foden park streethay, lichfield staffordshire · foden park, streethay, lichfield, staffordshire:...

Foden Park Streethay, Lichfield

Staffordshire

Archaeological Evaluation

for Miller Homes

CA Project: 5277 CA Report: 15751

November 2015

Foden Park

Streethay, Lichfield Staffordshire


CA Project: 5277 CA Report: 15751

Document Control Grid Revision Date Author Checked by Status Reasons for

revision Approved

by A 13

November 2015

Alex Thomson

Richard Young

Internal review

Ian Barnes

B 14 June 2016

Alex Thomson

Richard Young

Final Curator comment Ian Barnes

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third

party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

© Cotswold Archaeology


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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation

CONTENTS

SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... 2

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 3

2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................ 4

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ................................................................................... 5

4. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 5

5. RESULTS (FIGS 2-7) ......................................................................................... 6

6. THE FINDS ........................................................................................................ 9

7. DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................... 10

8. CA PROJECT TEAM .......................................................................................... 12

9. REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 13

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS ................................................................... 14 APPENDIX B: THE FINDS ............................................................................................. 23 APPENDIX C: OASIS REPORT FORM .......................................................................... 24

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 Site location plan (1:25,000)

Fig. 2 Trench location plan showing archaeological features, geophysical survey results

and the location of selected historic boundaries (1:3500 and 1:1000)

Fig. 3 Plan of Trenches 25 and 26 (1:250)

Fig. 4 Ditch 2503: section and photograph (1:20)

Fig. 5 Plan of Trenches 1-5 (1:500)

Fig. 6 Trench 4: section and photograph (1:50)

Fig. 7 Trench 23: plan, section and photograph (1:200 and 1:20)


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SUMMARY

Project Name: Foden Park Location: Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire NGR: SK 1365 1056 Type: Evaluation Date: 14 September – 8 October 2015 Location of Archive: To be deposited with the Potteries Museum & Art Gallery Accession Number: 2015.LH.169 Site Code: FOD 15

An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in September and

October 2015 at Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire. Eighty eight trenches were

excavated.

Two undiagnostic flint flakes and fragments of Iron Age pottery were recovered from the

subsoil horizon within Trench 31, along with a possible fragment of polished stone axe. A

single Mesolithic microlith was recovered from the topsoil within Trench 4 and medieval

pottery was also recovered from the subsoil horizon in the same trench.

Evidence of post-medieval marl extraction was identified in Trenches 2, 4 and 5 and a post-

medieval field boundary was recorded in Trench 74. Modern truncation and disturbance was

recorded in the south-western area of site, along with a number of modern features.

Undated linear ditches were identified in Trenches 23, 25 and 26 and may represent parts of

field/enclosure systems pre-dating the post-medieval period.


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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 In September and October 2015 Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an

archaeological evaluation for Miller Homes at Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield,

Staffordshire (centred on NGR: SK 1365 1056; Fig. 1). The works were

recommended by Stephen Dean, Principal Archaeologist, Staffordshire County

Council (SCC), archaeological advisor to Lichfield District Council (LDC), and were

undertaken to provide further information on the archaeological potential of the

proposed development site. The works detailed within this report pertain to Phase 1 of

the proposed development.

1.2 The evaluation was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of Stephen

Dean, and with a subsequent detailed Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI)

produced by CA (2015) and approved by Stephen Dean. The fieldwork also followed

Standard and guidance: Archaeological field evaluation (CIfA 2014), the

Management of Archaeological Projects (English Heritage 1991) and the

Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MORPHE): Project

Manager’s Guide (English Heritage 2006). It was monitored by Stephen Dean.

The site

1.3 The proposed development area is approximately 55ha, and comprises four large

arable fields. The Phase 1 area is 22.454ha in extent. The proposed development

area is bounded to the west and south-west by railway lines, to the south and south-

east by residential properties and gardens and to the north-west, north and east by

further agricultural fields. The topography of the proposed development area is

variable, rising to a height of approximately 84.1m AOD in the central area, with the

land sloping away gently to the north, south and west.

1.4 The underlying bedrock geology of the majority of the area is mapped as

Bromsgrove Sandstone of the Triassic Period, though the western and eastern

extents of the site lie on the boundary into Mercia Mudstone, sedimentary bedrock of

the Triassic Period. No superficial deposits are recorded (BGS 2015). The natural

geological substrate identified during the course of the evaluation was variable; the

majority of the identified deposits consisted of light orangey-red, reddish-brown and

bluish-grey compact silty-sands, clays, gravels and sandstone bedrock.


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2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 A Cultural Heritage Assessment of the entire proposed development area was

carried out by Cotswold Archaeology in 2011 (CA 2011), in addition to a geophysical

survey (Bartlett-Clark Consultancy 2011). The results of these assessments are

summarised below.

2.2 An area of worked flint was recorded just beyond the north-west edge of site and is

of probable prehistoric date. A complex of cropmarks is visible on aerial photographs

in the field to the north-east of the proposed development area; a ring ditch and

possible enclosures suggest that these may be indicative of prehistoric activity in

this area. However, those cropmarks which most clearly extend towards the site are

considered to have originated as field boundaries in the post-medieval or modern

periods, and no cropmarks indicative of archaeological features are recorded within

the site (CA 2011).

