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2014

EuFMD

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Monthly Report October 2014 – Rev.1

Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation

OCTOBER, 2014

1

Please note that the use of information and boundaries of territories should not be considered to be

the view of the U.N. Please, always refer to the OIE for official information on reported outbreaks

and country status.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Monthly Report

October 2014

Guest Editor Dr. Sabenzia Nabalayo Wekesa

(Regional Coordinator Eastern Africa FMD sub-network)

I N F O R M A T I O N S O U R C E S U S E D:

Databases: OIE WAHID World Animal Health Information Database FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)

FAO Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i)

Other sources: FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers

The sources for information are referenced by using superscripts. The key to the superscripts is on the last page.


OCTOBER, 2014

2

Contents

I. GENERAL OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 4

II. HEADLINE NEWS ................................................................................................................................... 5

III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................... 6

A. POOL 1 – Central /East Asia ................................................................................................................. 6

B. POOL 2 – South Asia ............................................................................................................................ 8

C. POOL 3 – West Eurasia & Middle East ................................................................................................. 10

D. POOL 4 – Eastern Africa ..................................................................................................................... 13

E. POOL 5 – West / Central Africa .......................................................................................................... 16

F. POOL 6 – SOUTHERN AFRICA ............................................................................................................. 17

G. POOL 7 – South America.................................................................................................................... 19

IV. OTHER NEWS: ................................................................................................................................ 22

V. REFERENCES - Superscripts ................................................................................................................. 22


OCTOBER, 2014

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Guest Editor’s Overview:

It is indeed a great honour to have this opportunity as a guest editor in the October report of the global Foot-and-

Mouth Disease situation.

I am writing this as I partake in the conducting of the 19th

and 20th

Nakuru Training Courses (NTC 19 and 20) in

Kenya, eastern Africa (pool 4): a region of the world that experiences numerous disease incidences and harbours

the highest number and diversity of FMD virus serotypes as well as multiplicity of host species including wildlife. It

is however one of the regions that has limited current data on FMD circulation, serotyping, genotyping and vaccine

matching that could guide regional and global control strategies. The situation is similar to pool 5 and to some

extent pool 6, rendering the understanding of the global epidemiology of the disease complicated. Considerable

efforts have been attempted by various stakeholders to seal these knowledge gaps, but there is still need for

increased and continuous global efforts to invest in research and collection of this data. In addition, strengthening

laboratory services, surveillance, free sharing of information including networking and regional cooperation are

inevitable for improvement of this situation as a stride towards achieving effective global control of FMD.

This report could benefit further by working more closely with the existing regional networks, including additional

efforts to support and sustain the network activities. In addition, the request for the monthly reports and feedback

could be shared with the veterinary authorities (CVOs) of the reporting countries for purposes of recognition and

authenticity. Information on vaccine production capacities, type of vaccines and usage could also be included to

enrich the report.

Sabenzia N. Wekesa (regional coordinator eastern Africa FMD sub-network)


OCTOBER, 2014

4

I. GENERAL OVERVIEW Pools represent independently circulating and evolving FMDV genotypes; within the pools, cycles of emergence and spread occur that usually affect multiple countries in the region. In the absence of specific reports, it should be assumed that the serotypes indicated below are continuously circulating in parts of the pool area and would be detected if sufficient surveillance was in place (Table 1). Table 1: List of countries representing each virus pool for the period 2010 – 2014

POOL REGION/COUNTRIES – colour pools as in figure SEROTYPES

1

CENTRAL/EAST ASIA Cambodia, China (People's Rep. of), China (Hong Kong, SAR), China (Taiwan Province), Korea (DPR), Korea (Rep. of), Laos PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Russian Federation, Thailand, Viet Nam

O, A, Asia 1

2 SOUTH ASIA Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka

O, A, Asia 1

3

WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine Autonomous Territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

O, A, Asia 1

4 EASTERN AFRICA Burundi, Comoros, Congo D. R., Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen

O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2

5

WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Afr. Rep., Chad, Congo D. R., Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Biss., Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo

O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2

6 SOUTHERN AFRICA Angola, Botswana, Congo D. R., Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe

{O, A}*, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3

7 SOUTH AMERICA Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela

O, A

Egypt and Libya (highlighted in bold) are indicated as being in multiple pools, since they have evidence of FMDV originating from 2 or more pools in the past four years. * ONLY IN NORTH ZAMBIA AS SPILL-OVER FROM POOL 4

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus pools: world distribution by serotype in 2011-2013 (Map 1) (Presence of Pool 4 in Libya and North Zambia not shown on map)

Pool 1Pool 2Pool 3Pool 4Pool 5Pool 6Pool 7

Pool 1Pool 2Pool 3Pool 4Pool 5Pool 6Pool 7


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5

II. HEADLINE NEWS

POOL 1

China 1 - A FMD outbreak caused by serotype A was reported on the 8

th of October 2014, in cattle, in Shannan,

Tibet.

