Presenter: Krishna Prasad Acharya B.V.Sc & A.H Intern IAAS, Rampur, Chitwan

Welcome!!!

7th National Conference on Food Science and Technology(Food Conference 2014)

Food safety governance in Nepal: Opporttunities and challenges

FOOD SAFETY

Where is food safety for him?

INTRODUCTION

Food safety is defined as assurance that food will not cause harm to consumer when it is prepared and/eaten according to it’s intended use ( FAO/WHO,1997).

Governance: Act of governing

Food hygiene is important aspect of food safety. Five major principles of food hygiene as per WHO:

Prevent contaminating food with pathogens spreading from people, pets, and pests.

Separate raw and cooked foods to prevent contaminating the cooked foods.

Cook foods for the appropriate length of time and at the appropriate temperature to kill pathogens.

Store food at the proper temperature. Do use safe water and cooked materials.

Why food safety??

Food safety

Change in production

and consumption pattern

Incresing population

and demand for safe

food

Greater public

demand for health

protetion

Emergence of

resistance microbes

Do we know???

Source: Nature’s education, 2012

PILLARS OF FOOD SAFETY GOVERNANCE

Food safety governance

Technical assistance

Food security information

Coherence between food

security strategies,

policies, rules and regulation

Setting standard and promotion of

knowledge

RISKS OF FOOD SAFETY

Microbial risk: Infections Food poisoning

Drugs and antibiotics risks: Haphazard use of Hormones, Drugs and Antibiotics in Animal

Pesticides risks: Directly through application Indirectly through Toxic residues----- no appropriate withdrawl

period

CONTINUE…

Miscellaneous risks: Urbanization Change in feeding habit emergence of pathogens and International trade Political--- Election target

PRESENT SITUATION

Sector Deficit ( M ton)

Milk 11.2

Meat 800000

Eggs 0

Crop Deficit ( Mt)

Paddy 150000

Wheat and barley 130000

Maize 120000

Total 400000

Source: NVA 2013

FAO report 2010

FOOD SAFETY CONCERN

1)Intensive animal husbandry practice:

Overcrowding of animal

Increased prevalence of zoonotic diseases

Increased use of antibiotics

Development of antibiotics resistant

new microbes

Increased chance of pathogens in food

Unsafe foods

2) Changes in agronomic practices:

Increased use of chemical fertilizer

Untreated sewage Irrigation with contaminated

water

Disease pathogens in Ag. Products

Unsafe foods

3) Increase in susceptible population:

Advances in medical treatment

Increased longivity with immuno-compromised state and contracting chronic medical conditions

Increased chance of contracting food borne illness

4) Increase in travel:

Person exposed to foodborne illnes of one

location

Person not exposed to food borne illnes of

other location

Meet by travel

Contracts disease by non-exposed ones

5) Changes in life style and consumer demand:

Rise in urban living Increased trend of consumption of street foods

Increased us of foods prepared outside Home

Increased food borne diseases

6) Increase in international trade:

Rapidtransfer of microorganisms from one country to another

Unfamiliar food borne hazards reaching easily to consumer who are not immune

Increased hazards on consumer

7) Changes in food and agriculture technology:

Advances in technology such as refrigeration for preservation of food

Increased outbreak of listeria monocytogens

Genetic engineering ( GMO) --- cancer development.

8) Rapid population growth in urban areas

Many people live in conditions of extreme poverty with poor

sanitation

Poor food safety

PRESENT SITUATION

Carcass with house flies on it Flies on the table

Buffalo feeding on the waste of Sabji Mandi in Narayanghat.

News on effect of antiibiotics in poultry

Unhygienic condition of slaughter house

Unhygienic condition of poultry slaughter area

Poultry dressing area

Lack of residue testing system in Nepal

Washing of dish by contaminated water

Street food in ChitwanDrinking of remains in thrown off

coca cola in Narayanghat

Unsafe Rasbary with Housefly

Women spraying pesticides on pumpkin plant in saktikhor VDC of Chitwan

Carcass and viscera on same table ready for sale

Meat in open space

PRESENT SITUATION CONTINUE….

About 60% of foodstuffs comes from other countries such as India, China and so on. ( FAO,2012).

Microbiological contamination of food and water is a major cause of deaths and illnesses due to diarrhea ( FAO country report 2010).

70 percent of deaths among children under 5 years of age are linked to biologically contaminated food and food borne parasites such as Diarrhoea and neurocysticercosis.( Joshi et al., 2012).

About 40% of the population of country use contaminated water with marginalized community having 60% of total population using unsafe drinking water source and 50% of population using the water stored in unsafe container.( Wealthhungerlife project 2012).

About 94% of the diarrhoeal disease burden is attributable to environment, and is associated with risk factors such as unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation and hygiene(Joshi et al.,2012).

