food in egypt

7/27/2019 Food in Egypt

1/48

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ETNIMESS

SAHAUTESS

SUL

TO

A

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IMPRIMERIEDE

D'ARCHEO


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FOOD SIR

AR


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PREFA

The

materialforthispaper

SirArm

andHuffer,C.M.C.,

viewto

tracingtheconnectio

Egypt,

andtheincidenceof

among

theinhabitantsatdiff

wrotea

nexhaustivetreatise,

HisdeathinApril1917,on

preventedhiseditingthepap

havew

ished.

lhavehoweve

andwit

houtaddingIntroducti

relyasaworkofreferencefor

intheF

oodoftheAncientEg

Janua

ryi9i8.

B E E m


4/48

FOOD C

Ca

ttlewerekeptinEgypta

mentsoftheBosTaurusandB

kjokk

enmoddingsofToukh.E

thefe

etoffurnitureintheshap

datingfromthetimeoflet,we

So

meofthecattleasshown

with

largesemi-circular,lyre

other

s,equallytall,

hadshort

implantedonthesidesofth

devel

opedhumplevelwithth

highr

cchignon',wererepresent

Th

ebonesofcattleuneart

Rema

insofBosindicusLim.,n

dome

sticEgyptianox,

haveb

Rema

insoftheshort-hornedan

ceros)

havenotbeenfound,

bu

these

animalshavingbeenbre

letonsofthetall,short-horne

nume

rouscorrectrepresentatio

(')CA

PART

,LesclawsdePartenE

p.

13o.

(')LORTETetGAILLARD,LaFaunem

Me'm

oiresdePbstitutd'Egypte,t.I.

h w d a ec


5/48

veryearlyintoEgypt,butthetheory.,

thattheimportationbeganafterthe

destructionofthelong-hornedrace

byanepidemicisnotsup

portedbyany

facts.All

thatisknownforcertainisthatthelong-hornedcattledisappeared

andwere

replacedbyshort-horneda

nimals.

Althou

ghhornlesscattlewerenumerous,theirboneshave

notbeenun-

earthed.Onedomainalone(1

)iss

aidtohavecontained35

long-horned

and22ohornlesscattle,

but,until

anatomicalproofisforthcoming,

the

existence

inancientEgyptofaracecomparablewiththehor

nlessracesof

themode

rnworldremainsnotprov

en,astheanimalsreprese

ntedashorn-

lessmayhavebeensimplymutilated.

Thefa

mousHathorfromDeirelBahari

(

2),a

typicalspecimenoftheold

race,rese

mblesmanydrawnatMem

phisorThebes.T

hesmallhead,narrow

chest,thinshoulders,long,wellcur

vedspine,highandthinle

gs,muscular_

thighs,prominenthips,andsmallu

ddersaretypical.Thecoa

tisbrownish

red,

dark

ontheback,l

ighterandt

awny,s

hadingintowhite,onthebelly,

andisstu

ddedwithdarkspotslike

flowerets,whichmightbe

lookedupon

asartificial,wereitnotthatthecoatsofmodernSudanesecattlearesimilarly

marked.ThecowisatypicalBosAfricanus.

Thecolourofthecattlevarieda

gooddeal:black,p

ie-ba

ld,averyfew

white,andthemajorityfawn-coloured,andofmanycolours(s).R

amsesIII(A)

bredinth

eDeltablackcowsandfaultlessanimalsforthesacrifices.Mulch

cows('lw

erewhiteorwithblacksp

ots,w

ithblackandredcalves,t

heheads

ofsacrificialoxenwhitewithblacks

tripes,thebodieswhite,wh

itewithafew

blackdots,b

lackwithreddish-brow

nbelliesandred-browncrosslineson

thelegs,

but,aswillbeseenlateron,

thesacrificialoxenw

eregenerally

red.

Ina

ceremonyoftenrepeated,

thekingorqueenoffers

fourbullsto

Amon-Ra,,red,w

hite,b

lackandsp

otted.AtDeirelBahari,f

orinstance

(

6 ),

thequeen

holdsthefourcalvestoge

therwithfourropestiedto

theleftfore-

foot,and

.shebringsthemtotheg

odMinwhomakesasuitablespeech.

(1)ERAIAN,Egypien,quotedbyLORTET

,La

Faune2nomif

i4e,p.65.

MASPE

RO,

Causeriesd'Egypie,p.321.

(

3

)InscriptionofSiout,IX'orX`"Dynasty

Large

ans

mac

att

earefr

e

presen

tedbothatBeniHasan

bringingthemin.I

tmustbere

cattleonasmallerscalethant

thesew

alls.Ofthemountaincattl

The

mummifiedcattleareof

bablythereforethatparticularr

ofthe

oxenandgoatsofthean

Among

theofferingsatSaqqarah

latedtherlong-hornedox,,orr

ox,,. Cattle-breedingand'thesupe

ferred

ahighpositiononthepe

seerofcattle,'

(

7)

,cc

Overseersof

thecattleofSenmuttriumphant

Royal

House,werehighofficial

herdo

fcattlewastheoutwards

numerouscattlewasequivalent

days.Thewealthofthetemple

inscrip

tionstatingthatnitscattl

upmillions,,.

Elsewhere,amon

thenomewithmenandcattle,'(

manhadmanycolours,t

hecow

ofcalve

s(ii)

(1)GreatAbydosInscriptiondating

RamsesH(BREASTED,AncientRecords

no.967).PapyrusHarris.

(2)MA

RGARETMURRAY,

SaqqaraMastaba

p.13,pl

s.IX,X,XII.

(3)Pap

.Harris(BREASTED,AncientRec

IV,no.2

72).

0)L.L

OAT

,Gurob,p.33.

(

5

)MARGARETMURRAY,

SaqqaraMast

PartI,p.34.

(')NEW

BERRY,LifeofRekhmera,p.2

8.

(BREASTED,AncientRecords,

1,no.4o8).

(4)

WIEDEMANN,Herodotszw

eitesBuck,p.181.

(5)Ibid.,p.181.

(6)NAVILLE,DeirelBahari,PartV,p.7.

m c c E a h N d en a a n f ha c ne p h v mpI k 1


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(')BREA

STED,

AncientRecords,I,nos.8

1,

157. (2)PalermoStone

(

BREASTED,

AncientRecord

s,

I,no.

146

).

(3)InscriptionofHarkhufatAssuan,VI"'

Dynasty(BREASTED,

AncientRecords,I,n

o.

336). (4

)Mere

nplah,XIX"'Dynasty(BREASTED,A

n-

cientRecords,

I,nos.435,

462,

482).

(5)TheAnnals(BREAST

ED,

AncientRecords,

II,no.

435).

(')KarnakSheshonk

I,XXII"Dynasty

(BREASTED,

AncientRecords,IV,no.724).

(7)TombofBekhmere,XVIII'Dynasty

(BREASTED,

AncientRecords

,11,no.

736).

(8)BREASTED,

AncientRecords,

IV,no.

235.

(9)IDEM,

ibid.,

IV,no.190.

(")HERoaons,II,

18.

enum

erngoanmaswasagrea

eas.

e

aermo

onemenons

the7Ye

arofthesecondoccurrenceofthenumberingofalllargeandsmall

cattleoftheNorthandtheSouth7,andalso7ofthethirdyearofthenum-

beringoflargecattle

(

1

)

7.Therequisitioningofcattleastr

ibuteprobably

accountsfortheirannualnumbering,andtheinspectionofthecattlebythe

ownerandthevizierisdepictedwithtiresomereiterationonE

gyptianmonu-

ments.Bulls

,oxenandcowswerebrou

ghtfromabroad,sometimesinverylarge

number

s,asspoilsofwar,tribute

orbywayoftrade.King

Snefruofthe

ifirdDy

nastybrought2oo,000largeandsmallcattlefromN

egroland

(

2),as

wellassmallcattleandbullsfrom

Negroland

(

3)orIbhetan

dHuasouthof

theAtba

raMeshwesh,asspoilofth

eLibyanMediterraneanexpedition.Under

-

ThutmoseIII(")largeandsmallca

ttlewereraidedfromMegiddo,Zahi,Na-

harrin,Retenu.ThewhitesmallcattlefromMegiddo(

5)andtheredcattle

fromNe

grolandsarespeciallymen

tioned(")inotherinscriptions.

PartoftheincomeofthetemplesofAmonandothergodsconsistedof

cattleofferedbykings,noblesandothers.866headsofcattleformedpart

ofAmon

'sincome(

7)

,

andRamsesI

IIgave9977variouscattle'',etc.(s),and

again3o

297variouscattlenforth

enewfeasts.

Cows

certainlyarementioneda

sdivineofferings(),buttherearenore-

presenta

tionsofcowsacrificeinan

cientEgypt.AccordingtoHerodotus,this

animalw

asholy,andneversacrificed,andwassacredtoIsis,

7fortheimage

ofIsisismadeintheformofawomanwiththehornsof

acow,asthe

Greciansrepresentto,etc.,,.

Cowswerenotslaughteredfor

foodasthefollowingcuriouspassageof

Herodotusindicates:7ThepeopleofAlva(is)andApis,inthepartofEgypt

orerngon

ya,eemng

em

beingdiscontentedwiththerestrict

nottobere

strictedfromtheuseofc

sayingtheyhadnorelationtotheE

Deltaanddidnotspeakthesamela

eatallman

neroffood.,1Thegod,h

thatallthe

countryirrigatedbytheN

belowthecityofElephantine,anddr

Thebullwastheemblemofstren

toabull.7Hemadememightyasa

toseethym

ajestyasayoungbull,fir

Ortheterrifyingaspectofakingis

intowomen(

3)7.Bullswereoftensa

theheadofthebullwasamortuary

already.

TheworshipofthebullsApisan

writers.Ap

iswasengenderedbyafl

heaven,an

dimpregnatedacowtha

young.TheApishadcertaincharac

spots;onh

isforeheadhehadawhit

acrescentmoon.Onhisbackhegene

cribeshim

asblackwithasquaresp

backthefigureofaneagle,andinth

aswelling

shapedlikeabeetle.Div

mitichus(a

),forinstance,

built

,acourt

heappeared,oppositetheportico,

sculpturedfigures

Therear

e(a),saidPliny,twotemp

Hetemi,and

tothesethepeopleresort

(1)Coronat

ionInscriptionofThutmoseIII,

XVIII"'Dynasty.

(2)ThutmoseIII,Hymnofvictoria,Karnak,

XVIII"'Dynasty(BREASTED,

AncientRecords,I

1,

no.

659).

wo f m y at c d ar s rs d n o r a n e si a op n o da w


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oxe

nterstheoneortheotheroftheseplaces,theaugury

isdeemedfavour-

able

orunfavourable.Hegives

answerstoindividuals,bytakingfoodfromt

he

handofthosewhoconsulthim.Heturned

-

awayfromt

he

handofGermanicus

Ces

ar;whonotlongafterdied.Thehonourswhichw

erepaidhimboth

duringhislifeandafterhisdea

thweredescribedbyDiodorusSiculus(n.The

deathofApiscausedthepeopletogointomourninguntilthepriestshad

foundasuccessor,whowasthe

nbroughttoNilopoliswherehewasfedduring

I

todays.Hewasthentakendo

wntheNileinaspecialvessel,inagiltcabin,

and

finallyreachedMemphis.Theanimalmightnotdri

nkthewaterofthe

Nile,butusedthatofaspecia

lwell.Therulewasthatitmustnotlivefor

morethan9

,

5years(

2),butthisrulewassometimesbroken,foritisknown

that

intheXXII"dDynasty,tw

ooftheholysteerslivedm

orethan26years(s),

and

Diodorus(")mentionsanA

piswhodiedofoldage.