2.3 The site lies adjacent to the course of Roman Ryknild Street. No evidence of Roman

settlement adjacent to the road has been recorded within the site, and no evidence

of anomalies indicative of archaeological features was recorded by the geophysical

survey. A number of surface finds have been recorded to the north of the proposed

development area, including a substantial quantity of Roman coins, prehistoric flint

and possible building fragments (ibid).

2.4 A former lane ran through the southern area of the proposed development area,

which is one suggested location for the former medieval settlement of Morughale.

No evidence of settlement, such as earthworks or building platforms, has been

located in this area, and the settlement may have lain outside of the site (ibid).

2.5 Four now-removed buildings are recorded within the site on the 1849 Tithe Map of

Streethay, as well as disused field boundaries and hedge-lines. Evidence of these

structures and earthworks, such as building platforms, wall footings or ditches may

have survived below ground (ibid).

2.6 Evidence of post-medieval or modern marl extraction was also identified as extant

earthworks, including a large bowl-shaped depression in north-eastern area of site.

Marl is a calcium rich silty-clay deposit that is often used to replenish farmland (ibid).


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2.7 The geophysical survey did not detect the presence of definitive archaeological

assets. However, possible pit-like features were identified across the area of survey

together with a possible short ditch in the south-west of the survey area (Bartlett-

Clark Consultancy 2011). Notably, in the south-western part of site, a large

geophysical anomaly was detected spreading roughly parallel to both the modern

railway lines and associated service buildings. It was deemed likely that this

anomaly would be associated with modern truncation, demolition and disturbance

related to railway construction works (ibid).

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

3.1 The objectives of the evaluation are to provide information about the archaeological

resource within the site, including its presence/absence, character, extent, date,

integrity, state of preservation and quality, in accordance Standard and guidance:

Archaeological field evaluation (CIfA 2014). This information will enable LDC to

identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset, consider the

impact of the proposed development upon it, and to avoid or minimise conflict

between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the development

proposal, in line with the National Planning Policy Framework (DCLG 2012).

4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 The fieldwork comprised the excavation of 88 trenches across four fields, in the

locations shown on the attached plan (Fig. 2). All trenches, with some exceptions,

were 50m in length and 1.8m in width. Trenches 14, 20, 24, 56, 61, 62, 64, 71, 78

and 79 were reduced in length due to modern services, trackways and footpaths.

Two trenches (Trenches 87 and 90) could not be excavated due to modern services

and buildings. Trenches were set out on OS National Grid (NGR) co-ordinates using

Leica GPS and surveyed in accordance with CA Technical Manual 4 Survey

Manual.

4.2 All trenches were excavated by mechanical excavator equipped with a toothless

grading bucket. All machine excavation was undertaken under constant

archaeological supervision to the top of the first significant archaeological horizon or

the natural substrate, whichever was encountered first. Where archaeological


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deposits were encountered they were excavated by hand in accordance with CA

Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork Recording Manual.

4.3 Deposits were assessed for their palaeoenvironmental potential in accordance with

CA Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other

Samples from Archaeological Sites and no deposits were identified that required

sampling. All artefacts recovered were processed in accordance with Technical

Manual 3 Treatment of Finds Immediately after Excavation.

4.4 The archive and artefacts from the evaluation are currently held by CA at their

offices in Kemble. Subject to the agreement of the legal landowner the artefacts will

be deposited with the Potteries Museum & Art Gallery under accession number

2015.LH.169, along with the site archive. A summary of information from this project,

set out within Appendix C, will be entered onto the OASIS online database of

archaeological projects in Britain.

5. RESULTS (FIGS 2-7)

5.1 This section provides an overview of the evaluation results; detailed summaries of

the recorded contexts and finds are to be found in Appendices A and B respectively.

Field 1 5.2 Nineteen trenches were excavated within Field 1, in the west and south-west area of

site (see Fig. 2). The natural geological substrate was observed throughout Field 1

at an average depth of 0.65m below present ground level (bpgl) and consisted of

light orangey-red and bluish-grey compact silty-sands. In the majority of these

trenches, the natural was overlain by alluvial layers and subsoil, measuring an

average of 0.3m in thickness.

5.3 In Trench 25, a single undated linear ditch, 2503, was identified on a north-

west/south-east alignment (Figs 3 and 4, AA). This ditch measured 1.1m in depth

and 4m in width and had steeply sloping sides and a concave base. The ditch

contained sandy-silt fills 2504, 2505, 2506, 2507 and 2508, representing successive

silting episodes. No artefactual evidence was recovered from the ditch, however it

was observed to cut the subsoil and may therefore be post-medieval or modern.


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This ditch was also observed in the adjacent Trench 26 (as 2603, also cutting the

subsoil), where it remained unexcavated.

5.4 Features identified in Trenches 7, 10, and 13, including linear ditches, a possible pit

and post-holes, were observed to cut the subsoil layers within their respective

trenches. Each contained post-medieval and modern material that was not retained,

except for one sherd of 18th to 19th century black-glazed ware from ditch 1003.

