force & motion. observation observations · pay close attention to the following. · make notes...
TRANSCRIPT
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FORCE & MOTION
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Motion• Observing a displacement of one thing relative
to another.
• Describing Motion
• All motion is Relative
• The object moved in relation to the reference object
or point.
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Frame of Reference
• The context or limits of what we are discussing• Helps us have a common scope for discussion
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Measurement• Defines a scaled common reference
• Can be replicated
• Is known and referenced
• Quantifies the change in position
• Common measurement scales are:• Standard (English/US)
• Feet, Pounds, etc.• Metric
• Meters, Grams, Liters• Internationally accepted system (SI)
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LINEAR MOTIONConcepts: Scalars & Vectors
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How Do We Describe “Where”?
• If objects move, how can we describe…– How far?– How much?– What direction?
• “How much” or “How far” is the magnitude of motion
• “What direction” is the direction of motion.
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Two different “How Far’s”
• Distance– How far?– Scalar– Only measures path
• Displacement– How far from the start are we now?– What direction is it from the start to finish?– Vector– Measure distance and direction from start point to end
point.
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Scalars: Magnitude or Direction
MagnitudeHow big
How much
What quantity
OR
DirectionCardinalDegree
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Distance: A Scalar
Distance
Start
Finish
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Vectors: Magnitude & Direction
MagnitudeHow big
How much
What quantity
AND
DirectionCardinalDegree
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Displacement: A VectorDisplacement Finish
Start
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Vector Addition“Connect the dots”
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Vector Addition
• “Add” vectors to find the net result of the trip.• Net Displacement: The sum of the vectors
Start
Finish
Net Displacement Vector
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Finding “Net Displacement” Using Math
• Add all Vertical vectors• Add all horizontal vectors• Us Pythagorean Theorem
Start
Finish
Net Displacement Vector
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Start
Finish
Net Displacement Vector
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Sum of vertical vectors
Sum of horizontal vectors
Net Displacementa2
a
b
b2
c2
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RATESSpeed, Velocity, Acceleration
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Vectors Are Found Throughout Physics
• There are three basic measureable properties in science– Mass– Distance– Time
• Physicists use these to describe the relationships and properties of an objects and their motions.
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Speed• Ratio of distance travelled to time taken
• Distance ÷ Time• Scalar quantity
• No direction• Path is important
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Velocity• Ratio of displacement to time taken
• Displacement ÷ Time• Vector quantity• Measured from start point to end point• Disregards path
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Comparing Speed and Velocity
Dist. = 24 metersTime = 12 secondsSpeed = 2 m/s
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Comparing Speed and Velocity
Disp. = 9 meters ENETime = 3 secondsVelocity = 3 m/s ENE
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Science Problems“What’s your problem with problems?”
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Speedy Velocity Problems“How to work science problems”
Jimmy the Frog hops around his pond.
His hop-o-meter says he has travelled
36 meters. The sundial says it only
took him 20 minutes.
• What was Jimmy’s speed?
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How to work science problems
Step 1: Identify your variables (with units!)Jimmy the Frog hops around his pond. His hop-o-meter says he has travelled 36 meters. The sundial says it only took him 20 minutes.
• What was Jimmy’s speed?
Distance: 36 metersTime: 20 minutes
Speed: ???
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Distance:36 metersTime: 20 minutesSpeed: ???
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How to work science problems
Step 2: Write down the equation
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑=𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
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Distance:36 metersTime: 20 minutesSpeed: ???
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑=𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
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How to work science problems
Step 3: Change the equation to find the missing variable
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑=𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
SpeedWhat do I need to find?
No
What does the equation solve for?
Do I need to change the equation?
Speed
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Distance:36 metersTime: 20 minutesSpeed: ???
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑=𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑=𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
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How to work science problems
Step 4: Substitute variable values into formula.
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑=𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑=36𝑚20𝑚𝑖𝑛 .
