food security and ‘transition’ possible elements of discussion: what are the characteristics of...
TRANSCRIPT
Food security and ‘transition’
Possible elements of discussion:
• What are the characteristics of ‘transition’?
• How can the aid community help?
• How can we measure success?
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Pre-Conflict Acute Crisis
Stages of Livelihood
Deterioration
Extreme Malnutrition &
Starvation
Functioning Livelihoods
CONFLICT AND LIVELIHOOD INTERVENTIONS
Emergency Relief
To Save Lives
Emergency Relief
To Support Livelihoods
Post Conflict
* Adapted from ICRC (2004)
Systems Support Consolidation and Transition
Livelihood Strengthening & Diversification
Livelihood Protection
Emergency Livelihood Support
Systems Rehabilitation
Economic Rehabilitation
Physical Rehabilitation
Stages of Conflict
What do we mean by ‘transition’?
• Transition from what?• Natural crisis vs Conflict crisis
• Transition to what?• Former normality? • Is it attainable? • Is it desirable (e.g. vis-à-vis ‘chronic’ food insecurity)?
• New ‘normality’?• Are there defining characteristics?• An identifiable threshold vis-à-vis food security?
From a livelihoods perspective…
‘The means by which households obtain and maintain access to essential resources to ensure their immediate and long-term survival.’
Temporary loss vs permanent loss (vs opportunity?)
Livelihood ‘capitals’ or assetsafter DFID
• Natural Capital: arable land, access to water, pasture, fuel
• Physical Capital: house, productive equipment, public infrastructure
• Human Capital: economic actors – labour, skills, salaried work. Childcare, education
• Social Capital: status, kinship or other network for reciprocal labour, loans etc.
• Financial Capital: savings, remittance income, pensions
• Political Capital: citizenship, access to political leaders or functioning legal system
purchase20%
food stocks
10%
gifts5%
relief10%
milk/meat5%
wild foods35%
labor for food15%
relief0%
wild foods35%
deficit65%
Food sources in a typical year before
the conflict
Conflict ‘Hazards’
Hazard Livelihood effect
Restricted Access
and mobility
Relief lost
Labor lost
Markets lost
Looting/
Burning
Livestock lost
Food stocks lost
Effects of conflict on access to food
How conflict undermines food security – Darfur Source of baseline data: SC UK
purchase20%
food stocks
10%
gifts5%
relief10%
milk/meat5%
wild foods35%
labor for food15%
relief0%
wild foods35%
deficit65%
Food sources in a typical year before
the conflict
Conflict ‘Hazards’
Hazard Livelihood effect
Restricted Access
and mobility
Relief lost
Labor lost
Markets lost
Looting/
Burning
Livestock lost
Food stocks lost
Effects of conflict on access to food
How conflict undermines food security – Darfur Source of baseline data: SC UK
How can the aid community help?
• Promote maintenance of peace, reconciliation
• Subsidy or guarantees as bridges for resumed economic activity: food aid, cash, water
• Investment in sectors: agriculture, livestock, roads, markets
• Investment in particular groups: returnees, demobilised fighters, women household heads
How can we measure success?
• Benchmarks or thresholds for a new normality?(civil security, physical and property rights recognised, integration of returnees, satisfactory rainfall)
• Some status of regularity returns: productive activity, cash income, services, ceremonies
• Changed relationship/accountability between assistor and assisted:
people have moved from being passive recipients to having some control / responsibility