More detailed information on these features is contained within Appendix A.

5.5 In Trenches 8-11, 13, 14, 17, 21, 22 and 26 a modern made-ground layer, consisting

of gravels, concrete and ceramic materials, sealed the natural substrate, and

measured between 0.13 and 0.6m in thickness. This modern material correlates

directly with geophysical anomalies and demonstrated that truncation had affected

the natural substrate within this area.

5.6 In all trenches in Field 1, the made-ground and subsoils were sealed a clayey-silt

topsoil, measuring an average thickness of 0.27m.

Field 2 5.7 A total of fifty four trenches were excavated within Field 2, with the majority located

in the south and south-eastern areas of the field, with a small cluster excavated in

the west. The natural geological substrate varied across the field, with reddish-

brown silty-sands predominating in the western areas and exposed sandstone

bedrock and sandy-clays observed to the east and north-east. The natural was

observed at a typical depth of approximately 0.4m bpgl. This was then variably

sealed by either a silty-sand subsoil (averaging 0.1m in thickness) or clayey-silt

topsoil (averaging 0.35m in thickness). Archaeological features and materials were

identified in Trenches 2, 4 and 5, 23, 31, 48 and 74.

Trenches 2, 4 and 5 (Figs 5 and 6, Section BB)

5.8 Within Trenches 2, 4 and 5, a spread of amorphous extraction pit features were

observed. These features varied in size and shape, but all represented elements of

probable marl extraction, as mentioned above in Section 2. In Trench 4, pits 404,

406 and 409 were up to 0.6m deep (Fig. 6, Section BB). Each pit contained a single

fill of silty-clay and was sealed by a series of clay or clayey silt levelling deposits

(408, 403, 402), typical 0.4m thick. Within Trench 5 a further marl extraction pit 503

was also recorded, with similar fills and sealing deposits as in Trench 4. Similar


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features were recorded in plan within Trench 2 but were not excavated. No

artefactual evidence was recovered from any of the excavated sections throughout

Trenches 2, 4 and 5.

5.9 Residual finds were recovered from subsoil 401 in Trench 4, including 24 sherds of

Chilvers Coton A/Nuneaton whiteware medieval pottery of late 13th to 14th century

date. A single microlith was recovered from topsoil 400 and is Mesolithic in date.

Trench 23 (Fig. 7, CC)

5.9 A shallow, moderately sided linear ditch, 2302, was identified within Trench 23.

Aligned south-west/north-east, this ditch measured 0.18m in depth, 1.04m in width

and extended beyond the trench boundaries. The ditch was filled by silty-sand 2303

and contained no artefactual remains.

Trench 31

5.10 No features of archaeological interest we observed within the excavated area of

Trench 31. However, three fragments of grog-and-quartz tempered Middle Iron Age

pottery, two flint flakes and a potential fragment of polished stone axe were

recovered from subsoil 3101. This trench is located close to the area of higher

ground in the centre of site.

Trench 48

5.11 A circular, steep-sided posthole, 4802, was recorded within Trench 48. Measuring

0.5m in diameter and 0.12m in depth, this posthole contained a single sandy-silt fill

and no dating evidence.

Trench 74

5.12 Two parallel north-east/south-west aligned ditches were observed at the northern

end of Trench 74, extending beyond the excavated boundaries. Ditch 7403 was

observed as having irregular sides and concave base and measured 3m in width

and 0.25m in depth. It contained a single sandy-silt fill, 7404. Ditch 7405 was steep

sided with a concave base and measured 0.6m in width and 0.24m in depth and

also contained a single silty-sand fill, 7406. Ditch 7403 contained three pieces of

post-medieval ceramic nib tile and both ditches were sealed by topsoil 7400. The

location and orientation of these ditches relate approximately to a field boundary

depicted on historic mapping (as shown on Fig. 2), and could represent a disused

partition, hedgerow or field boundary.


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Fields 3 and 4 5.13 A total of 14 trenches were excavated across Fields 3 and 4 in the area adjacent to

Streethay Farm House. The natural substrate was recorded throughout these

trenches as reddish-brown sand, yellowish-red sandy-gravels and sandstone

bedrock outcrops and was observed at a typical depth of between 0.3 and 0.6m

bpgl. The natural was overlain by subsoil of an average thickness of 0.12m, which in

turn was sealed by topsoil, measuring an average thickness of 0.25m.

5.14 No archaeological features were observed in Fields 3 and 4, although a total of

seven sherds of late 13th to 14th century Chilvers Coton A/Nuneaton whiteware

were recovered from the subsoil horizons in Trenches 77, 81 and 83.

6. THE FINDS

6.1 Artefactual material from the evaluation was hand-recovered from nine deposits

including ditch fills, subsoils and topsoil. The recovered materials date to the early

and late prehistoric, medieval and post-medieval/modern periods. Quantities of the

artefact types are given in Appendix B. The pottery has been recorded according to

sherd count/weight per fabric. Recording also included form/rim morphology and any

evidence for use in the form of carbonised/other residues (although none were

apparent). Where possible, pottery fabric codes are equated to the type series

established for Warwickshire by Soden and Ratkai (1998).

