for partial fulfillment of the award of degree of bachelor

Microcontroller Based Automatic Vehicle Lock Control System of Drunken Driver

i

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Microcontroller Based Automatic Vehicle Lock

Control System of Drunken Driver‟‟ has been carried out by the above group members

For partial fulfillment of the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF SCINCE IN ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING

Specialized in

INDUSTRIAL CONTROL ENGINEERING

At Ethiopian Institute of Technology-Mekelle, during the academic year 2014

Zenachew.M (MSc. In Electrical Power Eng) …………………….

Program coordinator of ECE Signature

Dr:-Ing. Gebremicheal Te-ame, Assistance Professor

Advisor Signature


ii

ABSTRACT

Road accidents are very common in today‟s busy life. Thus drunk driving is a major reason

accident in any country all over the world. Most of the people use private vehicles and

sometimes being careless, people may drive in a drunken state. This may lead to hazardous

accidents. To avoid such conditions, we have done the project named as microcontroller based

automatic vehicle lock control of drunken driver as a smart solution to prevent the phenomenon

that enhances safety on roads.

The purpose of this project is to implement an alcohol detector-microcontroller system to reduce

traffic accident cases based on driving under the influence of alcohol.

A breath alcohol detector or better known as a breathalyzer plays a vital role in monitoring

alcohol concentration in a person‟s bloodstream. This project involves the design and

development of various devices such as breathalyzer device and its synchronization with other

device to control an ignition switch so as to assure the safety of the people inside the vehicle.

The hardware modules include the PIC16F877A microcontroller; alcohol sensors, LCD panel

and GSM modem. The software component includes the C programming language and source

code which is implemented PIC microcontroller. Upon assembly, the system is able to detect the

alcohol concentration in a person‟s breath sample and displays the detected amount in terms of

BAC (Blood Alcohol Concentration) percentage on the LCD panel. Based on the concentration

level According to the amount, the system decides whether to enable or disable the ignition

switch circuitry. It sends message through a GSM modem whenever a person is found to be

driving in a drunken state.

Keywords: Microcontroller (PIC16F877A), Alcohol Sensor, Blood Alcohol content, LED, LCD,

relay, buzzer and GSM module


iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we would like to thank God for his blessing, and we also want to express our deepest

gratitude to our supervisor Dr.-Ing Gebremicheal Te-ame for the unwavering support and

guidance throughout this Project.

Our deepest appreciation also goes out to Electrical & Computer Engineering department who

gave us many needed support, encouragement and help throughout our Project, and our friends

who struggling with us exploring this scope. Not to forget, thanks to our family and fellow

friends who encouraged us.

Finally, thank you to all those involved directly and indirectly helping us out during our design

& simulation which we can„t state out every one of them. A special expression of gratitude is

extended to everyone for their tolerance and patience in doing the Project. We must admit that

they had enriched us in many ways and words alone are not enough to express our gratitude.


iv

Table of Contents

CERTIFICATE .............................................................................................................................................. i

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................................... iii

LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... vii

LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................... viii

LIST OF ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................. viii

CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1

1.1Introduction and Background of The project ....................................................................................... 1

1.2 Microcontrollers .................................................................................................................................. 2

1.3 Other Basic Components .................................................................................................................... 3

1.4 Problem Statement of the project ........................................................................................................ 4

1.5 Objective of the project ....................................................................................................................... 4

1.6 Scope of the project ............................................................................................................................ 4

1.7 Motivation and Significance of the Study ........................................................................................... 5

1.8 Methodology Applied to Overcome the Problem ............................................................................... 6

1.9 Limitation of the Study ....................................................................................................................... 7

1.10 Present Technology on the Automotive Manufacturer ..................................................................... 7

1.11 Organization of the Project ............................................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 8

General Description of an Automatic Lock Control System of Vehicle for Drunken Driver ....................... 8


v

2.1 Review on the principal operation of Vehicle Ignition technology system ........................................ 8

2.2 How a Starting System Works .......................................................................................................... 10

2.3 Solenoid Valve .................................................................................................................................. 11

2.4 Vehicle Ignition System for a Drunk Driver That Uses Different Drives ........................................ 12

2.5 Breathe Alcohol Detection and Its Principles ................................................................................... 14

2.6 Alcohol Detection Principle for Breathalyser Applications .............................................................. 17

2.7 General Organization of PIC16F877A Microcontrollers .................................................................. 20

2.8 GSM MODEM.................................................................................................................................. 21

2.9 Hardware Requirements of the project ............................................................................................. 23

2.10 Methodology of the Project............................................................................................................. 24

CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 26

INTERFACING OF PIC16F877A WITH EXTERNAL DEVICES .......................................................... 26

3.1 Pin description of PIC16F877A ........................................................................................................ 26

3.1.1 PIC16F877A microcontroller .................................................................................................... 32

3.2 Interfacing of PIC16F877A with other component And Operation of Alcohol Detection ............... 33

CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................................... 36

DESCRIPTION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND MICROCONTROLLER ........................................ 36

4.1 Description of C-program for automatic locked control system of vehicle for drunk driver ........... 39

4.2 Software Description of Microcontroller .......................................................................................... 39

CHAPTER FIV ........................................................................................................................................... 44

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. 44

CHAPTER SIX ........................................................................................................................................... 48


vi

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .......................................................................................... 48

6.1 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 48

6.2 Future Enhancements (Recommendation) ........................................................................................ 48

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 49

APPENDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 50


vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Block diagram of the system ......................................................................................................... 6

Figure 2: Starting System Diagram of Vehicle ............................................................................................. 9

Figure 3: Internal structure of Solenoid valve ............................................................................................ 12

Figure 4: vehicle ignition system for a drunk driver that uses benzene drive ............................................. 13

Figure 5: vehicle ignition system for a drunk driver that uses dissel drive ................................................. 13

Figure 6: Voltage Regulator Circuit............................................................................................................ 14

Figure 7: Alcohol Sensor, MQ-3................................................................................................................. 15

Figure 8: Pin Description of MQ-3 Sensor ................................................................................................. 16

Figure 9: Power Supply Circuit of PIC16F877A Microcontroller .............................................................. 21

Figure 10: GSM Modem ............................................................................................................................. 22

Figure 11: Hardware Materials of the Project ............................................................................................. 23

Figure 12: System Flowchart ...................................................................................................................... 25

Figure 13: PIC-16F877A ............................................................................................................................ 33

Figure 14: Connection of PIC16F877A microcontroller with other component ....................................... 34

Figure 15 : Developing embedded system .................................................................................................. 36

Figure 16 : Software development .............................................................................................................. 38

Figure 17: Block diagram of microcontroller ............................................................................................ 40

Figure 18: Condition When BAC equal 0.00% to 0.04% ........................................................................... 45

Figure 19: Condition When BAC equal 0.06% to 0.14 .............................................................................. 46

Figure 20: Condition When BAC equal 0.16% to 0.20% ........................................................................... 47


viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Various Cause of Vehicle Accident and their Result in Ethiopia .................................................. 5

Table 2: Step of Ignition Systems ................................................................................................................. 8

Table 3: Short Summery of Sensor Performances ...................................................................................... 17

Table 4: BrAC Vs BAC .............................................................................................................................. 19

Table 5: Pin description of port A ............................................................................................................... 27

Table 6: Pin description of port B ............................................................................................................... 28

Table 7: Port c ............................................................................................................................................. 29

Table 8: Pin Description of Port D & E ...................................................................................................... 30

Table 9: Summary of the Result ................................................................................................................. 44

LIST OF ACRONYMS

PIC ……………………………………………………Peripheral interface control

LED……………………………………………………Light Emitting Diode

LCD……………………………………………………Liquid Crystal Display

GSM…………………………………………………..Global System for Mobile communication

BAC……………………………………………………Blood Alcohol Concentration

AC………………………………………………………Alternating Current

DC ………………………………………………………Direct Current

µC……………………………………………….Microcontroller

µP………………………………………………………..Microprocessor

MCU………………………………………….................Microcontroller unit


1

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction and Background of The project

At present drunken drivers have increased enormously and so, the deaths due to drunken drivers.

The main reason for driving drunk is that the police are not able to check each and every car and

even if they catch any one the police can be easily bribed. So there is a need for an effective

system to check drunken drivers.

In our alcohol detection system the ignition of the fuel is regulated by a sensor circuit. The

sensor circuit is used to detect whether alcohol was consumed by the driver recently which is

used to check whether alcohol is consumed while driving. If the breath sample contains no

alcohol, the driver is given full control to the speed of the vehicle.