Thailand 2

– Latest FMD outbreaks (eight) were reported as occurring during September 2014, while a total of 51

outbreaks are ongoing.

POOL 2 India

3 - The Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PDFMD), Mukteswar, India, reported FMDV serotype

O in a clinical sample sent to the Regional Laboratory. Genotyping by PDFMD identified the presence of FMDV serotype O, topotype SEA, genotype/strain, Ind-2001d in all samples tested. Sri Lanka

4, 5 - The WRLFMD confirmed the presence of FMDV serotypes O in bovine and buffalo samples collected

in Sri Lanka, during 2014. Genotyping results for FMDV serotype O detected in the previous samples, confirmed all of them as topotype ME-SA, genotype/strain, Ind-2001d. Among the eleven FMDV outbreaks reported by EMPRESS in domestic cattle and water buffaloes, in Sri Lanka between March and September 2014, 4 were confirmed by WRLFMD as caused by FMDV serotype O. POOL 3

Algeria 1 – Latest reported FMD outbreaks occurred in Algeria on the 20

th and 22

nd of September 2014 in cattle, in

M'Sila and Ain Delfa, respectively.

Pakistan 6- During October, 179 FMD outbreaks, caused by three FMDV serotypes A, Asia-1 and O, were reported

in Pakistan.

Tunisia

1 – Outbreaks in Tunisia are down to the minimum as only one was reported on the 13

th of October 2014,

in Mannouba, Tunisia. POOL 4

Ethiopia 7 – The National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Centre (NAHDIC) in Ethiopia detected FMDV

serotype O in 49 vesicular tissues.

Kenya 8 – FMDV serotype O was detected in 6 samples and serotype SAT2 in 3 samples, from the 11 field samples

received by the National FMD Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya.

Uganda 9 - Multiple FMDV serotypes are currently circulating in Uganda (O, A, SAT 1 – 3), with 32 districts in

Uganda affected since May 2014.

POOL 5

Cameroon 3 - Vaccine matching strain differentiation tests on a FMDV field isolate SAT 2, were carried out by the

WRLFMD.


OCTOBER, 2014

6

Senegal 10

– FMDV serotypes O and SAT 1 were detected in field samples by the FAO Collaborating Centre on Emergency Preparedness for Transboundary Disease for Central and Western Africa (ISRA/LENVR), Dakar, Senegal.

POOL 6

Botswana 1 - A FMD outbreak was reported on the 27

th of October 2014 in cattle, in NGAMILAND, Botswana, with

serotyping pending.

POOL 7

No outbreaks reported 1

COUNTER

*** 34 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST OUTBREAK IN SOUTH AMERICA WAS REPORTED *** 122 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST SEROTYPE C OUTBREAK WAS REPORTED

III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS

A. POOL 1 – Central /East Asia China

1

A FMD outbreak caused by serotype A was reported on the 8th

of October 2014, in cattle, in the village of Jixiong,

Gongga, Shannan, Tibet. A summary of the affected animals is reported in Table 2. Location of the outbreak is

reported in Map 2.

Table 2: summary of animals involved in the outbreak in the village of Jixiong, Gongga, Shannan, Tibet.

Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered

Cattle 98 34 0 98 0

Map 2


OCTOBER, 2014

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The diagnosis was carried out by the Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute (LVRI), OIE Reference Laboratory, using liquid-phase blocking ELISA, nucleotide sequencing and virus isolation. Genotyping identified the strain as FMDV serotype A, SEA-97, G2 clade, similar to the one responsible for the outbreak that occurred on the 23

rd of

September 2014, in a cattle farm in Renqincai Village, Lasa, Tibet. The source of the outbreak is unknown/inconclusive. The following control measures were adopted: stamping out, quarantine, movement control inside the country, screening, zoning, disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s). Thailand

2

Latest FMD outbreaks were reported as occurring during September 2014, while a total of 51 outbreaks are ongoing. Location is presented in Map 3. A detail of the general situation of FMD in South East Asia is described in Section IV: OTHER NEWS. Map 3: Location of FMD outbreaks active in Thailand

during October 2014 (SEAFMD).

Russia 1, 11

The FMD outbreak caused by serotype A that occurred on the 11th

of September 2014, in cattle, in the village of Kuti, Priargunsky, ZABAJKAL`SKIJ KRAY, Russian Federation, is reported as ongoing. Vaccination has been administered to 4,080 cattle of the same administrative division of the outbreak. The All-Russian Research Institute for Animal Health (FGBI-ARRIAH), OIE Reference Laboratory has examined 3,780 sera for post vaccination monitoring. Table 3: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 1, 2011 – 2014, for geographic distribution see Map 4 below.