Pottery Late prehistoric

6.2 Three unfeatured bodysherds (37g) in a thick-walled, handmade fabric, tempered

with grog and quartz (GRQZ), were recorded in subsoil 3101. The most probable

date for the pottery is from the Middle Iron Age, on the basis of fabric and firing

characteristics. The mean sherd weight is high, at 12g, and condition is

moderate/good in terms of edge abrasion and surface preservation.

Medieval

6.3 A total of 31 sherds (318g) of medieval pottery were recovered from four subsoil

deposits. The assemblage is moderately fragmented, as suggested by an average

sherd weight of 10g, and otherwise condition is good. All of the medieval pottery


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present was Chilvers Coton A/Nuneaton whiteware (WW01) (manufactured at

Chilvers Coton, near Nuneaton in Warwickshire) and dates from the mid-13th to

14th centuries (ibid, 157). A rimsherd from a jug, with attached handle, was recorded

from subsoil 8301.

Post-medieval

6.4 Fill 1005 of ditch 1003 produced a bodysherd, in very good condition, of black-

glazed earthenware (MGW) and dating to the 18th to 19th centuries.

Lithics 6.5 A total of three worked flints were recovered from subsoil and topsoil horizons in

Trenches 4 and 31. Those from subsoil 3101 are a flake fragment and a piece of

shatter, both of broad prehistoric date. The flint from topsoil 400 is a microlith, which

would have formed part of a composite tool of Mesolithic date. Although the tip has

broken off, it can be attributed to Clark’s Type B, ‘blunted straight down one edge’

(1934, 56).

Worked stone 6.6 A fragment of stone from subsoil 3101, with a uniformly polished outer surface,

appears to represent a flake from a polished stone axe. Identification of the stone

type is in progress.

Ceramic building material 6.7 Three fragments of nib tile, which is post-medieval in date, were retrieved from fill

7404 of ditch 7403.

7. DISCUSSION

7.1 The evaluation has identified only limited archaeological remains within the site, with

the majority of trenches either entirely devoid of archaeological features or

displaying high levels of modern disturbance. The lack of archaeological features

correlates with the findings of the preceding geophysical survey (Bartlett-Clark

2011), which recorded limited anomalies across site.

Prehistoric 7.2 No features of prehistoric date were identified within the site. However, three

fragments of worked flint were recovered from two trenches. A single Mesolithic


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microlith was recovered from topsoil 400 in Trench 4 and two flint flakes were

recovered from Trench 31. Furthermore, three sherds of Middle Iron Age pottery

were also recovered from subsoil 3101 in Trench 31. Areas of flint working were

noted within the desk-based assessment to the north-west of site (CA 2011, 13) and

cropmarks identified to the north of site may also be of prehistoric date (ibid, 14).

These finds could indicate that Iron Age features survive in the area around Trench

31 or potentially on the crest of land in the centre of site (which was outside of this

phase of evaluation); however, the finds could have been brought to the site by

other means, such as manuring of the fields in the medieval or plater periods.

Roman 7.3 Despite the site being adjacent to the Ryknild Street Roman road, and the density of

Roman finds spots in the area (CA 2011, 14), no features or artefacts of Roman

date were recorded during the course of the evaluation.

Medieval, post-medieval and modern 7.4 No features of medieval date were identified during the course of evaluation

fieldwork. A total of 31 sherds of Chilvers Coton A/Nuneaton whiteware of late 13th

to 14th century date were recovered from subsoil horizons in Trenches 4, 77, 81 and

83. While the tentative location of the medieval settlement of Morughale and its

associated hinterland lies within the site, the pottery recovered from these trenches

may derive from later manuring of cultivated fields rather than any specific medieval

remains in the evaluation area.

7.5 Extraction pits of probable post-medieval were present in Trenches 2, 4 and 5.

These amorphous features roughly correlate with a cluster of geophysical anomalies

along the western and north-western boundaries of Field 2. This area lay at the

bottom of a small river valley, and marl deposits formed adjacent to the watercourse

that divides Fields 1 and 2 which attracted the concentrated extraction activity.

7.6 A post-medieval field boundary was recorded in Trench 74. The two parallel ditches,

7403 and 7405, correspond to the likely route of a disused field boundary or

hedgerow seen on the 1849 Tithe Map of Streethay and First Edition Ordnance

Survey mapping from 1883 (as shown on Fig. 2). The fill of ditch 7403 contained

three post-medieval nib tile fragments.


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7.7 An area of substantial modern disturbance, demolition and truncation was present

along the south-western and western boundaries of Field 1. This disturbance

corresponds to a large set of anomalies on the geophysical plot and indicates the

location of now demolished modern buildings and their associated services and

surfaces. It is likely that this disturbance would have removed or heavily disturbed

any archaeological features.

Undated 7.8 A linear ditch was identified in Trench 23 and contained no dating evidence. This

ditch does not appear on any historic mapping and, as such, may pre-date the Tithe

Map of 1849. Given it proximity, it may be contemporary with the marl pits in

Trenches 2, 4 and 5.