Distance:36 metersTime: 20 minutesSpeed: ???
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Distance:36 metersTime: 20 minutesSpeed: ???
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑=𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑=𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑=36𝑚20𝑚𝑖𝑛 .
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How to work science problems
Step 5: Do (and show!!!) your work
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑=36𝑚20𝑚𝑖𝑛 .
=
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Distance:36 metersTime: 20 minutesSpeed: ???
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑=𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑=𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑=36𝑚20𝑚𝑖𝑛 .
=
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How to work science problems
Step 6: Identify your answer
Speed = 1.8 m/min.
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Distance:36 metersTime: 20 minutesSpeed: ???
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑=𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑=𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑=36𝑚20𝑚𝑖𝑛 .
=
Speed = 1.8 m/min.
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Distance:36 metersTime: 20 minutesSpeed: ???
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑=𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑=𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑=36𝑚20𝑚𝑖𝑛 .
=
Speed = 1.8 m/min.
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ACCELERATIONIt’s all about change
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Acceleration· Ratio of change in velocity to time
· (Displacement ÷ Time) ÷ Time
· Vector quantity
· A change in velocity (direction or magnitude) constitutes
acceleration
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GRAPHING MOTION
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Dis
tanc
eDistance/Time or Speed Graphs
Speed3.5
3
2.5
(m)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Object 1
1 2 3 4Time (s)
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Distance/Time or Speed GraphsSpeed
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Object 1
1 2 3 4Time (s)
Dis
tanc
e(m
)
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Distance/Time or Speed GraphsSpeed
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Object 1
1 2 3 4Time (s)
Dis
tanc
e(m
)
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Distance/Time or Speed GraphsSpeed
12
10
8
6
Object 14
2
01 2 3 4 5
Time (s)
Dis
tanc
e(m
)
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Displacement/Time or Velocity GraphsVelocity
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Object 1
1 2 3 4Time (s)
Dis
plac
emen
t(m
)
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Displacement/Time or Velocity GraphsVelocity
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
Object 10.4
0.2
01 2 3 4
Time (s)
(m)
Dis
plac
emen
t
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Displacement/Time or Velocity GraphsVelocity
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Object 1
1 2 3 4Time (s)
(m)
Dis
plac
emen
t
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Displacement/Time or Velocity GraphsVelocity
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Object 1
1 2 3 4 5 6Time (s)
(m)
Dis
plac
emen
t
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Vel
ocity
(m
/s)
Velocity/Time (Acceleration) GraphsAcceleration
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Object 1
1 2 3 4Time (s)
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Velocity/Time (Acceleration) GraphsAcceleration
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Object 1
1 2 3 4Time (s)
Vel
ocity
(m
/s)
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Momentum
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Physical Properties of Objects
Innate Properties• Mass• Speed• Size• Density• Color
Derived Properties• Density• Speed• Weight
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Observations on Objects in Motion
• Move in a straight line– Unless something pushes them off that line
• Speed wants to remains constant– Less friction is less loss of “speed”
• Massive objects are harder to move– Need more push to move
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Observations on Objects in Motion
• If a moving object hits a non-moving object, the non-moving object is set in motion and the speed of the first moving object is reduced.
• How?• Is there a relationship of properties that may
explain this?
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Observations on Objects in Motion
What properties of objects seem to be involved?• Speed • MassWhat should we call this Speed-Mass property?• Momentum
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠×𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦=𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚
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Objects & Momentum
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠×𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦=𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚
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Newton’s Laws
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Newton’s First Law
• An object will retain it motion unless an outside force acts upon it.
• Inertia: The resistance to movement of an object relative to its mass.
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Newton’s Second Law
• An object will accelerate if an unbalanced force is applied to it.
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆=𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔×𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑭=𝒎×𝒂
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Newton’s Third Law
• All forces between two objects exist in equal magnitude and opposite direction
Weight of Object
Normal Force of Object
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END OF MOTIONLECTURE