COUNTRY FMD HISTORY

FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE between 2011 – 2013

LASTEST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE

Comment

Cambodia 2013 - O Jun 2014/O, Aug 2014/ not

typed

China (People's Rep. of) A, O Apr2014/O, Oct 2014/A See text

China (Hong Kong, Sar) O

May 2014/O

China (Taiwan Province) O June 2013/O

Japan FMD-free without vaccination Jul 2010/O

Korea (DPR) 2010-2011 –O

2010 - A July 2014/O

May 2014/not confirmed

Korea (Rep. of) 2011 – O July 2011/O

Laos PDR O Mar 2013/O


OCTOBER, 2014

8

Malaysia O, A

2013 - NOT TYPED Jan 2013/not typed,

Jun 2014/O Typing required

Mongolia 2012 – O 2013 – A

Sept 2013/A, Apr2014/O

Myanmar 2011 - O Jun 2014/O, July 2014/ not

typed Typing required

Russian Federation 2011 – 2012, O- A June 2014/O, Oct 2014/A See text

Thailand O, A Jun 2014 /A, Oct 2012/O,

Sept 2014/not typed See text

Vietnam 2011 – O, 2012 - A, O

2013 - A

Apr 2013/A Jun 2014/O, July 2014/not


Map 4: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South East Asia, 2010 – 2013 (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMD viral lineages in pool 1 during 2013

15:

Serotype O: O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, O/CATHAY

Serotype A: A/ASIA/Sea-97 Serotype Asia-1 (not detected in the region

since 2005 (Myanmar) and 2006 (Vietnam, P.R. China)

B. POOL 2 – South Asia

India 3

The Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PDFMD), Mukteswar, India detected FMDV serotype O in a clinical sample. Fifteen serotype O isolates were genotyped and identified as belonging to O/ME-SA/Ind2001 lineage. Serological testing for determining protective antibody titre against FMD virus was carried out on 29,480 serum samples. The tests were carried out using in house diagnostic kits developed at PDFMD. Laboratory personnel were involved in the investigation of FMD outbreaks in the field and expert advice was provided to Government services, national/local authorities or other services. The laboratory has ongoing research studies and collaborations with international organisations in the period. Sri Lanka

4, 5

The WRLFMD confirmed the presence of FMDV serotypes O in bovine and buffalo samples collected in Sri Lanka, during 2014. A summary of the results is reported in Table 4. Genotyping results for FMDV serotype O detected in previous samples identified all of them as topotype ME-SA, genotype/strain, Ind-2001d. Summary of results are reported in Table 5.


OCTOBER, 2014

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Table 4: Summary of the serotyping results of samples collected during 2014, in Sri Lanka

Table 5: Summary of the genotyping results of samples collected during 2014, in Sri Lanka Among the eleven FMDV outbreaks reported by EMPRES in domestic cattle and water buffaloes in Sri Lanka between March and September 2014, 4 were confirmed by WRLFMD as belonging to FMDV serotype O, and are reported with an asterisk in Table 5. Table 6: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 2, 2011 – 2014, for geographic distribution see Map 5 below.

COUNTRY FMD HISTORY

FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE between 2011 – 2013


Comment

Bangladesh 2011 - O, A, Asia 1 Not available Follow –up needed

Bhutan 2011, 2012 – O Not available Follow –up needed

India O, A, Asia 1 Oct 2014/ O See text

Nepal O, A, Asia 1 Apr 2014/O

Sri Lanka O 2011, 2013, 2014/A, Sept

2014/O See text

Year of

collectionSpecies

N° of

samplesPCR Result

Serotyping result (cell

culture/Elisa)

4 - serotype O

1 - FMDV-Neg1 - FMDV GD

8 - NVD

Buffalo 4 4 FMDV GD 4 - serotype O

FMDV GD FMDV genome detectedNVD No virus detectedNGD No genome detected

Bovine2014

1413 - FMDV GD

1- NGD

Sample

Identification Species

Date of

collectionLocation Serotype Topotype

Genotype/s

train

Most Closely

Related VirusesSRL/27/2014 05/08/2014 Jaffna* O/SRL/1/2014SRL/28/2014 01/09/2014 Kandy* O/SRL/7/2014SRL/34/2014 15/09/2014 Kandy O/SRL/7/2014

SRL/35/2014 18/09/2014 Matara* O/SRL/15/2014

SRL/29/2014 10/09/2014 O/SRL/30/2014SRL/30/2014 10/09/2014 O/SRL/29/2014SRL/31/2014 10/09/2014 O/SRL/29/2014SRL/32/2014 10/09/2014 O/SRL/29/2014

ME-SA Ind-2001d

Bovine

Water

BuffaloHambantota*

O


OCTOBER, 2014

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Map 5: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South Asia, 2011 – 2013 (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 2 during 2013 FMD

