Follow Ups to Class Discussions

A Prosthetic Arm

http://www.ric.org/bionic/

Plan B

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/23/AR2009032301275.html?nav=rss_email/components

Judge Orders FDA to Reconsider Limits on Morning-After Pill for Minors

VenomFangX

Refuting Atheistic Naturalism

Refuting Atheistic Naturalism Episode 2

Norbert Weiner on This

“I have said that science is impossible without faith. By this I do not mean that the faith on which science depends is religious in nature or involves the acceptance of any of the dogmas of the ordinary religious creeds, yet without faith that nature is subject to law there can be no science. No amount of demonstration can ever prove that nature is subject to law.”

- The Human Use of Human Beings, Chapter 11

Obama On Science

http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090309/ap_on_go_pr_wh/obama_stem_cells_23

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/10/us/politics/10obama.html?partner=rss&emc=rss

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/09/AR2009030903156.html?nav=rss_email/components

Alan Turing

• (1912 – 1954) British mathematician

• (1937) Defined a simple formal model of computing and showed that there are uncomputable functions

• (WW II) Worked on the breaking the Enigma code

• (1950) Described a test for intelligence

• (1948 -1952) Described a chess-playing algorithm

• (1954) Committed suicide

The Enigma Machine

How Will We Recognize AI?

1950 Alan Turing’s paper,

Computing Machinery and Intelligence,

described a variant of what is now called,

The Turing Test

http://www.abelard.org/turpap/turpap.htm

Turing’s Test

Q: Please write me a sonnet on the subject of the Forth Bridge. A: Count me out on this one. I never could write poetry.

Q: Add 34957 to 70764 A: (Pause about 30 seconds and then give as answer) 105621.

Q: Do you play chess? A: Yes. Q: I have K at my K1, and no other pieces. You have only K at K6 and R at R1. It is your move. What do you play? A: (After a pause of 15 seconds) R-R8 mate.

Turing’s Test

Interrogator: In the first line of your sonnet which reads 'Shall I compare thee to a summer's day', would not 'a spring day' do as well or better? Witness: It wouldn't scan.

Interrogator: How about 'a winter's day,' That would scan all right. Witness: Yes, but nobody wants to be compared to a winter's day.

Interrogator: Would you say Mr. Pickwick reminded you of Christmas? Witness: In a way.

Interrogator: Yet Christmas is a winter's day, and I do not think Mr. Pickwick would mind the comparison. Witness: I don't think you're serious. By a winter's day one means a typical winter's day, rather than a special one like Christmas.

Turing’s Prediction

“I believe that in about fifty years’ time it will be possible, to programme computers, with a storage capacity of about 109, to make them play the imitation game so well that an average interrogator will not have more than a 70 percent chance of making the right identification after five minutes of questioning".

Measuring Storage

Value SI Value IEC

10001 k kilo- 10241 Ki kibi-

10002 M mega- 10242 Mi mebi-

10003 G giga- 10243 Gi gibi-

10004 T tera- 10244 Ti tebi-

10005 P peta- 10245 Pi pebi-

10006 E exa- 10246 Ei exbi-

10007 Z zetta- 10247 Zi zebi-

10008 Y yotta- 10248 Yi yobi-

Decimal Binary

Perspective“… with a storage capacity of about 109 ..."

(assuming he means bits) 1 gigabit 125 MB

http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/manmach.html

bits bytes kB MB GB

Turing prediction 109 1.25108

125,000 125 .125

Manchester 1948 1024 128 .128

Manchester 1950 1.65 105

2 104 20 .02 2 10-5

Typical PC ~1995 8 106 8 103 8 8 10-3

My laptop memory 1 109 1 106 1,000 1

My laptop disk 3 1010 3 107 30,000 30

Was Turing Right?

1990 Loebner Prize established.

Grand Prize of $100,000 and a Gold Medal for the first computer whose responses are indistinguishable from a human.

Jabberwacky

Jabberwacky: Have you been to the Moon?

User: No. Few have. Have you?

Jabberwacky: Many a time my dear chap!

User: What was the most interesting thing you saw?

Jabberwacky: Fred.

User: Why did you find him interesting?

Jabberwacky: It just came into my head.

User: What sorts of things do you generally find interesting?

Jabberwacky: Nothing but smelly socks.

A conversation with Jabberwacky, 2003

Alice

>Who invented paper towels?

ALICE: The Chinese, long before Europeans.

>Who invented pet rocks?

ALICE: The Wright Brothers.

>Who invented Barbie dolls?

ALICE: Thomas Edison.

Alice

A Conversation with Alice, January 2005

>Isn't the tsunami thing sad?ALICE: If it is, then I'll be very surprised.

>but it is.ALICE: Umm. Huh.

>Over a hundred thousand people have died.ALICE: Does "it" still refer to the tsunami thing sad?

>yesALICE: Blimey.

Alice

A Conversation with Alice, 2004

>What's the best place to eat Chinese food?

ALICE: My favorite places are California and Maine. Holland is cool too.

>What do you like about Maine?

ALICE: The special effects are the best.

Alice

A Conversation with Alice, 2008

>What did you like best about the Olympics?

ALICE: The special effects are the best.

http://www.alicebot.org/

Let’s Chat with Bots

• Alice

• Jabberwacky

• Elbot

Objections to Turing’s Test

• The theological objection

• The “heads in the sand” objection

• The mathematical objection

• The argument from consciousness

• Arguments from various disabilities

• Lady Lovelace’s objection (the learning problem)

• Argument from continuity of the nervous system

• The argument from ESP

The Analytical Engine

1834 Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine

The picture is of a model built in the late 1800s by Babbage’s son from Babbage’s drawings.

Augusta Ada Byron, Countess Lovelace

Ada writes of Babage’s engine, “The Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to originate anything. It can do whatever we know how to order it to perform.”

Objections to Turing’s Test

• When computers are “smarter”

Objections to Turing’s Test

• When computers are “smarter”

Which is more likely:

• Fred just got cancer.

• Fred smokes a lot and he just got cancer.

Objections to Turing’s Test

• Nontextual behaviors

Objections to Turing’s Test

• Nontextual behaviors

Where would you rather go:

or

Objections to Turing’s Test

• Learning from interaction with the world

Objections to Turing’s Test

• Learning from interaction with the world

Objections to Turing’s Test

• Learning from interaction with the world

Teaching the Machines

• ESP (http://www.espgame.org/)

• More games from the Captcha group (http://www.captcha.net/ )

• Open Mind (http://commons.media.mit.edu:3000/)

• Cyc (http://www.cyc.com)