W

henApisdied(

5),thepiousworemourninggarmen

ts,andnothingbut

wat

erandvegetablesentered

theirmouthsforfully6o

days,tillhisburial

was

over.Histombwasvisite

dbypilgrims,andgrave-stoneswereerected

insc

ribedwiththeinterestingb

iographyofthisbull;when

hewasborn,when

liewasbroughtintothetemp

leofPtah,andwhatwastheentirelengthof

hislife;wearetoldwhatplace

itwasthathadthehonour

ofbeinghishome,

and

thenameofhismother.Hisburialwasconductedwith

fullestobservances,

for

theStateitselfprovidedfor

it.

In547,

kingAmasismadeforApisccagreat

sarc

ophagusofredgranite,whichhisMajestyhadfound

,suchasneverhad

beenmadeofstone,byanykingoratanytime.Andhe

fittedhimoutwith

bandages,andamuletsandalladornmentsofgoldand

allpreciousstones;

theyweremorebeautifulthananythathadeverbeenmadebefore.,,This

was

thefirstofthosecolossal

sarcophagiatSaggara,madeofasingleblock

ofg

ranite,fourmetresinleng

th,andoverthreemetreshigh.

T

hesecondbestknownbullinEgyptwasMneviswiththesamephysical

characteristics.Itwasworship

pedatHeliopolis(

6)withhonoursasgreatas

thosegiventoApis.Thebull

Netosmayhavebeen

.Mnevisunderanother

inthetem

pleofJupiterPolieusin

Thego

ddessHathorwasoftenwo

atDendereh,theprincipalseatof

especiallyoncolumns,asawom

beautifulHathorcowfromDeirel

attributes

ofthegoddess,namely

ostrichfea

thers.Aclumpoflotusat

gracefullybendingroundthenec

figuresclosetoit,thefirststandsi

withtheb

acktowardstheanimal.

titude,the

umusonthecrown,and

indicatethatitismeantforaPhar

extendedinapositionofsubmissi

servantof

MahonThesecondpers

red,and,k

neelingbeneaththeani

Thesev

enHathorsthatassisted

partsimila

rtothatofourfairies.In

ofthedeadparexcellence,and,to

womanwasthennotcalledanOsiri

Thesky

,generallyregardedasa

picturedasacow,withshipssailin

borninthe

morningasacalfofthe

ofthesky.ThecowwassacredtoIsi

ofEgypt(

')andespeciallyincertai

appeareda

sawhitecow,atHermop

Thegre

atvenerationforthisani

sarcophagishowtheheadofacowo

saidtohaveburiedhisfavouriteda

intheshap

eofacow.

Theold

Greekideathatthecow

(1

)D1ODORUSSICULUS,I,85.

(2

)PLUTARCH,56.

(3

)FRAZER,SpiritsoftheCorn,11

p

.36.

(4

)DIODORUSI,85.

ERMAN,

Ah

andbookofEgyptianReligion,

p.170.

(6)DIODORUS,I,

84and88.

(1)ERMAN,

EgyptianReligion,p.7.

(2)HERODOTUS,II,41.

(3)STAAB,XVII,812.

ss Ar do gy we att ked al ss bobi

mur s th du ep ad me, als me ed a ur At pro re pri so Ba fo


8/48

.

giv

entothebull,thehusban

dofthedivinecow,,.In

thesamework

(

2)a

vig

netterepresentsacowhav

ingthedisk

.

withplumes

betweenherhorns,

andwearingacollar,fromw

hichissuspendedtheemblem

oflife.

Elsewhere

(

5)

iss

eenavignetteshowinga

hallorshrinewithinwhich,ontheleft,the

deceasedstandsbetweentwo

rowsofofferingsadoring

Ra,orOsiris,hawk-

headed.Nextarerangedsevenkineandabull,eachanimalhavingofferings

beforeit.Beforeitarefourrudders,emblematicofthe

cardinalpoints,and

on

theextremerightarefourtriadsofgods.Thespeecho

fthedeceasedread:

cH

ommagetothee,0thoulord,thoulordofrightand

truth,theonlyOne,

the

lordofeternityandcreatorofeverlastingness,1havecomeuntothee,

0m

ylordRa,Ihavemadeo

fferingsofherbsuntothesevenkineandunto

the

irbull,etc.,,.

Themethodofburialoftheanimalsthatdiedanaturaldeathissaidto

havebeenpeculiar(").Thec

owswerethrownintotheriver,butthereisno

confirmatoryevidenceofthisstatement,andmummifie

dcows

(

5)havebeen

foundatThebes.Themales,

according.tothesameauthor,wereseverally

interredinthesuburbs,with

onehorn,orboth,appearingabovetheground

foramark.Whenthebodieswereputrifiedand.theappointedtimearrived,a

raftcametoeachcityfromtheislandcalledProsopitis:thisislandwasin

theDelta,andwasnineschwniincircumference:crNowinthisislandProsi-

pitisthereareseveralcities;butthatfromwhichtheraftscometotake

aw

aythebodyoftheoxen,iscalledArtabechis;inita

templeofVenushas

be

enerected.Fromthiscity

then,manypersonsgoabouttoothertowns;

an

dhavingdugupthebone

s,allcarrythemaway,andburytheminone

place;andtheyburyallothercattlethatdieinthesamewaythattheydo

theoxen;fortheydonotkillanyofthem.,,

Thestatementthatoxen

werenotslaughteredism

anifestlyerroneous

(w

itnessthefrequentrepres

entationsintombsofcatt

lebeingsacrificed),

an

d,moreover,itisdifficulttobelievethatallthemale

cattlewereburiedin

thewayjustdescribed,asaregularStatedepartmentw

ithalargestaffand

(oTheBookoftheDead,

II,

ti3o.

Ibid.,III,533.

(4)HERODOTUS,II,

hI

.

(5)WILKINSON,M

annersandCustomsofthe

ancientEgyptians,V,195.

(

3) Ibid.,chaptercxLvm.

budgetwouldhavebeennecess

skeleton

swereevercarriedtoAr

headsan

dskeletonsofbullsando

inmany

andvariouspartsofEgy

death,as

theskinoftheoxisawe

Mummiesintheshapeofcatt

animals,

andthishasbeeninvoked

Thisfact,however,isoflittleval

mummif

iersmayaccountforthiss

characteristicsofbirdscontainedb

withthe

headofaramc

ontained

madeup

ofahumanadultfemur

truth-beingthatthemummifiers'

everexis

ted.

Itisveryprobablethereforeth

orfactsw

hichhegeneralisedundu

Thecastrationofbullsforthep

outataveryearlyperiod.Thead

followingpassage:nIhavecome,

beasts,,.

Thecastrationofanimals

representedonEgyptianmonume

whiteox,forinstance,wasoffered

withlegs

bound,72oxhaunchesa

ofofferin

gs.

Egypt

nothavingmuchpastur

butcherwereoftenstablefed.At

coaxingoxentoswallowballspro

food,andtheanimalsareoftenre

asdevelo

pinanimalskeptinimpri

Thehoovesofanimalsfoundso

xithDynastytempleatDeirelBa

theanimalshadneverbeenusedfo

(

1

)TheBookoftheDead,III,p.591.

Memoires

del'Institutd'ggypte,t.I.

al be ,e ed hi alt min n,idn d nc qu st feri n

(" Se abo sil ce ft pa ag es th do pi fth rele .7 eu


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Th

eslaughterofcattleforsacrificeorfoodisdepictedonmanymonu-

ments,andthepicturesresembleoneanothersocloselyth

atthedescription

ofonesuchscenewillsuffice.T

heanimalwasthrown,its

legstiedtogether

andthethroatcutwithaknife.O

nemanhelduponeoftheforelegs(i),while

anoth

erwithastrongknifesev

eredthelegfromtheshoulder,forthelegs

were

evidentlythechoiceparts.Abutcherwasrepresente

dalsosharpening

hisknifewithalongwhetstonehangingfromhisbelt,aswithbutchersofthe

presentclay.Theheartwasthen

taken.outorthebodyand

alsotheliver;the

anim

alwasskinnedinordertocutouttheribs.Eventhephraseswhich

accompanythescenevarybutlittle,wefindtheminotherplacesthanDeir

elBahari.Theyareeithertheexplanationofwhatisbeingd

one,suchasthese

words:cthesharpeningofthe

blade'',ortheyareshortd

ialoguesbetween

them

enwhoareworking.Thus:uThou_artbrave;put

theknifeintothe

leg

N

Cutitcompletely,,andtheanswerAdoasyoulik

e's.

Th

eanimalsused.forsacrific

ewerecarefullyexaminedbeforehand(

2),and

theanimalwasrejectedtheex

aminerfoundoneblackhairuponhim,

ando

neofthepriestsappointed

forthispurposemakesanexamination,both

when

theanimalisstandingupa

ndlyingdoWn;andhedrawsoutthetongue,

tose

eifitispureastothepre

scribedmarks...

Healso

looksatthehairs

ofhistail,whethertheygrownaturally.''Ifthebeastwasfoundpure,itwas

duly

markedforsacrifice;butanyonewhosacrificedan

unmarkedanimal

waspunishedbydeath.Therea

lobjectofthecarefulexaminationwaspro-

bably

toavoidpossibility.ofslaughteringananimalwith

thecharacteristic

mark

sofanApis.Plutarch(s)wentsofarastosaythatinordertoavoida

mista

ke,nocattlewereslaughtered.Itwasperhapsbecausenomistakecould

possiblyoccurinthecase,ofredoxenthattheseanimalsw

ereallowedtobe

slaug

htered(")andnot,asDiodorussuggests,becauseTyphonwasred.Itis

strange,however,thattheJews

followedthiscustom(

5)

.T

hisisthestatute

ofthelawwhichtheLordhasc

ommanded,saying:Speakuntothechildren

ofIsrael,thattheybringtheea

redheiferwithoutspot,whereinisnoble-

mish

...andoneshallslaughter,

(1)NAVILLE,

TheTempleofDeirelB

ahari,

PartIV,p.

7.

(2)

HERODOTUS,

38.

beforeslaughter:ccA.sacrificial

andthenoseofwhichhasnotbe

beencleanedinthetemplepool,e

dirtonh

isheadhasbeenwashed

Heisnowledtothealtar,whichi

isstretch

edoutonthesacrificialt

proachesandaftercarefulexamin

histwof

orelegs,etc.,'

After

sacrificeanddissection,

_

offeringsofmeatactuallyfoundn

astowhatpartswereappreciated

AtDeirelBahari,forinstanc

foundam

ongtheofferingsforqu

legseem

stohavebeenthemost

andinallrepresentationsofofferi

generallyonhisshoulder.

Se

khen

hotwasthefleshoftheforepart.Se

alimentaryofferings,ofwhichabo

foundin

thetombsofThutmosisil

Theseofferingsconsistedofpiece

thebody

,withtheexceptionoft

mitiesof

thelimbs,i.e.metacarpa

About

Sosuchmusclesorfrag

thebonesandconsistedofpieces

metreslo

ng,whichstillshowedth

suspended.

Twenty-onepiecesconsistedo

piecesof

thehumerus,eighteenpi

teenpiecesofthescapula,allofth

piecesco

nsistedofthewholeforele

(1)DEMIC

HEN,

Gene;r.Insc

hr.,11,go,Z7

(2)G.MA

SPERO,

GuidetotheCairoMuse

(')PLUTARCH,

DeIsi

de,p.

31.

(4)DIODORUS,1,88.

0)Numbers,xix,a.

ey il. ing elv nse go Eg Ea mall r.I ef, Th on tth met conba mpi na ls, it, cr lsa

brder 3

8.e

cor


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Therewereelevensternumsofoxorcalfwiththeircost

alcartilages;five

piece

seachcomposedoffourtoeightribs,ninepiecesofthe

vertebralcolumn,

each

offivetoeightdorsalvert

ebraewiththeirlongspino

usprocesses,and

lastly

61umbarvertebraeinoneblock.