There are different types of vehicle accidents which occurred in day to day life time with variety

of causes. Accidents may cause due to many reason it may a break failed system; it may occurred

due to over drunken driver person or due to over speed.Accidents that are due to over drunken

drivers and over speed driving are totally eliminated by applying control mechanism

accordingly. Starting from this point of view we make a system which is installed inside the

vehicle that eradicates the vehicle accident caused due to a drunken driver.

So our project is designed and developed as a system to bring the best solution by avoids such

vehicle accidents happening due to drunker driver. The alcohol concentration sensor MQ-3 that

detects the amount of alcohol taken by the driver accordingly the controller analysis and takes a

decision on the motor of the vehicle if the amount of alcohol detected is greater than the sated

value the motor doesn‟t work. In case the alcohol penetration speed in the blood may varies then

it is difficult to detect at the starting but gradually as the time goes the driver breath with the

correct content of alcohol that he/she have inside but since the circuitry is always active the it

would cutting-off the Fuel supply and induce the alarm & Indicators (display the amount on

LCD), but also it enabling a person who is not drunk to drive the same vehicle exact

concentration of the alcohol from the breath it may increase along the time so, since the detector.


2

Here we are using embedded controller built around the 8051 family (PIC16F877A) for the

controlling of motor of the vehicle according to the data pattern produced at the input port of the

micro controller to produce the appropriate decision action will be taken. The logic is produced

by the program written in Embedded C language. The software program is written, by using the

MICROC environment. The program written is then converted in hex code after simulation and

burned on to microcontroller using flash micro vision c.

1.2 Microcontrollers

A large number of PIC microcontroller designs are available from microchip. Depending upon

the architecture, memory layout and processing power PIC (peripheral interface controllers) have

been classified as low range, midrange, and high range (Kenneth.J.Ayala, 1890).

The beauty of these devices is their easy availability, low cost and easy programming and

handling. This has made PIC microcontrollers as the apple of hobbyists and students eyes.

We shall be talking about mid-range PIC (PIC16F877) as a kernel in this project to explore the

intended operation. Knowledge gained by learning and exploring one microcontroller is almost

90% applicable on other microcontrollers of the same family. The only difference is in

availability of resources on different chips.

We are using this particular series of PIC microcontroller because:

1. It is very simple yet very powerful to use

2. It can be programmed and reprogrammed numerous times

3. It is small in size while have sufficient input/ output ports

4. It has low current consumption

5. It has on board multichannel analog to digital convertor

6. It has in-built PWM function


3

1.3 Other Basic Components

Alcohol Sensor:-

The model of alcohol sensor used is MQ-3 alcohol sensor manufactured by Hanwei

Manufacturers. This model is suitable to be used in developing devices such as alcohol checker

or breathalyzers (M.Fleischer, 2001).

The resistance of the MQ-3 varies with different types of gases at different concentration levels.

Therefore, when using this component, calibration is necessary to determine its proper alarm

point.

Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC):-

It is necessary to devise a method to create test gas concentrations to mimic various BAC‟s. The

blood alcohol concentration is defined to be the percentage of alcohol, in grams, in 100mL of

blood. Therefore, 0.08% BAC is 80mg of alcohol within 100mL of blood. Since the sensor

detects the presence of alcohol in air, not blood, a relatively constant ratio of 2100:1 was

implemented to create these mock-solutions. This ratio comes from a scientifically agreed upon

notion that the Breath Alcohol Concentration is defined as the amount of alcohol, in grams, in

2100L of air (Xing-Long, 2006).

Motor control (Relay driven circuit):-

When the system detects that the blood alcohol concentration is more than the direction value, if

the driver has the intention to open the car key, automatic locked control system will make the

relay move and cut off the car engine power, which makes car is unable to be started, therefore

effectively prevents the driver from the drunken driving.

LCD display circuit:-

In order to display the alcohol concentration, the automatic locked control System adopts

LMO16L LCD display. The LCD has many advantages, such as low consumption, small

Volume, rich contents displayed, delicate and thin etc. It has been widely used in many kinds of

meters and other low consumption systems. It is integrated with PIC16F877A MCU.


4

1.4 Problem Statement of the project

The factor of vehicle compactness on the road increased dramatically because of the population

in Ethiopia has been increasing rapidly years by years. Moreover the improvement in Ethiopia

living standard has contributed to the increasing number of vehicle on the road (private vehicle).

These factors are leading to a lot of road accidents. Some of the cases of these road accidents

may happen when there are drunken driver who driving in dangerous condition. At present the

death causes due to the drunken driver have increased radically. Traffic accidents caused by

drunk drivers not only causes the fatalities of life but also a distraction of the vehicle instrument.

However, an effective apparatus for preventing such kinds of accidents has not yet been

developed in our country.

1.5 Objective of the project

The aim and objective this system will to sense the alcohol level of the driver through breath and

control the motor to prevent the driver from such accident:-

1. Prevent the driver from driving if the alcohol level is over the limit.

2. To provides an automatic safety system for cars and other vehicles as well.

3. It prevents material distraction and avoids traffic accidents.

4. It saves the live of passengers.

1.6 Scope of the project

The Proposed System of an Automatic Locked Control System of Vehicle for Drunken Driver

will to assure safety of lives and to prevent material distraction when installed with every vehicle

by maintaining its real time operation. This System not only deals with component monitoring,

does even more than that like sending message to the traffic police station to indicate its status

and take another opportunity to run the activity safely.

Alcohol detection are the vital and of great importance from the perspective of passenger safety

and traffic safety. Impact detection and notification is also one of the lifesaving and critical

information provider system


5

1.7 Motivation and Significance of the Study

Now day the popularity of automotive in general and the private vehicle in particular have been

increased rapidly due to economic development and their necessity to human being for various

purposes; such as for transportation of people and goods.

Even though they become very vital in day to day human life as we seen and heard from

different corner of our country from various information sources like radio, television other

information center a hazardous accident is frequently happened on the people and materials due

to various causes; like driving in drunken condition, over speed driving and other braking

problem as shown in the table below during last years in 2007 and 2008 in GC (Road seafty in

Ethiopia, 2011).

Table 1: Various cause of Vehicle Accident and their Result in Ethiopia

Causes of traffic accidents Fatal Serious

Injury

Slight

injury

Property

damage

Total %age

Influence of alcohol or drug 51 7 17 193 268 10

Failure to respect rule 110 129 131 856 1,226 8

Failure to give-way for vehicles 20 65 112 1,507 1,704 11

Failure to give-way for

pedestrians

590 661 728 2,058 4,045 19

Following too closely 39 77 69 161 346 2

Improper overtaking 44 52 78 547 721 5

Improper turning 37 71 98 1,317 1,523 10

Over speeding 426 436 295 852 2,009 13

Failure to respect traffic signs 16 27 11 123 177 1

Driving with fatigue 30 20 20 23 93 1

Driving without attention 10 18 15 9 52 0

Improper parking/moving from

parking

52 62 81 772 967 6

Excess loading 76 135 88 43 342 2

Failure in vehicle 79 73 110 171 433 3

Defective road environment 12 13 19 62 106 1

Pedestrian error 34 164 29 17 244 2

Others 81 81 162 240 564 4

Unidentified 87 65 60 54 266 2 Total 1,802 2,156 2,123 9,005 15,086 100


6

Those bad occurrences are the main driving force to do this project of Microcontroller Based

Automatic Vehicle Lock Control System of Drunken Driver by installing this system inside the

vehicle it helps totally to eliminate the accident caused due to drunk driver and has the following

significance.

1. Reduced number of alcohol-related crashes.

2. Reduced number of injuries and fatalities caused by alcohol-related crashes.

3. Reduced damage to property from alcohol-related crashes

4. Frequent accident caused by drunk driver which results human fatalities and material

distraction.

1.8 Methodology Applied to Overcome the Problem

Vehicle accident prevention system includes several parts as follow: PIC 16F876A, alcohol

sensor circuit, alarm System, LCD display and ignition system. The block diagram of this system

is shown in Figure 1. PIC 16F876A is the heart of the system which connect both input and

output of the system. PIC 16F876A required input voltage of 5V in PIC as a voltage supply to

the other circuit.

