Forces, Waves, and Electricity

Georgia High School Graduation Test: Science Review

Speed and Velocity

Speed = distance divided by time s = d/t

Units of speed = m/sVelocity = speed in a given directionExample:

55 mph 55 mph north

= speed, no direction= velocity, speed & direction

What is Newton's First Law of Motion?

A.) An object at rest will remain at rest

B.) An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in constant motion on by an balanced force.C.) An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in constant motion will remain in constant motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force.D.) all of the above

What is friction?

A.) a push or a pull

B.) direction of acceleration

C.) sum of all forces acting on an object

D.) force that always opposes motion

What is mass?

measure of the amount of matter in an objectmeasured in kilogramsdoes not depend on locationan object’s mass on Earth is the same as its mass on the MoonA.) measure of the amount of matter in an object

B.) measured in kilograms

C.) an object’s mass on Earth is the same as its mass on the MoonD.) A and C

E.) All of the above

What is weight?

A.) measure of the force of gravity on an object

B.) measured in Newtons

C.) measured in Newtons

D.) All of the above

E.) D and C only

What is an attractive force between two objects that have mass?

A.) force

B.) speed

C.) velocity

D.) gravity

What is Newton's 3rd law of motion?

A.) For every action, there is an equal but same reactionB.) For every action, there is an equal but opposite reactionC.) For every action, there is an unequal but opposite reactionD.) For every second action, there is an equal but opposite reaction

What is Newton's second law of motion?

A.) Force = anit-speed x acceleration

B.) Force = velocity x acceleration

C.) Force = speed x acceleration

D.) Force = mass x acceleration

What is net force?

A.) a push or a pull

B.) sum of all forces acting on an object

C.) direction of acceleration

D.) force that always opposes motion

What is force?

A.) always opposes motion

B.) a push or a pull

C.) sum of all forces acting on an object

D.) direction of acceleration

What is acceleration?

A.) units of speed

B.) rate at which velocity changes

C.) Units of acceleration = m/s2

D.) velocity standing still

What is Velocity?

A.) Units of cells

B.) Units of speed

C.) s = d/t

D.) speed in a given direction

What is speed?

A.) Units of speed

B.) speed in a given direction

C.) distance divided by time

D.) rate at which velocity changes

Distance versus Time Graph

AKA position versus time graph

Straight line represents constant (uniform) speed

Acceleration

Acceleration = rate at which velocity changes

Involves a change in speed OR directiona = (vf – vi )/ t

Units of acceleration = m/s2

Example: 0 to 60 mph in 5 seconds For acceleration to occur a net

(unbalanced) force must be applied

Distance versus Time Graph Revisited

Non-linear graph represents acceleration

Parabola = constant acceleration

Sample Question #1

Use the equations for velocity and acceleration to solve the following examples: A ball rolls in a straight line very slowly across the

floor traveling 1.0 meter in 2.0 seconds. Calculate the velocity of the ball. Answer: v = 0.50 m/s

If the ball from the above question rolls to a stop in 2.0 seconds, calculate the acceleration (deceleration) of the ball.Answer: a = -0.25 m/s2

Forces

Force = a push or a pullNet Force = sum of all

forces acting on an object

Free-body diagram shows all forces with vector arrows

Direction of force = direction of acceleration

Friction is a force that always opposes motion

Determining the Net Force

Newton’s 1st Law of Motion

An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in constant motion will remain in constant motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force.

Reason for seatbelts

Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion

Force = mass x accelerationF = ma

Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion

For every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction

Examples: Punch a wall, it

punches backRocket propulsion

Gravity

Gravity = attractive force between two objects that have mass

Makes falling objects accelerate (g = 9.8 m/s2)Depends on mass and distance

Sample Question #2

What causes an object to accelerate as it falls?Answer: The force of gravity causes an object

to accelerate at a rate of 9.8 m/s2 toward Earth.

Mass versus Weight

MASSmeasure of the

amount of matter in an object

measured in kilogramsdoes not depend on

locationan object’s mass on

Earth is the same as its mass on the Moon

WEIGHTmeasure of the force

of gravity on an objectmeasured in Newtonsdoes depend on

locationan object’s weight on

Earth is more than its weight on the Moon

Sample Question #3

Explain the difference between mass and weight.Answer: Mass is the quantity of matter of an

object while weight is the measure of the force of gravity on that object. Mass is conserved while weight may change depending on location.

