GSCI 2202 Foods for Health

Food for different age groups

Investvine took a look at the projected population growth for the 10 ASEAN countries, discovering that the Philippines – a

Catholic country that struggles with implementing safe parenting laws – is the fasting growing, with a population growth

multiplier of 1.6, making the projected 2050 population over 154 million by 2050. Meanwhile, Indonesia will continue to

expand at a clip close to the Philippines, hitting a whopping population of 309 million by 2050.

These two nations, as the infograph above shows, are in direct contract to slowly growing countries such as Thailand,

which is projected to curb its population from increasing hardly at all over the next few decades.Source: Calderon, ASEAN’s Growing Population: Many New Mouths To Feed, 2013

“Foods for Lactating women”

• Breastfeeding or nursing mother

• Breast milk (highly nourishing & superior quality)

Baby

breastfeeding for the first six months

Mother

rich in nutrition + adequate rest

Importance of nutrition during lactation

• Baby derives all its nutrition from the mother’s milk

• Mother has to nourish a fully developed & rapidly growing

infant.

• She has to nourish a fully developed & rapidly growing baby.

• Nutrient deficiency can lead to lower levels of nutrients in the

mother’s milk.

Nutritional requirement during lactation

Energy requirement:

Lactating mothers need additional energy for production of milk.

Additional 550 kcal/d energy (first 6 months of lactation)

Additional 400 kcal/d energy (6-12 months of lactation)

Protein requirement:

Adequate amounts of good quality protein or good quality

protein should be included in the mother’s diet.

75g of protein is required everyday (first 6 months of lactation)

68g of protein is required everyday (6-12 months of lactation)

Nutritional requirement during lactation

Calcium :

• enable the retention of calcium in breast milk

(30-40 mg of calcium is secreted per 100 ml)

(yogurt and milk, cheese, fish with edible bones, soy bean curd,

legumes, calcium-fortified food and green leafy vegetables)

Iron :

• save of 1 mg of iron per day which would otherwise lost in the

menstrual blood

Iodine

(seafood, eggs, poultry, milk, meat, seaweed and beans, nuts)

Vitamin A :

Visual health

Foods that have a high content of vitamin A

(Eggs, cheese, oily fish, fortified margarine, milk , yogurt, liver)

Vitamin C :

Mother

Fight off infections such as surgery, cold or some minor injuries

Baby

Provide iron to the body that avoids anemia

(Broccoli, papaya, cauliflower, kale and strawberries)

Vitamin B12 :

help in the formation of new cells in the body and keeping the

health of the nervous system intact.

(Fish, eggs, meat and milk)

Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) :

produce red blood cells, and DNA

(spinach, asparagus, cabbage, wheat, orange juice, chickpeas and

corn)

Vitamin D :

strengthen the bones and avoids instances of the baby developing

rickets

(uunlight, foods like liver, salmon, tuna and kidney)

Water

On the first day of the delivery, the breast milk volume is around 50 ml and later up to 750ml per day as the baby grows and his need for milk increases.

A feeding mother should drink at least 2 liters of water (including juice, soup and milk) each day or even more.

Essential Fats

Breast milk fat constitutes around 50% of the calories.

A major role in the overall development of the eye and brain of the baby.

A nursing mother should include unsaturated fats, Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Arachadonic acid (ARA)

DHA : tuna, salmon and mackerel

ARA : eggs, poultry and meat are a good source of ARA.

Milk stimulating foods are called “galactagogues”..

Foods To Increase Breast Milk:

Oatmeal:

control diabetes during post pregnancy

load with energy, contain fiber, good for your digestion

Carrots:

A glass of carrot juice with breakfast or lunch will work wonders in lactation.

contains Vitamin A which complements lactation and boosts the quality of your milk

Bottle Gourd:

a summer vegetable which has high water content keep a nursing mother hydrated

help increase milk quantity and easy to digest and aids in lactation

Basil leaves

have a calming effect which is important while lactating

boost baby’s immunity levels

Garlic

the best food to increase breast milk and boost lactation

prevent all types of cancer

Asparagus:

high fibre food, high in Vitamin A and K.

help stimulate the hormones in nursing mothers duinglactation.

Drumsticks:

high iron and calcium content.

boost immunity and enhance nervous system.