Piecesofliverandspleenwerealso

found,

butnotraceofheartorl

ungs.Thebonesbelonged

toyounganimals

withununitedepiphyses,notmorethantwoorthreeyears

oldtherefore.

The

animalsfromwhichtheycamepossiblybelongedtotheBo

sbrachyceros.

Themystmk

idneys(?),,and

nenshemc

cspleenarementionedinthelist

ofofferingsofthe17thDynasty

(').AccordingtoGriffith

(2

)

,

thesutwasthe

haun

chorshouldershrunkby

boiling,andyuawasthe

shouldersimilarly

treated.

Althoughithasbeenrepeate

dlystatedthatthesemeats

weresalted,

there

isrea

llynoevidencetothateffe

ct.

Atfirstsight,thefactthatno

partoftheheadwasfoundwouldappearto

confirmHerodotus's

tatementthatwhenananimalwassacrificedthehead

wascutoffandsoldtoaGreek

merchant,or,intheabsenceofsuchamer-

chant,thrownintothe

-

river;thefollowingimprecationbeingpronouncedon

theh

ead:Ifanyevilisabouttobefalleitherthosethat

nowsacrifice,or

onEgyptingeneral,mayitbea

vertedonthisheadHerodo

tusadds:ccWith

respect,then,

totheheadsofb

eaststhataresacrificed,a

ndtothemaking

libationsofwine,theEgyptiansobservethesamecustom

sinallsacrifices

alike;andfromt

hiscustomnoE

gyptianwilltasteoftheheadofanyanimal

Yetonthewalls

.

ofmanyEg

yptianmonuments,oneseesthecalf'shead

beingcarriedonatrayoractu

allyputonthedinnertablewiththerestof

thefood.

Theprohibition,

there

fore,

didnotextendtocalves,orwasnotso

completeasHerodotussupposed,ordidnotexistinearlyEgyptiantimes.

Ofthecookingofthemeatverylittleisknown.

When

theysacrificedto

thegoddess

(

3)c

cwhomtheyconsiderthegreatest..,,,the

yremovedthein-

testines,

leavingthevitalswiththefatinthecarcase;cutofthelegs,and

thee

xtremityofthehips,with

theshoulderandlegs,and

filledthebodyof

0)MARGARETMURRAY,

SaqqaraMasta

bas,

I,

(2

)IDEM,

ibid.,p.37.

p.38.

(3)HERODOTUS,H,1

09.

otherperfumes;ccandafterthe

ingonitagreatquantityofoi

whilethesacredthingsarebei

theyha

vedonebeatingthemse

ofthev

ictim.,,

Thefrankincen

appreciatednow,

butastuffing

unlikethestuffingthatmodernE

Doubtless,asisdoneintheE

waspassedthroughseveralsm

overacharcoalfireorbrazier

thedom

ainofkingShepseske

withpre

ttyopen-wOrkedsides.

thesma

llerpotswereplacedo

support

sovertheopenfire.

At

kitchen

ofRamseslll,agreatm

thekitchenboyisstirringthec

Thestockofmeatishungona

From

thetimeoftheOldEm

doughofbread.

Theherdsmen

dough.)

,andmakingitintoroll

mals,th

eycoaxedthemtoeat

mouths.

Oryx

,antelopes,geese,and

Fatte

ninghousesforanimal

giftstothegodsbyRamsesIII.

Large

numbersofsheepwere

atthetimeofthepyramidbuild

(`)ERMA

N,L

ifeinancientEgypt,p.G

3

(

2

)Pap.

Harris(BREASTED,

AncientRe

-hefre suc here at, has but, ani owe rile exho nt. asb c.,c eep tob w

asmes

Lycm,c eo e

ra ate er, yth av ag .


11/48

thena

snowthebreedingplacesforsheep,astheseanimalscanlivefora

verylongtimewithoutwater,ifallowedtoproceedattheir

leisure.

Tw

oprincipalracesofsheep

existed.Thefirst,Ovislongipes(Tritzinger),

Racep

alccoaigyptiacus,hasbeenid

entifiedbyfragmentsofcraniafoundinthe

kjokkenmoddingsatToukh(1

).T

hecharacteristichorns,heavy,withlong

transv

ersespiralsarcfiguredonaverybeautifulslatefound

atElBershelt(')

andnowintheCairoMuseum,a

ndonthepapyrusNeb-Qu

edoftheLouvre

Museum(a),andonaclayseal

foundatHierakonpolis(").Nomummified

remainsofthissheephavebeen

foundsofar.

Thesheepwithcurvedhorns,thetypicalAmon'shorn

s,wasbyfarthe

mostcommon,andseveralmummiesofthisanimalareintheBritish,the

Cairo

andBerlinMuseums.TheCairospecimenscomefrom

Saqqaraandone

ofthe

mstillbearsbrandedonth

eforeheadthemarkofthe

formerowner.

Lortet(5)statesdefinitelytha

tthisraceofsheepdoesn

otappearonthe

monumentstilltheXlIthDynasty,andwithoutbringinganyproofordocu-

ments,lieassumesthattheOvispakoawyptiacasdiedout

aboutthebegin-

ningo

ftheSaiticperiod,andwasreplaced.bythesecondsp

ecies.Atthetime

ofthe

Ptolemies,EtiboaanandA

rabiansheepwerebrought

intoEgypt.

Ac

cordingtosomeauthors,thecultofthesheepwa

sspreadallover

Egypt(6)

,

whereasStrabolocalisesitinSaisandtheTheh

aid.Thesheepis

mentionedamongtheanimalsthatwerefedbyAmon(

7),

andasheepwith

humanvoicealsorenderedoracles.Thedivineshadowwasinthelikenessof

aram

(8).InthespeechofPtahregardingthebirthofRams

es(a)thegodex-

claims:rrIassumedmyformas

theBarn,lordofMendes,

andbegottheein

(')IntheoriginalpaperJ.deMorgan,

p.99,

thereisnomentionofthesecrania,alth

opgh

lateronLortetrepeatedlyreferstothislist.As

farasIcanmakeoutLortetfirstthoughtthese

fragmentsbelongedtoagoatandchang

edhis

mindafterwards.

(2)N

EWBERRY,

ElBerslieh,II,1)1.XXV

.

(3)L

ORTETetGAILLARD,

LaFaltermotnifije,

P.87. ("

)Q

UIBELL,

Hierakonpolis,PartII,pl.LXX,

thyaugustmother::.Theram-

wellknown,andtheheadwas

ThegodKhnumandkingss

withthelongspiralhorns,wh

includingAlexandertheGrea

teristic

ofAmon.Anattempth

withthelonghornedsheep,b

showbo

thkindsofhorns(a).

The

questionwhetherthea

goatisanopenone,which,ho

theanim

almayhavebeen,ster

theanim

alissaidtohavehads

occasions.Itismoreprobable,

ramorgoatwastheactiveagen

Asin

thecaseofcattle,itha

wool,butter,cheese,milk,etc

atonetime(

3)

.Sacrificesofshe

butthetheorydoesnotappeart

Itwassaidthattheanimalw

habitan

tsoftheNitrioticnom

sheep::(s),butitwaseaten.inL

theTliebansslaughteredaram

thecrea

ture,placed.thestatu

selvesandforthwithburiedthe

Thea

nimalwasdoubtlessea

againstitatsometimeorothe

Juvenal(a)wentsofarastosay

Bone

sofCaprahircus(")h

Toilkh,

andsomeosseousfra

(I)L

ORT

ET,LaFencemomifiee,p.91.

(2)WIED

EMANN,

Ilerodot,p.219.

(3)DIOD

ORUS,I,87.

Sext.

Emp.

Pyrrli.,III,220.

(3)STRA

BO,XVII,8o3.

figs.toand11.-

I')LORTETetGAILLARD,op.cit.,p.

PoLvAiN,VII,g;s

eeWIEDEMANN,

Hero-

dot,p.196.

(7)MARIETTE,Pap.Bulak,

17,pl.6(see

WIEDEMANN,

Herodotp.196).

0)KarnakInscriptions,XVIII'Dynasty,

ThutmoseII(BREASTED,AncientRecords,II,

no.396).

0)BREASTED,

Ancien

tRecords,Ill,no./too.

rep ome tscrbycoo rge e

dle

cet she efi hes act aqq not vide his est G

A theOr

cords,

.Cit.

,

nasty

TED,


12/48

remains

of

,Capracaucas

ica

(i

orofm

aesof

Capramem

rica

.

suo

rcus

membric

uswasfoundatSaqqarah

(CairoMuseum,no.9673),and

-

repre-

sentationsofthisanimaladornthewallsofthefunerarychape

lofRa-n-ousir

oftheYthDynasty,ofaGizehtom

boftheIVI'Dynasty,andofothermonu-

ments(2

).AskullofHircusThebaicus,ananimalpicturedonthemostancient

Egyptianmonuments,isintheCairoMuseum,andfragments

oftheskullof

Hircusreversis,thedwarfgoatofC

entralAfrica,havebeenfo

undinthepre-

historicdebrisofToukh(5).Long-hornedgoats(")wereburie

dintheanimal

cemeteryatGurob.Thehornsof

afinespecimenmeasured

,accordingto

Mr.OldfieldThomas,1footio1/9

inchesalongtheoutsidec

urveandifoot

7inchesfromtiptotip.

Thes

acrificeorslaughterofthe

goatisnotoftenseenonm

onuments.The

bestisa

tElGebrawi(

5

),wheretheskinningofagoathangingf

rom

abranchof

atreeis

thesubject.uCutitupan

dmakeitcome,'seems.tobetheinjunc-

tion,andtheotheruIamdoingaccordingtothypleasuren.Amanwhois

describedas:uAtomb-cookperfo

rminghis

duty,iscuttin

gupmeatona

hoard,w

hileacomradestirsthejo

intswhicharebeingcookedinacauldron

overthebrazier.Heremarks:uT

hesearedone.InRome

(6)theshe-goat

wasafavouritedish.

Goatswereofsomevalueasth

eyweretakenasspoilsofwar,andwere

presentedtoRamsesItoftheXIX'

DynastybyAsiaticprinces

whovisitedhim.

Afavouritegeneral,UM,underPepyIoftheVP'Dynasty,boaststhatofhis

soldiers

unoonethereoftookany

goatfromanypeopleT.Menerptah,onthe

otherhand,commanderedthego

atsofhisLibyanenemiesN.Whiteand

smallg

oatswerebroughtbackass

poilsofwarbyThutmoseI

II(s).

Mountainanimalswereoffered

assacrificesunderThutmo

seIII(a).1,089

goatsa

nd205variousgoatsare

numberedamongtheofferingsofRam-

,

an

eseanmaswer

intheXIIt

1

iDynasty(2

)

.

Wildg

oatswerecaughtinso

himself,asprey,likewildgoat

hunted(4

).Thisanimalwaseaten

bread,an

dwineforeveryday,

wildgoatsofthe

Large

numbers,2o,0

00lar

abroadin

theOldEmpire(s).

Nee

forsuchlargenumbers,andhenc

authors.

Threespecimensofthewilds

tombshavebeendescribed.The

craniumofaveryoldsubject;th

dividual,

andthelastistheinta

theserem

nantswerefoundatSa

byancien

tEgyptians,foritisn

perhapsatIlierakonpolis.Theev

but,inan

ycase,thefleshofth

greatrequ

est.

Theideathatitwastheanc

entirelygivenup.

G

TwokindsofOryxinhabited

corixwith

curvedhorns,andthe

(1)LOR

TETetGAILLARD,

LaFauneinomifiae,

p.

111.

(2)GAIL

LARD

C1DARESSY,

LaFaunemoinif

ige,

II.

102.

(3)

LORTETelGAILLARD

,LaFaunemoniffige,

3serie,

p.