15:

O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 (the O/ME-SA/Ind-2011 lineage that emerged during 2011 has not been recognized during 2012-13)

O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (last detected in 2011 in Sri Lanka)

A/ASIA/IND (genotype 18) Asia-1 (lineage C subdivided into Eastern and

Western clusters)

C. POOL 3 – West Eurasia & Middle East

Algeria 1

Latest reported FMD outbreaks in Algeria occurred on the 20th and 22nd of September 2014 in cattle, in M'Sila and Ain Delfa, respectively. Summary of the animals involved in the outbreak are reported in Table 7 and location of outbreaks in Map 6. Table 7: summary of outbreaks that occurred on the 20

th and 22

nd of September 2014 in cattle, in M'Sila and Ain

Delfa, in Algeria.


Cattle 60 48 0 0 60

Map 6: Location of outbreaks (red dot) reported on the

20th

and 22nd

of September 2014 in cattle, in M'Sila and

Ain Delfa, in Algeria (WAHID-OIE).


OCTOBER, 2014

11

FMDV serotype O was detected using reverse transcription real-time PCR carried out by the National Central Veterinary Laboratory on samples from cattle. Sanitary measures are still being adopted and vaccination is being carried out on the national herd in all the wilayahs except in the south. In the last WAHID report of the 22

nd of

October, the situation is described as improving and for this, livestock markets for small ruminants are re-opening. Sanitation process and closure of the outbreak locations is continuing and implementation of orders for the infection status will be consequently lifted in the unaffected wilayahs. Pakistan

6

During October, 179 FMD outbreaks were reported in Pakistan, caused by three FMDV serotypes A, Asia-1 and O during which 315 sick animals were treated and 7,889 animals were vaccinated by the field veterinarians. Ring vaccination during FMD outbreaks has improved disease reporting in the country. During this month, 45,314 animals in different production systems (9,951 animals in dairy colony production system, 1,200 animals in market oriented rural smallholders, 1,077 animals at Government Livestock Farms, 2,260 animals in Cholistan, 26,557 on cost-sharing basis and 4,269 yaks in Gilgit-Baltistan) were vaccinated against FMD. Use of quality FMD vaccine according to the SOP developed by the Project has provided protection to animals against the disease, with no report of clinical cases of the disease in vaccinated animals anywhere in the country. These results are convincing a large number of farmers to start vaccinating their animals (on cost-share basis) particularly against FMD. Four awareness seminars were organized in Gilgit-Baltistan and Sindh to educate farmers on prevention and control of FMD. Capacity to diagnose FMD at disease, serotype and genotype level is enhanced in districts and provincial and

reference laboratories in Pakistan by the following actions:

Eight diagnostic labs are providing FMD diagnostic and serotyping facilities in all provinces/regions of the

country,

Bio-surveillance control on the National Server has been further improved by the addition of new

features, such as incorporating serotype information and data export features.

Backstopping for the proper analysis of samples is given to all ELISA labs through the provision of ELISA

kits and other expendables that are required for carrying out the diagnostic activities.

A seminar on Progressive Control of FMD was held that was attended by the Administrative Secretary, Vice

Chancellor UVAS and senior veterinary professionals of various departments and institutes of Punjab.

Tunisia

1

In Tunisia, outbreaks are down to the minimum as only one event was reported on the 13th

of October 2014, in Mannouba, Tunisia. Outbreak summary for Tunisia is reported in Table 8 and location of outbreaks is reported in Map 7. The previously reported control measures are still being applied: quarantine, movement control inside the country, vaccination in response to the outbreaks, disinfection of infected premises/establishments and modified stamping out. Table 8: summary of outbreak that occurred on the 13

th of October 2014, in Mannouba, Tunisia.


Cattle 13 2 0 0 0

Goats 1 0 0 0 0


OCTOBER, 2014

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Map 7: Location of outbreaks reported as being

resolved or ongoing between the 3rd

of July and the

13th

of October 2014 in Tunisia (WAHID-OIE).

Table 9: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 3, 2011 – 2014, for geographic distribution see Map 8 below.

COUNTRY

FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes,

reported to OIE in 2011 – 2013


Comment (Genotyping or vaccine

matching tests needed for this pool)