7.9 A substantial linear ditch (2503) was excavated in Trench 25 and continued into

Trench 26 (2604). This linear does not appear on any historic mapping and no

dating evidence was recovered from the various fills. Furthermore, the ditch does

not correspond to any obvious anomalies on the geophysical survey, although this

may be due to the substantial known modern disturbance. It is possible that this

feature may relate to an earlier system of field enclosure and could potentially pre-

date the post-medieval period.

8. CA PROJECT TEAM

Fieldwork was undertaken by Alex Thomson, assisted by Jon Pick, Matthew Coman,

Marino Cardelli, Liam Wilson, Sara-Jayne Boughton, Liam Wolley and Noeleen

Khawaja. The report was written by Alex Thomson. The finds report was written by

Jacky Sommerville. The illustrations were prepared by Aleksandra Osinska. The

archive has been compiled by Alex Thomson and prepared for deposition by Hazel

O’Neill. The project was managed for CA by Richard Young.


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9. REFERENCES

Bartlett-Clark Consultancy 2011 Land at Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Report on

Archaeological Geophysical Survey

BGS (British Geological Survey) 2015 Geology of Britain Viewer

http://maps.bgs.ac.uk/geology viewer_google/googleviewer.html Accessed 9

October 2015

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2011 Streethay House Farm, Streethay, Staffordshire: Cultural

Heritage Assessment

CA 2015 Land at Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Written Scheme of Investigation for an


Clark, J. G. D. 1934 ‘The Classification of a Microlithic Culture: The Tardenoisian of

Horsham’. Archaeological Journal. 90, 52–77.

Soden, I. and Ratkai, S. 1998 Warwickshire Medieval and Post Medieval Pottery Type

Series. Warwick. Warwickshire Museum Field Services

http://maps.bgs.ac.uk/geology%20viewer_google/googleviewer.html


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APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

Trench No Context Type Fill of

Context Interpretation

Context Description

Length (m)

Width (m)

Depth/ thickness (m)

Spot-date

1 100 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.36 Modern

1 101 Layer Subsoil Light yellowish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8 0.3

1 102 Layer Natural substrate Light pinkish-brown sand >50 >1.8


2 201 Layer Subsoil Dark greyish-brown clayey-silt >40 >1.8 0.25

2 202 Layer Natural substrate Light yellow and reddish-brown sands >40 >1.8


3 301 Layer Subsoil Dark greyish-brown clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.17


4 400 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.4 Modern

4 401 Layer Subsoil Greyish-brown clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.1

4 402 Layer Levelling material

Light brownish-yellow clay >15 >1.8 0.4


Dark greyish-brown silty-clay >12 >1.8 0.35

4 406 Cut Extraction pit Irregular, moderate sided extraction pit cut with concave base

0.95 1.3 0.6 Post-med.

4 407 Fill 406 Fill of extraction pit Dark brownish-grey silty-clay 0.95 1.3 0.4


Light yellowish-brown silty-sand >0.5 >0.4 0.1

4 409 Cut Extraction pit Irregular, shallow sided extraction pit cut with irregular base

>0.8 >0.5 0.2 Post-med.


4 411 Fill 409 Fill of extraction pit Dark greyish-brown clayey-silt >0.8 >0.5 0.2

5 500 Layer Topsoil Dark brownish-grey silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.3 Modern

5 501 Layer Subsoil Yellowish-brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.15


5 503 Cut Extraction pit Irregular, shallow sided extraction pit cut with flat base

>1.3 1.9 0.5 Post-med.

5 504 Fill 503 Fill of extraction pit Brownish-grey sandy-silt >0.7 0.5 0.18

5 505 Fill 503 Fill of extraction pit Pinkish-grey sandy-silt >0.7 0.8 0.2

5 506 Fill 503 Fill of extraction pit Dark grey silty-clay >0.7 >1.15 0.2

5 507 Fill 503 Fill of extraction pit Light grey sandy-silt >0.7 0.2 0.4

5 508 Fill 503 Fill of extraction pit Brownish-grey sandy-silt >0.7 1.7 0.12

5 509 Fill 503 Fill of extraction pit Brownish-grey sandy-silt >0.7 1 0.4

5 510 Layer Levelling material Brown sandy-silt 1.7 >1.8 0.13

5 511 Layer Levelling material Grey silt >0.7 >1.4 >0.1


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6 600 Layer Topsoil Dark brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.23 Modern

6 601 Layer Subsoil Greyish-brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.16

6 602 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red sand >50 >1.8 6 603 Cut Tree throw pit

Irregular pit/bioturbation 5 1.8 0.25 Modern

6 604 Fill 603 Fill of tree throw pit Dark brown sandy-silt 5 1.8 0.25

7 700 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.26 Modern

7 701 Layer Subsoil Brownish-grey sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.36

7 702 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red sand >50 >1.8

7 703 Cut Ditch E/W aligned ditch with sharp sides and flat base

>1.18 1.21 0.6 Post-med.