80.

()LOA

T,Carob,p.3.

(5)N.D

EG.DAVIES,DeirelGebrawi,PartI,

P.'6

.

(

6)

ATIIEN,E

US,

Coo

kery.

(1)KarnakInscription(BREASTED,

AncientRe-

cords,

III

,no.

584).

(

a

)

TheAnnals(BREAS

TED,

AncientRecords,

II,no.490).

(2)CoronationInscription(BREASTED

,Ancient

Records,II,no.139).

(1)Pap.H

arris(BREASTED,

AncientRec

IV,no3.

098

-347).

(2)TheContractsofHapzefi(BREASTED,

op

I,no.556).

(2)MedinetAbou,

IlanriesIII,XX'''Dyn

(BREASTED,op.cit.,

1V,no.

91).

(4)Sphinx

Stela,ThutmoseIll(BREAST

op.cit.,II,n

o.5oi)..

1116noiresde['Institutd'glipte,

1..

I.

edf

offe p

pe ,are

fican

heki B

ub

monu stis

). nted ri

ces,

hee

on, sof

ppeafor b

ellameno(is)

V,no.

einot

fHier

andB


13/48

,

,

I"D

ynasty.

T

hemonumentsofpredyna

stictimesmostlyshowtheBeisavariety,and

theLeucorixappearsonthose

oftheAncientandMiddle

Empires.Itswhite

back,andcharacteristicbrick-colouredbellyarewellsho

wninthetombsof

Ben

iHasan.

R

epresentationsoforyxanteriortothePiDynastyexis

tonahardcylinder

from

theroyaltombofNegada

h(0,onanivoryplate,probablyprehistoric

(

2)

,

ons

everalvasesatBallasandNegadah(s),andonthewallsofaprehistoric

tombat.Hierakonpolis.AtGizehandBHA(4)anoryxc

ouchantformsthe

handleofanivorylid.

T

hehuntingoftheoryxisre

presentedonaprehistoric

palettefromIliera-

konpolis(

5

)anditappearssev

eraltimesatBeniHasan

andatSaqqarah.

Her

dsoftheanimalareseenwalkingaboutthedesert,

andthebirthofan

oryxisrepresented,withawo

lforjackalwaitingfortheyoungtobeborn

inordertodevourit(6)

.

T

heanimalwasdomesticate

d(7)andwasalsoimportedfromtheSouth,

possiblybecauseithadbeengraduallykilledoffinEgypt.Itwasfattenedfor

thetable;anoryx,forinstance(s),isseenlyinginitsstable

;andaninscription

relateshowthemanisthereto

fattentheoryx.Asimilarsceneisrepresented

atB

eniHasan(

9

).Itwasslaughteredforfoodinexactlythe

samewayascattle,

thebutcherusingalmostsimilarwords:HoldfasttheoryxthatIamcutting

top

ieces.Thatisclone,comrad

e.Pulltowardstheeverystrongly,comrade.y,

T

hesacrificeoftheoryxis

somewhatrealisticallyrep

resentedtwice(10);

whiteoryx(

11)werekeptintheslaughteryardofthetemple

ofMedinetAbou(12

)

,

Dynasty.RamsesIllappointe

white

oryxes,inordertoo

whole

,however,itwouldap

white

oryxes,malegazelles,

ofRam

sesIII(s),aninsignifi

ofhea

dofcattlegivenbyth

As

keleton(")ofamaleB

rarely

drawnonEgyptianm

Cairo

Museum.Thehartbees

palettefromHierakonpolis(

5

)

Variousantelopesarepain

dahan

dBallaslo).Aprehisto

many

excrementso

r

antelop

thenk

eptincaptivity,andth

favoursthesameidea.Latero

andth

efatnessandsleeknes

forthetable.

Antelopesdonotoftenap

tioned

inthepapyrusHarris,

XXIIn

dDynasties('').

BonesoftheGazelleIsab

brisofToukh

(12)

,inthetem

samelocality

(

14).AtTarkhan

(i

)

J.DEMORGAN,

Recherchessurles

origines

del'E

'gypte,

I,1896,p.

115,

fig.

136,

and11,

1897,pl.V,p.

266.

(2)PittRiverscollection(J.DEMORG

AN,

Re-

cherches,

1896,

11,p.

169,

fig.

56o).

FL.

PETRIE,

NaqadaandBallas,pl.

LXXVI1

andfollowing.

(')

FL.PETRIE,GizehandRifeh,p.6

.

(

5) QUIBELI,andGREEN,

Hierakonp

olis,II,

pl.X

XVIII,p.41.

(6)LORTETetGAIL

LARD,

LaPannemoinificce,

p.

170.

(

9

)N.DEG.DAVIES

,DoleelGebrawi,PartII,

P9.

(

5

)LORTETetGAILL

ARD,op.cit.,p.

170.

(9'NEWBERRY,

Beni-Hasan,

I,pl.XXVII.

0

)

SeeLORTETetG

AILLARD,op.cit,p.

172.

(")Pap.

Harris(B

REASTED,

AncientRecords,

IV,no.

19o).

(12)BREASTED,

Ancie

ntRecords,IV,no.

2

1

1

2

.

(I)BREASTED,

AncientRecords,IV

(

2

)IDEm,op.cit.,

IV,no.

266.

1

') Pap.

Harris.

(4)GAILLARDetDARESSY,

LaPatine

no.

295

19.

(5)PlateLXXVandfollowingof

polio,II

.

(

5) PETRIEandQUIBELL,

Negadaha

pi.LIa

ndT

A

IL

SeeCAPART,p.

126.

(7)J.D

EMORGAN,

Origines,p.

31.

epuls

-sha

would

orn

eIs'

anP

Oth

ings

ripti ,a

ple

Ta-ic

pef

aslo

wead

ei the ieda

aten

ab(

the

vidin

hatth

dfea

blen

ypho

kpig

useum VI. at

eXX ,p.8


14/48

(I)FL.PETRIE,Dendereh,p.29.

(')FL

.PETRIE,

ArtsandCraftsinEgypt,p.49.

(3)LORTETetGAILLARD,

LaFaunemom

iRe,

1"serie

,p.78.

(4)SE

LATERandTHOMAS,

TheBookofA

nte

lopes,vol.III,p.io5,1898.

(5)BU

DGE,H

istoryofEgypt,p.5o.

c

6)J.D

EMORGAN,Recherchessurlesorigins

dePEgypte,p.134.

(7)CoronationInscriptionofThutmoseIII

(BREASTED,

AC/CH/ATOMS,

II,no.io6).

(8)Pap.Harris(BREASTED,

AncientRecords,

IV,no.242).

(9)Ibid.(BREASTED,op.cit.,110.190).

(To)InscriptionontheBubastisgate(BRE-

ASTED,op.c

it.,IV,no.768).

(")WallInscriptionofKarnak(BREASTED,

op.c

it.,

IV,no.

7211).

tombs

ofDendereh0)whichwereusedfromthetimeofthe

XVIIPhDynasty

untilP

tolemaictimes.

Thegracefulheadoftheanimalornamentedtheprehistoricpotteryof

Negad

ah,andtwolong-neckedgazellesandapalmtreeareseenonapre-

historicslate.rThedetailsofthe

formsofthe'jointsandthegeneralposeof

theanimalsisexcellent,andthe

feelingforthegraceful,slenderoutlineand

smoothsurfacesisenforcedby

theruggedpalmstempla

cedbetweenthe

gazellesN.

T)

Mu

mmifiedbodies,maleand

female,ofGazellaDorcasandGazellaIsabella

haveb

eenfoundinlargenumbersatKOm-Mereh,KomOmbo,

Toukh(

3

)and

elsewhere,andithasbeenstatedthat0)thedorcasgazelleis

figuredchieflyin

monum

entsofUpperEgyptandthegazelleISabellaonthose

ofLowerEgypt.

Themembersoftherulinghousesorfamiliesworetheu

ndressedskinsof

animalssuchasgoatsorgazelles

madeintodrawers,fastenedroundthewaist

byaropeorcord,

tiedinaknot

(5).Theskin,

intheprehis

toricperiod,was

usedforvariouspurposes,includ

ingthewrappingupofthe

deadN.

Gazellehuntingisoftenrepresentedonthemonuments,andrichmen,

especiallyintheAncientEmpire,keptherdsofgazelleswh

ichwerefattened

forthetable.

The

ywereoffered

.

tothegodsoccasionally.T

hutmoseI

llrelateshowhe

ordere

dgazellestoberepresente

dtoAmon-Ra(7),andthe

seanimalsfigure

amongtheoblationsbyRamses

IlltoAmon-RaN,among

theanimalsNin

thesla

ughter-yardofthetemple

atMedinetAbou,andamongtheofferings

ofthe

priestOsorkonunderShesh

onkIII(XXIIndDynasty)(1

0

),andthisking

presen

tedtoAmon-Ragazellesb

roughtfromnegroland(").

Pigsw

erenotanobjectofre

fromthe

timeofMenesarepig-

uponasr

epulsive,thisshapew

onwhich

paintusedfortheado

Aglaz

edpigdatingfromthe

Ombo,in

atempleoftheRoma

pension,havebeendiscovered.

periods(

3

)exist,somerepresenti

offertilityandcarryingtheinscr

ofthissow.IntheIP'Dynasty,

ofthewh

itesow,'

(").Thename

asty(5

),andduringthePtolemai

wordcattle-herdN.

Nevertheless,theexistenceof

nativeEgyptians(

7

),werenotall

others,im

pliesafairlylargetra

Pigsw

ereusedfortreading

sowing,b

utasthisworkoccupi

thisanim

almusthavebeenea

Renni,w

hosetombisatElKa

asthism

anwasaprophetoft

earnedan

honestpennybyprov

There

isevidencetoshowth

sentimen

tofreligiousaweand

abhorrencearealmostequallyb

asanemb

odimentofSetandTy

Itwasin

theshapeofablack

(1)MASPERO,GuidetotheCairoMu

4'edit.,p.

539.

(2)FL.PE

TRIE,

Abydos,II,p.25,pl.

(3)REISN

ER,

Amulets,p.162,alsoplat

(4)WIEDE

MANN,

fier0C10/8ztveitesBach,

relat

map

ding

dtha

fro

oner.

s'tea E

gyhter

lles, onss and, rt

sei ont ecan llag slau

eirm

sther

ofth

meat.

ape

seate asar part

ndin

X;

N

.D


15/48

H

orns,whoburnedhimand.institutedthesacrificeofthepig,thesun-god

h

avingdescribedthebeasta

sabominable.

IntheEgyptianHeavenandHell

(

1

),whereOsirisisrepresentedsittingin

ju

dgment,apigisbeatenb

yanape,andpossiblyrepresentsheretheeater

ofthedead.Inthepapyrus

ofNekhtalso,thedeceasedisseengraspinga

chainbywhichaserpentisfettered,andspearinga

pig.TheEgyptiansat

o

netime,certainlyabhorre

dthepig,asafoulandloathsomeanimal,forif

a

man(

2)somuchastouchedapiginpassing,heste

ppedintheriverwith

allhisclothesontowasho

fthetaint;andtodrinkpig'smilkwasbelieved

tocauseleprosyandotherskindiseasestothedrinker0).Yet,onceayear,

theEgyptianssacrificedpigstothemoonandtoOsiris,andnotonlysacrificed

thembutateoftheirflesh,

thoughonanyotherdayoftheyeartheywould

n

eithersacrificethemnortasteoftheirflesh.Those

whoweretoopoorto

o

fferapigonthatday,ba

kedcakesofdoughand

offeredtheminstead.

c

c

Whenthesacrificerhasslainthevictim,saysHerodotus,heputstogether

thetipofthetailwiththespleenandthecaul,andthencoversthemwith

thefatfoundaboutthebelly

oftheanimal,andnextco

nsumesthemw

ithlire;

therestofthefleshtheyeatduringthefullmooninwhichtheyofferthe

sacrifices,butonnootherclaywouldanyonetasteit.

