacy”

Following Roosevelt, new President Following Roosevelt, new President William Taft sought to “substitute William Taft sought to “substitute money for money for bulletsbullets” by promoting his ” by promoting his foreign policy known as foreign policy known as ““dollar dollar diplomacydiplomacy””-encouraged -encouraged bankersbankers to invest into Latin to invest into Latin America and the CaribbeanAmerica and the Caribbean-the U.S. government helped build railroads -the U.S. government helped build railroads in in ChinaChina

►Problem: created Problem: created enemiesenemies in some in some Latin American countries who opposed Latin American countries who opposed U.S. involvement and resented U.S. U.S. involvement and resented U.S. efforts to “buy influence” in the efforts to “buy influence” in the regionregion

Woodrow Wilson’s “Moral / Missionary Woodrow Wilson’s “Moral / Missionary Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

1913: Woodrow Wilson becomes 1913: Woodrow Wilson becomes President and President and renouncedrenounced “dollar “dollar diplomacy”diplomacy”

He supported “He supported “moral diplomacymoral diplomacy” instead” instead

-this was the idea that the U.S. should promote -this was the idea that the U.S. should promote democracydemocracy and moral progress in the world and moral progress in the world

►Wilson actually Wilson actually opposedopposed imperialism imperialism and said the U.S. would not “…and said the U.S. would not “…seek one seek one additional foot of territory or conquestadditional foot of territory or conquest””

►Unfortunately events abroad soon Unfortunately events abroad soon testedtested his convictions his convictions

►Sent the U.S. Marines to Sent the U.S. Marines to HaitiHaiti to protect to protect American businesses when a revolution American businesses when a revolution began therebegan there-Many Haitians revolted against the -Many Haitians revolted against the U.S.U.S. and and a series of bloody battles occurred a series of bloody battles occurred

►Haiti eventually signed a treaty that Haiti eventually signed a treaty that made them a made them a protectorateprotectorate…but not a …but not a territoryterritory…of the U.S.…of the U.S.