Unripe Papayas:

may help to relax and feed baby better.

Brown Rice:

give nursing moms the extra energy

help normalize the mood swings and sleep pattern

help increase the appetite.

has hormone stimulants which boost lactation.

help maintain sugar levels in the blood.

Black Sesame Seeds:

rich source of calcium and believed to increase milk supply

Oils And Fats:

keep fats and oils in your diet to a minimum, post pregnancy

do not avoid fat and oil in post-delivery diet

assist in absorption of vitamins and minerals present in other foods you eat

aid in easy bowel movement

(olive oil, rice bran oil or any heart healthy oil)

Food to Avoid during breastfeeding

The diet for nursing mothers should include variety of foods, but it should be clean and safe so that the chances of infection or food poisoning are lowered.

Caffeine

may cause restlessness in the baby

harder for baby to excrete the caffeine

link to jitters, irregular heart beat and insomnia

found in coffee, tea, energy drinks, soda and chocolate

limit to no more than 200 mg of caffeine a day (two cups of coffee)

Alcohol

affect sleep (drowsiness and weakness in the baby without proper sleep)

abnormal weight gain and lower milk consumption in babies

Pesticides

present in fruits and vegetables

go organic for those fruits and vegetables

Mercury

present in fish, a popular source of protein in Asia

avoid fish that have higher levels of mercury (swordfish, king mackerel, solid white or albacore tuna and tilefish)

Raw foods

limit consumption of raw foods and unpasteurized dairy products

carry a higher risk of bacterial contamination

Common Food Allergens

mothers who have an allergic condition tend to play safe by avoiding them

common foods that infants are allergic to are cow’s milk, eggs, wheat, soy, shellfish and peanuts

the foods that the mother is allergic to does not mean that the baby will have the same food allergy

Junk foods

consuming excessive junk foods (high sugar and sodium content) may lead to consuming less nutritious foods, something which both the mother and baby needs.

Common Fussy Foods

observe baby for any stomach upset and gas and see if it happens after your consumption of foods (citrus fruits, broccoli, peppers, cabbage and brussels sprouts)

Spice

If you observe that your baby does not like the milk after a spicy meal, you may want to cut down on spice including garlic.

Herbs

certain herbs seem to increase breast milk supply, herbs like peppermint, sage and parsley have been associated with reduced milk supply.

Precautions When not to breastfeed

There are some important reasons not to breastfeed:

Cigarette smoking

lactating women who smoke produce less milk, with a lower fat content

infants gain less weight than the infants of nonsmokers

(secondhand smoker)

Infants who are “smoked over” experience a wide array of health problems

- Poor growth - Hearing impairment

- Vomiting - Breathing difficulties

- Unexplained death

Medication

breastfeeding must be put off during treatment

the flow of milk can be sustained by pumping

the breasts and discarding the milk

Environmental Contaminants

Formula-fed infants consume any contaminants that may be in the water supply

Maternal illness

If a woman has an ordinary cold, she can continue nursing without worry and transmission is rare.

HIVWomen who have tested positive for HIV should

not breastfeed their infants.

Questions:

1) What are the foods that promote milk supply ?

2) If the mother does not take the breast milk to her infant,

how is infant receives the nutrient ?

3) What is the best food fed for infant at least six months?

4) What are the importance of breast milk for infant? (two reasons)

5) What is the most importance amino acid in breast milk?

“Foods for babies”

Infant (baby) is typically applied

to young children between the ages

of 1 month and 12 months.

A newborn is an infant who is

only hours, days, or up to a few

weeks old, In medical contexts,

newborn refers to an infant in the

first 28 days after birth.