7 704 Fill 703 Fill of ditch Greyish-brown silty-sand >1.18 1.21 0.6


8 801 Layer Made ground Mixed gravels, CBM, clays and concrete >50 >1.8 0.5

8 802 Layer Natural substrate Orangey-red sand >50 >1.8 9 900 Layer Topsoil

Dark greyish-brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.12 Modern

9 901 Layer Made ground Mixed gravels, CBM, clays and concrete >25 >1.8 0.36 Modern

9 902 Layer Subsoil Greyish-brown sandy-silt >25 >1.8 0.34

9 903 Layer Natural substrate Orangey-red and bluish-grey sands >50 >1.8

10 1000 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown sandy-clay-silt >50 >1.8 0.47 Modern

10 1001 Layer Made ground Mixed gravels, CBM, clays and concrete >50 >1.8 0.26 Modern

10 1002 Layer Natural substrate Orangey-red and bluish-grey sands >50 >1.8

10 1003 Cut Ditch N/S aligned linear ditch with shallow sides and concave base

>1.8 1.2 0.29

10 1004 Fill 1003 1st Fill of ditch Light grey clayey-silt >1.8 1.2 0.21 10 1005 Fill 1003 2nd Fill of ditch Dark brown silty-clay >1.8 1.2 0.08 11 1100 Layer Topsoil

Dark greyish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.5 Modern

11 1101 Layer Made ground Grey silty-sand and CBM, concrete and gravel inclusions

>50 >1.8 0.29 Modern

11 1102 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red and brownish-grey silty-sands

>50 >1.8


12 1201 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red silty-sand >50 >1.8

13 1300 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.43 Modern


>30 >1.8 0.17 Modern



>50 >1.8

13 1304 Cut Modern service Modern pipe trench >1.8 0.6 Modern

13 1305 Fill 1304 Fill of modern service Gravel >1.8 0.6

13 1306 Cut Modern post-hole

Round modern post-hole 0.4 0.36 Modern

13 1307 Fill 1306 Fill of modern post-hole Brown sandy-silt 0.4 0.36


16


13 1308 Cut Modern post-hole

Round modern post-hole 0.43 0.43 Modern

13 1309 Fill 1308 Fill of modern post-hole Brown sandy-silt 0.43 0.43

13 1310 Cut Modern pit Sub-ovoid rounded pit with concave sides and base

>0.53 1.35 0.43 Modern

13 1311 Fill 1310 1st Fill of modern pit Dark greyish-brown silty-clay >0.53 1.08 0.2

13 1312 Fill 1310 2nd Fill of modern pit Dark brownish-grey sandy-clay >0.53 1.21 0.35

13 1313 Layer Made ground Mixed gravels, CBM, clays and concrete >1.8 1 Modern




>43 >1.8 0.13 Modern


>43 >1.8




>50 >1.8




>50 >1.8


17 1701 Layer Made ground

Reddish-grey silty-sand and CBM, concrete and gravel inclusions

>50 >1.8 0.6 Modern


>50 >1.8



18 1802 Layer Alluvium Light greyish-yellow sand with rounded gravels

>50 >1.8 0.3


>50 >1.8




>50 >1.8



20 2002 Layer Alluvium Light greyish-yellow sand with rounded gravels

>25 >1.8 0.34

20 2003 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red and brownish-grey silty- >25 >1.8


17


sands

20 2004 Cut Tree throw pit Irregular pit/bioturbation 0.52 0.43 0.17 Modern

20 2005 Fill 2004 Fill of tree throw pit Brown silty-sand 0.52 0.43 0.17




>50 >1.8 0.33 Modern


>50 >1.8




>50 >1.8 0.51 Modern


>50 >1.8

22 2203 Cut Modern pit Rectangular modern pit cut 1.28 1.8 Modern

22 2204 Fill 2203 Fill of modern pit Brown silty-sand 1.28 1.8 23 2300 Layer Topsoil

Dark greyish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.42


>50 >1.8

23 2302 Cut Ditch

SW/NE aligned linear ditch with shallow sides and concave base

>1.8 1.04 0.18 Undated

23 2303 Fill 2303 Fill of ditch Light brownish-grey silty-sand >1.8 1.04 0.18




>26 >1.8

24 2403 Cut Modern post-hole Square modern feature 0.41 0.4 Modern

24 2404 Fill 2403 Fill of modern post-hole Dark brown silty-clay 0.41 0.4




>47 >1.8

25 2503 Cut Ditch

NW/SE aligned linear cut with steep sloping sides and concave base

>1.8 4 1.1 Undated

25 2504 Fill 2503 Fill of ditch Greyish-brown sandy-silt >0.5 1.75 0.35

25 2505 Fill 2503 Fill of ditch Brownish-grey sandy-silt >0.5 4 0.5



25 2508 Fill 2503 Fill of ditch Brownish-grey sandy-silt >1.8 4 0.17



18




>50 >1.8 0.47 Modern


>50 >1.8

26 2603 Cut Ditch Unexcavated continuation of ditch 2503

>1.8 3.5 >0.4 Undated

26 2604 Fill 2603 Fill of ditch Greyish-brown sandy-silt >1.8 3.5 >0.4


27 2701 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8








31 3101 Layer Subsoil Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8 0.06

31 3102 Layer Natural substrate Yellowish-reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8