MILK AND MEAT SAFETY

Joshi et al 2004 reported human taeniasis upto 43% in syangja district and 18% in Tanahun district

Ghimire et.al, 2013 reported 38.85% prevalence of campylobacter in pork meat of chitwan. Similarly more than 80% coliform contamination of raw meat of Kathmandu as indicted by

Maharjan et.al.,2006. Ale et al reported upto 11.4% salmonella contamination in raw meat of Kathmandu valley. Ghimire 2013 reported upto 25.39 % prevalence of Enterococci in mince buff meat of

Chitwan. None of the butchers use water sanitiser in chitwan (Ghimire 2013). Poudel A. reported that 10% of people don’t boil the milk properly for

consumption which is one of the cause of poor food safety of Nepal. ( B.V.Sc & A.H internship report 2013).

About 10% of food item sold in Kathmandu are adulterated with major problem detection on bottle water, milk, oil and ghee( The Himalayan times 2012-08-19).

Shah D.N & C.poudel 2009 showed the 1.27-4.27 *106 that indicates very poor quality of milk sold by dairies of kathmandu valley.

In chicken isolates the highest rate of resistance was against A (100%), followed by Cp (95.31%), T (78.12%), Do (64.06%), Co (51.6%), Nf (6.25%) and G (4.68%).( Shrestha et.al., 2007)

Even the canteen in government office sell stale and unhygienic foods , then what about the situation of safety and hygiene in rural and marginalised community?.( The kathmandu post 09 june 2014)

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES:

Increasing trend of use of ripening agents such as carbide and pesticides such malathion pose greater challenge to food safety.

Farmers and retailers of pesticides do not have adequate knowledge regarding pesticide use and health safety (Giri 1998; Baker and Gyawali 1994; Dahal 1995)

Koirala 2007 reported contamination of pesticides in root vegetables(11.9%) followed by leaf vegetables( 10.9%).

There is high degree of adultration and sub-standarization of vegetable oil, Ghee , milk.( koirala et al.,2007)

HORMINES AND ANTIBIOTICS

50% of antibiotics are prescribed inappropriately ( DDA Nepal, 2011). Research report by khatiwada S. 2013 showed that 71% of drugs sale is by self

prescription rather than qualified registered veterinarian. Powder form of antimicrobials used as feed premixes and poultry feed

supplement with no any withdrawl period. Hormones such as Prostaglandins , Oxytocin and GnRH has been used

hapazardly by both para-veterinarian and farmers themself thus posing greater risk on food safety.( Personnel communiction – Dr. Bhuminand Devkota , Associate professor IAAS, Rampur , Chitwan)

SAFETY OF WATER:

A total of 55-85% of drinking water sources are micro-biologically contaminated (OCHA, 2008).

Wealth Hungerlife project in marginalize community of Nepal reported that more than 60 % of drinking water source are polluted and 50% of people in community drink water stores in unsafe container.

About 94% of the diarrheal diseases is due to envirinment and is associated with unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation and hygiene(Joshi et al.,2012).

Shrestha et., 2012 reported high level of arsenic( 0.143mg/dl) in deep water of Kathmandu valley.

Raymajhi et al 2013 reported 150 peoples suffering from diarrhea in Shantinagar VDC of Nepal and positive confirmation of Vibrio cholera in water sample.

Research by Bhattarai D., 2011 found out that 12% prevalence campylobacter in water used in slaughterhouse of Rupandehi district

Recently there has been death toll of 9 people in Biratnagar due to contamination of water supply

OPPORTUNITIES OF FOOD SAFETY GOVERNANCE

Greater public health demand for health protection. Increasing demand for safe foods. Liberalization of Agriculture by developed countries which opens the market Increased foreign investment for technological expertise Increased global food trade Major advantages on consumer with lower price Opportunities for public private partnership (PPP) Diverse ecological zone – high potential to grow diverse agricultural crops

throughout the year.

CHALLENGES

Political instability Climate change and development of new and resistant microbes. Poor infrastructure facility Long food supply chain with more critical points in supply chain

system. Poor co-ordination of government and private sector----- poor

Public private partnership Improper surveillance Inadequate laboratory facility Lack of awareness among the illiterate and proper attitude

among literate Poor enforcement of policy and lack of proper standard. Illegal trans-boundary movement of animal and plant products

WAYS AHEAD

Awareness of consumer and other actors of supply chain

Farmers field school on safety issues

Coordinating team of public private partnership for close monitoring at the field level.

Multidisciplinary networking within national and international networks to alleviate problem of food borne diseases.

Laboratory capacities and facilities should be strengthened.

Strict application of HACCP management system in critical points of supply chain

Monitoring and regulation of food safety should be made consistent all round the year not

present situation like seasonal or occassional monitoring and regulation.

Proper extension of research made on research station to farmers level for execution

Intregated pest management for pest control and alternative to antibiotics to treatment of disease.