Afghanistan 2011 - O, A, Asia 1 Dec 2011 Follow –up needed

Algeria Sept 2014/O See text

Armenia NO REPORTED

OUTBREAKS Not available

Follow –up needed

Azerbaijan NO REPORTED

OUTBREAKS Jun 2001

Follow –up needed

Bahrain 2011 - O, A, Asia 1

2012 - O Mar 2012/O

Follow –up needed

Bulgaria 2011 - O Apr 2011/O

Egypt 2012 - O, A Jan-June 2014/O, A, SAT2

Georgia NO REPORTED

OUTBREAKS 2002

Follow –up needed

Iran O, A, Asia 1 Jun 2013/Asia 1, Apr 2014/O, A

Iraq O,A

2012/A Follow –up needed

Israel O Nov 2013/Mar 2012/O Follow –up needed

Jordan NO REPORTED

OUTBREAKS 2006

Follow –up needed

Kazakhstan O, A Jun 2013/ A Follow –up needed

Kuwait O Feb 2012/O Follow –up needed

Kyrgyzstan 2011 - O, A Nov 2011/O, A, Aug/not


Lebanon NO REPORTED 03/2010 Follow –up needed


OCTOBER, 2014

13

OUTBREAKS

Libya 2011 - O; 2012 - O, SAT

2 Oct 2013/O

Follow –up needed

Oman NO DATA AVAILABLE Dec 2011

Pakistan O, A, Asia 1 Oct 2014 / A, O, Asia 1, Jun2014/(not typed)

Genotyping required - see text

Autonomous Territories Palestine

2011 - O, A, Asia 1 2012 - SAT 2; 2013 - A

Mar 2013/A

Nov 2013/O

Qatar, 2011 NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Follow –up needed

Saudi Arabia O Nov 2013/O

Syrian Arab Republic, 2011

NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS

Mar/2002 Follow –up needed

Tajikistan, 2011 2011 - Asia 1 Nov 2011/Asia 1

Tunisia Oct 2014/O See text

Turkey Asia 1, A, O July 2014/Asia 1, Sept/ O, A

Turkmenistan NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available

Follow –up needed Uzbekistan NO DATA AVAILABLE

Not available

Map 8: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for West Eurasia and Middle East, 2011 – 2013 (EuFMD).

Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 3

during 2013 15

:

O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (predominantly from ANT-10 and FAR-09 sub-lineages)

O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 (recent incursion during 2013 from the Indian sub-continent)

A/ASIA/Iran-05 (from SIS-12, SIS-10, FAR-11 and BAR-08 sub-lineages) Asia-1 (Sindh-08 lineage).

D. POOL 4 – Eastern Africa

Ethiopia 7

FMDV serotype O was detected by antigen detection ELISA, in 49 bovine vesicular tissues by the National animal health diagnostic and investigation centre (NAHDIC) in Ethiopia. Samples will be sent for genotyping to the WRLFMD. Sera were tested by 3ABC NS ELISA and 16 samples were found positive for FMD virus antibodies. Kenya

8

The National FMD Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya detected FMDV serotype O in 6 samples and serotype SAT 2 in 3 samples, from the 11 bovine field samples. The laboratory employs the kits provided within the Nakuru Training Courses. During October, personnel from the laboratory were involved in the investigation of FMD outbreaks in the field. Uganda

9 During the 2

nd East Africa Road Map meeting held in Kigali, Rwanda between the 20

th and the 22

nd of October, Dr.

Ayebazibwe Chrisostom, Senior Veterinary Officer of the National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre (NADDEC), held a presentation on the Progress Towards Progressive Control Pathway (PCP) of Foot-and-mouth disease in Uganda. A National FMD Control Strategy was introduced in 2012 and is at present in stage 2 of the PCP. Plans are under way to transform it into the Risk Based National Strategy for Progressive Control of FMD


OCTOBER, 2014

14

(2014/15). In addition, studies that will be carried out during 2014/5 have been undertaken to evaluate the socioeconomic impact of FMD. A description of the FMD outbreaks was also given for 2013 and 2014. These are presented in Map 9 and 10. Map 9: FMD Outbreaks in Uganda 2013•FMD outbreaks occurred in 6 districts mainly along the Southwestern border & included: Ntungamo, Rakai, Isingiro, Kiruhura, Gomba & Wakiso with the latter suspected to be due to importation •The outbreak in Wakiso was uniquely different (origin

not traced). Importation suspected.

Map 10: FMD Outbreaks in Uganda 2014 •Upsurge of FMD outbreaks in 2014 clustered into 3 groupings with: (i) 28 outbreaks - Northern & North Eastern, (ii) 1 outbreak - Western around QENP & (iii) 3 outbreaks along the Southwestern border). Multiple FMDV serotypes are currently circulating in Uganda (O, A, SAT1, 2 and 3) with 32 districts of the country affected since May 2014. Incursions largely at trans frontier – national borders and national parks

Genotyping studies conducted on FMD viruses presently circulating in Uganda reported them as topotype 1 for SAT 2, Africa G1 genotype for serotype A and EA-2 topotype for serotype O. In a study conducted by M. Dhikusooka et. al. (in press, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Volume 21, Number 1—January 2015) a new isolate (UGA/1/13) was obtained from an apparently healthy long-horned Ankole calf that was newly introduced into the QENP, Uganda. This was reported as the first isolation of FMDV serotype SAT 3 from cattle in East Africa. The VP1 coding sequence of this isolate was ≈20% different from the most closely related virus strains within Uganda and up to 36% divergent from SAT 3 viruses from southern Africa. The authors suggest that Ugandan SAT 3 viruses should be classified within a single topotype (V), but this would require the modification of the topotype definition used previously. The authors also warranted that studies are needed to determine the consequences of infection of intensively farmed cattle by this virus. Table 10: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 4, 2011 – 2014, for geographic distribution see Map 11 below.