Inthekjokkenmiiddings

ofToukh(")manyfragmentsoflonghonesand

ja

wsofswinewerediscoveredanddebrisofSus&I*havealsobeeniden-

tifiedfromtombsintheFayoum.

Thepopularideathatth

eoldEgyptiansabstained

fromporkbecauseof

itssupposedunwholesome

nesshasnocertainfound

ation.Thepriests,itis

said,rhated,'porkbecause

itsmeatlefttoomuchres

idue,but,astheyattri-

b

utedthesamedrawbacktomutton,itisclearthattheexplanationwasan

a

fter-thought,andthatthe

reasonfortheiravoiding

thismeatisunknown.

TheGreekslivinginEgyptpartoOkofporkfreely

withoutsufferingany

e

vilconsequences.Wehav

e(

5)aletterfromaman,Alpino,tohisfriend

E

ronosaskinghimtosendhimtwonicelittlepigs,an

dbegshimtoseethat,

theyarereallygoodonesandnotrrquiteuselessli

kethelastoner.King

'())BREASTED,

AncientRecords,II

I,no.i6o.

(2)HERODOTUS,II,47.

(3)PLIITARQUE,

OEuvresmorales,

p.226.

(4)LORTETatG

AILLARD,LaFaunamoutifile,

3serie,p.

(5)COMPARETTI,Leilered' He1

.

0a0fle(?),110.

166.

22

P

tolemy(

1

)mustneedsr

th

eAssiansbroughthim

ofhisbodycorrespond

assnow:andtheysaid

in

galltheseanimalsf

drachmaeaspriceforo

in

cludingstuffedsows

A

lexandria.

ThemeatsupplyofE

andpartlyontheslaugh

oryx,antelopes,gazel

desert.Manyillustratio

pleasuresofthechase,

borderingonthedeser

bivorawhichbrowsing

H

owgreatthatdamage

to

conceive,andthevil

duringashortstay,to

devices,devastatedthe

lo

pes,gazelles,etc.,was

pr

ecautionontheparto

himselfwithexcellentm

Thehyenaoccupiesa

vorousanimalthatwas

an

dsuchfattenedhyena

Theskinandvarious

an

dcurativepowers,an

(1)

TI1ENXUS,IX,17.

0)FL.PETRIE

,

Deshesheh,

I

X

some

,poss

cause

fferin

)say

ndmi

prise

meac

natio

kreac

defo

with

dmil

neda

XXV

more

acrifi

dgoa

Dynas

milk

oil',(b

0

mein

heBe

ords,II

56.

62.

71.

STED,

5o,

395

I"'Dyn

e,t.I.


16/48

(')MARGARETMURRAY,

Saqqara

Mastabas,

P

artI,p.29.

(')LEPSIUS,Denkmiiler,II,43.

(3)QUIBELL,Ramesseum,pl.XXX

III.

(4)LEPSIUS,

Denkm.,

II,

5ob

.

(5)LEPSIUS,Denkm.,II,96.

n

)Edwardscollection,seeMARGARETMURRAY.

(7)PETRIEand

QuIRELL,NegadaltandBallas,

pl.LXXVII.

(8)NAVILLE,A

hnaselMedineh,p.24.

--

th

ehyena.ThemodernSin

aiBedouinshunttheanim

alforthesakeofits

fa

t,whichispopularlysupp

osedtobethebestfatforointments.

IntheOldKingdomhyen

aswereamongstthedome

sticanimalsandwere

probablyusedforfood0).InthetombofSekhemka

(pl.VII),amongthe

animalswhicharebeingtakentothesacrificeisahyena,carriedinthearms

ofaKa-priest.InthetombofPeheniuka(2)atSag

garathereisanother

beingcarried_amongthedeerandcattlewhichareof

feredtothedeceased.

In

severaltombsofGizeh,a

tSheikhSaid,atDeirelG

ebrawi,,andatDeshe-

shell,hyenasareseenbeingdrivenorledbymen,

generallyherdsmen,

andveryseldombywomen,and,clearlytherefor

e,theywerenotun-

commonlyofferedtothede

ad.Theyappeartohaveb

eendomesticatedlike

antelopes,onyx,etc.,forthe

ywereled(

3

)likedogs,tetheredtotheground

asotherfarm

animals("),ortheywerekeptinpacks(

3),

orfattenedandstuffed

likecattle,geese,etc.H.

Itisnotclearwherethe

supplyofhyenascamefrom,forneithertheir

capturenortheirslaughterisrepresented.Itseemsprobable,consideringthe

numberoffemaleswhicha

ppear,thattheywerebredinconfinement,like

otherfarm-yardanimals.

Ontheivoryhandleofaprehistoricflintknifein

thePitt-liverscollec-

ti

on(')hyenasarecarved.Itwasasacrificialknife,a

ndtheanimalsfigured

onthehandlearepossiblysacrificialanimals.

HARE.

BonesofLepus(sp.und

etermined)wereburiedintheprehistorickjok-

kenmoddingsatToukh,and

theanimalsometimesfigu

resamongthepresents

o

fthepeasantrytothemasteroftheestate(s).Itisnot

atallcertainthathares

o

rrabbitsweredomesticated,andthehoneswhichw

erefoundweredoubt-

lessthoseofanimalskilledinthedesertwadysnearthecultivatedland,which

haveatender,white,s

th

anafewmonthsold,

jackals,or,perhaps,bec

Amongthedivineof

th

etombofHarmheb0)

tionsofwater,winean

of

ThutmoseIII(2

)comp

of

intojarsofelectrum

Among,andthecoron

A

moncommandedmilk

whichmymajestymad

to

rFillyemethealtar

RamsesIII

(

5)offere

go

ds,anditismention

of

TanutamonintheX

XXVIthDynasty.Inm

wasstillofferedasasa

Themilkofassesand

ElKaboftheXV1IlthD

,ep

halisofdurra,them

ba

lsam,and2jarsofo

Asat.thepresenttim

be

ingservedup(")Th

(I)B

REASTED,AncientReco

MX'Dynasty.

(2)IDEM,op.c

it.,II,no.55

(3)IDE11,op.C

it.,II,no.16

0)IDEA!,op.c

it.,II,no.57

(

5

)PapyrusHarris(BREAS

cords,IV,

nos.

295

,301,3

5

(

9S

telaofPiankhi,XXIII

Me'moiresdel'Institutd'gypte

sel'ci

undin

eposi

tiang

osay

cture

rcine

eseRin

aB

ean

:1/6

eivesElse ge

esdsof

geese

ntion

nmut

ead,

theki

ortua yme

eEle

exacti

aFaun

p.

31.

A.,XV

art1,p.

risIII(B


17/48

(1)NAVILLE,

Templeof

Deirel

Bahar

i,1,

p.

63.

pl.XXVIIIandXX.

(2)SCDUBERT,

p.

513.

(3)CairoMuseum.

(4)GAILLARD

etDARESSY,

LaFaunemompe,

(5)InEm,

ibid.,

110.29704.

(6)1DEM,ibid

.,DO.09705.

(7)XY111hDynasty.LORTET,

LaFa

unemond-

fiue,eserie,p

.97.

26

heatedupthemilkforthe

strangerwithinhistent,justashissuccessor

5

oooyearsafterwardsdidforDoughtyandforthewriter.

Themilkingofcowshas

beenrepresentedmanytim

es,atDeireiBahari(I)

andDesheshehforinstance

,themilkbeingreceivedinappropriatevessels.

T

hecelebratedHathor'sco

wofthesame.templeh

asthekingcrouching

u

nderherandsuckingmilk

fromherteats.

AtAlexandriamanydairieswereopened,and,asf

arascanbemadeout,

themilkwasasquitedear

asitisnow(

2)

.

BIRDS.

GOOSE.

Thethirdsourceofmeatsupplyconsistedinthenumerousdomesticated.

o

rsemi-domesticatedbirdsandinthewildbirdscau

ghtinthefowler'snet,

a

ndtheonemostofteneatenwasthegoose,wildordomesticated.

Severalwellpreservedancientspecimensofthisbir

dhavebeendiscovered.

Included(

5)inthefunera

ryofferingsofAmenhotep

HatThebes(")arethe

fragmentsfromallpartso

fthebody,ofagoose,withtheexceptionofthe

headandextremitieswhich

werealwaysremovedbeforeroasting.

Aspecimen

fromthetombofBibanelM

oloukatThebes

(

5)andan

otherinthesamecase(

6)

probablybelongedtothesamespeciesalso,largenumbersofwhichwinter

inEgypt.

AgoosefromthetombofMaher-PraatThebes(

7)

issowellpreservedthat

theinsertionsofthefeathe

rsarestillnoticeable.The

viscerahadbeentaken

out,andthegizzard,heart

andliverwerebandaged,

tiedtogetherbystring,

andreplacedintheinterio

r.Clearly,thesewerecon

sideredastitbitsbythe

Egyptiangourmet.

Twogeese(sp.Ans

asabovewerealsofou

Inthefoundationde

m

ummiesoftheEgypt

butitisnotpossibleto

Thewellknownpic

.B

rantaruficollis,

Anser

w

interinEgypt.

Threespeciesofgee

w

ithpelletscontained

m

aticalPapyrus,theB

fo

rfattening,namely:

w

hiletheSetonlyrece

le

ssthanhalfapint0).

111,000henorsmen

ofoneman.Otherkind

pw

-geese(

7)andwhiteg

Geeseareoftenmen

TheinscriptionofSen

m

ortuaryofferingofbr

whichAmon-Baandt

M

aytheygrantthemo

Thegooseisrepeatedly

Pt

ah-temple

(

U),onthe

mouth0

3

),etc.

Livegeeseofthee

(2)LORTETetGAILLARD,

La

3

serie,p.

1115.

(2)Ibid.,p.

154.

(3)NEWBERRY,

ElBersheh,p

(")See

Proceed

ings

S.B.A

for

June.

(5)Masta

baof

Ptah

hetep,Pa

XlIthDynasty,

Sesostri

AncientBeards,

I,no.

729).

ateAg

remai

easily

ments,

sof(9

Valley

ri(

4)a

men

tso

ksare

yruso

thati

where:

Sekh

.Api

erecl

werin

esshas

ernco

clow

entedi

Fauna

06inth

s). pl.XX

,

e,pp.

XX'"


18/48

28

Pay

rusHarrisaspartofAmon

'sincome

(

1

).,

Then(')nog

eese.occuramongthe

giftsofthekingtoAmon,5

!toi/n(sic)aspartofRa'sincome(s),t15oas

offeringsforthenew

feasts(4

),1onasofferingstotheNilegod

(a)

,etc.,etc.

ccliivegeeseoftheexactions',tothenumberof1920

arementionedinthe

sam

epapyrusasthetotalofthegod'sincome

(e),andat

otalof353,9t8,ccfat

geese,livegeese,andvariouswater-fowl,,wereofferedbythekingtothe

gods.Therationsofsoldierson

themarchconsistedpartlyofgooseflesh,and

the

birdwasthefavouritefoodofpriests(

7)andkings.

UnderthePtolemies,

as

pecialclassofmen,thexne6a)tot

(

s

)

,

rearedandfattenedgeeseforthe

market,andpaidaspecialtaxagainstwhichtheygrumbledfeelingly(

9)

.

Ge

eseweresometimeskepta

spets().

TheAnsergypticus,Chele

ntopexorVulpenserwassacredtothegodSA,

who,thoughoneofthet9greatgodsofEgypt,appears

tobelittleknownOn.