Figure 1: Block diagram of the system


7

1.9 Limitation of the Study

Despite attempting to conduct the project, we had challenges on the following:

1) Lack of enough time

2) Lack some devices in the software

3) Lack of hard ware

1.10 Present Technology on the Automotive Manufacturer

Embedded electronic components are nowadays a prominent part of a car‟s architecture, the

security of Cars have become a main concern for the manufacturers. Nowadays many modern

car manufacturers produce a car which has transmission control unit, engine control unit, airbag

control unit, vehicle to vehicle communication, keyless entry, body controller, object detector as

well as the protection mechanisms by using Electronic Control Units (ECU) to monitoring and

controlling the different subsystems of a car. But the Automatic Locked Control System of

Vehicle for Drunken Driver not widely applied in the world wide vehicle industry in general

especially in our country it is not applied still. So that this leads to increase the traffic accident

.Our contribution to these protection mechanisms: the design and implementation our system is

install on existed car as well as in production new vehicle.

1.11 Organization of the Project

Chapter 1 describes introduction. Chapter 2 deals with the general description of Automatic

Locked Control System of Vehicle for Drunken Driver .Chapter 3 gives emphasis on Interfacing

of PIC16F877A with external devices, chapter 4 explains about description of embedded system

and microcontrollers and chapter 5 contains about the result and discussions obtained from the

project design and simulation. Finally, chapter 6 states the conclusion and some

recommendations forwarded from the project and future work.


8

CHAPTER TWO

General Description of an Automatic Lock Control System of

Vehicle for Drunken Driver

2.1 Review on the principal operation of Vehicle Ignition technology system

The ignition system of various vehicles possesses various stage but they have some steps in

common the accessories, ignition, starting off and lock positions. As soon as the driver seats the

alcohol circuitry gets power from the car battery then at the first turning of the ignition key radio

and power windows get power from accessory. Then after the ignition stage to make ready the

fuel supply then continues to start the starter motor on which enables the main motor to run when

the required fuel supply was delivered at the ignition state the action taken at each stage is

provided in the table below.

Table 2: Step of Ignition Systems

different internal car

system

Key position

LOCK

ACC

ON

START

light system

some part

on

on

on

on

radio

in most

car off

on

on

on

window system

Off

on

on

on

Full & different oil

sensors

Off

off

on

on

fuel solenoid

valve

Off

off

on

on

starter solenoid Off off off on

The two off positions, off and lock; one turns off the car, and the other allows the key to be

removed from the ignition. When the key is turned to the signals are generated accordingly.


9

In order to properly service the starting system, you need to understand how it operates. The

starting system has five main components: the ignition switches or start button, a neutral safety

switch (an option on some vehicles), starter relay, solenoid and motor.

Starting system this allows to activating the alcohol detection circuitry, to play the radio, work

the power windows, etc. while the engine is not running. Most ignition switches are mounted on

the steering column. Some switches are actually two separate parts; the lock into which you

insert the key. Once the engine starts, the key-operated switch is turned; a spring in the solenoid

assembly pulls the pinion gear away from the mesh, and the starter motor stops.

Figure 2: Starting System Diagram of Vehicle

Motor starter:-

A starter is an electric motor that turns over or "cranks" the engine to start it.

A starter consists of the very powerful DC electric motor and the starter solenoid that is usually

attached to the motor (see the picture). Inside, a typical starter motor has the electric windings

(coils) attached to the starter motor housing and the armature (the rotating part) that is connected

through the carbon brushes in series with the windings. On the front end of the armature, there is

a small gear that attached to the armature through an overrunning clutch.


10

Solenoid starter:-

The starter solenoid works as a powerful electric relay - when activated, it closes the electric

circuit and sends the battery power to the starter motor. At the same, the starter solenoid pushes

the starter gear forward to mesh with the engine flywheel. A typical starter solenoid has one

small connector for the control wire (the white connector in the photo) and two large terminals:

one for the positive battery cable and the other for the starter motor.

Battery cables:-

A starter motor requires a very high current to crank the engine, that's why it's connected to the

battery with thick (large gauge) cables (see the diagram). The negative (ground) cable connects

the "-" battery terminal to the engine cylinder block close to the starter. The positive cable

connects the "+" battery terminal to the starter solenoid.

2.2 How a Starting System Works

When you turn the ignition key to the Start position, the battery voltage goes through the starter

control circuit and activates the starter solenoid, which in turn energizes the starter motor. At the

same time, the starter solenoid pushes the starter gear forward to mesh it with the engine

flywheel. The flywheel is attached to the engine crankshaft. The starter motor spins, turning the

engine crankshaft allowing the engine to start.

Natural safety switch: - For safety reasons, the starter motor can only be operated when the

automatic transmission is in Park or Neutral position, or if the car has a manual transmission,

when the clutch pedal is depressed. To accomplish this, there is a Neutral Safety Switch installed

at the automatic transmission shifter mechanism or at the clutch pedal in case of a manual

transmission. When the automatic transmission is not in a Park or Neutral (or when the clutch

pedal is not depressed), the neutral safety switch is open and the starter control circuit is

disconnected.


11

2.3 Solenoid Valve

Solenoids act as electric to mechanical energy converters, taking an electrical signal and

converting it to work. The operation is based upon the reaction of a moving element, the

armature or plunger, in response to a magnetic field developed by an electrical conductor,

usually a winding. Solenoids can be configured to operate in either Direct Current (DC), or

Alternating Current (AC). Solenoids are electromechanical actuating devices found in many

types of applications.

The solenoid switches is the part of automobile which relays a large electric current to the starter

motor. The system converts electrical energy from the batteries into mechanical energy to turn

the engine over. It is mounted on the starting motor and forms the major component of the

starting system. The coils inside the solenoid are energized by electricity, they create a magnetic

field which attracts and pulls a plunger. Attached to one end of this plunger is a shift lever.

The lever is connected to the drive pinion and clutch assembly of the starter motor. The solenoid

receives a large electric current from the car battery and a small electric current from the ignition

switch.

As the ignition switch is turned, a small electric current is sent to the starter solenoid. The pair of

heavy contacts closes, relaying the large electric current to the starter motor, which in turn sets

the engine in motion. Once the engine starts, the key-operated switch is turned; a spring in the

solenoid assembly pulls the pinion gear away from the mesh, and the starter motor stops.

The starter's pinion is clutched to its driveshaft through an overrunning sprig clutch which allows

the pinion to transmit drive in only single direction. In this manner, drive is transmitted through

the pinion to the flywheel ring gear.


12

Figure 3: Internal structure of Solenoid valve

2.4 Vehicle Ignition System for a Drunk Driver That Uses Different Drives

Regardless of the driver taken by the vehicle either it is electrical or chemical the controlling

technique of the ignition system applies to both in same way by same controller the trick in

choosing the appropriate position in order to control system.

In case of dissel vehicle we choose to control the solenoid valve which controls the fuel supply

to the main motor this is necessary because if we control the starter motor someone can take or

drink an alcohol or at starting the exhaled alcohol may be very small even the driver can take

more than amount but doesn‟t penetrated to the blood but later it was so, to monitor the status of

the driver every time and take appropriate action we select to control the solenoid valve by

controlling the relay this serves for both dissel and benzene drive vehicle. The relay was

energized according the controller decision if driver consumes an alcohol more than the allowed

value based on the program it doesn‟t energize if not it does.

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_IytgGDCxB7g/TVJ0jMfO3LI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/uBmhThGjsS4/s1600/Solenoid.jpg


13

Figure 4: vehicle ignition system for a drunk driver that uses dissel drive

Figure 5: vehicle ignition system for a drunk driver that uses benzene drive

Voltage Regulator:-


14

Obviously the microcontroller and the alcohol sensor uses 5volt DC supply but the battery

supply‟s 12 volt DC therefore this voltage reduced in to suitable amount using the 7805

regulator shown below hence, the distributer continuously feeds to the battery to maintained it

always. Therefore, it should be reduced to a convenient amount of voltage using a regulator the

circuit given below produces an output voltage of the desired amount.

Figure 6: Voltage Regulator Circuit

2.5 Breathe Alcohol Detection and Its Principles

The alcohol sensor used here is MQ-3 is used for alcohol detection. It can detect the presence

and concentration of alcohol. The sensing element used is SnO2.SnO2 behaves as an insulator

but when it is heated it starts behaving as a semiconductor due to the increase in the mobility of

electrons (A.C.Romain, 2010).

When the alcohol molecule fall on the SnO2 surface its resistance decreases and the amount of

current deliver increases. It is a six pin device, with an integrated heating coil. Sensitivity of

SnO2 is greater at higher temperatures. The supply voltage is 5V DC. The output voltage

proportional to the alcohol concentration is an analog voltage and is given to the ADC. The

Sensitive material of MQ-3 gas sensor is SnO2, which have lower conductivity in clean air.