38 3801 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand with sandstone bedrock patches

>50 >1.8





>50 >1.8


19




>50 >1.8















48 4802 Cut Posthole Circular cut with vertical sides and flat base

0.5 0.5 0.12 Undated

48 4803 Fill 2802 Fill of posthole Dark reddish-brown sandy-silt 0.5 0.5 0.12














55 5501 Layer Subsoil Greyish-yellow silty-sand >50 >1.8 0.1

55 5502 Layer Natural substrate

Reddish-brown clay and sandstone, reddish-brown silty-sand

>50 >1.8

56 5600 Layer Topsoil Dark brownish-grey clayey-silt >37 >1.8 0.34 Modern


20


56 5601 Layer Subsoil Light brown sandy-silt >37 >1.8 0.09


>37 >1.8

57 5700 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown clayey-silt >45 >1.8 0.25 Modern

57 5701 Layer Subsoil Light brown sandy-silt >45 >1.8 0.15


>45 >1.8








61 6101 Layer Subsoil Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8 0.18

61 6102 Layer Natural substrate Light reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8




















71 7101 Layer Subsoil Light brown sandy-silt >29 >1.8 0.15 71 7102 Layer Natural substrate

Reddish-brown silty-sand >29 >1.8



21


72 7201 Layer Subsoil Brownish-grey clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.09

72 7202 Layer Natural substrate Light brownish-red silty-clay >50 >1.8

73 7300 Layer Topsoil Greyish-brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.28 Modern




74 7402 Layer Natural substrate Light yellowish-brown silty-sand and sandstone bedrock

>52 >1.8

74 7403 Cut Ditch NE/SW aligned linear with irregular sides and flat base

>2.5 3 0.25 Post-med.

74 7404 Fill 7403 Fill of ditch Reddish-brown sandy-silt >2.5 3 0.25

74 7405 Cut Ditch SW/NE aligned linear with steep sides and concave base

>2.4 0.6 0.24 Post-med.

74 7406 Fill 7405 Fill of ditch Light reddish-brown silty-sand >2.4 0.6 0.24

75 7500 Layer Topsoil Greyish-brown clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.25 Modern

75 7501 Layer Subsoil Brownish-grey sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.25

75 7502 Layer Natural substrate Light brownish-red silty-sand >50 >1.8

76 7600 Layer Topsoil Brownish-grey silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.3 Modern

76 7601 Layer Subsoil Light brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.1 76 7602 Layer Natural substrate

Sandstone bedrock with red sand >50 >1.8







79 7900 Layer Topsoil Greyish-brown clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.29 Modern

79 7901 Layer Subsoil Orangey-brown clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.16






81 8101 Layer Subsoil Brownish-grey silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.23


82 8200 Layer Topsoil Reddish-brown clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.4 Modern

82 8201 Layer Natural substrate Dark reddish-brown sand with sandstone bedrock patches

>50 >1.8

83 8300 Layer Topsoil Greyish-brown sandy- >50 >1.8 0.28 Modern


22


silt
















89 8901 Layer Subsoil Light greyish-brown sandy-silt >45 >1.8 0.3

89 8902 Layer Natural substrate Light reddish-brown silty-sand >45 >1.8


23


APPENDIX B: THE FINDS

Context Category Description Fabric code Count Weight (g) Spot-date

400 Worked flint Microlith 1


24


APPENDIX C: OASIS REPORT FORM

PROJECT DETAILS

Project Name Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire

Short description

An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in September and October 2015 at Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire. Eighty eight trenches were excavated. Two undiagnostic flint flakes and fragments of Iron Age pottery were recovered from the subsoil horizon within Trench 31, along with a possible fragment of polished stone axe. A single Mesolithic microlith was recovered from the topsoil within Trench 4 and medieval pottery was also recovered from the subsoil horizon in the same trench. Evidence of post-medieval marl extraction was identified in Trenches 2, 4 and 5 and a post-medieval field boundary was recorded in Trench 74. Modern truncation and disturbance was recorded in the south-western area of site, along with a number of modern features. Undated linear ditches were identified in Trenches 23, 25 and 26 and may represent parts of field/enclosure systems pre-dating the post-medieval period.

Project dates 14 September to 8 October 2015 Project type Field Evaluation

Previous work Cultural Heritage Assessment (CA 2011) Archaeological Geophysical Survey (Bartlett-Clark Consultancy 2011)

Future work Further phase of evaluation PROJECT LOCATION Site Location Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire Study area (M2/ha) 55ha Site co-ordinates SK 1365 1056 PROJECT CREATORS Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology Project Brief originator Lichfield District Council

Project Design (WSI) originator Cotswold Archaeology

Project Manager Richard Young Project Supervisor Alex Thomson MONUMENT TYPE None SIGNIFICANT FINDS None PROJECT ARCHIVES Intended final location of archive Content

Physical Potteries Museum and Art Gallery: 2015.LH.169 Pottery, CBM, flint, stone

Paper Potteries Museum and Art Gallery: 2015.LH.169

Trench and context records, registers and field drawings

Digital Potteries Museum and Art Gallery: 2015.LH.169 Typescript report, digital photographs

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2015 Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation. CA typescript report 15751

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PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

FIGURE NO.