Th

ebird(

12)oftenappearsin

somerelationtoAmon-Ra,asinaThebanstela

of

theXVIII"'Dynasty(is)wh

ichshowsagoosecalledAm

on-Ra,andinanother

stela(")whichmentionstwo

geeseffAmon-11a,thebe

autifulgoose,andthe

be

autifulgooseofAmon-Ba

ll,thatis,thegodincorporatedinthegooseand

theanimalsacredtothegod.A

thirdstelaOs)mentionswithAmon-Ra,ccThe

be

autifulgoose,timegreatgooseoflover,andafourthputs,nearthegod,

thegooseasthepictureofA

menthisfemaleappearan

ce.Theliverwaspre-

se

ntedtoIsisandOsirisinth

eRomancultofIsis(").

Vealandgeesewerethefoodofkings

(

17),somuchsothattheEgyptiansOs)

thattheVulpenser

wasconsideredsacred.

(12)WIEDEMANN

,

Herodot,p.311.

(13)Wiedemann

collection.

(14)LAN

ZONE

,DizionaviodiMitologiaegizia,

XXII.

(16)Rev.arch.,I,serieVII,p.2.

(")Wiedemann

quotesOvid.Fast.,I,p.453.

Inmyedition,th

epassagerunsasfollows:

r

f

Nordoesthedefenceofthecapitolavailto

preventthegoos

efromWordingitsliverfor

Ihydishes,0dain

tydaughterofMachus".

(17)DIODORUS,

I

,70.

(18)ATIIENYUS

,IX

,

en

deavouredtopropitia

fattedcalvesandgeese.

Somemummifiedr

beendiscovered(i).

Dqfilaacula(Linni),e

manyEgyptianmonum

atElBersheh(s).Bones

mo

nkey'sbonesintheV

InthetombofPaher

for

pickling,andfragm

no,000pin-tailedduck

-A

passageofthePapy

attaintotheofferings,

ducks,etc.,,.Andelsew

the

godswhodwellinS

oxen,andclucks,etc.n.

DenderehT

heduckswe

ally

carriedoutbyskew

ove

rthefire.Thisproce

tim

eimmemorial;mode

allbirds,fromturkeys

flam

e.

T

hesectealisreprese

(1

!GAILLARD

etDARESSY

,LaF

(nos.29704,29705and2970

Museumprobablyrefertoducks

(2

)NEW

BERRY,

ElBersheh,I,

(3

)LORTET

,LaFaunemomip

5,liv.p.132.

(`)

EgyptExplorationFund

(1)BREASTED

,AncientRecords,IV

,no.229.

(2)IDEM

,op.c

it.,

IV,no.239.

(3)IDEN,op.c

it.,

IV,no.283.

(

5)

IDEM

,op.cit.,

IV,

no.993.

(

5)IDEM

c

it

.

,IV,no.298.

(

5)laEm,op.

cit.,IV,no.387.

(7)IImmootus,II,p.37.

(8)BOUCIIg-L

ECLERCQ

,/178/0ire,I

II,p.247,

note2. Pap.Petrie,II,no.10.

(10)ERMAN

,LifeinancientEgypt,p.494.

01)WilkinsongivesashisauthorityIlerodo-

tu

s,II,72,butinmyeditionitissimplystated


19/48

obably

ailway

ttheo

ripofl

lelife

ndafe

tingth

foret

thewat

under

hisobs

mthere

mouth,therea

innum

rrenstr

indeed

,almo

eprese

thafe

ebigl

wwat

cially

eatlag

theirs

enajo

icehad

milesin

,Syno

orickji

mtheal

ssuelest

pte,t.I.


20/48

TheEgyptianspro

no

w,withexcellentra

an

dGreeksarealmost

Oil.thenarrowstr

muddylakes,vegetabl

thenumerousbirdsan

do

gmaybeseenskirt

Inthemorning,bef

ingabsolutelystillint

theheaddisappearsu

in

thedog'smouth.T

h

in

theCairoMuseum

offwithafishinitsmo

Afewsnakes,rats,

in

gatcertaintimesi

an

imallifeonthisbar

Thew

holecoast,is

blowingdayafterday,

thesea,inspiteofthe

dunesarecoveredwit

on

theothersideofthe

someplacesonlyafew

indeeptrenchesartific

Itisfromthesegre

ancientsprobablygot

t

h

e

coastonly,forwhe

atleast,andartificiali

sen

tmorethanafewm

Clariasanguillam,

dis

covered.inprehisto

havebeenisolatedfrom

0)J.ozMoRoAN,

Recherches

.ypte,p.99.

Ile:moiresdentstitutd'Egypt

32

DOVE.

Dovesarehardlyeverme

ntionedexceptinfigurativelanguage;thePapyrus

H

arris(

1

),however,mention

s65iodovesgivenbyRam

sesIIIasofferingsfor

thenewfeasts.

FISH.

TheNileandthemanyla

rgeandsmallirrigationcanalswereinexhaustible

reservoirsoffresh-waterfish.rItscanals

(

2)arefulloffish.Theredfishisin

thelotus-canal,theBorian

fishintheponds,besidescarpandpikeinthe

canalofPallarotlia,fatfishandKhipti-pennufishare

inthepoolsofinunda-

tion,theHaarazfishinthe

fullmouthoftheNilenearthefullmouthofthe

conquerorN.'

)

Tothisday,afishdriveinthecanals,evenwhenth

eseareafewfeetwide

o

nly,bringstogetheralltheboysofavillage.When,

owingtothefallofthe

river,thecanalisgradually

emptyingitselfintother

iver,anetspreadover

a

smallbarrageofpalm-leavesconstructedacrossthecanalsooncontains

m

anyfish.

TheNilebanks,farfrom

beingcleanandfreeofplantsastheyarenow,

w

erelinedinmanyplaces

withverytallvegetation,

resemblingthatofthe

f

resh-watercanalnowconnectingIsmailiawithSuez.Nearthebanksthere

runsaverysluggishstream

ofyellowwater,two-third

sofwhichareinvaded

b

yreeds.Water-fowlhere

abound,w

hich,trustingtotheprotectionofthe

thickvegetation,donotriseevenwhenthesportsm

anisalmosttouching

them.Theinnumerablefish

areinvisibleinthemuddy

water,andtheancient

E

gyptiansportofspearingfishthereforewasprobablycarriedoutinshallow

p

oolsintowhichfishhad

beendriven,andwhichm

aythenhavebeenso

thicklycrowdedtogetherth

atthefishcouldbecaughtbyhand.

DuringthefalloftheNile

.

also,manyfishcollectinthepools,creeksand

s

mallstreamsleftbehindb

ythevanishingriver.

(I)BREASTED,

AncientRecords,IV,no.242.(3) BRUGSCR,

EgyptunderthePharaohs,

(2)P

apyrusAnastasiIII.

pp.299-300.

tVI,p.

DeirelG

nt,p

l.XII

aBasse

sborn

echief

tforgo

oxyrhy

fish,sc

eratest(Silur

rus,thci

nforma

present

ionoft

cname

ntheto

mensha

itwas

andhe

obese

zeltpyr

nsidere

nAlex

e,and

smenti

present


21/48

(')HUNT,Oxyr.Pap.,Part

(2

)

ATHEN,EUS,VD,88.

0)XVII,n,

0)SeemastabasofMera,D

SheikhSaid,etc.

(5)F

LINDERSPETRIE.,

Meidun

(3

)1MAT,

Gurob.

(

7)

VoyagedansbeHauteetla

Paris

,anVII,vol.Ii,p.

299

31i--

fishbonesandscaleswhichwerefrequentlyswallow

ed,ledtotheidentifica-

tionofthespeciesusedforfoodwithTilapianilotica.Largenumbersofivory

fishfigurinesfromthetom

bofMenaatNegadah(

1

),andasimilarfigurine

fromatomboftheIs'DynastyatAbydostestifytothepopularityoffishin

theseearlydays(').Fish-hooksalsohavebeenfoun

dintheroyaltombsof

Abydos

Thesupplywassoabu

ndantthatEgyptiansare

saidtohavelivedprin-

cipallyonfish,fresh,dried,orsalted

0)

,

andanancientEgyptianhopedto

seethedaywhencornwould.beascheapasfish.T

hearmyonthemarch,

andgreatpersons,king'sm

essengersandstandard-bearersonamission,had

rationsoffishservedouttothemintheXIX"'Dyna

sty(5),andanEgyptian

strandedandstarvinginSyria,wasprovidedwith

3omeasuresoffishby

thekingofEgypt.

Curedfish,packedinbasketsN,wasexportedfromEgypttoPalestine.

Certainplaceswerecele

bratedforsomeparticularfish.Thus,thehenia

wasfoundinthegreatest

numbersandinthefinestconditionoffCanopus,

aplacealsocelebratedforthetelling,cdigestible,light,andnutritious,

andmostcommonwheretheNilebeginstoriseuplothe.higherground,'(

7

).

TheNilecoracinuswascelebratedeverywhere,whe

reasconnoisseurswere

farfromunanimousregardingthefishfromother

places.TheMendesian

fish,forinstance,nwasconsideredbysome10hem

ostagreeable,whereas

otherswereofopinionthatamaddogwouldscarcelytouch

Picklingfactories,

Tiprxm,wereestablishedatth

ePelusiac,Canopicand

Mendesianmouthsofthe

NileandatSenos,butpic

kledfishwereprepared

inprivatehouseholdsalso.Thetransitionofthesu

blimetotheridiculous

isseeninaletterfromo

nebrothertotheotherw

arninghimagainstthe

deSignsorcertainpeople

onagirlcalled.Thais,w

hichendswithoutany

transition:'1

.

fyouarem

akinganypickledlispfor

yourselfsendmeajar,

(1)J.DEMoRGAN,

Recherchessurlesorigines

del'Egypte,figs.7

0a,707.

(2)

FL.PETRIE,

RoyalTombsoftheEarliest

Dynaeies,PertII,p.!)

1.

0)FL.PETRIE,

RayedTombs

iftheEarliest

Dinasiies,PartII,p.cm;alsoilbydos,PartI,

too

l'(

1

)

.

Theforeigners

ber

edthenamesofthe

borninEgypt,hadnot

snub-nose,phagrus,o

thrissa,a

brainis,blind-f

oth

ers.StraboNenume

(Percandotica),a

labes

phagrus,s

ilacus,cifitaru

boo

s. Themostaccuratein

bas

edpartlyontherep

partlyontheexaminati

L

utesnilolica(Arabic

melts,isrepresentedin

raw

i.Numerousspecim

nini(

7

)recognisedthat

worshippedatEsneli,

the

Greeks.

T

etrodonfithakaisto

fish

ingsceneoftheGiz

.De

irelGebrawi(").

T

hesalpe('')wascon

tionofthosecaughtin

wer

efullofmoisture

D

ressedshenefishis

orTm.l

apmandoticaisrep

P.9. (5)

IIERODOTUS,

It,77;MoDonus,I,36.

(

5

)SilsileliQuarryStele(BREAsTED,Ancient

Records,III,no.ao8).

0).Rib].Eac

ycl.,Art.F

ish.

(7)A

MEN:US,

Deip//080rhiS/8

.,Ill,40.

Ithasb

ers0)

edthere

entEgy

chusis

wasth

chistor

enofS

Gouro

awi-().

beenide

irback

inMer

asbeen

nonth

nidenti

lsofthe

Airtillar

GenusH

fMem

elGebr

Lotusfi

omehig

ftheBa

difficul

sh.Ont

LaFiume

.IX,

ofIke:fil


22/48

36--

thellamesseum,intheMastabaofPtah-Hotep,etc.Th

eoldestfigureofthis

fis

hisperhapsthatonasla

teplatefromaprehistoricgraveatHierakon-

po

lis('),butother(')bronzea

ndivorypalettesandfiguresprobablyrepresent

thisfishalsoo).