When the target alcohol gas exist, the sensor‟s conductivity is higher along with the gas

concentration rising. It uses simple electronic circuit; Convert change of conductivity to

correspond output signal of gas concentration.MQ-3 gas sensor has high sensitivity to Alcohol,

and has good resistance to disturb of gasoline, smoke and vapor.

The sensor could be used to detect alcohol with different concentration; a breath alcohol ignition

interlock device mechanism which is installed in a vehicle's dashboard. Before the vehicle can be


15

started, the driver must breathe into the device. If the analyzed result is over a programmed

predetermined blood alcohol concentration, the vehicle will not start. This device keeps a record

of the activity on the device and is interlocked with the vehicle's electrical system. .

It is with low cost and suitable for different application. Its specifications, features as well as

applications include:-

1) High sensitivity to alcohol (ethanol) and small sensitivity to Benzene.

2) Fast response and High sensitivity

3) Stable and long life

4) Simple drive circuit

Figure 7: Alcohol Sensor, MQ-3

This is an alcohol sensor named MQ-3, which detects ethanol in the air. It is one of the

straightforward gas sensors so it works almost the same way with other gas sensors. It is used as

part of the breathalyzers or breath testers for the detection of ethanol in the human breath.

Basically, it has 6pins, the cover and the body. Even though it has 6 pins, you can use only 4 of

them. Two of them are for the heating system (H) and the other 2 are for connecting power and

ground (A and B).


16

Figure 8: Pin Description of MQ-3 Sensor

The sensor needs two voltages sources, heater voltage (VH） and test voltage (VC). VH used to

supply certified working temperature to the sensor, while VC used to detect voltage (VRL) on

load resistance (RL) whom is in series with sensor. The sensor has light polarity, VC needs DC

power. VC and VH could use same power circuit with precondition to assure performance of

sensor. In order to make sensor with better performance, with suitable, RL value is needed.


17

Table 3: Short Summery of Sensor Performances

Parameter Value Unit

Time taken for sensor to

stabilize

15 to 20 Seconds

Operating temperature Room temperature 25 °C

Resistance in air (typical) 100 kΩ air at room temperature

At normal atmosphere

detected value

0 to 1.18 V V

At Saturated output voltage 4.75 V

Output voltage range 0 to 4.75 V

Main Applications of the sensor:-

1) It is used as part of the breathalyzers or breath testers for the detection of ethanol in the human

breath.

2) They are suitable for alcohol checker, Breath analyzer.

3) Vehicle alcohol detector

4) Portable alcohol detector

2.6 Alcohol Detection Principle for Breathalyser Applications

Over the years, breath testing has become a widely used method for quantitative determination of

the level of intoxication of individuals suspected of driving while under the influence of alcohol.

After recognition of the need for quantitative assessment of intoxication, blood alcohol

concentration was considered as the single most important variable. However concern about the

invasiveness of drawing a blood sample led to the development of the breath test as a non-

invasive means of assessing level of intoxication.


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The breath test is an indirect test, but has been considered to be a good estimate of the blood

alcohol concentration because of the assumption that an exhaled breath sample accurately

reflects the alveolar (or deep-lung) air which is in equilibrium with the blood. Many studies have

been performed to quantify the relationship between breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) and

blood alcohol concentration (BAC) with the goal of defining a precise relationship between the

two for accurate non-invasive determination of BAC.

The medical definition for human being is 1g of alcohol in 1 litre of blood corresponds to 1g of

alcohol in 2100 litres of exhaled air which is equal to 0.476 mg/l air. From this we can deduce

different amount of alcohol to blood concentration by varying the alcohol consumption of

individuals. The blood alcohol concentration is defined to be the percentage of alcohol, in grams,

in 100mL of blood. Therefore, 0.08% BAC is 80mg of alcohol within 100mL of blood.

Various countries have various stated low that guides the alcohol consumption of their driver

taking this in to account we have determine our specification which doesn‟t make a great

difference but taking the averaged value. We analyze for the following concentration levels to

find the amount of ethanol needed in each solution: 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, and

0.20.

To simplify the analysis we organize those concentrations of alcohol in to some interval with

their corresponding generated voltage to demonstrate the effect of each alcohol concentration by

signalling distinct light on the protuse software. For simulation purpose we have used

potentiometer instead of alcohol sensor to show the status of various components for ever

voltage level. This voltage is produced by varying the resistance value of potentiometer (1k ohm

at full reading). The corresponding concentration of alcohol in a breath for the above value is

given below in the table.


19

Table 4: BrAC Vs BAC

concentration of alcohol in a

breath (

BAC (%) decision of Microcontroller based

on the program

0

0.00%

0.02%

0.04%

0.06%

0.08%

0.10%

0.12%

0.14%

0.16%

0.18%

0.20%

Green light on(at normal condition)

Green light on

Green light on

Yellow light on(warning)

Yellow light on

Yellow light on

Yellow light on

Red light on (under risk)

Red light on

Red light on

Red light on

Notice the concentration of alcohol in a breath is calculated from BAC% .example 0.06% of

BAC means 60mg of alcohol with in 100ml of blood but since the sensor detects the presence of

alcohol in air, not blood, a relatively constant ratio of 2100:1 was implemented to create these

mock-solutions. This ratio comes from a scientifically agreed upon notion that the Breath

Alcohol Concentration is defined as the amount of alcohol, in grams, in 2100L of air.

Hence the 06% in BAC

= gram pre litter in BrAC the rest are

done in same fashion.


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2.7 General Organization of PIC16F877A Microcontrollers

The Microcontroller (PIC16F877A) is a low power; high performance CMOS 8-bit micro

controller with 8kbytes of Flash programmable and 256byte of read only memory data

(EEPROM).The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by

a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with

Flash on a monolithic chip, the PIC16F877A is a powerful microcomputer, which provides a

highly flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. By using this

controller the data inputs from the alcohol sensor is passed to the parallel port of the

microcontroller and accordingly the program responds. PIC16F877 have 40-pin with each pin

has been assigned a number of functions.

In a given circuit/application (CH-3, pic16F877A) a pin is usually tied to a specific job, and all

functionality of a pin is usually not required, however you make option to use the specific pin

your own way.

The specific function of a pin is selected by configuring various bits of internal registers. The

number and names of these special function registers (SFRs) vary from device to device as some

devices have limited functionality while others have more. Nevertheless if we are talking about a

function which is present in both devices, its SFR will be same. The selection and settings of

these SFR‟s is the key to successful programming. It is therefore mandatory to go through the

data sheets of the device before starting a project.

Second important thing to know is that the devices with same number of pins are all pin-

compatible. Which means if you design a project for 40 pin PIC microcontroller, and later want

to replace the chip with another 40 pin PIC the pins are all compatible.

Power Supply:-

PIC microcontrollers use TTL logic, and therefore expect a well regulated 5V power supply. The

supply may however range from 3.5V to 5.5V. These microcontrollers require very small amount

of current. Indeed these devices have been labeled as nano-watt technology devices. The logical

levels are also same, a signal from 0 to about 2V is considered as logical „0‟ and a signal from

3.5V to 4.5V is considered as logical „1‟. In order to communicate with devices using higher

logical voltages, consider level conversion.


21

Figure 9: Power Supply Circuit of PIC16F877A Microcontroller

MCLR, Master Clear On every PIC microcontroller you will find a pin labeled as MCLR. The

MCLR pin when connected to ground, will reset the microcontroller, and keep it in reset state,

till the ground connection is released. After that the microcontroller will have all its RAM reset,

and program execution will begin, just like the system has been just powered on. A 10K pull up

resistor is usually connected with the pin, to keep it high when reset switch is released.

The same pin will also work as program mode pin. When new software is to be downloaded into

the microchip, about 12V are applied to the MCLR pin, by your programming device. This can

be done right in your circuit, or by taking the IC out of circuit and putting it into the IC socket on

your programmer. We shall talk more about this in section on programming. The 10K resistor is

then useful to avoid 12V reaching VCC and therefore to other devices.

2.8 GSM MODEM

A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates over a

subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. When a GSM modem is connected to

a computer, this allows the computer to use the GSM modem to communicate over the mobile

network to send and receive SMS and MMS.