OCTOBER, 2014

15

COUNTRY FMD HISTORY

FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in 2011 - 2013


Comment

Burundi O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Aug 2013 / not available Typing required

Comoros NO DATA AVAILABLE 2010 Follow –up needed

Congo d. R. O, A, SAT 1

Jun 2013/not typed Typing required

Djibouti NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Follow –up needed

Egypt 2011 - A, O

2012 - A, O SAT 2 Jan-June 2014/O, A, SAT2 Genotyping required

Eritrea O Dec 2011/O

Ethiopia A, SAT 1, 2012/O

Jun 2014/A, SAT 2, Oct

2014/O See text

Kenya 2011 - O, A, SAT 1, 2013/SAT 2

Aug 2014/SAT 1, Sept 2014/A, Oct 2014/SAT2,

Oct 2014/O See text

Libya 2011 - O

2012 - O, SAT 2 Oct 2013/ O, Sat 2/Apr

2012 Follow up needed

Rwanda ABSENTNOT TYPED Nov 2012/not typed Typing required

Somalia NO DATA AVAILABLE 2011 Follow –up needed

Sudan A, O 2013/O, SAT2

South Sudan O, SAT 1, SAT 2, A 2011 Follow –up needed

Tanzania 2011 - SAT 1(buffalo), SAT 2

(cattle), O, SAT3

2012 - A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2

Mar 2013/O Apr2013/ A, SAT 1, SAT2

Uganda O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT3 May 2014/O, A, SAT1, 2

and 3 See text

Yemen NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Follow –up needed

Map 11: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for East Africa. 2011 – 2013 (EUFMD)

East Africa is known to be endemic for FMD, but

currently available data are limited.

Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 4 during 2013

15:

O/ME-SA/Sharqia-72 (detected in samples collected in Egypt in 2009) O (topotypes EA-2 (Kenya, Tanzania, DR Congo, Uganda), EA-3 (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Egypt) and EA-4 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda). A/AFRICA (genotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania, D.R. Congo), IV (Sudan, Eritrea, Egypt) and VII (Ethiopia, Egypt)) A/ASIA/Iran-05 BAR-08 sub-lineage (Egypt) SAT 1 (topotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania) SAT 2 (topotypes IV (Kenya, Tanzania), VII (Sudan, Egypt), XIII (Ethiopia, Sudan)) SAT 3 (only detected in African buffalo in the south of the QENP, Uganda in 1970 & 1997)


OCTOBER, 2014

16

E. POOL 5 – West / Central Africa

Cameroon 3, 12

LANAVET- Garoua carried out detection of FMDV on 300 bovine field samples without serotyping and detected 20 samples as positive. The laboratory also carried out FMDV antibodies testing. Laboratory staff was involved in the investigation of FMD outbreaks in the field. LANAVET is conducting research work in collaboration with Ohio State University and Plum Island and is involved in ongoing projects together with FAO within the MTF/034/STF project. Vaccine matching strain differentiation tests carried out by the WRLFMD on a FMDV field isolate SAT 2 Car 16/13,

confirmed matching with vaccine strains Sat2 Eri and Sat2 Zim.

Senegal 10

The FAO Collaborating Centre on Emergency Preparedness for Transboundary Disease for Central and Western Africa (ISRA/LENVR), Dakar, Senegal detected FMDV serotypes O and SAT 1 in field samples. Forty sera tested positive in the Ab ELISA supplied by FAO. Laboratory personnel are currently involved in the investigation of FMD outbreaks in the field and have provided expert advice to Local Authorities regarding the serotypes circulating. Epidemiological surveys of FMD in the country are planned to start next year. In relation to this, the laboratory is undertaking collaboration with FAO/VET.SERV: TCP on FMD surveillance in Senegal. Table 11: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 5, 2011 – 2014, for geographic distribution see Map 12 below.

Country

FMD history FMDV serotypes,


Last outbreak reported/serotype

Comment (Genotyping would be useful for

this region)

Benin 2011 - A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 Dec 2011/O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2

Burkina Faso O, A, SAT 2 2013/ not available Follow –up needed

Cameroon 2011 - O, A, SAT 2

Apr2014/O, A, SAT 2, May 2014/SAT 1, Jun 2014, Oct

2014/not typed Typing required - see text

Cape Verde No data available Not available

Follow –up needed Central Afr.