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Reproduced from the 2005 Ordnance Survey Explorer map with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109

c 1

Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield Staffordshire

Site location plan

PROJECT NO.DATESCALE@A4

DRAWN BYCHECKED BYAPPROVED BY

527723/10/20151:25,000

AOLM/DJBREY

Andover 01264 347630

Cirencester 01285 771022

Exeter 01392 826185

Milton Keynes 01908 564660

w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk

e [email protected]

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BM 75.30m

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Playground

74.1m

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Field 1

Field 2

Field 3

Field 4

Fig 3

Fig. 5

Fig. 7

See below

ditch

7403

ditch

7405

Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey digital mapping with the permission of

Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office

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oden P

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N

DRAWN BY

CHECKED BY

APPROVED BY

AO

LM/DJB

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PROJECT NO.

DATE

SCALE@A3

5277

23/10/2015

1:3500 & 1:1000 (inset)

PROJECT TITLE

Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield

Staffordshire

FIGURE TITLE

Trench location plan showing archaeological

features, geophysical survey results and the

location of selected historic boundaries

FIGURE NO.

2

site boundary

evaluation trench

archaeological feature

layer/deposit

modern

field drain

treethrow

historic boundary depicted on

1849 Tithe map of Streethay

Township

Andover

Cirencester

Exeter

Milton Keynes

www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk

[email protected]

w

e

01264 347630

01285 771022

01392 826185

01908 564660

magnetic anomalies (probably archaeological)

magnetic disturbances (recent/non-archaeological)

background magnetic activity (possibly

natural/non-archaeological)

probable cultivation

former boundary

probable land drain

strong (ferrous) magnetic anomalies

pipe (and associated magnetic disturbance)

Geophysics Key

(Bartlett-Clark Consultancy 2011)

150m0

30m0

74.1m

ditch 2604

ditch 2503

A

A

Streethay



P:\5277 F

oden P

ark S


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L\Illustration\D

rafts\5277 F

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DRAWN BY

CHECKED BY

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PROJECT NO.

DATE

SCALE@A3

5277

14/06/2016

1:250

PROJECT TITLE


Staffordshire

FIGURE TITLE

Plan of Trenches 25 and 26

FIGURE NO.

3

site boundary

evaluation trench


modern

Andover

Cirencester

Exeter

Milton Keynes


[email protected]

w

e

01264 347630

01285 771022

01392 826185

01908 564660






Geophysics Key


10m0

Ditch 2503, looking north-west (2m scales)

CotswoldArchaeology

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

FIGURE NO.

4


Ditch 2503: section and photograph



527723/10/20151:20

AODJBREY

Andover 01264 347630


Exeter 01392 826185



e [email protected]

0 1m

2508

topsoil 2500

subsoil 2501 subsoil 2501

2507

2506

2505

2504

ditch 2503

74.0mAOD

S N

Section AA

pit 503

pit 406

B

B



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PROJECT NO.

DATE

SCALE@A3

5277

23/10/2015

1:500

PROJECT TITLE


Staffordshire

FIGURE TITLE

Close up plan of Trenches 1-5, showing

extraction deposits and excavated areas

within trenches 4 and 5

FIGURE NO.

5

site boundary

evaluation trench


layer/deposit

modern

field drain

treethrow

Andover

Cirencester

Exeter

Milton Keynes


[email protected]

w

e

01264 347630

01285 771022

01392 826185

01908 564660

Geophysics Key







probable land drain

20m0

Trench 4, looking east (2m scale)

407

extraction pit 406

topsoil 400

subsoil 402

411

408 403403

extraction pit 409

72mAOD

NW SE

Section BB

CotswoldArchaeology

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

FIGURE NO.

6


Trench 4: section and photograph



527723/10/20151:50

AODJBREY

Andover 01264 347630


Exeter 01392 826185



e [email protected]

0 2m

Ditch 3202, looking south-west (0.5m scale)

0 10m

1:200

0 1m

1:20

C

C

CotswoldArchaeology

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

FIGURE NO.

7


Trench 23: plan, section and photograph



527723/10/20151:200 & 1:20

AODJBREY

Andover 01264 347630


Exeter 01392 826185



e [email protected]


treethrow

field drain

ditch 2302

topsoil 2300

2302

71.2mAOD

SE NW

Section CC

ditch 2302

Trench 23, plan

25

Summary1. Introduction2. Archaeological background3. AIMS AND objectives4. Methodology5. results (Figs 2-7)6. The finds7. Discussion8. ca project team9. referencesappendix A: CONTEXT descriptionsappendix B: the FINDSAPPENDIX C: oaSIS REPORT FORM_5277 Foden Park Streethay Lichfield Staffs EVAL_Figures_14-06-2016edit.pdf5277 Foden Park Streethay Lichfield Staffs EVAL_Fig015277 Foden Park Streethay Lichfield Staffs EVAL_Fig06

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