GSM modems can be a quick and efficient way to get started with SMS, because a special

subscription to an SMS service provider is not required. In most parts of the world, GSM

modems are a cost effective solution for receiving SMS messages, because the sender is paying

for the message delivery.

A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A wireless

modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that a dial-up


22

modem sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and

receives data through radio waves. GSM modem requires a SIM card from a wireless carrier in

order to operate.

GSM/GPRS module is used to establish communication between a computer and a GSM-GPRS

system. Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) is an architecture used for mobile

communication in most of the countries. Global Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an extension of

GSM that enables higher data transmission rate.

Figure 10: GSM Modem

A GSM Modem can be used to build the following applications:-

1. SMS Gateway i.e. to send and receive SMS

2. telemetric i.e. to collect data from remote terminals

3. call-back service for VOIP

4. SMS application, SMS solution

5. automatic reloading of pre-paid account

6. machine to machine communication

7. sending SMS from PC

8. automating business process

9. vehicle tracking with cell broadcast feature or with integrated GPS terminal


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2.9 Hardware Requirements of the project

The overall placement and organization of the intended material to accomplish the desired

system is given below with their brief explanation.

Figure 11: Hardware Materials of the Project

We check the driver weather she/he is drunken or not using the above system inserted inside

vehicle. If the driver is dunked, then alcohol sensor will sense the amount of alcohol consumed

and displays the amount on the LCD. Then the microcontroller takes an action based on pre-

sated amount. There are three states that characterize the driver states; intoxication, slightly

drunk and unconscious. When the driver drives at unconscious mode the GSM modem sends the

desired SMS to the traffic police as soon as the vehicle motor stops.


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2.10 Methodology of the Project

Flow chart of the system:-

This flow chart below shows the interconnection of various components or hardware and their

sequential operation when the sensor become active it senses the amount of alcohol taken by the

driver and this data is processed or analysis by the controller then after the controller initiates a

command signal and the other components are activated based on the present data they received

from the microcontroller. Every time, after the data is analyzed by the controller the current

value output in means of BAC percentages will be displayed on the 2 × 16 LCD. If high alcohol

concentration is detected in the provided breath sample, port in the microcontroller will go high

and turn on the desired parameter.

For first condition, LCD will display “intoxication” when the alcohol sensor detected BAC level

from 0.00-0.04 0f BAC in (%). This condition showed that the driver is free from alcohol and

there is no alarm sound from the buzzer. While the ignition system is enable means the river is

conscious and can drive the vehicle on the road safely.

The next condition is slightly drunk with 0.06-0.14 BAC in (%) drunkenness level. This means

the driver has drunk with a little amount of alcohol, but need to be assisted during the driving on

the road. The buzzer is activated to alert the driver and the people in vicinity that the driver is

slightly drunk.

In the last condition, the ignition system is deactivated as the level of BAC become high from 0.

16 -0.20 BAC in (%).The driver is totally unconscious and not safe for driving and the vehicle

stops; as soon as the GSM modem sends a text to traffic police.


25

System start

MQ-3 alcohol

sensor become

active and senses

Microcontroller

Analyze and decide

the BAC(%)

Of the driver

For BAC(%)

0.06-0.14

Slightly drunk

For BAC(%)

0.00-0.04

intoxicate

Green light onYellow light

on

Relay normal open

Ignition valve

closed fuel supply

stop

Red light onBuzzer on

GSM sends text

to

Police station

For BAC(%)

0.16-0.14

Slightly drunk

Figure 12: System Flowchart


26

CHAPTER THREE

INTERFACING OF PIC16F877A WITH EXTERNAL DEVICES

3.1 Pin description of PIC16F877A

The PIC16F877A micro controller is a 40-pin IC. The 11th

and 32th

pins of the controller are Vdd

pin and the 5V dc supplies are given to these pins. The 12th

and 31th

pins of the controller are Vss

pin and are grounded. A 20 MHZ crystal oscillator is connected to 13th

and 14th

pins of the

PIC16F877A micro controller and two 20pf capacitors are connected to ground from 13th

and

14th

pins. The 1st pin is Reset pin.

Special function register:-

RA0-RA5: RA is a bidirectional port. That is, it can be configured as an input or an output. The

number following RA is the bit number (0 to 5). So, we have one 5-bit directional port where

each bit can be configured as Input or Output.

RB0-RB7: RB is a second bidirectional port. It behaves in exactly the same way as RA, except

there are 8 - bits involved.

RC0-RC7 & RD0-RD7: RC & RD are bidirectional ports. They are 8-bit wide pins.

RE0-RE2: 3-bit wide, bidirectional.

VSS and VDD: These are the power supply pins. VDD is the positive supply, and VSS is the

negative supply, or 0V. The maximum supply voltage that you can use is 6V, and the minimum

is 2V.

OSC1/CLK IN And OSC2/CLKOUT: These pins are where we connect an external clock, so

that the microcontroller has some kind of timing.

MCLR: This pin is used to erase the memory locations inside the PIC (i.e. when we want to re-

program it). In normal use it is connected to the positive supply rail.

INT: This is an input pin which can be monitored. If the pin goes high, we can cause the program

to restart, stop or any other single function we desire. We won't be using this one much.

T0CK1: This is another clock input, which operates an internal timer. It operates in isolation to

the main clock. Again, we won't be using this one much either.


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Table 5: Pin description of port A

Pin name I/O/P type Description

OSC2/CLKO

OSC2

CLKO

O

O

Oscillator crystal or clock o/p

Oscillator crystal o/p

External clock source o/p

MCLR/VPP

MCLR

VPP

I

P

Master clear (i/p) or programming

voltage (o/p).

Master clear (rest) i/p this pin is

an active low rest to the device.

programming voltage i/p

RA/AN

RA0-RA5

AN0-AN5

VREF-

CVREF

VREF+

T0CKI

CIOUT

SS

C2OUT

I/O

I

I

O

I

I

O

I

O

PORTA is bidirectional I/O port

Digital I/O

Analog i/p 0-5

A/D reference voltage (low)input

Comparator VREF output

A/D reference voltage (high)input

Timer0 external clock input

Comparator o/p

SPI slave select i/p

Comparator2 output


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Table 6: Pin description of port B

Pin name I/O/P Type Description

RB/INT

RB0-RB7

INT

PGM

PGC

PGD

I/O

O

I

I

I/O

Digital I/O.

External interrupt.

Low voltage ICSP programming

enable pin.

In-circuit debugger and ICSP

programming clock.

In-circuit debugger and ICSP

programming data.


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Table 7: Port c

Pin name I/O/P Type Description

RC

RC0-RC7

TIOSO

TI0SI

TICKI

CCPI

SCK

SCL

SDI

SDA

SDO

TX

CK

RX

DT

I/O

O

I

I

I/O

I/O

I/O

I/O

I

I/O

O

O

I/O

I/O

PORTC is bidirectional I/O port.

Digital I/O.

Timer1 oscillator output.

Timer1 oscillator input.

Timer1 external clock input.

Capture1 input, comparator1o/p,

PWM1 o/p.

Capture2 input, comparator2 o/p,

PWM2 o/p.

Synchronous serial clock i/o for SPI

mode.

Synchronous serial clock i/o for

C mode. SPI data in.

I2 C data I/O.SPI data out.

USART a synchronous transmit.

USART synchronous clock.

USART asynchronous receive.

USART synchronous data.


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Table 8: Pin Description of Port D & E

Pin name

I/O/P Type

Description

RD

RD0-RD7

PSP0-PSP7

RE

RE0-RE2

AN5-AN7

RD

WR

CS

I/O

I/O

I/O

I

I

I

I

PORTD is bidirectional I/O port or

parallel slave port when interfacing

to a microprocessor bus.

Digital I/O.

Parallel slave port data.

PORTE is bidirectional I/O port.

Digital I/O.

Analog input (5-7).

Read control for parallel slave port.

Write control for parallel slave

port.

Chip select control for parallel

Slave port.

In order to enable the microcontroller to operate properly it is necessary to provide:

a) Power Supply

b) Reset Signal

c) Clock Signal

Power supply unit:-

Even though the PIC16 F877A operates at different supply voltages; the circuit, uses a cheap

integrated three-terminal positive regulator, LM7805, provides high-quality voltage stability and


31

quite enough current to enable microcontroller and peripheral electronics to operate normally

(enough in this case means 1Amp).