Normal Growth Weight Length

Normal birth weight 3.5 kg

Regain birth weight by 2 weeks

Expected gain

200 g per week for 1st 3 months

150 g per week for 2nd 3 months

100 g per week for 3rd 3 months

50-75 g per week for 4th 3 months

Normal birth length 50 cm

Expected growth

1st year 25 cm

2nd year 12 cm

3rd year onwards 10-6 cm per year until puberty

Supine length until age 2

Normal Growth: OFC

Occipital Frontal Circumference

Normal head circ at birth 35cm

>0.5cm per week (48 cm by 1 yr)

Reflects brain growth

Above eyes, upright, looking straight ahead

Reference Nutrient IntakesAge

(months)

Weight

(kg)

Fluid

(mls)

Energy

(kcals/kg)

Protein

(g/kg)

0 - 3 4.4 150 115 – 110 2.8

4 - 6 7.2 130 95 1.8

7 - 9 9.0 120 95 1.5

10 – 12 10.0 110 95 1.5

Exclusively Breastfeed for 6 months

Continue to breastfeed after that, in combination with appropriate complementary foods, until the age of 2 years or beyond

Types and Composition of Human Breast Milk

Colostrum (Early Milk) - the late stage of pregnancy till 4 days after delivery; rich in antibodies;yellowish fluid (10-40 ml)

Transitional milk- day 4 – 10; lower in protein in comparison to colostrum; protein content decreases while the fat and sugar content increases

Mature milk - approximately ten days after delivery up until the termination of the breastfeeding; Foremilk & Hindmilk

FOREMILK

• come at the start of a feed

• watery has a low level of fat and

high in lactose sugar, protein,

vitamins, minerals and water

• satisfy the baby thirst

HIND MILK

• come later in a feed

• richer in fat

• satisfy the baby’s hunger

• supply more energy than foremilk.

Nutritional Importance of breast milk Protein in breast milk

- is easier to digest than protein in cow’s milk

- has high amounts of amino acid taurine,

the development of the brain and the eyes.

Fats

practically self-digesting

the main source of calories for babies

large amounts of certain omega-3 fatty acids

(brain development)

Carbohydrate

lactose and oligosaccharides

Vitamins and minerals

get absorbed well

Immune boosters

millions of living white blood cells and antibodies

to baby to help baby fight off all kinds of diseases

Hormones and digestive enzymes

Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Benefits of Breastfeeding

Formula feeding Infant formula

feeding to babies under 12 months of age

is designed to be roughly based on a human

mother's milk at approximately one to three months

postpartum

3 Forms:

Powder - requires mixing with water

Concentrate - requires mixing with water in equal parts

Ready to feed - most expensive, does not require water

Formula Form and Function

The different types of infant formula

1. Cow’s Milk Based Formulas

the majority of formula fed babies consume

is adapted and made as close to breast milk as possible

remove the milk fat and replace it with vegetable oil

supplemental arachidonic acid(ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid

(EPA) acid may benefit infant’s visual function and cognitive

development

2. Soy Formulas

allergic to cow’s milk protein

a strict lactose free diet and for vegetarian families

3. Specialized Formulas

Certain health conditions, such as metabolic disorders,

heart disease, or a premature birth

is recommended by a doctor

Why some mothers choose formula feeding? Distressed by physical discomfort of early breastfeeding

problems.

Convenience issues

Worries that breast shape will change

Worries that breast shape will change

Moms given very little time to adjust to changes of postpartum

Formula manufacturers manipulate people through their ads

Doctors and nurses need more lactation training

Moms given very little time to adjust to changes of postpartum

Pressures of employment/school

Family demands

Non-supportive family/health professionals

Embarrassment

Lack of confidence in self

Feeling that one cannot produce enough milk

How can I be sure the formula is safe for my baby? Never buy an opened, dented, or bloated container of formula

Check the “Use By” date on the formula BEFORE you purchase it.

Use boiled (and cooled) to prepare a baby’s bottle.

Mix the formula according to the package or doctor’s

instructions. Too much or too little water can make a baby sick.

Wash hands, sterilize bottles, and clean all contact surfaces well.

Powdered formula that has been mixed and not fed to an infant is safe for up to twenty four hours if kept properly refrigerated.

Ready to feed formula can be safely refrigerated up to forty eight hours if not served to an infant. Any formula serving that has been fed to an infant must be discarded after an hour.