ThecoracinuswasoneofthemostesteemedofNilefishes(").eccoracinus,

gloryoftheEgyptianmarkets,whereyouareeagerlys

ought,nofishismore

highlyesteemedthanyouam

ongthegourmandsofAlexandria(').rTwospe-

ciesofthisfishinhabitedth

eNile;onewasblack,inf

eriorwhenroastedto

thelargerkind,butinanyc

aseitwasroasted,c:goodforthestomachand

go

odforthebowelsMr.Theotherwastheheinhieru

softheAlexandrians,

c:

flesliv,nutritious,easilydigestible,andnotapttodisagreewithanyone('(,

wasratherfatandhadajuicefarfromdisagreeable,

,.TheAlexandriansgave

thenameofPlatenstothew

holegenus.Theonlydiscordantnoteisgivenby

Athenaras(s):Whoevereatsaseaborncoracinuswhen

liemayhaveagray-

ling,isafool,,,liequoted.

Magi/capito,

thegreymullet,adornsthewallsofthetombsofMera,of

TiatSaqqarah,ofPtah-flotep(9),andatDeirelGebrawi.Strangelyenough,

it

isnotmentionedbyStrabo.Amulletroastedonthe

glowingemherswas

co

nsideredasamostdelica

tedish,amidfarmoreagreeablethanthevege-

tablesandfishwhichyoumakesuchafussabout09),,.

MummiesofBarbusbynn

iForska1,thelepidolusof

Straboand.Athentens,

sa

credinsomepartsofEgypt,arenotatallrare.Tw

obronzerepresenta-

tionsofthisfishareknown(I

I).

Malapteruruselectricus,theelectriccat-fishoftropicalAfrica,isalsore-

presentedinthetombsofMera,inthetombofTiatSaqqarah('2)andalso

(')GREENand()mom,Hierakohpo/is,1900,

pl.LXVI.

2) IDEN,

ibid.,pl.XXI.

(3)J.DEMORGAN,

ReChereheSsur

lesorigines

del'Egypte,p.193;LA

-

isms,Denlanider,

II,pl.IXandLVI;QUIBELLTheR

amesseum,

pl.XXXII,i898IN.DEG.DAVIES,

TheMasta-

ba

rfPtah-Hotel),pl.XXV,1900;

Inn,Deirel

G

ebrawi,I,pl.IIIand1V;II,pl.IV,V,1909.

PUNY.IX,toti.

in

atombatGizeli.I

palette,whereasothe

w

hichisrepresente

im

pliesthattheancie

Mormyrusoxyrhync

an

cientOxyrhynchus

tionsofthisfishinsc

Onlyonespecime

in

thenecropolisofG

an

datDeirelGebra

branaceushavealsob

of

swimmingonthei

Egyptianartist.

Someoftheeels

lazera.Thelatterhas

yo

um(

6

)

.

Afishdrawn

othertout

hasbeen

Aneelonthewall

'wokh1\representsA

flyperopisusbebe(G

sentedinthetombof

picturesatGizaDeir

Pa

pyrimentiontheL

whichwasprobablyso

Twospecimensof

at

Gurob(to).

Nothingismored

Eg

yptianstowardsfis

(I)LORTET.

(2)LORTETelGAILLARD,

L

p.01CairoMuseum.

LoAT,Gard),p.5,pl.

((')I

IOULENGER,TheFishes

(5)MARTIAL,E

pig.,13.XIII,Eh.LXXXV,

P.599.

(

61.T

IIEN_E

US,II,56o.

(

7

1A

THEN:EUS,III,93.

ATIIENAWS,

DeilMOSOphiSiS,VII,81.

(

6

1

N.DEG.DA

VIES,T

heMastabaofPtah--

Hotel),pl.XXV.

(10)ATIIEN.EUS

,III,88,91).

(")IIOULENGER,T

heFishesoftheNile.

(12)B

OULENGER,p.330.

uswere

withits

M.Itw

hornsan

esareu

nesare

iciallyi

lisofth

swassa

oholy

lestthe

Esn

eh,w

imesca

vebeen

rythat

penis,h

is,wast

weenth

he

latter

gadog,

ssacred

s.Ithas

erwitht

ypt.

heEgyp

nevercou

rneither

reewith

. tOsiride.


23/48

-

-38

by

thepeoplealloverEgypt,fromprehistorictimesrightdowntothepre-

sen

t.Ontheotherhand,thereisequallysureevidenc

ethatthepriestsab-

stainedfromfishaltogether,thatcertainfisheswerenot

eateninsomeplaces

andwere.thereforeconsideredholy,andthatincertainlocalitiesfishwere

buriedlikeothersacredanim

alsinspecialcemeteries.Intheanimalceme-

teryofGurob,forexample,

acertainpartwasreservedforfish(i)which

we

reburiedincarefullydugpits.Manyofthesepits

wereoccupiedbya

sin

glefish,andwhentwoor

morewereburiedtogeth

eracertainarrange-

me

ntwasfollowed:theywereeithersidebyside,or

inlayers,andsome-

tim

esheadtotail,inathick

packingofgrassashes,probablylialfa,which

wa

salsointroducedintothemouthandopeningsoflargespecimens.Some-

tim

esthefishhadbeendisem

bowelledandthecavitypa

ckedwithashes.The

greaterpartofthefishwereLutesnilotiots,

butafewexamplesofother

specieswerealsofound,thoughinnocaseweredifferentspeciesplacedin

the

samepit.Afewspecimenswerefoundwrappedincloth.

TheSudanesekingMani,hiwouldnotadmittohisp

resencetheEgyptian

messengerswhobadeatenfish.Thisprovestwothings;firstly,thatinthe

Su

danfishwasconsideredimpure,andsecondly,thatmostEgyptians-ate

fish.YetcertainEgyptiance

remonies(

2)couldonlyb

eperformedbymen

ceremoniallypure,andone

ofthequalificationsforthatstatewasthatthe

manmusthaveeatenneithermeatnorfish.

TheJewishlawprohibited

certainfishes.ccAllthath

avefinsandscalesye

ma

yeat;butthosethathave

notfinsandscales,yemayeatnone:theyare

uncleanuntoyou(

5)7.InLeviticus0)theforbiddenfish

arestyledan7abomi-

nation7.Lateron,thelaww

asnotconsideredtohav

ebeenbrokenifthe

fishhadtwoscalesandonefin(

5),andthisinterpretationbroughtthewhole

law

intoridicule.FishasofferingtothegodsismentionedinthePapyrus

Harris,andalsoinaHykso

sgrave(").Fragmentsof

fishinblackpricked

potteryareverycommoninthesegravesandtheHyksosvasesaremostlyin

theformoffish.

TheLutesnilotic

whicharestampedw

arequitecommonM

carriedthecow'sh

numerousmummie

numerousyoungon

buriedquitesuperfi

thehumannecropol

TheOxylinehus

whichitwas,andso

takenwithahook,

cultextendedtoEs

representedsometi

seemsnevertohav

providedbythestor

i

ntotheriver,thep

a

ndtheoxyrhinclili

Thefeuds(")betw

a

rewellknown.Th

r

etaliatedbyeating

f

ollowed.

ThePhagruswas

a

ndinPhagriopolis

a

t('),whichtogethe

n

omosofLowerEgy

Theworshipbyth

totheGreeks:

Infor

agr

(13L.LOAT,Guro

b,p.3.

0)BUDGE,II,40.

(3)Dotter.,

XIV,

(3.

0)L

eviticus,

XI,9,so.

(

5

)Bib!.Encyc

l.

(G)FL.

PETRIE,

ITyksosandIsraeliteCities,

p.

14.

(I)STRABO,

XVII,

I47.

(')CairoMuseum.

(0)PLU

TA

RCH

,DeIsidee

allyinU

uncom

elBalia

mmingi

asafavo

e(1)spo

egoddes

sandpo

hespear

ashionq

rgenum

ecourtfi

fisherme

dcontrib

M,orw

instance

dinthe

men:

Hermeu

Anddis

Andsel

(A

thefishi

iswifet

eachd

omany

dhardly

orcedby

asan,Part1

Records,I

ynasty.

IV,BO.14

REASTED,

-Nth?,t.I.


24/48

40

Youdoadoreanox,Isacrificehim

tothegrea

tgodsinHeaven.Youdothink

aneelthemightiestofdivinities,

butwedo

eathimasthebestoffish.

(AlexandridesinAthenceus,p

.55.)

Physaisassociatedwith

Selene(0.

Silureswasho

lytothegoddesstlat-

i

nahitofMendes,andman

yofthesefishwerekeptinapondatBubastism.

I

twas(')oneofthelargest

fishesoftheNile(")andh

asbeenidentified_with

theSiluresemus.

TheSir,Acerina,akind

ofperch,wasembalmedN

.

Thepriests,accordingtoPlutarch,abstainedfromallkindsoffish,and

sogreatwastheirhorrorofitthattothemthewordtohale,andalsoany

disgustingthingwerefigu

redbyafish.Onthegill

dayofthefirstmonth.

wheneveryEgyptianate

aroastfishbeforehisho

use,thepriestsdidnot

tasteitthoughtheyhadoneburntinfrontoftheirdoors.Thefirstreason

forthiswasthefactthattheylookeduponfishasimpure,andthesecond

Plutarchcallsrevident,so

tospeak,itis,thatasafood,fish,ontheoneIcand,

isnotindispensable,and,o

ntheotherhand,thereisnothingexclusiveabout

Plutarch'scontemporaries;\ereofadifferentopinionandsofondoffish

thatopsonn(arelish),cametomeanalmostexclu

sivelyarelishoffish.

c\Itoeverbuyssomeop

sonforhissupper.andw

henhemightgetreal

genuinefish,contentshimselfwithradishes,ismad('').n

Further,someofthegods,kings,andcommonp

eopledidnotsharethe

priestlyhatredoffish.On

thestelaatAbortSimbelintheXIX"'Dynasty,

Ptahpromisesplentyoffowlandfishy);whenKingBamsesdugawell

(pond?)atAkite,hestockeditwithfishfromtheDelta(s)marshes,andthe

NilewasdescribedasthegreatNile,lordoffishandfowlM.

Woodentoys()forchi

ldrenrepresentfish;fish-shapedamuletshavebeen

discoveredespecia

facepaintarenot

thewallsofDeire

two.

smallfishswim

Thatfishingwa

tomb;andanative

fowl,andlovingthe

inthepapyrusbeds

withthetrident,h

seem,cameintofa

Fishermeninlar

thedivisionsofthe

expeditionN.Thef

fromtaxes("),and

thegod'sincomeM

community,asfori

Thefishwassold

themosthonestof

Thefarmingoft

asexample,gavehi

broughtinatalent

kindsof'fish,andso

i

nsaltingfishcould

Thefishtaxenfo

1)SeeWIEDEMANN;JELIAN,Deanimalinat

natwyt,XII,13.

./ELIAN,mentionedby\VIEDEM

ANN.

(3)PUNY,V,co.

(4)PLINY,1X,

1

7.

(5)WIEDEMANN;ABDELLATIF,e

d.

S.

DESACY,

pr.202,278.

(6)AMPHISin

ATIIENYES,VIII,5.

(7)BREASTED

,AncientRecords,Ill

,H

O.40

11.

(s)IDEM,op.

cit.,no.291,

Dynasty.

.9)IDEOI,Op.

Cit.,

II,1

10.8

83.

(

10)CairoMus

eumandBritishMuseum.

(i)NEWBERRY,BeniHa

(2)BREASTED,AncientR

0)RamsesIV,X

X'''Dy

(4)

BREASTED,op.cit.,

I

(5)PapyrusHarris(BR

.1

1

1

4wiresdel'Astitutd'4-

and,som

(')may

auCSpat

tastedo

ythemo

cherchessup


25/48

/1

2

Vespasianreintroducedit,th

eAlexandriansretaliated

bygivingthiskingan

.op

probiousnickname.