Reset signal:-

In order that the microcontroller can operate properly, a logic one (VCC) must be applied on the

reset pin it explains the connection pin-resistor 10K-VCC. The push-button connecting the reset

pin MCLR to GND is not necessary. However, it is almost always provided because it enables

the microcontroller safe return to normal operating conditions if something goes wrong. By

pushing this button, 0V is brought to the pin, the microcontroller is reset and program execution

starts from the beginning. The 10K resistor is there to allow 0V to be applied to the MCLR pin,

via the push-button, without shorting the 5VDC rail to ground.


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Clock signal:-

Even though the microcontroller has a built in oscillator, it cannot operate without external

components which stabilize its operation and determine its frequency (operating speed of the

microcontroller). Depending on which elements are in use as well as their frequencies, the

oscillator can be run in four different modes:

LP -Low Power Crystal;

XT -Crystal / Resonator;

HS -High speed Crystal / Resonator; and

RC -Resistor or Capacitor

3.1.1 PIC16F877A microcontroller

The PIC16F877A provides the following standard features: 14Kbytes or 8k 14 bit-Flash, 368

bytes of RAM, 33 I/O lines, three 16-bit timer/counters,15 interrupt architecture of which 2 of

them are external interrupts; a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In

addition, the PIC16F877A is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and

supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while

allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The

Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip

functions until the next hardware reset.


33

Figure 13: PIC-16F877A

3.2 Interfacing of PIC16F877A with other component And Operation of

Alcohol Detection

At the time of alcohol detection the sensors (MQ-3) that detect the amount of alcohol taken by

the driver is fixed at the certain distance as near as possible to get the maximum sensitivity and

placed on the front side of the driver. As soon as the sensed signal is send to the microcontroller

(PIC16F877A) to analyze accordingly as per the program that signals the appropriate device

based on the controller decision for different alcohol to blood concentration.

There are various states like low, medium & high that associates the green (intoxicated), yellow

(slightly drunk) & red (unconscious) light to indicate the status of the driver. Those signal the

necessary information about the driver to the passengers (people inside the vehicle) the

corresponding alcohol content is displayed numerically on LCD to announce for the driver.


34

The green light signifies that the driver doesn‟t take an alcohol whereas the yellow card indicates

the driver have taken an alcohol, but doesn‟t mean the target is missed (i.e. it depends on the

amount taking cup of alcohol doesn‟t have the same impact on the thinking of human mind as

many more of cup of alcohol). At the time when the red light is on the buzzer voice to mean the

driver have taken the alcohol which is beyond your tolerance and supply fuel was closed

consequently the main motor stop immediately and the GSM module will be activate at that time

and sends a message to the traffic police.

Figure 14: Connection of PIC16F877A microcontroller with other component

This design was developed using protuse 7 professional software to illustrate the basic

connection of the various component with the PIC16F877A microcontroller to build an

intelligent control system that prevents from being drive in a drunken condition.

LCD display:-

Liquid crystal display (LCD) has material which combines the properties of both liquid and

crystals. They have a temperature range with in which the molecules are almost as mobile as

they would be in a liquid, but are grouped together in an order form similar to crystal. LCD is a

passive component that is it does not make any light but just modifies the light passing through it


35

for alphanumeric displays. LCD is exclusively manufactured to be used with microcontrollers,

which means that it cannot be triggered by usual IC circuits.

LCD display in this system will act as an indicator to the driver about the level of drunkenness.

The LCD will display three condition based on BAC sensed by alcohol sensor. The conditions

are „intoxication‟, „slightly drunk‟ and „drunkenness‟ level. Alarm in this system is function to

alert the driver and other people in vicinity about the condition of the BAC level detected by

alcohol sensor.


36

CHAPTER FOUR

DESCRIPTION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND

MICROCONTROLLER

A system is something that maintains its existence and functions as a whole through the

interaction of its parts. E.g. Body and Access Control etc. Embedded system is micro controller-

based, software driven, reliable, real-time control system. Microcontrollers and Microprocessors

are widely used in embedded system products. An Embedded product uses a Micro controller to

do one task only. A Printer is an example of embedded system that it is getting the data and

printing it.

Embedded System is a combination of hardware and software used to achieve a single specific

task only, after implementation you can„t use them for another purposes. E.g. you can„t watch

movies using the microprocessor of your microwave oven. Simply we can call any electronics

device that has a computer system embedded inside it an embedded system. Embedded systems

are computer systems that monitor, respond to, or control an external environment. Environment

connected to systems through sensors, actuators and other I/O interfaces. Embedded system must

meet timing & other constraints imposed on it by environment. High end & lower end embedded

systems. High–end embedded system, generally 32, 64 Bit controllers used with OS

(Muhammed Ali Mazidi, 1990).

Figure 15 : Developing embedded system


37

Hardware development:-

This includes choosing the right microcontroller unit for our application so that it can satisfy the

requirements of our project.

The criteria for choosing microcontroller are:

1. Number of I/O ports.

2. Serial communication modules.

3. Peripherals like (Timer, ADC, and PWM etc.)

4. Memory requirements.

5. Processing speed required.

6. Power requirements.

Software development:-

1. Writing the required algorithm using assembly or a high level language (almost C).

2. Using a compiler or assembler and a linker.

3. Debugging your code.


38

Figure 16 : Software development

C Vs. Assembly Languages:-

Using assembly involves learning the used microcontroller„s specific instruction set but results in

the most compact and fastest code.

Using C programming language makes our code portable, which means that you can use it for

another target microcontroller without learning its instruction set; this eases the process of

software development (short time to market) with acceptable quality.

Assembly programs are optimized more than C programs, but to develop more complicated

programs, using C is more practical and also efficient.


39

4.1 Description of C-program for automatic locked control system of vehicle

for drunk driver

A C-language program is written to interface the LCD with PIC16F877A is written in micro c

software. Initially all the variables and pins are set to zero i.e., initialized, all the required codes

to write this program are in pic16f877A.h header file. The sensor is initialized with variables

potentiometer at port A of pin 2 at RA0. And the port B is the output port assigned for various

LED„s, motor and buzzer. From this port pin 33, 34 and 35 at RB0, RB1 and RB2 are connected

to green LED, yellow LED and red LED respectively and the rest pin 36 and 37 at RB3 and RB4

are connect or control to the motor and buzzer. Again port c & d are set as output ports and are

connect to the GSM and LCD.

The pins of 25, 26 at RC5, RC6 of port C from the controller are connected GSM port of TXD

and RXD. The pins of 19,20,21,22,27 and 28 atRD0,RD1,RD2,RD3,RD4 and RD5 of port D the

controller are connected D4,D5,D6,D7,reset(RS) and enable (E) of the LCD 2X16 display

character.

For the automatic locked control of vehicle for a drunk driver the program execution will be as

follows: The sensor pin goes high and senses alcohol from the driver‟s breath and the

microcontroller received the sensed amount of alcohol in the form of voltage based of this

amount the controller activates (makes high) various output if the sensed amount is less than 1

volt the green LED and relay goes high ;if the sensed amount is greater than 1volt and less than

3volt the yellow LED and relay goes high also if the value is greater than 3volt the red LED,

buzzer and GSM become active (goes high). The GSM modem sends the message to the traffic

police in order take an appropriate action

4.2 Software Description of Microcontroller

Micro-controllers are also being used increasingly as tools for analysis and design of control

systems. The control engineer thus has much more powerful tools available now than in the past.

The purpose of this project work is to present control theory that is relevant to the analysis and

design of Micro-controller system with an emphasis on basic concept and ideas. It is assumed

that a Microcontroller with reasonable software is available for Computations and simulations so

that many tedious details can be left to the Microcontroller.


40

A microcontroller is a highly integrated single chip, which consists of on chip CPU (Central

Processing Unit), RAM (Random Access Memory), EPROM/PROM/ROM (Erasable

Programmable Read Only Memory), I/O (input/output) –serial and parallel, timers, interrupt

controller. For example, Intel 8051 is 8-bit microcontroller and Intel 8096 is 16-bit

microcontroller.

A Computer on-a-chip is a variation of a microprocessor, which combines the processor core

(CPU), some memory, and I/O (input/output) lines, all on one chip. The computer-on-a-chip is

called the microcomputer whose proper meaning is a computer using a (number of)

microprocessor (s) as its CPUs, while the concept of the microcomputer is known to be a

microcontroller. A microcontroller can be viewed as a set of digital logic circuits integrated on a

single silicon chip. This chip is used for only specific applications.