Rep. No data available Not available

Chad 2011, 2012 - A, SAT 1 Not available

Congo D. R. 2011, 2012 O, A, SAT 1

Jun 2013/not typed Identification required

Congo R. No data available Not available Follow –up needed

Cote D'Ívoire 2011 - SAT 1, A, O, SAT 2 2011

Equatorial Guinea

No data available Not available Follow –up needed

Gabon No data available Not available

Gambia O, A, SAT 2 2012/O

Ghana O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 2013/not available Identification required

Guinea Biss. No data available No data available Follow –up needed

Guinea No data available No data available

Liberia A, SAT 2 2011/2012, no precise data Follow –up needed

Mali O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 2011/2012, no precise data

Mauritania No data available Not available

Niger O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 2013/not available Identification required

Nigeria O, A, SAT 1; SAT 2 Sept 2014/SAT 1, SAT 2,

July 2014/A, Sept 2014/O Genotyping required

Sao Tome Principe

No data available Not available Follow –up needed

Senegal O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 2012/ A, 2014/O and SAT 1 See text


OCTOBER, 2014

17

Sierra Leone No data available Oct 1958 Follow –up needed

Togo O, SAT 1 2012/O Follow –up needed

Map 12: FMD distribution by serotype and topotypes for West Africa, 2011 – 2013 (EuFMD) Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 5 during 2013

15:

Serotype O (topotypes WA EA-3 ( Nigeria))

Serotype A (topotype AFRICA, genotypes IV and VI)

Serotype SAT 1

Serotype SAT 2 (topotype VII)

F. POOL 6 – SOUTHERN AFRICA

Botswana 1

A FMD outbreak was reported on the 27th

of October 2014 in cattle, in Ngamiland, Botswana. Serotyping is still pending. Summary of the affected animals is reported in Table 13 and location of outbreak in Map 13. Table 12: summary of outbreak reported on the 27

th of October 2014 in cattle Ngamiland, Botswana.


Cattle 1430 30 0 0 0

Map 13: Location of outbreak (red dot) reported on the

27th

of October 2014 in cattle Ngamiland, Botswana

(WAHID-OIE).

The farmer reported signs of lameness and drooling, signs consistent with FMD. The suspect herd had missed routine vaccination in August 2014 because it had became inaccessible due to flooding. The following control measures being applied in the area are: control of wildlife reservoirs, quarantine, movement control inside the country, zoning, disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s) with no treatment of affected animals.


OCTOBER, 2014

18

RSA

13

ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute-Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme carried out PCR on four buffalo samples, collected in Namibia, obtaining negative results. Liquid phase blocking ELISA was carried out on 3,948 serum samples for antibodies against SAT1-3. Testing was done for the following purposes: Buffalo and bovine stable translocations, buffalo test package, caprine export, porcine compartmentalization, giraffe export and herd surveillance. The laboratory is at present involved in the following research activities: vaccine matching studies, isolation and characterisation of FMDV from buffalo and cattle probang samples from SADC countries, development of new diagnostic tests for the region, validation of diagnostic tests implemented, development of export opportunities for beef originating from the FMD endemic zone of the Zambezi region of Namibia, FMD surveillance in Uganda (collaboration with PIADC, Makerere University and UVRI), FMD transmission studies in the Kruger National Park, improved vaccine for FMD control (Pirbright Institute and University of Glasgow), identification of antigenic character of FMDV (PIADC, USDA). The laboratory is currently working in collaboration with the gobal FMD Research Alliance, the Pirbright Institute (UK), SADC TADS project, Istituto Zooprofillatico Sperimentale della Lombardia and Emilia Romagna (Italy), Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute (LVRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Plum Island Animal Disease Centre, USDA (USA), Makerere University, Uganda, SACIDS, Tanzania, INTA, Argentina and the University of Glasgow, Scotland. Table 13: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 6, 2011 – 2014, for geographic distribution see Map 14 below.

COUNTRY



LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE

Comment

Angola NO REPORTED

OUTBREAKS Dec 2010/ SAT 2

Follow –up needed

Botswana SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 Oct 2014/SAT 1 See text

Congo D. R. O, A, SAT 1 2011/2012, NO PRECISE

DATA Follow –up needed

Malawi 2011 - SAT 2 Oct 2011

Mozambique 2011 - SAT 2 Aug 2014/SAT 2 Genotyping required

Namibia SAT 1 Aug 2013/ NOT AVAILABLE Identification required

South Africa SAT 1, SAT 2 Aug 2013/SAT 1; Mar2014

SAT 2 See text

Zambia SAT 1, SAT 2 Jan 2013/SAT 1, SAT 2

Zimbabwe SAT 1, SAT 3 Jun 2013/SAT 3, Sept

2014/SAT 1 Genotyping required


OCTOBER, 2014

19

free zone without vaccination

free zone with vaccination

no free zone

protection zone

Map 14: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype

for southern Africa, 2011 – 2013 (EuFMD)

Swaziland and Lesotho are free from FMD without

vaccination. There is a zone in both Botswana and

Namibia, which has been FMD free without

vaccination, since 2010 and 1997 respectively.

Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 6 during 2013

15:

Serotype SAT 1 (topotypes I, II and III)

Serotype SAT 2 (topotypes I, II and III) Serotype SAT 3 (topotypes I, II and III)

G. POOL 7 – South America

South America

1, 14

No new outbreaks have been reported for this period of time. During the 41

st Ordinary Meeting of the South American Commission for the Control against Foot and Mouth

Disease (COSALFA), held in April 2014, the FMD current situation and the action Plan in adoption for 2011-2020 of the Hemispheric Program for the Eradication of FMD (PHEFA) was presented and evaluated. The current FMD situation of South America is presented in Map 15, while the situation relative to to the production and control of FMD vaccines for the member countries of COSALFA for 2013 is reported in Table 14. Map 15: FMD status for South America (WAHID-OIE)


OCTOBER, 2014

20

Table 14: situation relative to the production and control of FMD vaccines for the member countries of COSALFA for 2013.

Information regarding the involvement of South American countries, in particular the Andean region, during 2013, in the Progressive Control Pathway for FMD is presented in Map 16. The work was supported by FAO, and two projects funded by Italy (GTSF/RLA/172/ITA) and Spain (GCP/RLA/178/SPA).


OCTOBER, 2014

21

Map 16: Stages reached in the PCP for the Andean region

Table 15: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 7, 2011 – 2014, for geographic distribution see Map 17 below

COUNTRY


reported to OIE in 2011 2013

LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE

Comment

Ecuador

O Aug 2011/O National situation needs

verification

Paraguay

O Dec 2011/O

Venezuela

O, A

2011/O, A National situation needs

verification

Map 17: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype


OCTOBER, 2014

22

for South America, 2011 – 2013 15(EuFMD)

IV. OTHER NEWS:

Ghana 16

The ACCRA VETERINARY LABORATORY, GHANA reported that during the month of October they have not received samples for diagnosis of FMD. Nigeria

17

The laboratory personnel of the National Veterinary Research Institute, Nigeria are involved in the investigation of FMD outbreaks in the field and provided expert advice to Government services national/local authorities. Twinning with OIE is continuing. Southeast Asia

3

While no reports of FMD outbreaks have been recorded during October, outbreaks in the area are reported as ongoing as represented in Table 16. Table 16: outbreaks ongoing in the listed countries in the Southeast Asia area, details for the period between July-September 2014

V. REFERENCES - Superscripts 1. WAHID Interface – OIE World Animal Health Information Database

http://web.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=home 2. SEAFMD, http://www.arahis.oie.int/reports.php?site=seafmd

3. World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD), www.wrlfmd.org 4. Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PD-FMD), Indian Council of Agricultural Research,

Mukteswar, India (Dr B. B. Dash) FAO 5. EMPRES-AH, http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/empres/home.asp

Prior

continuing Jul-14 Aug-14 Sep-14 Totals

Cambodia 141 9 14 0 164

Myanmar 3 1 0 0 4

Malaysia 56 0 0 0 56

Viet Nam 15 6 0 0 21

Totals 215 16 14 0 245

http://web.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=home

http://www.wrlfmd.org/

http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/empres/home.asp


OCTOBER, 2014

23

6. Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, GCP/PAK/123/USA - (Dr. Manzoor Hussain, National Project Director and Dr. Muhammad Afzal, Project Coordinator)

7. National animal health diagnostic and investigation center (NAHDIC), Ethiopia - (Dr. Daniel Gizaw) 8. National FMD Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya - (Dr. Abraham Sangula) 9. Uganda Country Presentation: Progress Towards Progressive Control Pathway of Foot-and-mouth

disease (Dr. Ayebazibwe Chrisostom, PhD - Presentation on behalf of the Director for Animal Resources, Rep. of Uganda)

10. Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV, Senegal) – (Dr Modou Moustapha – Miss Mariame Diop)

11. Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD (ARRIAH, Russia) - (Dr. Svetlana Fomina) 12. LANAVET-Garoua, Cameroon - (Dr. Simon Dickmu Jumbo) 13. ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute-Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme - (Dr. Rahana

Dwarka) 14. 41

st Ordinary meeting of the South American Commission for the fight against Foot and Mouth Disease

(COSALFA), April 2014, Lima, Peru 15. OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network, Annual Report 2013 16. ACCRA Veterinary Laboratory, Ghana - (Dr. Joseph Adongo Awuni) 17. FMD Research Centre, Virology Research Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom,

Plateau State, Nigeria - (Dr. Ularamu Hussaini)

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