Energy and Work

Energy = The ability to do work Work = transfer of energy by applying a

force to move an objectW = Fd

where force and distance are in same direction

Both work and energy are measured in Joules (J)

Examples of Work and No Work

Hammer applies a force to move the nail in the same direction = WORK

Waiter applies a force upward while the tray moves forward = NO WORK

Sample Question #4

Use the formula for work to solve the following example:A woman picks up her 10 Newton child lifting

him 1 meter. She then carries him 5 meters across the room. How much work is done on the child? Answer: 10 Joules

• the 5 meters is not added to the 1 meter because the distance moved (5 meters) is perpendicular to the force applied

Mechanical AdvantageMechanical Advantage is a value that shows how

useful the machine is. It shows the ratio of work into the machine compared to work out of the machine.

The larger the mechanical advantage the more work the machine is doing compared to you. It should always be larger than 1.

There are no units for mechanical advantage because they cancel in the calculation.

Types of Mechanical Energy

Kinetic = energy of motion Potential = stored energy

due to position

Conservation of Energy

Light

Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EM)EM spectrum shows the forms of radiation in

order of increasing frequency (and energy) and decreasing wavelength

Color of Light

We see different colors depending on the frequency of light emitted or reflected

This is the reason blue flames are hotter than yellow. Blue has a higher frequency so more energy.

Sample Question #5

How are the frequency and wavelength related to the energy carried by waves?Answer: Higher frequency waves have more

energy while longer wavelength waves have less energy. Frequency and energy are directly related while wavelength and energy are inversely related. Radio waves (long wavelength) have less energy than gamma waves (high frequency).

Sample Question #6

How are frequency and wavelength related?Answer: Frequency and wavelength are

inversely related. High frequency waves have short wavelengths.

Electromagnetic Wave (EM) versus Mechanical Wave

EM WAVEdoes not require

matter to transfer energy

CAN travel through a vacuum

example: light

MECHANICAL WAVEdoes require matter to

transfer energyCANNOT travel

through a vacuumexample: sound

Sample Question #7

Compare electromagnetic and mechanical waves.Answer: Electromagnetic waves (light) do not

require matter to transfer energy while mechanical waves (sound) require matter to transfer energy. In other words, EM waves will travel in a vacuum while mechanical waves will not.

Reflection of Light

When light strikes a boundary, it reflects.

The angle at which the wave approaches a flat reflecting surface is equal to the angle at which the wave leaves the surface (like a bounce pass of a basketball).

Reflection results in image formation.

Refraction of Light

Light waves travel faster in air than in water and slower in glass than water.

More dense = slower light

When light enters a different medium, speed changes and it bends.

Bending of light due to change in speed = REFRACTION

Wave Interference

the phenomenon which occurs when two waves meet while traveling along the same medium

constructive = waves add to produce a larger wave

destructive = waves cancel to produce a smaller wave

CONSTRUCTIVE

DESTRUCTIVE

The Doppler Effect

observed whenever the source of waves is moving with respect to an observer

an apparent change in frequency occurs

toward = higher frequency

away = lower frequency

Electricity

Electrons carry a negative charge.Lost electrons = positive chargeGained electrons = negative chargeREMEMBER:

Like charges repelOpposites attract

Electrical Circuits

Current flows in a closed circuit

Ohm’s LawV = IR

Two types of circuits:Series (single path)Parallel (poly paths)

SERIES

PARALLEL

Electromagnet

One can make an electromagnet with a nail, battery, and wire

When current flows through the coiled wire, the nail becomes magnetized.

DiscussionAristotle claimed that objects fell at a

rate proportional to their weight, so that heavier objects fell faster than lighter objects. Explain why you think he was correct or he was wrong. How could one determine whether or not he was correct?

Lesson Summarized

Write a sentence that explains the system being discussed.

Draw a graphic organizer for each system in this lesson. Show the relationship of the parts of the system to the whole within each system.

Short Quiz Answers

1. A force is a push or a pull. Unbalanced (net) forces result in acceleration.

2. The object ejected from a spacecraft near Earth will most likely fall into the Earth due to gravity while the object ejected in deep space will travel at a constant speed until acted on by an unbalanced force (Newton's First Law of Motion).

3. Sound and ocean waves are both mechanical waves because they both require matter to transmit energy.

4. Light and sound both transfer energy, but light does not require matter to transfer energy while sound does. In other words, light waves will travel in a vacuum while sound waves will not.