Figure 17: Block diagram of microcontroller


41

Advantages of using a Microcontroller over Microprocessor

A designer will use a Microcontroller to

1. Gather input from various sensors

2. Process this input into a set of actions

3. Use the output mechanisms on the Microcontroller to do something useful

4. RAM and ROM are inbuilt in the MC.

5. Cheap compared to MP.

6. Multi machine control is possible simultaneously.

Examples: 8051, 89C51 (ATMEL), PIC (Microchip), Motorola (Motorola), ARM Processor,

Applications: Cell phones, Computers, Robots, Interfacing to two PC„s.

Types of microcontrollers:

Microcontrollers can be classified on the basis of internal bus width, architecture, memory and

instruction set as 4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit microcontrollers.

4-bit Microcontrollers: These 4-bit microcontrollers are small size, minimum pin count and low

cost controllers which are widely used for low end applications like LED & LCD display drivers

,portable battery chargers etc.. Their power consumption is also low. The popular 4-bit

controllers are Renasa M34501 which is a 20 pin DIP chip with 4kB of ROM, 256 Bytes of

RAM, 2-Counters and 14 I/O Pins.

8-bit Microcontrollers: These are the most popular and widely used microcontroller‟s .About

55% of all CPUs sold in the world are 8-bit microcontrollers only. The 8-bit microcontroller has

8-bitinternal bus and the ALU performs all the arithmetic and logical operations on a byte

instruction. The well-known 8-bit microcontroller is 8051 which was designed by Intel in the

year 1980 for the use in embedded systems. Other 8-bit microcontrollers are Intel 8031/8052 and

Motorola MC68HC11 and AVR Microcontrollers, Microchip„s PIC Microcontrollers 12C5XX,

16C5X and 16C505 etc...

16-bit Microcontrollers: When the microcontroller performs 16-bit arithmetic and logical

operations at an instruction, the microcontroller is said to be a 16-bit microcontroller. The


42

internal bus width of 16-bit microcontroller is of 16-bit. These microcontrollers are having

increased memory size and speed of operation when compared to 8-bit microcontrollers. These

are most suitable for programming in High-level languages like C or C++ .They find applications

in disk drivers, modems, printers, scanners and servomotor control. Examples of 16-bit

microcontrollers are Intel 8096 family and Motorola MC68HC12 and MC68332 families, the

performance and computing capability of 16 bit microcontrollers are enhanced with greater

precision as compared to the 8-bit microcontrollers.

32-Bit Microcontrollers :These microcontrollers used in high-end applications like Automotive

control, communication networks, Robotics, Cell phones ,GPRS & PDAs etc.. For EX: PIC32,

ARM 7, ARM9, SHARP LH79520, ATMEL 32 (AVR), Texas Instrument„s; TMS320,

F2802x/2803x etc.....Some of the popular 32-bit microcontrollers.

Microcontroller development tools:-

To develop an assembly language program we need certain program development tools. An

assembly language program consists of Mnemonics which are nothing but short abbreviated

English instructions given to the controller. The various development tools required for

Microcontroller programming are explained below (Xiang, 2011)

1. Editor: An Editor is a program which allows us to create a file containing the assembly

language statements for the program. Examples of some editors are PC writes WordStar. As we

type the program the editor stores the ACSII codes for the letters and numbers in successive

RAM locations. If any typing mistake is done editor will alert us to correct it. If we leave out a

program statement an editor will let you move everything down and insert a line. After typing

the entire program we have to save the program. This we call it as source file. The next step is to

process the source file with an assembler.

Ex: Sample. Asm

2. Assembler: An Assembler is used to translate the assembly language mnemonics into machine

language (i.e. binary codes). When you run the assembler it reads the source file of your program

from where you have saved it. The assembler generates a file with the extension .hex. This file

consists of hexadecimal values encoding a sequence of data and their starting offset or absolute

address.


43

3. Compiler: A compiler is a program which converts the high level language program like ―C‖

into binary or machine code. Using high level languages it is easy to manage complex data

structures which are often required for data manipulation. Because of its ease, flexibility and

debug options now a day the compilers have become very popular in the market. Compilers like

Kiel, Ride and IAR workbench are very popular.

4. Debugger/Simulator: A debugger is a program which allows executes the program, and

troubleshoots or debugs it. The debugger allows looking into the contents of registers and

memory locations after the program runs. We can also change the contents of registers and

memory locations and rerun the program. Some debuggers allow stopping the program after each

instruction so that you can check or alter memory and register contents. This is called single step

debug. A debugger also allows setting a breakpoint at any point in the program. If we insert a

break point, the debugger will run the program up to the instruction where the breakpoint is put

and stop the execution (Xiang, 2011).

A simulator is a software program which virtually executes the instructions similar to a

microcontroller and shows the results. This will help in evaluating the results without committing

any errors. By doing so we can detect the possible logic errors

5. Language: The translation process should also report the presence of errors in the source

program.


44

CHAPTER FIVE

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The result of our project was demonstrated by simulation of the designed system using protues 7

professional software supported by the intended program written in c programing language to

meet its target value. For data analysis, a variable resistor (potentiometer) was connected to the

microcontroller as a replacement of the alcohol sensor. This input was varied its value

accordingly in range of 5 V to match the corresponding BAC value.

The analogue input received was quantized into digital signal in microcontroller. The signal was

further processed by the controller to yield its corresponding BAC value. This value was

displayed on the LCD panel. Simultaneously, the various parameters were switched „ON‟

depending on the input given. Hence, the result of the analysis was summarized as in the Table 4

Table 9: Summary of the result

When the sensor detected the BAC from 0.00% until 0.04%, the LCD was displayed B.A.C =

0.00% – 0.04%, and the other parameters are signaled as described in the table above. Except the

green light and relay the rest are deactivated as shown in the figure below.

BAC (%) Green

LED

Yellow

LED

Red

LED

Buzzer Relay(ignition

Switch)

GSM

modem

LCD

displays

Drunkenness

(drivers

status)

0.00-0.04 On Of Of Of Enable Of 0 -1.18V

Intoxicated

0.06-014 Of On Of Of Enable Of 1.23 - 2.35v

Slightly

drunk

0.16-0.20 Of Of On On Disable On 2.38 -4.75v

Unconscious


45

Figure 18: Condition When BAC equal 0.00% to 0.04%


0.08% – 0.20%, and the state of the parameters is given on the above table. Except the yellow

light and relay the rest components become deactivate as illustrates in the figure below.

RA0/AN02

RA1/AN13

RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF4

RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT6

RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT7

RE0/AN5/RD8

RE1/AN6/WR9

RE2/AN7/CS10

OSC1/CLKIN13

OSC2/CLKOUT14

RC1/T1OSI/CCP216

RC2/CCP117

RC3/SCK/SCL18

RD0/PSP019

RD1/PSP120

RB7/PGD40

RB6/PGC39

RB538

RB437

RB3/PGM36

RB235

RB134

RB0/INT33

RD7/PSP730

RD6/PSP629

RD5/PSP528

RD4/PSP427

RD3/PSP322

RD2/PSP221

RC7/RX/DT26

RC6/TX/CK25

RC5/SDO24

RC4/SDI/SDA23

RA3/AN3/VREF+5

RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI15

MCLR/Vpp/THV1

U1

PIC16F877A

D7

14

D6

13

D5

12

D4

11

D3

10

D2

9D

18

D0

7

E6

RW

5R

S4

VS

S1

VD

D2

VE

E3

LCD1LM016L

13%

RV1

1k

DC

R1

10k

RV1(3)V=1.18182

D1LED-GREEN

D2LED-YELLOW D3

LED-RED

R2

330

R3

330

R4

330

BUZ1

BUZZERD41N4004

Q1BC183BPR5

12

RL112V

RL1(NC)

D51N4004

Q22N3904

R6

2k

R5(1)V=1.02107e-11

Q1(C)V=12

R6(1)V=8.00333e-11

D3(A)V=0

R5(1)V=1.02107e-11

D4(K)

D5(K) ERROR

TXD3

RXD2

CTS8

RTS7

DSR6

DTR4

DCD1

RI9

P1

COMPIM

RXD

RTS

TXD

CTS


46



0.16% – 0.20%, and the other parameters are signaled as described in the table above. Except the

buzzer (alarm) and GSM (sends the required message to the traffic police) the rest components

become deactivate as shown in the figure below.