.T

heGreeksandRomansals

owereverypartialCOfish.Athenams(I)wrote:

fcA

lthoughallthedifferentfisheswhichweeat,besidestheregularmeal,are

properlycalledbyonegene

ricname,Olpov,s

tillitis

verydeservedlythat

on

accountofitsdeliciousta

ste,fishhasprevailedove

reverythingelse,and

ha

sappropriatedthenametoitself,,.

TheGreeksalso

spokeofamanbeing

61

iqayi6TaTosorexceedinglyfondoffish(Q),andyet,th

eoldheroesofHomer

wouldeatfishonlywhenhungersubduedtheirbelly

(3)1,

VerylittleisknownregardingthecookingofHiefishinancientEgypt.I

t

w

asusuallybroiledoverthe

fireassoonascaught,alo

ngstickbeingpassed

throughitsmouthandtailandthefishturnedoverthefireuntildone,the

co

okmeanwhilefanningth

efirewithafan0).Orth

efishwassplitopen

w

ithaknifeorsharpstone

,andthendriedinthesu

n(

5)

,w

hilesometimes

itwasplacedintolargepots

forpickling.

TheRomanswereveryfondofafishsauce,garum

,whichwasprepared

at

Pompei,Clezomene,Leptis,andmanyothertowns,

thebestcomingfrom

CartRagenaorCartheia.Itw

asmadefromtheintestin

esofthecscombren,

saltedandexposedtothesunorartificialheat,andther

ewerevariousbrands

of

.thesauce,includingaK

osher,,saucefortheJew

s.Itisveryprobable

(b

atthissauce,

ifnotmadeinEgypt,wasimported

intothecountry,

but

thereisnoproofofit.

SHELLS.

Molluscsneverplayeda

greatpartinthealimentation,astheclimatic

co

nditionsdidnotallowmarinemolluscs,e.g.'oysters

,tobecarriedinland.

Itisclearthattheshellsofm

arinemolluscsfoundatM

emphisandinUpper

Eg

ypthadbeenimportedth

ere,notforfood,butfor

someotherpurpose,

suchasornamentation.

(1)ATHENYUS,VII,5.

(")DAvIES,

TheTombsofSheikhSaid,pl.XII.,

(")ATDEN.E

US,

VIII,2.

NEWBERRY,E

lBersheh,

PartI;Guidetothe

(")Hour,Od.,IV,366andXII,399.

CairoMuseum,

ed.,p.180.

Ontheotherha

kjokkenmoddings

color,SpathaCailla

Nodoubtthey

greatlyrelishedby

(9J.DEMottn.A

N,Rec

C

CERE

ntfood

y,andpo

fondnes

named7a

andthew

Themost

odiessha

edforgr

i

ncienthis

nes,afa

t

orthesl

handmills

pedupin

doughw

roteIlero

horsasin

Greekgo

esandtie

h(

7)byth

r,kneadi

ablyslav

nthatthe

dedeasil

inPalesti

hessarleso

ri


26/48

'[liemostimportan

cereals,w

heat,barley

dim

-palmdates.T

he

thattheywerenick-n

foodparexcellence,a

foodinthiscountry.T

out

breadandtheirbo

T

hehardstonesuse

prehistoricandveryan

betweentwohardston

ters

ofthepoorandfo

use

inearlytimesofh

T

hedough,wrapp

feet

:Theykneadthe

withtheirhands,,,wr

pulsivetoGreekauth

bymachinery.SomeG

workmenwearglove

min

ationofthedough

A

sarule,however

row

sofbakers,proba

and

itstandstoreason

too

smalltobeknead

holdwaspreparedasi

(I)

HERODOTLS.

(')IDEM,1

1,995.

(3

)J.DEMORGAN,

Recherch

(4

)

SeeJ.DEMORGAN.

D,

AncientR

e

no.

363.

ASTED,

op.cit.

362,

TED,

op.cit

ofwheat

inthete

eendow

dinmor

ntheNile

theEgyp

t

ntofthe

greatking

IV'Dyna

mples:n

f

arch(')b

I(Iendo

nwasaf

nderAme

arieswer

ngpresen

ringtothe

").Inthe

mples.Itw

astheVth

soplenti

ereyetth

ndwhene


27/48

0)XI'Dynasty(BREASTED

IV,no

.9).

(

2)BREASTED,

Op.cit.,IV,

("7) D

1ODORUS,I,84.

0)

I,483.

(

5)Papyrus

Harris(BREA

no.26

7).

IDE31,

op.cit.,1

V,110.3

(7)X

IV'Dynasty

(BREAS

110.2

71).

Dynasty.

servant(`),whereasrichpeo

pleandtempleshadtheir

ownbakersunderthe

orderofachief(2)

.c

rUyepriests(

3

)andscribesofthe

houseofAmon,good

servantsofthedivineofferings.,bakers,mixers,con

fectioners,makersof

cakesandloaves,etc.n.Breadwasalsoboughtfromprofessionalbakerswhose

workisdescribedasunpleasa

nt(").-

Theprocessofbread-makingisillustratedinsome

ofthemonuments,at

ElBersheh.Firstisamancrouched(5)withhishands

onatableinfrontof

him,aboveistheinscriptionarthesa,,makingdo

ugh.

Next,awoman

se

atedonthegroundholds

inherhandanelongatedobject,theinscription

ab

ovewhichreadsmenat=7arollofwheat-dough

,.Afteragap,wesee

ro

wsofbreadonmats("),thenawomanmixingorpo

undinggraincalledaet

ag

etsetat.

Thetwokindsof

agetcalledsetandatarefrequentlyfoundinthe

listofofferings.Inthenextpicturethewhiteandg

reensliest,arebeing

prepared.

Littleisknownabouttheleaveningofthebreadin

ancientEgypt,orre-

gardingthedatewhenthisprocessfirstbecamefashionable.TheAlexandr-

ia

nsundoubtedlyateleaven

edbread,andtheIvoupy

og,wasaspecialistin

preparingleaven.

Bakingoverafireorintheashesofasmallfirew

asasimpleprocedure

in

smallhouseholds,wherea

smoreimportanthouseholdsandpublicbakeries

u

sedalargeearthenwarestoveonwhichthecakes

werestuckonfildry,

w

hentheydroppedoff.In

ordertoavoidthis,thestovewassometimes

coveredwithsmallprojectio

ns

Itisdoubtfulofwhatgrainthebreadeatenbythemassofpeoplewas

m

ade.Herodotus's

tatementthat(')TheEgyptiansfeedonbreadmadeinto

lo

avesofspelt,whichtheyc

allcyllastis,,,cart.notbeac

ceptedunconditionally.

W

hereasthesamebreadwasknowntolaterauthors,Athenams(m)andAristo-

phanesmentionthecy

llast

isandthepetosiiis.NicanderofThyatira,onthe

o

therhand,wrotethatthec

yllastisoftheEgyptiansw

asmadeofbarley.

L

argequantitieso

mentionedonastela

,gods(2)

,

andastemple

wheatarementioned

tran

sportofcerealson

D

uringfunerals(3)

T

heencouragemen

mer

itoriousactsofg

AmenemhetoftheXI

granariesforthetem

oTainT

hesamemona

0

-

othe

rgods.RamsesII

ries

andgrain.

Grain

privateindividuals.Un

offerings(v)Hisgrana

Itis

mentionedasbein

Ha's

income(")asoffer

ofthegod'sincome

0"

endo

wmentofthetem

uary

offeringasearlya

Althoughgrainwas

toRomeandelsewhe

conq

uerednations,an

their

wars.

0)Exodus,tu,

5.

(')Genesis,ta.,

9,

5.

(

3

)KarnakInscriptionoftheHigh

PriestRoy,

X

IX"DynastyMeneptah(BREAST

ED,

A

ncient

R

ecords,III,nos.624-6

95).

0)PapyrusAn

astasi

II,6,7=Sall.I,6II:

(')IN

EN

V

BERRY,

ElBersheh,

111,p.34,pl.XXV.

IDEA,

ibid.

,pl.XXXI,p.

5.

(7i

ERODOTUS,

II

;

77.

(s)ATHEXEUS,

Deipnosophisis,111,189.

eentrusted

rseerof(

l

mmission

afterdea

t

bswereso

ftenpaid

i

XIXthD

bringgra

eofAmo

rtedingr

amsesII,

ndinone

fwhichw

moketopa

uiltplatfo

nwelldes

readhad

ndingof

t

Mortarsw

ain,and

tantpubli

rkedtheir

7ov,and

arch-flour

cialkind

eywasap

Records,IV,

O.517.

10.1103.

o.

1169.

no.6.

gypte,

t.I.


28/48

")BREASTED,Anc.

Rec.,

II,no

s.510,519.

(

2

)IDEM,Op.Ch.,II,no.1173.

(')IDEM,op.cit.,

II,no.480.

IDEM,op.CO.,

II,no.53o.

.

(

6

)GRIFFITH,

inBeniIlasan,II

I,p.3o,gives

yt-aget.

0)MARGARETMURRAY,SaqqaraM

astabas,Part

1,p.4o.

(7)

(8)

(0

)

741,

(1

0

)

(0)

(10)

(13)

48

TbutmoseIll(XVIIPhDynasty(

1

)leviedatollontheharvestofZa16,con-

sistingofcleangrain,andb

roughtsomebackfromthelandoftheRetenu(

2

),

N

aharen(

3

),Tunip(")andotherSyriantribes.

Severalkindsofgrainarementioned,whichitisn

otalwayseasytoiden-

tifynow.

Thereareecredgrain,'whichwasprobablybarley.

Cleanrainnwhich,asitsnameimplies,waspr

obablygrainharvested

withgreatcare,dearer,andthereforeafavouritepre

sent,tothegods.Clean

graininkernelisanexpressionwhichisnotquiteclear.Sekhetheztranslated

c

c

whitesekhet-corn,,,sekhe

tuaztranslatedr('

greensek

liet-corn",aptoryellow

corn(

5

)areallmentionedinthelistsofofferingsoftheX

5

1

'Dynasty

('')

.Baut

hasbeentranslated(.7)ccgreencorn'',butM.

Masperosuggestscclentils,

(s).

Severalothergrainssuchassw-tgrain,Scgrain,

tb-grain,ycharemen-

tioned,thenatureofwhich

isnotknown.

Agrainmentionedisthecrsoutherngrain', whichprobablycamefrom

UpperEgypt.ItwasoneoftheofferingsofSesostr

isIII,andismentioned

asataxedproductinBeklimara'stombatThebes(u)andatTellelAmarna(

1

0

).

Theofficials,superviso

rsofthegranarieswerev

eryhighpersonagesin-

deed.Simontu,registrarof

thegrainunderAinenemhetII(

1

1

),wasalso(7scribe

ofthehareemnandccchiefofworksoftheentirela

nd,.Theoverseerofthe

granaries,lienu,wasccWeareroftheRoyalseal,so

lecompanion,overseer

ofthetemples,overseerofhornandhoof,chiefofthe6courtsofEgypt,

etc.

7.Anotheroverseer,Ineni(XXthDynasty)(

1

2

),w

asccHereditaryPrince,

count,chiefofallworks

inKarnak...Excellency,

overseerofthedouble

granaryofAmon,c.Theoverseerofthegranarieswasprobablythemanager

ofthewholeoftheking'sestates(

1

3

),andthegranariesoftemplesofAmon,

ofAton,etc.,werealsoun

derthesupervisionofvery

highofficials.

GRIFFITH,BeniMasan,

1

1

1

,

p.3o.

FL.

PETRIE,RoyalTombs,I,pl.XLII,p.64.

BREASTED

,AncientRecordsII,nos.797bis,

742,7113.

IDEm,(p.cit.,

II,no.987.

IDEM,op.

cit.,

food in egypt

Documents