WAYS FOR FOOD SAFETY GOVERNANCE

1) Producer: Follow the good agriculture practice

2)Processor: Ensure production of safe food Upgrade facility design and official food control system3) Handler: Safe handling ensuring the safety and stability.4) Governments: a)Grading of foods and food products b) Regular examination and monitoring on HACCP in production and marketing chain Adulterationc) Legal action against poor grades6) Consumer: Should demand safe products Strictly follow the direction for storage and use

SOME OF FOOD MESSAGES

Consume safe foods

Cook food to safe temperature

Keep raw and cooked products separately

Keep food contact surface clean

Keep house and kitchen free from pest and insects

Store food at safe temperature

Read product label information on safety

Frequent and correctly washing of hands

Keep food contact

surface clean

REFERENCES Aryal KK, Joshi HD, Dhimal M, Singh SP, Dhimal B,Dhakal P,Bhusal

CL (2012): Environmental Burden of Diarrhoeal Diseases due to Unsafe Water Supply and Poor Sanitation Coverage in Nepal, Journal of Neapl health research council(10)21:125-29

Bajagai, YS 2012, 'Food Safety Regulation in Nepal and Issues in the Regulation of Meat Safety', National Conference on Food Science and Technology (Food Conference-2012), 10-11 August, 2012, Kathmandu, Nepal, pp. 90-7

Bhandari G.P: Diarrheal Disease a neglected epidemics in Nepal. In: Bhandari GP SS, Sharma A,. National Workshop on prevention and control of diarrheal diseases 2011; Kathmandu: Nepal Public Health Foundation; 2011

Bhattarai D., 2011 Prevalence of thermophilic campylobacter isolate from water used in slaughter house of Rupandehi District and Kathmandu valley. Nepal Veterinary Students Association Blue cross annual bulletin, PP:51-55.

Deubanzar M. and Gupta M. 2013 : Prevalence and antibiogram of E.coli isolates from minced buff meat of Bharatpur Municipality( B.V.Sc & A.H Thesis)

FAO 2003a “Assistance in the Review of Agricultural Policy and Legislation : Veterinary Drugs Legislation”, Final Report by Dr Jim Fingleton prepared for His Majesty’s Government, Nepal, December 200

FAO, 2012, Asia and Pacific Commission on Agricultural Statistics,Twenty-fourth Session, Nepal – Agriculture Census ,8-12 October 2012

FAO. 2010. National Medium-term Priority Framework (NMTPF) 2010/11 – 2014/15 (Draft). FAO Representation Office in Nepal, June, 2010.

Ghimire L and Singh D K 2013: Prevalence,antibiogram and risk factors of Thermophilic campylobacter in dressed pigs carcass of chitwan( B.V.Sc & A.H Thesis).

REF….

FAO 2003a “Assistance in the Review of Agricultural Policy and Legislation : Veterinary Drugs Legislation”, Final Report by Dr Jim Fingleton prepared for His Majesty’s Government, Nepal, December 200

FAO, 2012, Asia and Pacific Commission on Agricultural Statistics,Twenty-fourth Session, Nepal – Agriculture Census ,8-12 October 2012

FAO. 2010. National Medium-term Priority Framework (NMTPF) 2010/11 – 2014/15 (Draft). FAO Representation Office in Nepal, June, 2010.

Ghimire L and Singh D K 2013: Prevalence,antibiogram and risk factors of Thermophilic campylobacter in dressed pigs carcass of chitwan( B.V.Sc & A.H Thesis).

REF….

https://www.google.com.np/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=7&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CEgQFjAG&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F016%2Fi3014e%2Fi3014e00.pdf&ei=TguZU9niCNO68gWW8YLYCQ&usg=AFQjCNH5XU3T-OFzB4llPMR4RcE-H0SWRA&bvm=bv.68911936,d.dGc

Joshi L. and Pandey KR 2013: Prevalence of methicilin resistant staphylococcus aureus in Dairy farms of Pokhara valley.( B.V.Sc & A.H Thesis)

Kathmandu Post.2014 May 5.Available at www.ekantipur.com Koirala P., Khadka D.B., Mishra A.,(2007) Pesticide residues as

environmetal contaminants in foods in Nepal, Government of Nepal and world Food Program, Kathmandu.

REF….

Maharjan, M., Joshi,V.,Joshi,D.D.,Manandhar,P.(2006) Prevalence of salmonella species in various raw meat of samples of local market in Kathmandu.Annuals of Newyork academy of sciences.1080.

Nepal Veterinary Association(2013).Vetnews.2013 Feb.Available at www.nva.org.np

Nirmal,B.K; Bajwar,N.B and Thakur,U.C(2012).Strategy of livestock services to increase the productivity of livestock in Nepal.Proceedings on 10th National Veterinary Conference of Nepal Veterinary Association .2012 March 28-30.Nepal Veterinary Association,Kathmandu,Nepal

Paudel A. and Dhakal I.P 2013: Prevalence of leptospira in suspected bovines in Buffer zone of Chitwan National park( B.V.Sc & A.H Thesis)

WFP and MoAC. 2009. District level food Security Monitoring: Resource material MoAC, Government of Nepal and world Food Programme, Kathmandu

WFP, 2009. Nepal Food Security Bulletin, Issue -24. WFP, August 2009. Kathmandu

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Dr. Krishna Kaphle Dr. I.P. Dhakal Dr. Bimal kumar Nirmal Dr.Ajit karna All my helping hands

THANK FOR YOUR ATTENTION…….