RA0/AN02

RA1/AN13


RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT6

RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT7

RE0/AN5/RD8

RE1/AN6/WR9

RE2/AN7/CS10

OSC1/CLKIN13

OSC2/CLKOUT14

RC1/T1OSI/CCP216

RC2/CCP117

RC3/SCK/SCL18

RD0/PSP019

RD1/PSP120

RB7/PGD40

RB6/PGC39

RB538

RB437

RB3/PGM36

RB235

RB134

RB0/INT33

RD7/PSP730

RD6/PSP629

RD5/PSP528

RD4/PSP427

RD3/PSP322

RD2/PSP221

RC7/RX/DT26

RC6/TX/CK25

RC5/SDO24

RC4/SDI/SDA23

RA3/AN3/VREF+5

RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI15

MCLR/Vpp/THV1

U1

PIC16F877A

D7

14

D6

13

D5

12

D4

11

D3

10

D2

9D

18

D0

7

E6

RW

5R

S4

VS

S1

VD

D2

VE

E3

LCD1LM016L

18%

RV1

1k

DC

R1

10k

RV1(3)V=1.63636

D1LED-GREEN

D2LED-YELLOW D3

LED-RED

R2

330

R3

330

R4

330

BUZ1

BUZZERD41N4004

Q1BC183BPR5

12

RL112V

RL1(NC)

D51N4004

Q22N3904

R6

2k

R5(1)V=1.02107e-11

Q1(C)V=12

R6(1)V=8.00333e-11

D3(A)V=0

R5(1)V=1.02107e-11

D4(K)

D5(K) ERROR

TXD3

RXD2

CTS8

RTS7

DSR6

DTR4

DCD1

RI9

P1

COMPIM

RXD

RTS

TXD

CTS


47


The proposed semiconductor breath alcohol detector is cheaper in cost and is as effective as

other types of breath alcohol detector. Furthermore, the system can be easily interfaced to a

microcontroller as the output yield is in voltages. However, it was found that the value of the

concentration becomes saturated for BAC more than 0.20% even though the alcohol

concentration used is more than that value. When power dissipation comes into concern, the

semiconductor sensor model has very low power dissipation although it works with presence of

heat because it only needs low voltage value in the range of 3.3 V to 5 V as its input.

Sensitivity of the sensor is also relatively high compared to the other models. Although the

sensor is capable of detecting other substances and misinterprets it as alcohol, the sensitivity

towards alcohol is much higher and this makes it a very reliable alcohol detecting device.

RA0/AN02

RA1/AN13


RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT6

RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT7

RE0/AN5/RD8

RE1/AN6/WR9

RE2/AN7/CS10

OSC1/CLKIN13

OSC2/CLKOUT14

RC1/T1OSI/CCP216

RC2/CCP117

RC3/SCK/SCL18

RD0/PSP019

RD1/PSP120

RB7/PGD40

RB6/PGC39

RB538

RB437

RB3/PGM36

RB235

RB134

RB0/INT33

RD7/PSP730

RD6/PSP629

RD5/PSP528

RD4/PSP427

RD3/PSP322

RD2/PSP221

RC7/RX/DT26

RC6/TX/CK25

RC5/SDO24

RC4/SDI/SDA23

RA3/AN3/VREF+5

RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI15

MCLR/Vpp/THV1

U1

PIC16F877A

D7

14D

613

D5

12D

411

D3

10D

29

D1

8D

07

E6

RW

5R

S4

VS

S1

VD

D2

VE

E3

LCD1LM016L

28%

RV1

1k

DC

R1

10k

RV1(3)V=2.54545

D1LED-GREEN

D2LED-YELLOW D3

LED-RED

R2

330

R3

330

R4

330

BUZ1

BUZZERD41N4004

Q1BC183BPR5

12

RL112V

RL1(NC)

D51N4004

Q22N3904

R6

2k

R5(1)V=2.85386

Q1(C)V=0.901637

R6(1)V=4.95992

D3(A)V=4.84119

R5(1)V=2.85386

D4(K)

D5(K) ERROR

TXD3

RXD2

CTS8

RTS7

DSR6

DTR4

DCD1

RI9

P1

COMPIM

RXD

RTS

TXD

CTS


48

CHAPTER SIX

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1 CONCLUSION

The project thus gives a system that can detect a certain amount of alcohol present in the

atmosphere inside the vehicle and to a certain range and activates a microcontroller controlled

system that controls the ignition system and the other extra information which acts as an

indicator that enables a person to judge that person has taken alcohol and needs help or any

assistance or not.

The GSM modem sends a message to the traffic police and those who have the authority takes

necessary penalty to drunken driver to prevent from similar situation.

6.2 Future Enhancements (Recommendation)

The system can be further advanced by interfacing a GPS in the system that will inform about

the position of the car; thus provides easy location. The car using alcohol and proximity sensor

can be increased in side for sideways protection and easy alcohol detection. Since the blood

pressure changes due alcohol consumption instead of using alcohol sensor we can monitor the

blood pressure or heart beat by different sensors thus it can lead to a better method. A better

control algorithm like designed by fuzzy logic or neural network can lead to a stable control of

the vehicle. This project can be further enhanced by adding variety of sensor like level, speed,

direction and weight and other sensor to measure to measure and control the necessary parameter

about the vehicle.


49

REFERENCES

[1] C.Romain, J. (2010). Long term stability of metal oxide-based gas sensors for environmental

applications.

[2] Kenneth.J.Ayala, [. (1890). The PIC16F877A microcontroller architecture programming

and applications, pen ram International. london.

[3] M.Fleischer, S. (2001). Selective gas detection with high temperature operated metal oxides

using catalytic filters, Sensors and Actuators. Tokyo.

[4] Muhammed Ali Mazidi, J. G. (1990). The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems.

[5] Xiang, X. Z. (2011). The basis of the c51 procedures, Microcomputer principle and the

application of C51 program design. Pearson Education, 189-206.

[6] Xing-Long, Z. (2006). Forensic medical discussion of drunken driving and traffic accidents .

Hon Kong.

[7] Road seafty in Ethiopia. (2011). UNITED NATION ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR

AFRICA.


50

APPENDEX

c- Language Codding

sbit LCD_RS at RD4_bit;

sbit LCD_EN at RD5_bit;

sbit LCD_D4 at RD0_bit;




sbit LCD_RS_Direction at TRISD4_bit;

sbit LCD_EN_Direction at TRISD5_bit;

sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISD0_bit;




// End LCD module connections

char txt1[] = "value";

char txt[45] ; char txt5[] ="%";

unsigned int in1;

volatile unsigned char i=0,j=0;

void main()

TRISA = 0xFF;


51

TRISC = 0x00;

TRISB = 0x00;

PORTB.F0=0; PORTB.F1=0; PORTB.F2=0; PORTB.F3=0;

PORTC.F2=0; PORTC.F3=0;

ADCON1 = 0x80;

ADCON0 = 0x81;

trisc.f6=0;

trisc.f7=1;

delay_ms(40);

Lcd_Init();

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF);

Lcd_Out(1,1,txt1);

uart1_init(9600);

RCSTA.SPEN=1;

RCSTA.CREN=1;

delay_ms(50);

adc_init();

do

in1 = ADC_read(0);

if (in1<250)

float in5;


52

in5=(in1*100/1024);

IntToStr(in5,txt);

Lcd_Out(2,1,txt) ; Lcd_Out(2,8,txt5) ;

PORTB.f0=1;

else

PORTB.f0=0;

if (in1>249 && in1<510)

float in5;

in5=(in1*100/1024);

IntToStr(in5,txt);


PORTB.f1=1;

else

PORTB.f1=0;

if (in1>509 && in1<717 )

float in5;

in5=(in1*100/1024);

IntToStr(in5,txt);


53


PORTB.f2=1;

PORTB.f3=1;

PORTB.f4=1;

delay_ms(5);

uart1_write_text("at");

uart1_write(0xd);

delay_ms(1000);

uart1_write_text("at+cmgf=1");

uart1_write(0xd);

delay_ms(1000);

UART1_Write_Text("AT+CMGS=");

Delay_ms(40);

UART1_Write(0x22); //”

Delay_ms(40);

UART1_Write_Text("0914197052");

Delay_ms(40);


Delay_ms(40);

UART1_Write(0x0D); //

Delay_ms(1000);

UART1_Write(0x22);


54

Delay_ms(40);

UART1_Write_Text("the driver is drunk"); //

Delay_ms(40);


Delay_ms(40);

UART1_Write(26); //Ctr +Z

Delay_ms(40);

UART1_Write(0x0D); //

delay_ms(25000);

else

PORTB.f2=0;

PORTB.f3=0;

PORTB.f4=0;

while(1);

for partial fulfillment of the award of degree of bachelor

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