RISKS OF ARTIFICIAL FEEDING

Interferes with bonding

More diarrhea & respiratory infections

Malnutrition; vitamin A deficiency

Mother may become pregnant sooner

More allergy & milk intolerance

Increased risk of chronic diseases

Over feeding may take place

Lower scores on intelligence scale

Increased risk of anaemia, ovarian cancer & breast cancer

WHO/UNICEF Feeding Recommendations

Safe, appropriate and adequate complementary foods beginning

at 6 months

Frequency of complementary feeding:

2 times per day for 6-8 month olds

3 times per day for 9-11 month olds

“Any nutrient containing foods or liquids other than breastmilk

given to young children during the periods of complementary

feeding… other foods or liquids are provided along with

breastmilk.” (WHO)

When to feed baby complementary food?

when baby is less than 4 months old, all nutrition that baby needs must either come from breast milk or formula milk powder.

After four to six months, nutrition in the breast milk or milk

powder may not be able to support baby's growing need, supplementary food then becomes very necessary. Supplementary food also helps to prepare baby for future weaning.

If your baby's weight stops increasing or

he looks hungry even after milk feeding, or

he is very interested in the other food on your dinner table; or

he is able to grasp other food and feed himself; all these indicate that it is time to give baby supplementary food.

Some Considerations in Complementary feedings

Too Early

diarrheal disease & risk of dehydration

decreased breast-milk production

Allergic sensitization?

developmental concerns

Too Late

potential growth failure

iron deficiency

developmental concerns

Nutritional Concerns

Babies who are eating solid foods should eat nutritious, well-balanced meals.

• They should be able to eat when they are hungry; rather than on a rigid schedule.

Babies have very specific nutritional needs:

• Enough calories to provide for activity and rapid growth

• Foods that provide key nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals

• Adequate amounts of liquids

Malnutrition (inadequate nutrition) in infancy can cause lasting physical problems linked to poor brain development and can lead to learning difficulties

Allergies

An allergy is an oversensitivity to a particular common substance that is harmless to most people.

• When a person has an allergy, the body’s immune system attacks the substance.

The reaction may be mild as puffy, itchy eyes or as severe as anaphylactic shock-a life threatening condition which makes it hard to breath.

It is important to watch for signs of allergies in babies.

• Signs of a food allergy: excessive crying, vomiting or more watery stools a day.

Babies SHOULD NOT eat eggs, citrus fruits, honey, peanut butter, corn, shellfish during their first year. All of which are common allergy foods.

Questions

What is a salad?

How often should we introduce new food to baby?

How do we know the baby allergic to the new food? What shall we do

about this problem?

What is the liquid mixed with baby cereal?

What kind of vegetable purees are in Stage I?

What kind of meat puree is in Stage I?

What kind of food we need to stay away from?

Why we should put a label on the container of baby salad?

Infant Feeding Conclusions

1. During the first 6 months, your baby needs ONLY breast milk.

- Medicines can be given if they are recommended by health

provider.

- Breastfeed your baby on demand, day and night.

2. Starting Complementary Feeding when baby reaches 6 months

- Continue breastfeeding your baby on demand both day and

night.

Think: Frequency (2 times a day),

Amount (2-3 tsp. at each feed),

Thickness (thick enough to be fed by hand),

Variety (porridge [corn, wheat, rice, millet,

potatoes, sorghum], mashed banana or

mashed potato)

Don’t force baby to eat

Hygiene

3. Complementary feeding from 6 up to 9 months

- Breast milk supplies half (1/2) baby’s energy needs from 6 up

to 12 months.

- Think: Frequency (3 times a day)

Amount (increase amount gradually to half

(½) cup)

Thickness (give mashed/pureed family foods)

By 8 months baby can begin eating finger foods

Variety (animal-source foods, legumes

and seeds, fruits and vegetables),

Responsive feeding

Hygiene

4. Complementary feeding from 9 up to 12 months

- Continue breastfeeding your baby on demand both day and

night.

Think: Frequency (4 times a day)

Amount (Increase amount to half (½) cup)

Thickness (give finely chopped family foods,

finger foods, sliced foods)

Variety (avoid giving sugary drinks, avoid

sweet biscuits)

Responsive feeding

Hygiene

5. Complementary feeding 12 months onwards

Continue breastfeeding your baby on demand both day and night.

- Breast milk continues to make up about one third (1/3) of the

energy needs of the young child from 12 up to 24 months.

- Think: Frequency (5 times a day)

Amount (increase amount to three-quarters (¾)

to 1 cup)

Thickness (give family foods cut into small pieces,

finger foods, sliced food),

Variety

Responsive feeding

Hygiene